This section has been inspired by the work of Robert Haas on Biomedical Knowledge Graphs which can be found at robert-haas/awesome-biomedical-knowledge-graphs
The source of the data is the webpage on Figshare. This include versions in JSON and CSV. The CSV versions are structured for a particular package which we will not be using, so we will use the json packages which are more general.
First we’ll create a data directory.
import os
datadir = "HALD_Dataset"
if not os.path.exists(datadir):
os.mkdir('HALD_Dataset')
Now we define the list of the files that we want to download. We’ll define a list of tuples, with each tuple representing one of the files that we want to fetch, specifying three things:
The name that we want the file to be called.
The URL from where it will be downloaded.
The MD5 checksum which will allow us to verify the downloaded file’s integrity.
# List of files to download
filelist = [
("Entity_info.json", "https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612509", '1746cde24a1bac0460f1ccf646608cc9'),
("Literature_Info.json", "https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612512", "10b78e8ec30f5b85f2a58d8fe24f056b"),
("Longevity_Biomarkers.json", "https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612497", "0dbd9c3f8474dc3cd744ed38af460d75"),
("Relation_Info.json", "https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612506", "0c1fa199269adc58f64ad4d5b9fd87b9"),
("Aging_Biomarkers.json", "https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612503", "abd0eb6cb7295ae500c5d676b7797324")
]
Now we can download the files. For each file in filelist we will:
Download the file from the URL.
If the download request indicates that the download is unsuccessful, print an error.
If the download is successfull, verify the checksum and if that is correct, write the file to disk in
datadir
import requests
import hashlib
for f in filelist:
response = requests.get(f[1])
file_Path = datadir + "/" + f[0]
if response.status_code != 200:
print('Failed to download file {f[0]} from {f[1]}')
else:
m = hashlib.md5()
m.update(response.content)
if m.hexdigest() == f[2]:
print(f"SUCCESS: File {f[0]} downloaded from {f[1]} with correct checksum {f[2]}")
with open(file_Path, 'wb') as file:
file.write(response.content)
else:
print(f"ERROR: File {f[0]} downloaded from {f[1]} with incorrect checksum {m.hexdigest()} (should be {f[2]})")
/Users/s3057867/Library/Python/3.9/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/__init__.py:35: NotOpenSSLWarning: urllib3 v2 only supports OpenSSL 1.1.1+, currently the 'ssl' module is compiled with 'LibreSSL 2.8.3'. See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3020
warnings.warn(
SUCCESS: File Entity_info.json downloaded from https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612509 with correct checksum 1746cde24a1bac0460f1ccf646608cc9
SUCCESS: File Literature_Info.json downloaded from https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612512 with correct checksum 10b78e8ec30f5b85f2a58d8fe24f056b
SUCCESS: File Longevity_Biomarkers.json downloaded from https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612497 with correct checksum 0dbd9c3f8474dc3cd744ed38af460d75
SUCCESS: File Relation_Info.json downloaded from https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612506 with correct checksum 0c1fa199269adc58f64ad4d5b9fd87b9
SUCCESS: File Aging_Biomarkers.json downloaded from https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/43612503 with correct checksum abd0eb6cb7295ae500c5d676b7797324
Let us inspect these files. The two key files here are those containing the entities (nodes) and the edges (relations).
import json
def load_json(fname):
with open(fname, 'rb') as file:
return json.load(file)
nodes = load_json(f"{datadir}/{filelist[0][0]}")
edges = load_json(f"{datadir}/{filelist[3][0]}")
What are these new data structures?
print(type(nodes))
print(type(edges))
<class 'dict'>
<class 'dict'>
How big are they?
print(f"There are {len(nodes)} and {len(edges)} edges")
There are 12257 and 116495 edges
Let’s look at each of these in more detail. First, let’s pick one of the nodes. Let’s print the keys and choose on:
print(list(nodes.keys()))
['MLH1', 'CD4', 'INS', 'MAPT', 'MYC', 'GSR', 'SOD2', 'CRP', 'IL6', 'SIRT1', 'CHGA', 'CFB', 'SKIV2L', 'TNXB', 'FKBPL', 'NOTCH4', 'CFH', 'HTRA1', 'GCG', 'IGF1', 'GH1', 'GHRH', 'WRN', 'NFKB1', 'SHBG', 'PIAS4', 'CCL2', 'RECQL4', 'BLM', 'ALB', 'TNF', 'BCAM', 'CD151', 'GGH', 'FGF23', 'PTH', 'JUNB', 'H2AZ1', 'PAPPA2', 'ELN', 'KIT', 'CSF2', 'VEGFA', 'MYO5A', 'MTOR', 'KLK3', 'AR', 'ACE', 'LMNB1', 'LMNA', 'NUP62', 'ULK1', 'MAP1LC3A', 'PIK3R2', 'IAPP', 'VDR', 'CLPS', 'APOD', 'FERMT2', 'MS4A6A', 'ABCA7', 'SORL1', 'HTT', 'APOB', 'RAF1', 'MAPK3', 'MAPK1', 'MAP2K1', 'MAP2K2', 'CFI', 'SERPINA1', 'IL7', 'KL', 'BECN1', 'NFE2L2', 'SENP7', 'MOB1B', 'CARMIL1', 'PRRC2A', 'TERF2', 'RFWD3', 'PARP1', 'POT1', 'ATM', 'MPHOSPH6', 'PPARGC1A', 'FNDC5', 'BDNF', 'NTRK2', 'CD8A', 'IFITM3', 'TRIM22', 'LY6E', 'IFNAR1', 'CTNNB1', 'APOL1', 'VWF', 'ATR', 'RNF8', 'BRCA1', 'TP53BP1', 'RETN', 'CXCL8', 'IL10', 'IL1B', 'IL13RA2', 'CXCR4', 'POU5F1', 'NANOG', 'IL2', 'APOE', 'NDRG2', 'BACE1', 'GGA3', 'CDK5', 'PIN1', 'STAT3', 'IFNG', 'KCNJ10', 'AGER', 'AVP', 'GPT', 'SLC17A5', 'NEDD8', 'ISG15', 'URM1', 'ATG12', 'GABARAPL1', 'FAU', 'UCP1', 'HIF1A', 'TET2', 'ASXL1', 'RUNX1', 'KMT2A', 'HLA-DRB1', 'NR1I3', 'CCL11', 'TNFSF13B', 'IL12B', 'PLTP', 'CHIT1', 'CXCL10', 'IL1RL2', 'AKT1', 'TP53', 'SOD1', 'IL1A', 'IFNA2', 'SLC6A2', 'TARDBP', 'SST', 'CDH2', 'SPHK1', 'ADA', 'ADAR', 'ADARB1', 'ADARB2', 'ADIPOQ', 'POMC', 'HSP90AA1', 'ERBB2', 'HLA-DQB1', 'KLF4', 'SOX2', 'CDKN2A', 'CDKN2B', 'GPM6A', 'PAK1', 'TTR', 'CLU', 'TRPM2', 'XRCC6', 'XRCC5', 'DBP', 'RUNX1T1', 'MYH11', 'FLT3', 'BGLAP', 'ODC1', 'FOXC2', 'PLIN1', 'PDE10A', 'SIRT3', 'IGFBP2', 'RIPK3', 'TF', 'HSF1', 'SNCA', 'SYNM', 'SI', 'SLC5A2', 'YAP1', 'CFAP97', 'TRPV1', 'CACNA1S', 'REN', 'MPO', 'NR3C1', 'SYK', 'S100A8', 'MMP1', 'EGF', 'PCNA', 'KLF14', 'FHL2', 'AMER3', 'GNPNAT1', 'HLTF', 'C3', 'TH', 'BMP2', 'SMURF2', 'SP7', 'RUNX2', 'EPO', 'CAT', 'FGF5', 'PROM1', 'POSTN', 'PNPLA2', 'NBN', 'MRE11', 'RAD50', 'CASP7', 'XPA', 'BANF1', 'CTC1', 'STN1', 'TEN1', 'BCL2', 'HMOX2', 'HMOX1', 'BRCA2', 'SELL', 'PRKAB1', 'GHR', 'MT-CYB', 'FOXM1', 'HMBS', 'G6PD', 'TLR4', 'ABCA1', 'ADORA2B', 'LGI1', 'ACHE', 'PAPPA', 'GFAP', 'ITGAM', 'SYP', 'BCL2L1', 'FOXO3', 'SKP2', 'SIRT6', 'TJP1', 'OCLN', 'NOS3', 'ASS1', 'LRPPRC', 'CEACAM8', 'POLD1', 'CEACAM3', 'AFP', 'CETP', 'MT-CO1', 'EGR1', 'HDAC1', 'HDAC2', 'HTR2A', 'RECQL', 'RECQL5', 'NPDC1', 'HERC5', 'ADCY9', 'CKM', 'PHOX2A', 'SCD', 'NRBF2', 'NTAN1', 'TNFSF10', 'TNFRSF10B', 'TNFRSF10C', 'TNFRSF10D', 'SHB', 'EGFR', 'FOXO1', 'FOXO4', 'FOXO6', 'FOXN1', 'SMAD2', 'SLC22A4', 'MGMT', 'MSRB2', 'MSRB1', 'MSTN', 'ACTN3', 'RTL8C', 'CDH1', 'CHI3L1', 'KLF9', 'APOA5', 'SCGN', 'PSMD5', 'PSMC2', 'IL4', 'GABRA2', 'HOXA1', 'NEUROD1', 'NEUROD2', 'PGR', 'STK11', 'DNMT3A', 'MB', 'CYGB', 'ANXA5', 'MMP15', 'NBR1', 'MEIS1', 'ZNF521', 'CD163', 'MCAM', 'CD274', 'EREG', 'CST3', 'MFSD11', 'NTRK1', 'IRS2', 'PTEN', 'IFI44', 'PRL', 'TMED2', 'HMGB1', 'TIMP3', 'DEFB4A', 'MYOT', 'CRYAB', 'FLNC', 'BAG3', 'DNAJB6', 'DES', 'FOXP1', 'E2F1', 'CCND1', 'RBP4', 'NAGLU', 'KNG1', 'NPY', 'TAC1', 'LRRK2', 'TAT', 'ALDH2', 'PCSK1', 'PAX4', 'RELA', 'LEP', 'IGH', 'IL18', 'TFEB', 'PSEN1', 'NOS2', 'GPER1', 'ANGPTL4', 'CXCL1', 'TXNIP', 'STS', 'SHC1', 'ABL1', 'APBB1', 'CDX2', 'QRSL1', 'MSH2', 'MSH3', 'MSH6', 'PMS1', 'PMS2', 'SLC9C1', 'DRD1', 'NCAM1', 'TTC12', 'ANKK1', 'DRD2', 'DRD4', 'DRD5', 'SLC2A9', 'ZBTB20', 'RARRES2', 'NPPA', 'GJA1', 'CS', 'TRH', 'SLC2A2', 'GAPDH', 'F7', 'PTPN11', 'NPM1', 'MME', 'PIP5K1C', 'FOXP3', 'RARB', 'DRAM1', 'FGF21', 'FTO', 'SERPINF1', 'CASP3', 'TP63', 'DLAT', 'FIS1', 'NDUFAB1', 'RAD9A', 'PNN', 'JARID2', 'SLC6A4', 'PIGR', 'ID3', 'CTNNBL1', 'CYP19A1', 'AMH', 'MTNR1A', 'MTNR1B', 'HSPA9', 'TRPC6', 'TRPC1', 'IL3', 'IL15', 'NEFL', 'NRGN', 'CD79A', 'PAX5', 'BCL6', 'SOST', 'ITPK1', 'HSPB2', 'AK4', 'IGFBP5', 'EPOR', 'PLA2G7', 'CFTR', 'WRAP53', 'AHR', 'CERS2', 'MT-ND1', 'CDK6', 'CDK2', 'CDKN1A', 'DCTN6', 'CDKN1B', 'APOA1', 'LPL', 'MTHFR', 'CBS', 'HFE', 'GCLC', 'GSS', 'SERPINI1', 'TYR', 'PNPLA6', 'SIRT2', 'XRCC4', 'NOTCH1', 'CDC42', 'L1CAM', 'TRDMT1', 'CGB5', 'LHB', 'HCAR2', 'GRM7', 'CASR', 'PRAMEF2', 'SELP', 'CASP14', 'KRTAP13-3', 'ALPP', 'POU1F1', 'MSX2', 'SIRT5', 'SIRT7', 'IL1RN', 'C9orf72', 'PRRT2', 'SERPINE1', 'COL1A1', 'NGF', 'LRP1', 'MDM2', 'TGFA', 'PIK3R1', 'SLBP', 'FGFR3', 'DOT1L', 'TREH', 'RGS2', 'IGF1R', 'IGF2R', 'MKX', 'GSN', 'IGF2', 'PTGDR2', 'PTGDS', 'TERT', 'COL1A2', 'CYP24A1', 'KEAP1', 'SMAD7', 'FMR1', 'GSTM1', 'AQP4', 'CCK', 'FBN2', 'ANXA1', 'HGF', 'GDE1', 'TEX101', 'ECM1', 'LDHC', 'PLAUR', 'SLC23A2', 'INHA', 'RAB7B', 'CD9', 'AZGP1', 'SERPINA3', 'FURIN', 'NGFR', 'PF4', 'PPBP', 'GP6', 'GP1BA', 'LYZ', 'ROMO1', 'CXCL9', 'CCL5', 'ADCY4', 'USP7', 'EP300', 'LAMP1', 'SCN5A', 'ENTPD1', 'DCTN1', 'EDNRA', 'FCGR2B', 'VCL', 'PTK2', 'XIAP', 'DIABLO', 'PPIA', 'BSG', 'SAFB', 'MAPK8', 'RYR1', 'SLC12A3', 'TRA2B', 'SLC18A2', 'HCN4', 'ROCK2', 'ROCK1', 'GLIPR2', 'GLB1', 'GALC', 'VDAC1', 'MX1', 'STAT1', 'PML', 'IRF1', 'IRF7', 'IL20', 'IL24', 'JAK1', 'RGN', 'NLRP3', 'CASP1', 'HBB', 'POLB', 'C4A', 'PARK7', 'PINK1', 'UCP2', 'UCP3', 'IDUA', 'HK1', 'BCAR1', 'PXN', 'TNFAIP1', 'BAX', 'METTL3', 'METTL14', 'TNFRSF11B', 'A2M', 'SOX5', 'GSDMC', 'H2AX', 'HDAC9', 'EPHA2', 'EFNA1', 'TOMM40', 'MLC1', 'HMGA2', 'CDC25A', 'BRIP1', 'DDX11', 'COL6A1', 'KRT19', 'AHRR', 'F2RL3', 'MYD88', 'LCN2', 'UGT1A', 'UGT3A1', 'BCHE', 'IGFBP3', 'DAPK3', 'ADM', 'NAMPT', 'CSF1', 'STIL', 'CCN2', 'FGFR1', 'PRKAA2', 'ZMPSTE24', 'CSF3', 'AIF1', 'ABCB1', 'CBX1', 'CBX3', 'SUV39H1', 'SUV39H2', 'CBX2', 'CBX4', 'CBX6', 'CBX7', 'CBX8', 'SUZ12', 'EED', 'EZH1', 'EZH2', 'PCGF1', 'PCGF2', 'PCGF3', 'BMI1', 'PCGF5', 'PCGF6', 'PHC1', 'PHC2', 'PHC3', 'RING1', 'RNF2', 'DPP4', 'MMP9', 'MDK', 'RAD51', 'CTH', 'RAB27A', 'SHH', 'PLS3', 'SLC29A1', 'WNT1', 'LRP5', 'LCT', 'RHO', 'COMT', 'PPARG', 'SLC1A3', 'SLC1A2', 'SLC1A1', 'EEF1E1', 'NOTCH3', 'TRIP13', 'PLA2R1', 'VCP', 'ERCC6', 'CSH1', 'TNNT3', 'RRM2B', 'SIRT4', 'PEG3', 'PLK2', 'GCK', 'EOMES', 'TBX21', 'HLA-A', 'GLP1R', 'F8', 'CREM', 'NPEPPS', 'CREBBP', 'JPH3', 'CKB', 'CXCL13', 'THBS2', 'ACE2', 'EBP', 'GRN', 'PSAP', 'THBD', 'PDPN', 'IL6R', 'CXCL2', 'MAP3K5', 'MAPK9', 'NFKB2', 'CHEK2', 'THOC1', 'NR1H4', 'IL23A', 'ATP6V0A2', 'B2M', 'GRIA1', 'OGG1', 'FASN', 'SRSF2', 'SF3B1', 'ADAM10', 'RHOA', 'SPP1', 'HOXA9', 'FOS', 'CD46', 'CDA', 'APC', 'ABO', 'MYB', 'SLC6A3', 'MIB1', 'CRYL1', 'CISD1', 'CISD2', 'NAF1', 'CISD3', 'MGP', 'TERF1', 'ACAT1', 'ACAT2', 'ACTA1', 'VIM', 'CXCR2', 'CXCR1', 'AQP3', 'DEDD', 'SMAD4', 'CCL26', 'THBS1', 'CYP2D6', 'GDF15', 'CYP2C19', 'ESR1', 'ESRRA', 'MUC16', 'CEL', 'LOX', 'AVEN', 'DLL4', 'DLL1', 'CD248', 'PLXDC1', 'ANTXR1', 'BBC3', 'PTP4A3', 'PDPK1', 'ERCC8', 'ERCC3', 'ERCC4', 'ERCC1', 'LEO1', 'TNNT1', 'NR3C2', 'MTR', 'CAV1', 'GPR39', 'HSPA1A', 'MAPK14', 'CX3CL1', 'CTCF', 'PIK3CA', 'MMP28', 'PON1', 'KCNJ11', 'TPO', 'LPA', 'EML4', 'ALK', 'ANP32B', 'FCRL4', 'TLR9', 'TXNRD1', 'GSTZ1', 'NRF1', 'TFAM', 'PTX3', 'MYOD1', 'CPS1', 'ITGA2B', 'PDE4C', 'MUC1', 'GDF11', 'MBP', 'MT1B', 'HRNR', 'FZD1', 'FZD7', 'FGF17', 'TSPO', 'CYP27A1', 'CYP46A1', 'ABCG1', 'CCR5', 'CXCL12', 'CD5', 'CHRNA3', 'INSL3', 'RXFP2', 'XPC', 'GAST', 'CUBN', 'AMN', 'MTRR', 'CCL24', 'LOXL1', 'DNMT1', 'SCT', 'CYP2C9', 'GBA3', 'KITLG', 'IL11', 'MAD2L1', 'CDC20', 'PTTG1', 'ESPL1', 'HAND2', 'CD22', 'NCL', 'FASLG', 'SCX', 'TNMD', 'BGN', 'DCN', 'DSP', 'C1S', 'ICAM1', 'HSPA1B', 'HSPA1L', 'PRKAA1', 'EEF2', 'PCSK9', 'BFSP1', 'BFSP2', 'HEBP1', 'CCN1', 'JUN', 'CALR', 'CNR1', 'NDUFS4', 'POLG', 'ARMS2', 'FOXA1', 'LAMA5', 'ZNF716', 'ARHGEF10', 'TOR2A', 'SH2D3C', 'CLEC4M', 'RPL10A', 'SERPINB2', 'ALKBH1', 'TGFB1', 'CHAT', 'DUSP22', 'PPP2CA', 'ATF3', 'RCAN1', 'DYRK1A', 'GRK5', 'ETS2', 'TXN', 'GLRX', 'DNM1L', 'PRKN', 'ARID4B', 'GPX1', 'ERBB4', 'BTBD9', 'MAP2K5', 'SKOR1', 'BABAM2', 'ABRA', 'CEMIP', 'DIAPH1', 'HBEGF', 'HOXC13', 'SATB1', 'TNFRSF1B', 'CA4', 'CA1', 'IGFBP4', 'TMPRSS11A', 'PER2', 'SLTM', 'ACVR2B', 'FST', 'DNAJC5B', 'TLR3', 'TLR7', 'CD86', 'CD14', 'GZMB', 'ACBD3', 'SLC16A8', 'IER3', 'GATA2', 'CEBPA', 'SRP72', 'TLR2', 'NOD2', 'DNTT', 'SLC34A1', 'PHEX', 'SMAD3', 'FLG', 'VIP', 'RORA', 'GDNF', 'CDH13', 'SFRP1', 'P2RX7', 'SLC16A12', 'DPYS', 'TUSC3', 'MYO3A', 'SOX11', 'RPS14', 'PCSK6', 'JAK2', 'STAT5A', 'STAT5B', 'GAD1', 'CDR2', 'PSEN2', 'PPARA', 'DLG4', 'DLG3', 'PDGFRB', 'IL17A', 'PHOX2B', 'DBH', 'FANCD2', 'FBLN5', 'SOD3', 'TNFRSF4', 'TNFRSF9', 'REST', 'HSPB1', 'CYP1A2', 'CYP3A5', 'CDK4', 'CENPA', 'PLK1', 'SCO2', 'PAEP', 'ELANE', 'CTSG', 'SLPI', 'SRSF1', 'EWSR1', 'FLI1', 'AURKC', 'BUB1', 'BUB1B', 'CDK1', 'CHEK1', 'FYN', 'POLR3A', 'IDO1', 'TP73', 'COL17A1', 'KPNA4', 'SRP9', 'CCR2', 'STMN1', 'EPHA1', 'KIF2C', 'MCM2', 'MCM3', 'MCM4', 'MCM6', 'MCM7', 'MCM5', 'MITF', 'NFKBIA', 'SRF', 'STRAP', 'NKX2-5', 'CCR7', 'TG', 'STATH', 'DIRAS3', 'DDX4', 'GSTP1', 'GIP', 'CLOCK', 'NPPC', 'FOXK2', 'GNRH1', 'GLUL', 'CTSD', 'PTGS2', 'MT-CO2', 'EPHX1', 'INSR', 'LYPLA1', 'CP', 'AP2B1', 'IFNA1', 'NOX4', 'EIF2AK3', 'CLSTN1', 'PRF1', 'PTN', 'APOC1', 'ARNTL', 'NOS1', 'KAT6B', 'MORF4L1', 'MORF4L2', 'THPO', 'CYP2A6', 'CYP2E1', 'C19orf48', 'MVP', 'RBMX', 'ADRB2', 'GPX4', 'IKBKG', 'MAP3K7', 'UBE2N', 'UBE2V1', 'HNF4A', 'GBA', 'CD200', 'CD200R1', 'CXCL5', 'NLRC5', 'VRK2', 'GPR6', 'GNG4', 'KCNQ2', 'CYP3A4', 'HRAS', 'KRAS', 'NRAS', 'POLD3', 'LEPR', 'YY1', 'SREBF2', 'EIF2S1', 'LRRC34', 'CAMK4', 'HAUS3', 'PICALM', 'TAC3', 'PLEKHG4', 'CCDC88A', 'TGFBR2', 'BAMBI', 'SLC25A14', 'MUC5AC', 'FGF7', 'CRH', 'ARID1A', 'FGFR2', 'IL17RB', 'CXCL14', 'PPP3CA', 'DDIT4', 'BNIP3', 'ABCG2', 'GLO1', 'NCOA3', 'IL16', 'AOPEP', 'S100B', 'MAP2', 'GAP43', 'MMP14', 'PRKCA', 'BAK1', 'RHOT1', 'CLN3', 'RPS6KB1', 'FSTL1', 'SCGB1D4', 'CD19', 'NR1I2', 'NTM', 'CALB1', 'MARCKS', 'VSIG4', 'TFAP2A', 'SP1', 'NOX1', 'CYBB', 'NOX3', 'NOX5', 'PAX7', 'HCN1', 'NPC1', 'NPC2', 'UBC', 'GLS', 'KCNA1', 'IL5', 'RPS12', 'BICD1', 'HSPD1', 'OPN4', 'SEMA4B', 'POLK', 'CD109', 'PLAC1', 'TRIB3', 'DNASE1', 'VSNL1', 'CHP1', 'SQSTM1', 'SV2A', 'SLC17A7', 'ZNF763', 'CCN4', 'GSTM5', 'PVALB', 'CALB2', 'TNFSF11', 'SLC26A9', 'RNASE3', 'PSMD11', 'PSMB3', 'PSMB5', 'PSMB6', 'SOX9', 'ACAN', 'DKK1', 'OXT', 'CCNB1', 'CCNE1', 'TPP2', 'MYBBP1A', 'LDLR', 'WDR36', 'PGP', 'HS3ST4', 'JUND', 'LORICRIN', 'AGTR1', 'VEGFC', 'GLRX3', 'GMPS', 'ING1', 'MAP3K4', 'MT1G', 'ERCC5', 'EMD', 'IDE', 'NEDD4', 'CUL7', 'OBSL1', 'CCDC8', 'PER3', 'HSPA8', 'SPHK2', 'SLC22A1', 'SLC29A4', 'ITGAX', 'CCR1', 'ANG', 'FDPS', 'ATP6V1B2', 'NTHL1', 'IFIT1', 'IFIT2', 'IFITM1', 'CHKA', 'ITGAL', 'SPRY2', 'CBL', 'SRD5A2', 'PTK7', 'PGC', 'LIF', 'SDC4', 'CD276', 'CD80', 'TNKS', 'FAF1', 'CDC34', 'IRS1', 'NOP10', 'NHP2', 'GAR1', 'F2R', 'LIN28B', 'MCM8', 'TMEM18', 'RXRG', 'FHIT', 'WT1', 'HCRT', 'STAR', 'RARA', 'RXRA', 'NEU1', 'NEU3', 'NEU4', 'IL13', 'SLC3A1', 'TLR1', 'MAOB', 'MAOA', 'GSTK1', 'CDH5', 'SNAP25', 'CYP2J2', 'DDAH1', 'MED23', 'ARG1', 'AGXT2', 'PDE1A', 'PDE1C', 'PIEZO2', 'CILP', 'SNAP23', 'STXBP1', 'ISYNA1', 'ADAMTS4', 'SMPD2', 'ERBB3', 'CYP1A1', 'ELK3', 'SPARC', 'ROR2', 'COG2', 'CLUL1', 'TMCO1', 'SIX1', 'SIX6', 'GAS7', 'ATOH7', 'CD40LG', 'CALCA', 'BMPR1B', 'TFPI', 'MERTK', 'AXL', 'OXTR', 'NQO1', 'MMP2', 'KAT2B', 'CYP11B2', 'FCGR1A', 'EDN1', 'FLCN', 'HK2', 'DUOX2', 'NXF1', 'PHB2', 'CERS6', 'CERS5', 'FUT2', 'FTL', 'OPA1', 'UTRN', 'OMA1', 'PLIN2', 'PLIN5', 'GLRX2', 'OTC', 'WNT3A', 'BHMT', 'EHMT2', 'PRMT8', 'BAG5', 'ACTB', 'HPRT1', 'GUSB', 'ERCC2', 'CDK7', 'SRSF3', 'PIAS1', 'SYN3', 'USP14', 'COL3A1', 'RB1CC1', 'GATA6', 'SFTPB', 'DKK3', 'EIF2AK2', 'EXO1', 'PRDX3', 'PRX', 'PTK2B', 'ELAVL1', 'XPO1', 'CARM1', 'TEK', 'MFN2', 'ATG5', 'ATG7', 'AHSG', 'BIRC5', 'CDCA8', 'IL7R', 'FN1', 'SLC6A1', 'SLC4A1', 'CDH11', 'PTHLH', 'RNF138', 'RBBP8', 'SERPINE2', 'CYCS', 'SETBP1', 'FAT4', 'ARIH1', 'DNAH2', 'CSMD1', 'CDK12', 'ABCC1', 'CETN1', 'CTSK', 'WWC1', 'CLSTN2', 'ZC3H12A', 'ATP7B', 'COMP', 'BRAF', 'IMMP2L', 'GPD2', 'AIFM1', 'IL9', 'GTF2H5', 'IER2', 'LAG3', 'PDCD1', 'EBF1', 'OTOL1', 'NCR3', 'NCR1', 'KIR2DL4', 'KLRK1', 'GNB3', 'LRRC23', 'NPAS2', 'HP', 'HPX', 'NDUFB3', 'RRAD', 'KDR', 'RAB32', 'RHOT2', 'MFGE8', 'HSF2', 'RAD51C', 'RAD52', 'MUTYH', 'POLL', 'PDK1', 'SREBF1', 'SGK1', 'VEGFB', 'CTSC', 'CDKN1C', 'KLKB1', 'TSPAN18', 'NCOA1', 'NT5C3B', 'MIP', 'HLA-E', 'ROM1', 'TTK', 'CTLA4', 'RIPK1', 'HDAC4', 'HDAC5', 'HDAC6', 'HDAC7', 'HDAC8', 'HDAC11', 'MCM3AP', 'CLEC11A', 'PKD1', 'PKD2', 'PRKCSH', 'SEC63', 'VTN', 'FBLN1', 'EFEMP1', 'TAS2R38', 'SMARCA4', 'MFN1', 'ATXN3', 'SUMO1', 'MT2A', 'RUVBL1', 'RUVBL2', 'GADD45G', 'SETD2', 'XDH', 'ALG14', 'FADS1', 'FADS2', 'LPGAT1', 'GCKR', 'PKD2L1', 'HBA1', 'LRP2', 'PYCR1', 'POLH', 'EZR', 'TAFAZZIN', 'SIGLEC8', 'IL21', 'FGF9', 'ETFA', 'S100A12', 'CACNA1G', 'RUNX3', 'IGFBP7', 'RASSF2', 'CXCR5', 'C1QA', 'CD38', 'CX3CR1', 'BPIFB4', 'CTSB', 'CTRC', 'CPA1', 'PPP2R2C', 'UMOD', 'TNFRSF11A', 'OPTN', 'DCSTAMP', 'THBS4', 'SPARCL1', 'PON2', 'PCMT1', 'GJA4', 'ADH1B', 'NUPR1', 'NDUFB8', 'NDUFS3', 'SDHB', 'UQCRC2', 'ATP5MC1', 'NMNAT1', 'NMNAT2', 'NMNAT3', 'TRPM3', 'TRPA1', 'LRAT', 'RPE65', 'RDH10', 'RDH11', 'CRAT', 'ANGPTL2', 'PRDX1', 'GRIK2', 'GSK3B', 'CASP8', 'SRXN1', 'IKBKB', 'SLC1A5', 'SH2B3', 'ATXN2', 'BRAP', 'CCR6', 'PSENEN', 'ATP6AP1', 'ACSL4', 'TMEFF2', 'PIM1', 'CNTFR', 'OLR1', 'DKC1', 'TNS3', 'GHSR', 'ASXL2', 'SORCS2', 'CELSR2', 'NUBP2', 'IGFALS', 'HAGH', 'ETS1', 'GAS6', 'DICER1', 'CXXC1', 'MARF1', 'PDZK1', 'PMP22', 'TNPO2', 'PRDX6', 'HAS3', 'HAS2', 'S100A11', 'CDKN3', 'HOPX', 'SERPINC1', 'ATP4A', 'CRMP1', 'SGO2', 'BTG2', 'CD79B', 'BTG1', 'TBL1XR1', 'BTK', 'TNFRSF1A', 'ICOS', 'DUSP6', 'NLRP1', 'PERP', 'BIRC3', 'SDS', 'COL11A2', 'REV1', 'PFKFB3', 'DIS3L2', 'XRN1', 'TRPC3', 'ORAI1', 'STIM1', 'ATP2A2', 'SNAI1', 'CYP17A1', 'MYOG', 'CCL3', 'EIF4EBP1', 'SRC', 'LGR5', 'PITX2', 'TREM2', 'TMEM106B', 'CR2', 'MOG', 'DCX', 'NES', 'PROX1', 'PLAG1', 'RBFOX3', 'ADAM17', 'MDP1', 'PANK1', 'PANK2', 'HLA-DQA1', 'TCL1A', 'ZAP70', 'MYBL2', 'HDC', 'GCH1', 'ROS1', 'IFIT3', 'PLSCR1', 'PARP9', 'MEST', 'CTCFL', 'RAB11A', 'CRABP2', 'COG5', 'SCN1A', 'GADD45A', 'G6PC1', 'TRPS1', 'F3', 'ICAM3', 'FN3K', 'MYOF', 'ADAM15', 'LEMD3', 'LBR', 'C1QTNF3', 'SLC12A1', 'PDYN', 'RAN', 'BBOX1', 'QDPR', 'PRNP', 'CCND2', 'TNFSF12', 'TNFRSF12A', 'ACTA2', 'RELB', 'RORC', 'DNMT3B', 'HOXB13', 'NOTUM', 'BCL2L11', 'TFRC', 'PRKDC', 'NLRP2', 'ALLC', 'AGO1', 'PM20D1', 'FPR2', 'HSH2D', 'SAA4', 'HDAC3', 'SFTPC', 'SUPV3L1', 'BIN1', 'HSPA5', 'CACNA1C', 'CACNA1D', 'FGB', 'TNK2', 'GIT2', 'GIT1', 'CACYBP', 'PSMB8', 'PPT1', 'PRDX5', 'SYN2', 'KISS1', 'KISS1R', 'NAT2', 'KCNQ4', 'PRAP1', 'TGFB3', 'PGF', 'TMPRSS6', 'NHEJ1', 'CASP9', 'TMPRSS2', 'TMPRSS4', 'KIF11', 'ZNF704', 'COL18A1', 'IDH1', 'S100A1', 'S100A6', 'MT-ND5', 'LILRB1', 'G6PC2', 'S100A9', 'ANKS1B', 'ADAMTS3', 'PPFIA1', 'MMP7', 'FABP2', 'FOSB', 'DMD', 'RNLS', 'FABP4', 'FBH1', 'ELP1', 'TAX1BP1', 'SERPINA6', 'CSH2', 'CD69', 'YTHDF2', 'CCKAR', 'DLST', 'REL', 'MT-ND2', 'PLEKHO1', 'SMURF1', 'SMAD1', 'FOSL1', 'MT1A', 'LRIT1', 'IL6ST', 'ATXN2L', 'HEYL', 'AGRN', 'PPM1A', 'MGST1', 'BIK', 'TLR6', 'AKR7A3', 'FDXR', 'PGAM1', 'SEPTIN2', 'HMGCS2', 'PTGER2', 'FAHD1', 'AGTR2', 'HLA-DRB5', 'RBPMS2', 'GRB2', 'ACMSD', 'DCLRE1C', 'MC1R', 'ID1', 'TAF1', 'IGFBP1', 'ENO2', 'EYS', 'CRX', 'RAX', 'OTX2', 'GNAT1', 'CRYGD', 'ABCC9', 'AQR', 'PLAU', 'CIAO3', 'PSRC1', 'SORT1', 'CILP2', 'PBX4', 'GALNT2', 'TBL2', 'TRIB1', 'ANGPTL3', 'NR1H3', 'SLCO1B1', 'PSMB9', 'PCBP2', 'IFI16', 'MMP12', 'TCF4', 'FN3KRP', 'MIF', 'FZD4', 'MMP13', 'PDGFA', 'CDC42BPB', 'ARHGEF3', 'FUS', 'CEBPB', 'SLC13A3', 'AGPAT2', 'LPIN1', 'MARCHF8', 'ADAMTS5', 'SLC29A2', 'SLC28A1', 'SLC28A2', 'SLC28A3', 'DEFB103B', 'EIF4G1', 'CREB1', 'RBM14', 'RBMS3', 'DDX41', 'NR2C2', 'MYOC', 'ATG16L1', 'SELE', 'EPCAM', 'HTR1A', 'PTGER3', 'ONECUT2', 'AQP5', 'GPC5', 'SLC2A4', 'SOX10', 'WNT5A', 'CCN5', 'ADCYAP1', 'ADCYAP1R1', 'MLKL', 'HPSE', 'TPP1', 'PWWP3A', 'CYP27B1', 'ZNF334', 'AOC1', 'HUWE1', 'CHIA', 'ALAD', 'CD7', 'NFASC', 'ANXA3', 'H1-2', 'RASA3', 'CAPN1', 'CAPN2', 'MAP3K8', 'WFDC2', 'TTN', 'CERS1', 'CA2', 'HAS1', 'AKR1A1', 'EXT1', 'EXT2', 'CCL4', 'CCL17', 'CCL22', 'AKR1B1', 'FAS', 'ARF6', 'EDN3', 'ITPKB', 'RGS4', 'RAB3A', 'SYNGR3', 'IGF2BP2', 'MIB2', 'AGT', 'MAD2L1BP', 'CHRNA4', 'ITPR1', 'DYNC1H1', 'IRF4', 'BNC2', 'NTF3', 'NINJ2', 'SELENBP1', 'KLF2', 'MAPK7', 'PRDM1', 'ASTN2', 'HRK', 'WIF1', 'FBXW8', 'DHFR', 'TYMS', 'EIF5A', 'GAB1', 'NELFCD', 'FMN2', 'MGAT5', 'PSAT1', 'PHGDH', 'NDUFA4L2', 'ATP1A1', 'CA9', 'AQP1', 'SH2D3A', 'VIT', 'CHMP4B', 'PHF1', 'TIPARP', 'FOLH1', 'FPR1', 'IL2RA', 'VCAM1', 'EDNRB', 'NEIL1', 'PTGER4', 'KRT14', 'ST8SIA4', 'DEFB4B', 'SAA1', 'PAX8', 'PRPH2', 'LHCGR', 'FSHR', 'SPI1', 'IRF8', 'AICDA', 'ATF4', 'TCIRG1', 'DISC1', 'TERF2IP', 'TINF2', 'SUB1', 'CYP11A1', 'RAPGEF1', 'CFD', 'ALOX12', 'ALOX15', 'MARCO', 'RAC1', 'SCN8A', 'CYB5A', 'UBE2I', 'TPR', 'RCC1', 'QPCT', 'ADRB1', 'CNR2', 'ESR2', 'COX8A', 'NR4A2', 'SERPINH1', 'RASAL1', 'KRT18', 'ATL1', 'RANBP1', 'BLVRA', 'RAB8A', 'PYY', 'ATP6V1E1', 'GNG3', 'NDUFV2', 'GOT1', 'NAV2', 'NRXN3', 'SMN1', 'VASH1', 'SARM1', 'P2RX4', 'UAP1L1', 'UAP1', 'OGT', 'ALDH4A1', 'MT1X', 'GHRHR', 'COL2A1', 'GATA1', 'ITGA6', 'RBFOX1', 'PDCD1LG2', 'SGPP2', 'DAPK1', 'ANOS1', 'KCNS3', 'RSAD2', 'MKNK1', 'CD2', 'ASGR1', 'WARS1', 'KRT8', 'FOXF1', 'SRRM4', 'TWIST1', 'AXIN2', 'SLC7A8', 'SLC3A2', 'TBP', 'ATXN7', 'IL1R1', 'IL1R2', 'TSG101', 'DEFB1', 'COL5A1', 'RREB1', 'PDE9A', 'DUSP4', 'GREM2', 'CACNA1A', 'TKT', 'ALOX5', 'NRXN1', 'FBXO33', 'SIK3', 'TAL1', 'WWOX', 'MUC5B', 'PARN', 'RTEL1', 'MOK', 'TGFBR1', 'ACVRL1', 'APLNR', 'APLN', 'SLC17A8', 'CNTF', 'GPR55', 'KRT20', 'CD28', 'PMEL', 'CRTC1', 'RPTOR', 'PAX6', 'HNRNPA1', 'GTPBP1', 'DROSHA', 'TNRC6B', 'SDC1', 'UBE2C', 'REXO1', 'TP53INP1', 'RACK1', 'ANKH', 'ENPP1', 'ABCA4', 'IBA57', 'MAP4K3', 'IQGAP1', 'MAP4K1', 'CDCA4', 'CKAP2', 'HAUS4', 'IMMT', 'MTHFD2', 'NEK2', 'NIPA2', 'ELOA', 'DHCR24', 'MAT1A', 'TRAF1', 'BAP1', 'USP16', 'MYSM1', 'DDX58', 'CGAS', 'UNC5B', 'LIN28A', 'SNAI2', 'VCAN', 'CORIN', 'PTCH1', 'TBC1D16', 'WDFY3', 'ARFGEF2', 'DAO', 'GRM1', 'P4HA2', 'SEPTIN9', 'NDRG4', 'BMP3', 'SDC2', 'SFRP2', 'NTRK3', 'CD3E', 'LCAT', 'MARCKSL1', 'MR1', 'RET', 'LOXL2', 'LOXL4', 'IDH2', 'ATG10', 'LIG4', 'ABCC8', 'LXN', 'CIB2', 'PEA15', 'FGD1', 'PLCB1', 'SEMA4G', 'UPF3A', 'CSTB', 'CD99', 'ETV3', 'FJX1', 'TMEM37', 'RPP30', 'ZFHX3', 'CD1A', 'PC', 'TGM2', 'TRADD', 'PEPD', 'RB1', 'BTRC', 'RNF170', 'GHRL', 'GPNMB', 'LTF', 'KLRC1', 'FGF1', 'STING1', 'C5AR1', 'C3AR1', 'SCPEP1', 'NRN1', 'CPLX1', 'SH3GL1', 'GGCX', 'IRF3', 'PNPLA3', 'APOC3', 'TNFRSF18', 'CETN3', 'IKZF3', 'RLBP1', 'RAC3', 'UBE2D3', 'CTSL', 'DGCR8', 'NMUR2', 'PMCH', 'FFAR1', 'MANF', 'HERPUD1', 'SLC4A3', 'GPHA2', 'ASAH1', 'GBA2', 'GRIN1', 'GRIA2', 'BID', 'IL37', 'IL23R', 'KLRB1', 'BCO1', 'ATG9B', 'WIPI1', 'PIF1', 'CLK1', 'C16orf82', 'MYOCD', 'GATA4', 'KRTAP8-1', 'ESCO1', 'TWSG1', 'SLC20A2', 'XPR1', 'SLC20A1', 'TRIM63', 'ACKR3', 'LGALS3', 'MSR1', 'SCARB1', 'SMTN', 'MXD1', 'IKZF1', 'HIC1', 'PPID', 'DYNLT3', 'ALX4', 'PRDX2', 'HNRNPU', 'RPS3', 'RALY', 'RPS9', 'DDX21', 'HNRNPM', 'RBM7', 'MTREX', 'DIS3', 'APAF1', 'UCMA', 'TNFSF13', 'TNFRSF13B', 'TNFRSF17', 'ENG', 'CCL18', 'NPHP1', 'CEP290', 'HOXA3', 'FLNA', 'GDF10', 'KCND2', 'DIAPH2', 'EDEM1', 'HYAL1', 'HYAL2', 'HYAL3', 'TSC2', 'PPP2R5A', 'MAGT1', 'BIRC2', 'NAIP', 'SORD', 'RFC3', 'ITGA4', 'ENHO', 'S100A10', 'RASSF7', 'KRTAP5-6', 'TSPAN32', 'CSPG4', 'GPR17', 'GRIN2B', 'MAP1LC3B', 'GABARAP', 'ATOH1', 'TREX1', 'NPY4R', 'BMP4', 'NONO', 'ASF1A', 'DPP10', 'NPSR1', 'SHANK3', 'BACH1', 'KLHL35', 'ALAS1', 'ALAS2', 'SLCO1A2', 'RYR2', 'TNFSF15', 'CNN2', 'SERPINB9', 'PDE6B', 'CYSLTR1', 'RAB27B', 'TNFAIP6', 'CCL8', 'MST1', 'STK3', 'GGTLC3', 'SLC25A37', 'FXN', 'PABPN1', 'IQSEC1', 'ADGRE1', 'ERN1', 'ATF6', 'ACACA', 'WNT3', 'SOS1', 'ELOVL2', 'PENK', 'NTS', 'ADCY6', 'ITGB3', 'BNIP3L', 'SIGIRR', 'TSLP', 'CPLX2', 'ABCC6', 'ATP5F1A', 'ITGAE', 'FANCB', 'CREB5', 'FCMR', 'TGM1', 'SPINK1', 'PLG', 'GLRA1', 'ITIH5', 'MTCH2', 'HIF3A', 'RAB37', 'TICAM1', 'ATG13', 'CCDC62', 'GAK', 'NMD3', 'PROS1', 'PROCR', 'GATA3', 'MSN', 'LYVE1', 'NCR2', 'NUAK1', 'ATP6AP2', 'BRD4', 'HMGN1', 'HMGN2', 'UCHL1', 'CIAO2B', 'TCF20', 'SLC38A2', 'SLC7A5', 'IL31', 'ELF3', 'POLRMT', 'MRPL12', 'MRPL10', 'SKP1', 'AGFG1', 'PTPRC', 'CR1', 'DNER', 'TRPV4', 'AFG3L2', 'MAT2A', 'SYNJ1', 'SYNJ2', 'MT-ND3', 'MT-ND4L', 'MT-ND4', 'AP2M1', 'MPG', 'BMP5', 'TGM3', 'GRP', 'PECAM1', 'FUT1', 'SLC2A1', 'MLANA', 'ANXA8', 'ZEB2', 'MTERF1', 'PRKCD', 'TNK1', 'KRT10', 'ABCD1', 'ALOX5AP', 'SPRY1', 'TYROBP', 'CA3', 'MUC7', 'GPI', 'PRTN3', 'COX5B', 'ATP5IF1', 'TPI1', 'AGRP', 'C4B', 'MARVELD2', 'CCT8', 'CSMD2', 'CRYBB1', 'CRYBB2', 'PBRM1', 'CCL23', 'MAFA', 'OLFM4', 'THRA', 'THRB', 'ORC1', 'ORC4', 'ORC6', 'CDT1', 'CDC6', 'GPX3', 'NDUFA2', 'NDUFB6', 'HMGCR', 'CRHR1', 'ITPR2', 'ACO2', 'TCN2', 'SENP3', 'MLNR', 'PTPN1', 'PTPRU', 'FCGR2A', 'SPEN', 'RBPJ', 'VKORC1', 'MSRA', 'NDUFA3', 'NDUFA8', 'FANCM', 'FOXO3B', 'VEGFD', 'PIGF', 'CAPN10', 'MAML3', 'MMP3', 'CTSV', 'PMAIP1', 'ARG2', 'HSP90AB1', 'DRD3', 'ETFB', 'ETFDH', 'EMSY', 'CYP26A1', 'IL22', 'CAPRIN2', 'CELF1', 'RBM24', 'TDRD7', 'ACTN2', 'DNASE2B', 'LONP1', 'PDE6A', 'PDE6G', 'CNGA1', 'CNGB1', 'OPN1SW', 'OPN1LW', 'PDE6C', 'PDE6H', 'GRK7', 'FBL', 'MS4A4E', 'VMP1', 'HAVCR2', 'TRPM8', 'ASIC1', 'ASIC3', 'RS1', 'PRPH', 'SYN1', 'LBP', 'PSCA', 'ITGA1', 'ALCAM', 'FAN1', 'DLX5', 'SULF1', 'SULF2', 'OLIG1', 'OLIG2', 'UNG', 'SCGB1A1', 'CPLANE1', 'FGF2', 'IBSP', 'NOL12', 'HSD11B1', 'SERINC2', 'CHST12', 'TOMM20', 'ACVR2A', 'FSTL3', 'CPE', 'ELAC2', 'KDM4C', 'SLC45A2', 'DEF8', 'HERC2', 'MMP24', 'CYP21A2', 'MST1R', 'LHX8', 'LILRB2', 'KDM6B', 'PPM1D', 'BDKRB1', 'BDKRB2', 'TIE1', 'DMPK', 'IVL', 'PIK3C3', 'MYPN', 'CYB5R3', 'PDGFB', 'TRIM59', 'GPR31', 'SERPINA4', 'RNASEH2C', 'IFNL1', 'HSPB8', 'ZYX', 'WNT10B', 'LRRC8A', 'TGFBI', 'DHX36', 'AKT3', 'GABRR3', 'TBC1D4', 'RAB10', 'NR4A3', 'NR2F2', 'RALGAPA2', 'PDE4D', 'TNFRSF25', 'U2AF1', 'CD209', 'LAMP3', 'USF3', 'TCF12', 'WNT16', 'SPRTN', 'IL1F10', 'PTPN5', 'CNP', 'TPSD1', 'TIMP1', 'TIMP4', 'RBM10', 'TLR5', 'NCF1', 'FLT4', 'FLT1', 'AKAP11', 'SMG6', 'UBTF', 'MAPKAPK3', 'PLOD1', 'LIPC', 'TRAF3', 'DCAF17', 'CD27', 'TIGIT', 'KLRG1', 'KCNA3', 'RALA', 'TSTD1', 'IRAK3', 'SELENOS', 'DNAJB9', 'TIMM21', 'ARF4', 'RINT1', 'NXT1', 'CADPS2', 'COG6', 'GLRX5', 'OPRD1', 'CD207', 'NUDT1', 'LGALS4', 'HMGB2', 'LAMP5', 'CD68', 'IL33', 'DMP1', 'MYOZ2', 'MYOZ3', 'FOXD3', 'UTF1', 'HLA-B', 'COL5A3', 'CDK5RAP1', 'CALM1', 'TNFRSF10A', 'COL10A1', 'GDF2', 'NEFM', 'XRCC1', 'NDUFS1', 'RIOK2', 'KLF1', 'DOC2A', 'SNX32', 'STX4', 'STX6', 'TIMP2', 'PDX1', 'AOC3', 'EDA', 'NIPBL', 'SMC1A', 'S100A4', 'NRP1', 'STUB1', 'CAMK2B', 'HSP90B1', 'CTNND1', 'MAPKAP1', 'FMOD', 'GLUD1', 'OSBPL3', 'GJB3', 'RXFP1', 'DNMT3L', 'VGF', 'NFKBIZ', 'SDHC', 'MT-ND6', 'CENPU', 'NSMAF', 'PTPN13', 'ABCF1', 'INPPL1', 'BMPR2', 'VNN1', 'UGT2B15', 'SLC25A27', 'NSD2', 'AKAP10', 'USF1', 'USF2', 'GRHL2', 'JMJD1C', 'BATF3', 'SATB2', 'FOXG1', 'ADH5', 'SIAH1', 'AKAP6', 'MEF2C', 'AMIGO1', 'TMEM119', 'OGN', 'BRINP3', 'SNRPN', 'EXOSC2', 'EXOSC3', 'EXOSC8', 'MPP4', 'USP6', 'CDC16', 'NUP133', 'MFAP4', 'NECTIN1', 'SLC38A1', 'PEAR1', 'ADD1', 'STARD6', 'KIF6', 'RHEB', 'CXCL11', 'NDUFA4', 'NDUFA9', 'LAMTOR5', 'TRPV5', 'UVRAG', 'CDKN2AIP', 'XRCC3', 'CD2AP', 'PRKAG2', 'SESN1', 'EIF3E', 'EIF3A', 'COPS8', 'TCF7', 'HRC', 'ARC', 'F2RL1', 'KLK8', 'GPIHBP1', 'LDLRAP1', 'MYH9', 'RDX', 'SELENOH', 'SELENOV', 'SELENOT', 'CD40', 'ADH1A', 'MGST2', 'VASP', 'PRG4', 'CNBP', 'OSM', 'DAG1', 'DTNA', 'SNTA1', 'GLI1', 'SYT1', 'MMP20', 'TTI1', 'ETV7', 'CD1D', 'WASL', 'MOXD1', 'PCOLCE', 'INSL6', 'ACSM3', 'SAG', 'REG1A', 'ANK1', 'COIL', 'CXCR3', 'CRTC2', 'RICTOR', 'RPS6KA1', 'SHMT1', 'ACLY', 'XBP1', 'NUMB', 'FGF20', 'NEIL2', 'CPNE1', 'SDHD', 'MTTP', 'AKAP9', 'KCNE5', 'SEMA3A', 'PRM1', 'PRM2', 'TNP1', 'TNP2', 'CD226', 'CITED1', 'MEOX1', 'EYA1', 'SHISA8', 'POU3F4', 'CIDEC', 'BAG6', 'RSL1D1', 'NOLC1', 'GTPBP4', 'KCNE1', 'YBX1', 'ZCCHC8', 'FUNDC1', 'CNKSR1', 'TFF2', 'KIF7', 'STK36', 'SUFU', 'DZIP1', 'FRZB', 'SFRP4', 'SFRP5', 'DKK2', 'DKK4', 'WNT6', 'EIF3D', 'SRSF5', 'CD34', 'B3GAT1', 'FADD', 'STARD3', 'GDF5', 'SGCA', 'PAXIP1', 'RIF1', 'APEX1', 'ING2', 'ANKMY2', 'PPY', 'MC2R', 'PRKAR1A', 'IFIH1', 'PRKG1', 'FASTKD2', 'TNFAIP3', 'CHUK', 'FGF19', 'RRM1', 'RRM2', 'SH3BP5', 'CALML5', 'SLC25A6', 'NF1', 'CCL7', 'COPG1', 'CSF2RB', 'ENO1', 'UGCG', 'CAMK2A', 'ATRX', 'DAXX', 'IGF2BP1', 'ANKRD26', 'ETV6', 'PLA2G2A', 'SIX2', 'WASF1', 'TRPV2', 'CCDC91', 'TLR8', 'NFATC1', 'AMD1', 'BTLA', 'SMG1', 'RPL26', 'SRSF7', 'PRDM16', 'FEN1', 'HTRA3', 'POR', 'RPA2', 'PRPF19', 'RAD51B', 'GPR173', 'RELN', 'RPS6', 'DSG1', 'DSG3', 'FOXF2', 'SCN2A', 'PIGA', 'STC2', 'HOXB7', 'TIAM1', 'DNM1', 'MAP1B', 'APOA4', 'TOLLIP', 'CDC25C', 'TRPM6', 'TRPM7', 'MSX1', 'C2', 'LRP1B', 'KCNIP3', 'MSLN', 'HSPA2', 'CNKSR3', 'ORMDL3', 'CRADD', 'MAD2L2', 'REV3L', 'IDH3B', 'DUT', 'FA2H', 'CERS3', 'HLA-G', 'RPE', 'CFL1', 'CORO1A', 'P2RY12', 'PTGER1', 'KIF1A', 'EPHA7', 'SNCB', 'PLD2', 'SPOP', 'HES1', 'TLE1', 'SLC18A3', 'SS18L1', 'H2AC8', 'GRK2', 'RHCG', 'PRR4', 'SLC8A1', 'KDM4B', 'NAA40', 'KNDC1', 'ZNF410', 'TBPL1', 'PAX2', 'CPT1B', 'SELPLG', 'NME8', 'NFAT5', 'DSG2', 'NPTXR', 'CENPF', 'SRSF6', 'EFCAB5', 'INHBE', 'OAZ1', 'GDF6', 'PGM1', 'PGM3', 'CNDP2', 'DDIT3', 'ANXA2', 'SYT9', 'NEB', 'MPV17', 'STIP1', 'MAD1L1', 'HACE1', 'PGAM5', 'CPT1A', 'LIG3', 'KLK6', 'SELENOP', 'FBXO21', 'SOCS3', 'IL27', 'NKX3-1', 'PRRX1', 'CAV2', 'NFATC2', 'SERF1A', 'SERF2', 'CTRL', 'CD302', 'CCAR2', 'CCND3', 'PIAS2', 'STAT2', 'RIN3', 'MECP2', 'LRP8', 'VLDLR', 'DAB1', 'SEPTIN7', 'MAGEA4', 'MDM4', 'PPP2R2B', 'ISX', 'ASIC2', 'DCTN2', 'DCTN3', 'BSCL2', 'CTTN', 'STK24', 'SEPHS1', 'STK39', 'MIS12', 'SBDS', 'SLC19A1', 'PRKCH', 'SH2B1', 'ADIPOR2', 'SHROOM3', 'BCL11A', 'THAP1', 'KLRC2', 'KIR3DL1', 'KIR3DL2', 'RNPEP', 'FABP5', 'SLC30A8', 'BAG2', 'BAG1', 'GPR158', 'DLK1', 'FANCC', 'HMMR', 'NFYA', 'KAT2A', 'VTA1', 'NMBR', 'FOXP2', 'HLA-DQB2', 'H6PD', 'HADH', 'ST6GAL1', 'APCS', 'GYS1', 'PDK4', 'PLCL1', 'TMPRSS5', 'LDLRAD1', 'TGFB2', 'STAT4', 'AGO2', 'TDO2', 'TAGLN', 'IL3RA', 'CLEC12A', 'TRPV6', 'CLDN2', 'SOSTDC1', 'COX4I1', 'RFC1', 'KCNQ1', 'CD177', 'RAB7A', 'ITGB1', 'GPR139', 'DACH1', 'ANPEP', 'FGF4', 'ZMYM2', 'PPHLN1', 'BAIAP2L1', 'TACC3', 'FGFR4', 'CSF1R', 'PKP2', 'MLN', 'KDM1A', 'IL2RG', 'GNAS', 'DCLK1', 'CEP104', 'PCDH20', 'HES5', 'MBL2', 'HPCA', 'UBB', 'PYGB', 'PLAA', 'PCDH8', 'CPT2', 'ACADVL', 'TRIM38', 'CASZ1', 'PI4K2A', 'TSHB', 'DLX2', 'TTI2', 'JAG1', 'ARHGAP1', 'SHC3', 'UVSSA', 'NAT10', 'C1QTNF5', 'PDP1', 'MBD4', 'ALDOA', 'PGK1', 'HTR1B', 'SERPINA7', 'FKBP5', 'SYT4', 'VAV3', 'NEBL', 'DIO3', 'ASPN', 'TSC1', 'METRNL', 'SETD7', 'FGG', 'MCF2', 'PKM', 'CAST', 'FERMT1', 'KCNE2', 'SLC7A11', 'SLC16A1', 'SCG2', 'SERPINA12', 'PTBP1', 'NECTIN2', 'MRTFA', 'MRTFB', 'CFHR1', 'VIPR2', 'ABTB1', 'GRB10', 'RNF123', 'GEMIN4', 'HSD17B3', 'SULT1A1', 'PLCD1', 'PIK3R3', 'IMPA2', 'PI4KB', 'PIK3CB', 'INPP5A', 'CLDN3', 'DUSP1', 'TXN2', 'DNAAF4', 'CNTNAP2', 'DIP2A', 'BCL2A1', 'PDCD6IP', 'EPHB2', 'EIF4A2', 'CD33', 'NR0B2', 'FGF10', 'NOG', 'CNDP1', 'TMEM158', 'COL7A1', 'BCL2L13', 'MMRN1', 'NBAS', 'UGDH', 'MYL9', 'GAD2', 'ADAT2', 'GYPA', 'AAK1', 'LRP6', 'ADCY5', 'ALDOC', 'TRAP1', 'CYP2C8', 'CYP2C18', 'C1QBP', 'RALBP1', 'NR4A1', 'PTGIS', 'WNT7A', 'WNT9A', 'LTV1', 'ZNF20', 'PPP1CB', 'PSG5', 'MCF2L', 'GPA33', 'BMP7', 'ACADM', 'SRY', 'SOX3', 'F11R', 'MAT2B', 'SLC25A32', 'FTH1', 'ELOVL4', 'SORCS1', 'SORCS3', 'H1-4', 'MUC2', 'WEE1', 'IL10RB', 'PDE7A', 'SPOCK3', 'CDH4', 'SLC22A12', 'SMC2', 'SMC4', 'ACP2', 'SLC17A4', 'PIK3CG', 'SLC17A3', 'ADAM19', 'HTR4', 'CLEC3B', 'SLC13A5', 'SORBS3', 'FRK', 'PLCG1', 'SERPINF2', 'BMPR1A', 'SERPING1', 'PDXP', 'BASP1', 'NCDN', 'MFSD2A', 'OTX1', 'SMPD1', 'SCARB2', 'P3H1', 'LIMA1', 'MAGOHB', 'AIRE', 'YOD1', 'UGT8', 'FNDC3B', 'SLIT2', 'BMP6', 'CDC26', 'CCDC181', 'GABRE', 'CSRNP1', 'COX10', 'COX15', 'BBS9', 'HK3', 'BRSK1', 'CSRP1', 'AGBL4', 'IREB2', 'ACO1', 'ASCL1', 'NEUROG2', 'ABCE1', 'NPC1L1', 'SAR1B', 'ADAM12', 'SOX6', 'PRKCZ', 'GNA11', 'COL4A1', 'PLEKHA2', 'PNPLA7', 'MGST3', 'TSNAX', 'RAP1A', 'EIF3F', 'CBLC', 'PON3', 'SELENON', 'PEBP1', 'TCF7L2', 'CAMP', 'ALDH18A1', 'SLC22A5', 'APBB2', 'MKI67', 'IFI6', 'MRPS5', 'LGR6', 'ANGPT1', 'ANGPT2', 'CRYAA', 'SIGLEC11', 'TTF1', 'IRF2', 'NCOR2', 'HDGFL1', 'GAB3', 'PAX3', 'APP', 'S100A3', 'TACR3', 'LGALS1', 'DSTN', 'NME1', 'HNF1A', 'ZMAT3', 'MAGEA3', 'CEACAM1', 'PABPC1', 'SNCG', 'ZDHHC1', 'ZDHHC2', 'KCNA4', 'KCNC4', 'AQP9', 'GLA', 'PNPT1', 'CCNA2', 'CSNK2A2', 'CRY2', 'CRY1', 'KCNH2', 'GYG1', 'GBE1', 'RBCK1', 'PFKM', 'EPM2A', 'NHLRC1', 'PRDM8', 'ATF2', 'FBXW7', 'RBBP4', 'CSNK2A1', 'SUN1', 'KCTD12', 'KIF5B', 'SPTAN1', 'HSPBP1', 'HSD17B11', 'ADAMTSL3', 'CYP1B1', 'ABCB5', 'C16orf96', 'ANK3', 'SIRPA', 'CYP2S1', 'PINX1', 'LEF1', 'RBL1', 'IL32', 'PTGS1', 'AOX1', 'TPM4', 'SUGP1', 'TECR', 'SYCP2L', 'TDRD3', 'FSHB', 'NRG1', 'PIEZO1', 'MID1', 'POU2F2', 'MCM9', 'TRIT1', 'FETUB', 'ITIH1', 'ITIH2', 'ITIH3', 'ITIH4', 'DPH7', 'GALR2', 'LDB3', 'TFCP2', 'TMBIM6', 'HTR2B', 'CLPP', 'B4GALT1', 'IL27RA', 'TMPO', 'MMP8', 'PPP4R3C', 'SMAD5', 'MMP10', 'WDR77', 'GCLM', 'PLA2G6', 'MRPS12', 'PLA2G4A', 'A1BG', 'BARX1', 'GTF2H4', 'GTF2H2', 'CCNH', 'MNAT1', 'NFIB', 'ADNP', 'MAPRE1', 'WDR45', 'ITGA7', 'CXCL6', 'WNT4', 'CASTOR1', 'SLC16A3', 'PLS1', 'MYO5C', 'RMI2', 'CASP6', 'HNRNPD', 'PHF11', 'E2F2', 'TEAD2', 'NF2', 'PHB1', 'MCM10', 'HNF1B', 'PKHD1', 'IFT88', 'CYS1', 'MBNL1', 'RAB22A', 'MLXIP', 'TRIM28', 'HRG', 'CD36', 'CEBPD', 'TPT1', 'PGM2', 'CCR4', 'MRC2', 'MYL2', 'CD70', 'VHLL', 'PTPN7', 'CKMT2', 'FBP1', 'PTPRN', 'EPC1', 'SERPINB5', 'HAVCR1', 'SPON1', 'CALML3', 'CSNK1G2', 'MAP2K4', 'DNA2', 'C1GALT1', 'TDG', 'DCC', 'CADM1', 'GJA5', 'GJC1', 'GC', 'HEXA', 'HEXB', 'COL8A2', 'RPL29', 'FOXQ1', 'TNFRSF8', 'FUT4', 'ALPI', 'SFTPD', 'UBL4A', 'SMARCA5', 'UQCRC1', 'UQCRFS1', 'MRPL15', 'PSIP1', 'TCOF1', 'DDB1', 'DDB2', 'CUL4A', 'CSF2RA', 'MARS1', 'FARSB', 'MS4A4A', 'CFLAR', 'TBPL2', 'DST', 'STAT6', 'DCK', 'GSTO2', 'SAMHD1', 'TAS1R2', 'SCNN1B', 'TFG', 'MYF5', 'MYF6', 'ZKSCAN3', 'KRT15', 'AREG', 'EIF5', 'F5', 'STC1', 'NEUROG3', 'GFPT1', 'ULK4', 'SDCCAG8', 'SCAMP5', 'RPP25', 'VPS37B', 'PPCDC', 'NOS1AP', 'ENTPD8', 'C1R', 'GFUS', 'CIAO1', 'PLXNA4', 'SLC9A1', 'TNRC6C', 'STAMBP', 'KCTD2', 'CHD1', 'PIWIL1', 'BCL10', 'EGR2', 'MVK', 'FABP1', 'CAPNS1', 'SYS1', 'SLC25A24', 'IVNS1ABP', 'ERV3-1', 'GSDME', 'SOAT1', 'HSFX1', 'TOE1', 'ILDR1', 'LIG1', 'BMP15', 'SUCNR1', 'GPR3', 'GRHL1', 'SLC7A1', 'RPA3', 'SPOCK2', 'HCAR1', 'ALKBH5', 'KDM5C', 'KDM6A', 'ADAM8', 'TWNK', 'CDK9', 'COQ7', 'IL2RB', 'CTSE', 'IL36G', 'PPAN', 'MGLL', 'FZD5', 'CBLIF', 'PPA1', 'SMPD3', 'EIF4H', 'SMO', 'LMNB2', 'SSB', 'NFE2L1', 'TRAF2', 'ITPR3', 'CACNA2D1', 'CAMK2N1', 'PEX19', 'BHLHE40', 'FBN1', 'LIMS1', 'SMAD6', 'ZEB1', 'PPARGC1B', 'RGR', 'AKR1C4', 'SNTG1', 'NKX3-2', 'FAR2', 'CALCR', 'CERS4', 'ARNT', 'EGLN3', 'EGLN2', 'EGLN1', 'HTRA2', 'PTH1R', 'GRM3', 'TMEM131', 'TRAPPC8', 'RTN3', 'MARCHF5', 'GRK3', 'GRK6', 'FABP7', 'AFF1', 'BCR', 'XRCC2', 'SMOX', 'FBXO32', 'SRD5A1', 'HTR1D', 'APPL1', 'FAM13A', 'SELENOW', 'BRINP1', 'ACD', 'MED1', 'GJB1', 'DDC', 'FH', 'GJB2', 'AKR1B10', 'ZNF608', 'GRAMD2B', 'WFS1', 'NKX2-1', 'SESN2', 'S1PR2', 'SSTR3', 'CDK8', 'NGB', 'RPL15', 'PCBP3', 'HNRNPA3', 'TRG', 'TRD', 'RAD54L', 'ARHGEF5', 'MAS1L', 'DHODH', 'TOR1A', 'TFR2', 'TCN1', 'CAPZB', 'UBE2O', 'PRDM2', 'TXK', 'MFAP2', 'SMN2', 'INO80D', 'INO80', 'GNL3', 'ACVR1B', 'INHBC', 'NR1D1', 'TSHR', 'TBX3', 'ABCC4', 'ABCC2', 'TRIM32', 'SOCS1', 'CBLB', 'FBXO40', 'TRIM72', 'SH2D1A', 'CMC1', 'ATOX1', 'PADI2', 'PSD2', 'A2ML1', 'NOVA1', 'ADNP2', 'OGA', 'RNF6', 'NIBAN2', 'THY1', 'SPINK5', 'DOHH', 'IGLON5', 'DPP6', 'LRG1', 'UBE3A', 'PLAGL1', 'SGCE', 'L3MBTL1', 'MSH4', 'KCNA6', 'ABAT', 'NDUFAF2', 'HSPG2', 'ADAM22', 'BCL2L14', 'RAB24', 'COLQ', 'PREP', 'CYP2B6', 'NBPF3', 'ANKRD2', 'LCK', 'LAT', 'PRKD1', 'PLD3', 'LAMP2', 'TIA1', 'SH3BP4', 'KLF15', 'IGLL5', 'NDNF', 'TRB', 'ODF1', 'NCSTN', 'PPP1R1B', 'SUSD1', 'OTUD7A', 'LATS1', 'MET', 'ECSIT', 'UNC13B', 'SKAP2', 'PPP2R5C', 'EIF2S3', 'DNAJA3', 'CLPB', 'ATP6V0C', 'ATG4D', 'PDLIM5', 'MACROH2A1', 'FCGR3A', 'CD47', 'BRD7', 'STXBP5L', 'GADD45B', 'MPST', 'ADAMTS14', 'KDM5B', 'STXBP2', 'IRF5', 'SH3PXD2A', 'KLHL24', 'POLR2F', 'LTA', 'TMEM107', 'STK17B', 'SESN3', 'FILIP1', 'SENP6', 'KLHL42', 'CHST11', 'TFAP4', 'SIX5', 'CHST6', 'SNAP91', 'KLF6', 'DUSP2', 'RBM34', 'NELFA', 'KMT5C', 'KAT8', 'S100A13', 'MACROH2A2', 'AIFM2', 'COL13A1', 'IRAK1', 'RBM6', 'CHRNA5', 'DUSP5', 'DOCK8', 'FANCA', 'C4BPA', 'NTNG1', 'CNOT3', 'ACOD1', 'HPGDS', 'UQCC2', 'SLC12A2', 'DYNLL1', 'ILF3', 'AVPR2', 'NMRK2', 'NMRK1', 'TIMM8A', 'DNAJC19', 'PAH', 'PLXNB1', 'KDM4A', 'GPR78', 'FCRL5', 'PAPOLA', 'GALT', 'HAPLN1', 'CRHBP', 'CRHR2', 'NDUFA1', 'NDUFB7', 'NDUFS2', 'SCGB3A1', 'LDLRAD4', 'AK3', 'DUSP3', 'MACF1', 'MICA', 'PDIA6', 'CISH', 'PROM2', 'SBSN', 'SLC39A14', 'AGTRAP', 'CAVIN1', 'RAB40B', 'ZNF292', 'NNMT', 'KCNA5', 'NUP155', 'GRIN2A', 'KCND3', 'IL17D', 'MICU2', 'LRCH1', 'PLEKHA1', 'KRT17', 'PGK2', 'C1QTNF9', 'PPP1R3C', 'TSPYL5', 'CPB2', 'CDC5L', 'TGS1', 'PDGFRA', 'PPIL1', 'AKT1S1', 'ARSA', 'POLD2', 'CELF2', 'CTNNA3', 'CTNNA1', 'ABCB7', 'TACR1', 'SLC39A2', 'EIF2AK4', 'EIF2AK1', 'DELE1', 'ECE1', 'ECE2', 'PCID2', 'SEM1', 'RNASEH1', 'SP8', 'PLAAT4', 'MCHR1', 'MPL', 'TCF21', 'CARS1', 'MBTD1', 'SUGT1', 'ITGB4', 'NRDC', 'NDUFA6', 'CLEC4C', 'CXCL16', 'NCK1', 'PCK2', 'SLC19A2', 'PDE4B', 'WDR48', 'CLDN5', 'OPN5', 'SOX1', 'EID3', 'PARP3', 'TOP1', 'BACE2', 'CHRFAM7A', 'DOP1B', 'HLA-DRA', 'SLC26A7', 'PLA2G1B', 'NKX6-1', 'HIRA', 'UBN1', 'UBN2', 'VSIR', 'PATE1', 'ZBTB21', 'PPIB', 'S100A7', 'TRIM16', 'UNC5C', 'ENC1', 'CAMSAP3', 'WNT2', 'RPS6KA3', 'ITGA2', 'ITGA5', 'CAPN3', 'MCOLN1', 'ITGA3', 'TOP1MT', 'GAS1', 'PDIA3', 'CLN5', 'MZF1', 'INPP5D', 'CCAR1', 'PNKP', 'OSCAR', 'KCNH3', 'RNF19A', 'SLC22A7', 'OR51A7', 'ADORA1', 'HOXA4', 'BCOR', 'BCORL1', 'SFMBT1', 'YWHAQ', 'TET1', 'SDCBP', 'HSPA14', 'LPAR3', 'PTH2R', 'IRAK4', 'CACNB2', 'PLEKHA7', 'MCL1', 'PRPS2', 'RUBCN', 'PPIP5K2', 'NOTCH2', 'ATF1', 'KRT7', 'PIP', 'SMARCA1', 'NUAK2', 'CLTC', 'SPG11', 'WWP1', 'GJB6', 'ATP7A', 'CHRNB2', 'FMC1', 'APOA2', 'APOH', 'GRID1', 'MBOAT2', 'NTNG2', 'CYSLTR2', 'SYNE2', 'CYYR1', 'ABCA10', 'DCLK2', 'NPPB', 'CLCA1', 'MUL1', 'CSNK1A1', 'KCNMB2', 'CAMKK2', 'EXD3', 'BPGM', 'MAP3K11', 'TNKS2', 'TEP1', 'ATN1', 'ITLN1', 'ITSN2', 'FTCD', 'SRFBP1', 'MPLKIP', 'PDXK', 'MIEF2', 'ALDH7A1', 'UGT2B7', 'MACROD2', 'UBL5', 'UFM1', 'MYLK', 'ATP8B1', 'ANGPT4', 'LRFN5', 'USP6NL', 'PURA', 'FCN2', 'SOX4', 'PRKCI', 'ABCA3', 'NDUFAF6', 'MGAT1', 'AURKB', 'HMX1', 'IRX2', 'LAMB3', 'CCR3', 'SGK2', 'SEPTIN3', 'SEPTIN5', 'RHOU', 'ST8SIA2', 'MEOX2', 'FOXC1', 'GPX6', 'HNMT', 'ZFAND2B', 'KRT16', 'MBD2', 'SLC31A1', 'GPX7', 'PALD1', 'MTBP', 'CDC45', 'WRNIP1', 'RAD18', 'HUNK', 'RARG', 'HESX1', 'HCFC1', 'APBA1', 'APBA2', 'GZMA', 'IGSF21', 'RPL13A', 'SDHA', 'YWHAZ', 'PHKA2', 'MATN3', 'PNPLA8', 'SP3', 'TRA', 'KAT5', 'PRELP', 'VRK1', 'DBI', 'CTSS', 'TADA3', 'IFI27', 'LNPEP', 'GPR143', 'OCA2', 'SRGAP2', 'NKAP', 'PRODH', 'USP49', 'DACT1', 'PRMT2', 'PFN3', 'SP6', 'AKT2', 'AK1', 'AURKA', 'RPS18', 'EEF1A1', 'SENP1', 'DLGAP2', 'CHRNA2', 'EPHX2', 'PLPP3', 'CTHRC1', 'ADAMTS13', 'MAP3K19', 'PUF60', 'ACTG2', 'CKS1B', 'PDK3', 'PAGE4', 'KRT1', 'PNMA2', 'SNTG2', 'TRAF3IP2', 'MLXIPL', 'INHBA', 'DCT', 'IFNL4', 'ASPM', 'NLGN1', 'GRM2', 'CYLD', 'PNLIP', 'H1-1', 'KLRF1', 'AHSP', 'BTG4', 'DSCAM', 'CYP2R1', 'DHCR7', 'WLS', 'MAP3K14', 'COL15A1', 'PLCG2', 'KCNJ2', 'FABP3', 'LIPE', 'AGL', 'ADD3', 'HJURP', 'OPRM1', 'TOP2A', 'VPS13A', 'COL27A1', 'CHRDL1', 'LIMK1', 'SSH1', 'ME1', 'ME2', 'NTF4', 'TCF3', 'HMGA1', 'GRB14', 'HTRA4', 'RHD', 'TYRP1', 'SLC24A2', 'ASIP', 'GPR35', 'RASSF9', 'PRDX4', 'GDA', 'ZNF875', 'PTBP3', 'TXNDC5', 'SSBP2', 'COL12A1', 'NCK2', 'TNPO3', 'HSPA13', 'ARRDC3', 'ACSS2', 'BATF', 'STAB1', 'STAB2', 'APC2', 'TJP2', 'ELK1', 'LDHA', 'LAMA4', 'MDH1', 'ALPL', 'KRT4', 'ERG', 'MOBP', 'DBN1', 'TRAF6', 'EBI3', 'MAB21L2', 'FGF16', 'SLC5A3', 'SLC6A6', 'ATG3', 'AHNAK', 'NDUFB5', 'ATP5F1C', 'NDUFB4', 'COX5A', 'UQCRB', 'ATP5MC3', 'ETHE1', 'ISCA1', 'PKIA', 'MMP26', 'TNFSF9', 'DDR2', 'KLF13', 'PPARD', 'HOXC5', 'NCOR1', 'DOC2B', 'KALRN', 'GCAT', 'CUX1', 'DENND1A', 'PRB2', 'TWF1', 'NPTX2', 'FYB1', 'COL9A2', 'CIZ1', 'WNT5B', 'HSPA6', 'BMF', 'MC4R', 'TNFRSF21', 'IL17RC', 'RHBDL3', 'SOX17', 'DNM2', 'MX2', 'CHRNA7', 'UBE2E3', 'OAS2', 'E2F3', 'BEST1', 'FGFBP1', 'ADAMTS10', 'RIC3', 'NLRX1', 'SETX', 'CYP4A11', 'CRISP1', 'AIM2', 'ZFP57', 'PRKCE', 'PLP1', 'PRORP', 'HNRNPA0', 'EPB41L3', 'TAFA4', 'PAX1', 'TAF4B', 'SYCP3', 'YBX2', 'STAG3', 'DAZL', 'STRA8', 'NOBOX', 'ATP13A3', 'ATG4B', 'ATG4C', 'PIM2', 'RAE1', 'ZFHX4', 'OBSCN', 'PTGES', 'CTSW', 'CCL4L2', 'DCXR', 'FUT8', 'MGAT3', 'TENT4B', 'ATXN1', 'IDS', 'NSMCE2', 'CANX', 'STX1A', 'STXBP5', 'STX7', 'STX1B', 'OPA3', 'RNF216', 'OTUD4', 'MAPKAPK2', 'TRIM65', 'FBF1', 'ACOX1', 'MRPL38', 'NBEAL1', 'WDR12', 'VPS13B', 'SLC32A1', 'FAM83H', 'USP18', 'HLX', 'KDM5D', 'NPBWR2', 'S1PR5', 'GALR1', 'TAS2R50', 'VAMP8', 'TSC22D1', 'ARSB', 'SLC27A2', 'JAK3', 'ONECUT3', 'SIX3', 'ATOH8', 'CDKN2C', 'CERK', 'GPR84', 'AMFR', 'MUSK', 'SIGMAR1', 'SPRR2D', 'EPGN', 'PCP2', 'PTPRT', 'TUFM', 'WFIKKN1', 'WFIKKN2', 'ZNF346', 'FANCL', 'NUP153', 'CITED2', 'CDK20', 'ID2', 'CCL20', 'GDF9', 'CYFIP2', 'GABRA3', 'TNFRSF6B', 'HOXA5', 'EIF4E', 'MDC1', 'USP36', 'WDR33', 'PIWIL3', 'NPM2', 'LLGL1', 'BEX2', 'CGREF1', 'EHMT1', 'ZMYND11', 'ARNTL2', 'YWHAG', 'DSC1', 'FAAH', 'TWIST2', 'CTPS1', 'IPMK', 'COL4A3', 'MYOZ1', 'HELLS', 'CLN6', 'INHBB', 'ENAH', 'M6PR', 'SCGB3A2', 'XPO5', 'NCF2', 'NEFH', 'BARD1', 'MAVS', 'PAWR', 'EDN2', 'ARHGDIA', 'KMO', 'KYNU', 'NFYB', 'TAS2R16', 'RAPGEF3', 'HERC3', 'TGFBR3', 'CD52', 'SAT1', 'TRHR', 'GFI1', 'DYNLRB2', 'ZMYND10', 'DNAH5', 'CFAP52', 'ODAD2', 'RNF4', 'FCER2', 'CD44', 'ZC3H11A', 'SNRPE', 'SOX13', 'ETNK2', 'GOLT1A', 'ADAT3', 'PLEKHA6', 'PPP1R15B', 'PIK3C2B', 'TAS1R1', 'SUMO2', 'PTGDR', 'HTR6', 'RNASE1', 'PLVAP', 'MPZL2', 'ANK2', 'ALMS1', 'EBF4', 'KDM2B', 'FCGRT', 'JUP', 'PLA2G3', 'TET3', 'ILK', 'H3C6', 'PHF19', 'PCDH9', 'ICAM5', 'RMI1', 'UBIAD1', 'ZFPM2', 'NEDD1', 'CCN3', 'FKBP1A', 'HSPA12A', 'GIGYF2', 'GSTA1', 'CCN6', 'ARHGEF2', 'PAK4', 'KLK1', 'KLK15', 'KLK9', 'JSRP1', 'CAB39', 'MTMR14', 'SRL', 'MYH1', 'NCOA5', 'TSHZ3', 'DSC2', 'TNFRSF14', 'HDAC10', 'MSRB3', 'COL8A1', 'TFAP2B', 'HOXB5', 'LYN', 'CNN1', 'DPYSL2', 'PSG1', 'KANK4', 'MAF', 'CNMD', 'LARP7', 'APOC2', 'APLP2', 'CLCA4', 'MS4A12', 'GUCA2A', 'GUCA2B', 'LGMN', 'NXNL1', 'GSTM2', 'CCL16', 'CIRBP', 'HADHB', 'FKBP4', 'TP53I3', 'RPL28', 'BCAS1', 'CLDN4', 'POU3F2', 'POU3F3', 'PLXNA2', 'TNS4', 'DYNC1I1', 'HLA-C', 'ACP1', 'TNIP1', 'CMKLR1', 'CCRL2', 'CMKLR2', 'PADI4', 'CDC14A', 'CDC14B', 'SENP2', 'HTR7', 'FXYD1', 'ARL8B', 'ATP6V1A', 'TGOLN2', 'VPS35', 'S100P', 'GZMH', 'BCL11B', 'TRERF1', 'VAMP2', 'PCDH10', 'CFAP74', 'MYO5B', 'RASGRP1', 'SFTPA1', 'SULT2A1', 'HSD3B2', 'SKIL', 'DYSF', 'EPS15', 'UPF1', 'YY2', 'DYRK3', 'HINT1', 'RCE1', 'ICMT', 'CTSZ', 'RNF168', 'AMBRA1', 'CHMP2B', 'RAB5A', 'CYP4F2', 'GCFC2', 'NME4', 'POU2F3', 'CEMIP2', 'PNMT', 'IFFO1', 'ITGB5', 'ITGB6', 'HAT1', 'KCNJ8', 'APTX', 'TDP1', 'PHLDA1', 'AMHR2', 'PTPN6', 'RBM20', 'FMNL3', 'SHANK2', 'HNRNPC', 'FOXE1', 'TTF2', 'FOXR1', 'PAM', 'ADIPOR1', 'PYCARD', 'CTSA', 'RPS6KB2', 'P2RY11', 'TLR10', 'IL17F', 'SLC25A1', 'CIC', 'CCNE2', 'IL18RAP', 'SLC5A1', 'CHMP1B', 'POLG2', 'SLC25A4', 'HOXC12', 'ANXA6', 'SIGLEC10', 'AHCY', 'DNAJB1', 'TIMM13', 'ENPP2', 'LPAR1', 'DAAM2', 'DIAPH3', 'INF2', 'FHOD3', 'TEAD4', 'TALDO1', 'PLIN3', 'PLIN4', 'MYH6', 'TNNT2', 'CUL3', 'LTB4R2', 'LDHB', 'CD180', 'TUBB3', 'APOLD1', 'EPYC', 'FECH', 'TYMP', 'RAP2A', 'SYCP2', 'CRYZ', 'LTBR', 'SLC40A1', 'OTUB1', 'OTUB2', 'FOXN3', 'ATP4B', 'HMGCS1', 'STAU2', 'NDN', 'NAP1L2', 'RBBP5', 'SIN3A', 'SP2', 'ZNF143', 'ARID5B', 'PLA2G4B', 'ALOX15B', 'PDCD4', 'GNE', 'JTB', 'ALDH1A1', 'ALDH3A1', 'KLRD1', 'F10', 'PRKCB', 'REG4', 'RGS10', 'PZP', 'NNT', 'GNRHR', 'KRT6A', 'BCL2L2', 'ZIC1', 'ZBTB7A', 'ABCA13', 'HBG2', 'PDXDC1', 'RANBP17', 'POMP', 'PCOLCE2', 'SLC36A1', 'SLC38A7', 'TECPR2', 'CINP', 'AK2', 'SLC4A4', 'SPTBN1', 'ARRB1', 'AHCYL1', 'DNM3', 'HSD17B4', 'FDFT1', 'KHSRP', 'SFPQ', 'DDX46', 'SNRPF', 'U2AF2', 'IDH3A', 'SLC30A5', 'SLCO1C1', 'GNB5', 'TM4SF20', 'SP4', 'SALL4', 'F11', 'CCL21', 'BCAT1', 'TRIM58', 'COL5A2', 'RPS23', 'RAD23B', 'GABRA1', 'GABRB3', 'ATG2B', 'GSKIP', 'FCGR2C', 'ATF5', 'IL1RL1', 'BPI', 'MYH3', 'STAG1', 'STAG2', 'DEPP1', 'HOXA10', 'STK17A', 'SRSF12', 'PYGM', 'GRSF1', 'TMEM11', 'S100A2', 'S100A5', 'ZNF266', 'PATZ1', 'KLF5', 'RNF11', 'SPART', 'COX7A2', 'AZU1', 'ZNRD2', 'SHMT2', 'GSAP', 'PAAF1', 'SRSF4', 'CES1', 'TRIM29', 'EXOC3L2', 'BLOC1S3', 'MARK4', 'DDAH2', 'FADS3', 'GPC1', 'GYPC', 'SPATA31A1', 'RBM3', 'KLB', 'DGAT2', 'ELOVL6', 'PPP1R15A', 'HYOU1', 'DNAJC3', 'CRELD2', 'NOXO1', 'SLC22A11', 'R3HDM2', 'SLC17A1', 'ISL1', 'DNAJC7', 'CREB3L4', 'NSD1', 'VHL', 'DEPDC5', 'NPRL3', 'NPRL2', 'KLHL22', 'AKR1C2', 'ITGB2', 'RAD23A', 'DCD', 'HSD17B1', 'GLIPR1', 'USP28', 'SLC11A2', 'RPS4X', 'BCL2L10', 'CETN2', 'REEP4', 'GRIN3A', 'CERT1', 'POU4F3', 'H4C12', 'DIXDC1', 'KRT31', 'MYO1G', 'AKAP13', 'ADAMTS2', 'HGFAC', 'TLE3', 'HM13', 'WDR1', 'LMAN1', 'EID1', 'ATP2B4', 'RAB1A', 'TM4SF1', 'SSR3', 'ACER1', 'ACER2', 'ACER3', 'TM2D3', 'RHOB', 'HEPH', 'AGXT', 'LRRK1', 'PDCD10', 'P4HA1', 'GNG2', 'TNPO1', 'PPP1R16B', 'SYNE1', 'SPATA18', 'LTBP3', 'SLC1A6', 'DIO1', 'DIO2', 'CXCL3', 'SMCHD1', 'LRIF1', 'CYP11B1', 'TMEM39A', 'SEC23A', 'ID4', 'ADGRA3', 'LRRTM3', 'TXNRD2', 'BYSL', 'DDX56', 'WDR75', 'KLHL7', 'KBTBD6', 'NAT1', 'PTGES3', 'FCGR3B', 'THADA', 'FOXL2', 'NUDT3', 'HECW2', 'HIP1', 'BIN2', 'LMO4', 'NETO1', 'TBC1D10B', 'RAB35', 'ABL2', 'IFNL2', 'PRKAR2B', 'HBP1', 'GPR22', 'DUS4L', 'CYTL1', 'HLA-DQA2', 'C1QB', 'HLA-F', 'WNT7B', 'WNT8A', 'GPX2', 'IL26', 'CEND1', 'GNAT2', 'CTNNBIP1', 'ELP3', 'LAMC1', 'NID2', 'TPM3', 'MEF2A', 'PITX1', 'GFRA2', 'MAP4K2', 'KRT72', 'KRT25', 'GCNT2', 'CXADR', 'IGSF3', 'NR5A1', 'SLC4A10', 'NRG3', 'ZRSR2', 'UPP1', 'DYRK2', 'ELF4', 'MYBL1', 'FAT1', 'REXO2', 'SGK3', 'CAMK1D', 'CDC123', 'JAZF1', 'TSPAN8', 'DAB2IP', 'ZFAND2A', 'PSMG2', 'PELI1', 'TNNI3', 'AXIN1', 'DCAF1', 'OLA1', 'SMYD3', 'RCOR1', 'HTR2C', 'CRIP3', 'NCS1', 'CACNA1E', 'KATNB1', 'NAP1L1', 'FOXA3', 'USP3', 'LRIG3', 'PRPF31', 'SLC22A2', 'SLC47A1', 'DDX20', 'ELK4', 'TGIF1', 'TNC', 'ACTN4', 'CAPG', 'CXCR6', 'BPHL', 'RPS2', 'TIMM23', 'DTX3L', 'PARP14', 'HABP2', 'DNMBP', 'KRT13', 'PDE11A', 'PRDM13', 'MPRIP', 'BNC1', 'TAF7', 'TAF7L', 'GAPDHS', 'INCENP', 'SLC41A1', 'CDCA7', 'C1orf112', 'CCL1', 'MT1H', 'LAMB1', 'MRFAP1', 'MRGBP', 'TSPAN15', 'MAPRE3', 'USP22', 'RDH5', 'GGTA1', 'DEFA4', 'TIRAP', 'NOVA2', 'CREB3', 'RAPGEF4', 'CADM2', 'RENBP', 'DLX3', 'CST5', 'SLAMF1', 'UBQLNL', 'RUFY3', 'CD1B', 'CD1C', 'RAG2', 'CD3D', 'NUP93', 'KLK11', 'TENM4', 'KLF7', 'TNFRSF13C', 'DDX53', 'MTX2', 'IRGM', 'JADE2', 'PRDM10', 'SECISBP2', 'SEPSECS', 'GPR162', 'PGD', 'TAC4', 'MSMB', 'NELL1', 'CHST4', 'SORBS1', 'ZNF2', 'RPL37A', 'CLCN7', 'MYBPC3', 'ATP5PF', 'HNRNPA2B1', 'FEZ1', 'TUBAL3', 'STK40', 'GALNS', 'HHLA2', 'PSME1', 'PDP2', 'HP1BP3', 'SLC23A1', 'CST4', 'CCR9', 'MADCAM1', 'VAT1', 'SYNPO', 'TREM1', 'ATP2A1', 'RBM38', 'PSMD13', 'CELA1', 'STOML2', 'FCRL1', 'POLD4', 'CLIC3', 'PBX3', 'SAMM50', 'TIMM22', 'IL34', 'ZNF367', 'ATF7', 'LPAR2', 'PADI1', 'MCU', 'BTG3', 'G0S2', 'MAPK10', 'H1-5', 'MEN1', 'CRB1', 'YWHAE', 'NT5E', 'COL11A1', 'UCN3', 'KMT2C', 'SIGLEC14', 'KIF1B', 'COX7C', 'TPCN1', 'CCL19', 'VPS33B', 'N6AMT1', 'TUBB2A', 'BTC', 'TBC1D3C', 'ZRANB1', 'YJU2', 'POLR2I', 'DOK3', 'TBK1', 'RGS20', 'NRCAM', 'EMP3', 'ADAMTS9', 'LIN7A', 'DOCK9', 'CLIC1', 'ARL1', 'MAST3', 'LPCAT4', 'CAMK2D', 'TM6SF2', 'OPN1MW', 'EIF2A', 'EI24', 'MED31', 'RPS27A', 'ARHGAP4', 'DPM1', 'RPL36AL', 'MED6', 'PSMA3', 'SLC29A3', 'TUG1', 'CD5L', 'AKAP4', 'CD24', 'NANP', 'ACOX2', 'ACOX3', 'DSPP', 'CD93', 'LRRN2', 'TEAD1', 'ABLIM3', 'GPR21', 'ZHX3', 'TOP3B', 'TSC22D3', 'USP17L2', 'CD74', 'CASP12', 'EPHA5', 'CARTPT', 'NKG7', 'CKLF', 'LRP4', 'GDPD3', 'MAP2K6', 'LMX1B', 'PGRMC2', 'PGRMC1', 'TAF15', 'MAPK15', 'HPS1', 'NPR1', 'ORAI3', 'EPHB4', 'SIGLEC1', 'RETREG1', 'RETSAT', 'MICAL2', 'CTAG1A', 'MRPS26', 'MRPS17', 'MRPL51', 'MRPL18', 'SLC25A33', 'MTHFD1L', 'RAC2', 'WWC2', 'ACADS', 'GRIK4', 'CD164', 'TUSC2', 'HECW1', 'PKHD1L1', 'LAMA2', 'SEMA6A', 'MORC3', 'TRIM21', 'GRIP1', 'GRID2IP', 'SCN3B', 'GRIA3', 'GRIP2', 'IL25', 'CWC27', 'TULP4', 'HOMER1', 'RAD21', 'SHOX2', 'ALDH1A3', 'GCGR', 'SLC14A1', 'NHLH2', 'MAFB', 'ERRFI1', 'NDRG1', 'GPR19', 'PLD5', 'DEK', 'CD244', 'ADGRA2', 'PRDM5', 'GLI2', 'VAV1', 'FOXJ2', 'ZC3H12D', 'CCL28', 'TACC2', 'RND3', 'CCDC170', 'STK33', 'CNTN1', 'SMOC1', 'MSI1', 'MSI2', 'TNFSF18', 'RGS6', 'TUBA3D', 'GPC3', 'CD55', 'GNAQ', 'CALN1', 'PYROXD2', 'FANCG', 'ADGRF5', 'ABHD5', 'ISLR2', 'EN1', 'SART1', 'MYH7B', 'PORCN', 'RSPO2', 'LGI4', 'TRIB2', 'HOXA6', 'CDKL5', 'MYH8', 'IGFN1', 'NPHS1', 'TMC8', 'ZNF577', 'GLUD2', 'CUL9', 'LTB', 'SPIB', 'SEZ6', 'KCNA2', 'KCNS2', 'KCNS1', 'CDKL1', 'SLC10A2', 'CLPTM1', 'PAK6', 'GLS2', 'EFNA2', 'ACVR1C', 'ZNF7', 'ENOSF1', 'PACSIN3', 'MEAK7', 'EIF5A2', 'ASNS', 'RHOXF1', 'TBX20', 'FCER1A', 'TFF3', 'CGN', 'MARVELD3', 'PNP', 'IL19', 'KCNJ6', 'CTSF', 'CYC1', 'MED13', 'ZBTB7C', 'WWTR1', 'TBCD', 'RNF213', 'DNAH7', 'PHLDA2', 'ELAVL4', 'ALKBH8', 'DPPA3', 'OR10A3', 'CD63', 'ITGAV', 'FOLR2', 'ABCA2', 'SV2B', 'HECTD1', 'RFC4', 'NABP1', 'MMS19', 'KIF15', 'ACKR1', 'SGCG', 'VAPB', 'RMDN3', 'PRMT5', 'MYO1B', 'DGKB', 'GPRC5D', 'XCL1', 'PFKP', 'NWD1', 'TCF19', 'EDARADD', 'GREM1', 'CCT6A', 'NRP2', 'MYLK3', 'GAL', 'CFHR3', 'RAMP3', 'FCRL3', 'FCRLA', 'IGSF6', 'LUZP1', 'PLEKHM1', 'ATP13A2', 'VPS13C', 'DNAJC6', 'MCEMP1', 'UXS1', 'GSDMD', 'ERAP2', 'ZBTB7B', 'YPEL2', 'PLEK', 'BTN3A1', 'CYTIP', 'HIF1AN', 'MATK', 'FBXO7', 'RPS20', 'DR1', 'NCAN', 'BCAN', 'SLC6A9', 'PCYT2', 'CBX5', 'PRG2', 'MAGED2', 'FAP', 'SCN9A', 'UBQLN1', 'NEIL3', 'MNX1', 'PTTG1IP', 'VPS37A', 'GLIS3', 'RGS3', 'RPS19', 'UTS2', 'JMJD6', 'OSMR', 'IFT52', 'RPL3', 'ZPR1', 'MYT1L', 'NEUROD6', 'HEXIM1', 'SPINT1', 'PTPRM', 'NBL1', 'ROR1', 'IL13RA1', 'PCDH7', 'FLVCR1', 'PTPA', 'ZNF483', 'TMEM38B', 'CENPW', 'OLFM2', 'SCO1', 'NXPH2', 'UBA5', 'EIF2D', 'MOB1A', 'MOB4', 'CLCN3', 'SVIP', 'SCNN1A', 'BST2', 'RAB3GAP1', 'EPG5', 'DBR1', 'MMUT', 'VDAC3', 'VDAC2', 'TRAPPC2L', 'NODAL', 'SLC5A5', 'PPP1R13B', 'TPRKB', 'OSGEP', 'WDR73', 'LAGE3', 'TP53RK', 'OSTM1', 'PSMB1', 'CLN8', 'IFNL3', 'FAM20C', 'PPFIA3', 'PPME1', 'MARS2', 'SLC12A5', 'ERLIN1', 'RSF1', 'PHACTR1', 'SPTA1', 'PRDM9', 'SLC22A8', 'TJP3', 'ANO1', 'UBQLN2', 'IL10RA', 'IL36RN', 'PRRC1', 'NSUN5', 'DNAH1', 'ATP10B', 'CHMP1A', 'SLC25A39', 'GIPC1', 'TOMM22', 'KIF21B', 'KIF24', 'HTN3', 'ZFYVE26', 'PALB2', 'KIR2DL1', 'KIR2DS4', 'KIR2DL3', 'HLCS', 'TPCN2', 'SAMD9', 'RLN2', 'MALT1', 'HELB', 'URI1', 'SLC39A7', 'NPAT', 'MFSD8', 'CTNS', 'ACVR1', 'EFEMP2', 'MYOM2', 'ZFP14', 'COA7', 'PCNT', 'GLI3', 'COL4A5', 'COL4A4', 'NFIC', 'PPP1CA', 'CCNT1', 'RAD51D', 'CYFIP1', 'CDCA2', 'NCAPG', 'PBK', 'NCAPH', 'NCAPG2', 'MELK', 'ESCO2', 'NUSAP1', 'GINS1', 'CDH3', 'GINS4', 'GPR27', 'STYX', 'CUL1', 'SPON2', 'PIK3CD', 'NLE1', 'HHEX', 'KIAA1549', 'MTM1', 'AMACR', 'HOXB8', 'PSMD12', 'TOX3', 'SLC22A18', 'SRR', 'VPS28', 'VPS25', 'VPS4A', 'CHMP3', 'MBD5', 'ENDOU', 'DAZAP2', 'FOXA2', 'FOXH1', 'HADHA', 'MASP1', 'LAMA3', 'LAMC2', 'FBXO9', 'EPHA3', 'CD48', 'ATAD3A', 'UGT2B28', 'TPH2', 'UBXN4', 'EPAS1', 'ITPA', 'ADGRL3', 'USP19', 'GDAP2', 'IGHMBP2', 'DMXL2', 'CHCHD10', 'GABPA', 'HJV', 'NAPEPLD', 'ERVFRD-1', 'ERVW-1', 'RNF149', 'ARX', 'MIA', 'NLRP11', 'ELAVL2', 'CENPE', 'SWI5', 'RCBTB1', 'KCNH1', 'F9', 'BPTF', 'UROS', 'CYTH3', 'ADGRE2', 'PRLR', 'TTBK2', 'SPTB', 'NTN4', 'PARP2', 'E2F4', 'TFDP2', 'MYH7', 'HAX1', 'CSF3R', 'CHRNA1', 'ARL6IP1', 'GM2A', 'ARHGEF12', 'WTIP', 'RBL2', 'SPRED2', 'SDHAF2', 'TMEM127', 'GNG11', 'ARNT2', 'ETF1', 'DSTYK', 'DDX6', 'FBXL2', 'PAFAH1B1', 'COL6A2', 'COL6A3', 'GALNT13', 'MTAP', 'NADK2', 'CIITA', 'SLC2A3', 'TIGAR', 'TPH1', 'P4HB', 'RANBP9', 'EIF3C', 'CCBE1', 'MATR3', 'DDX3X', 'MLF1', 'PARL', 'TENT2', 'CPEB1', 'CDCP1', 'SERTAD1', 'SMARCD3', 'SSX2', 'WAS', 'WIPI2', 'TRAF3IP3', 'GNLY', 'GTSF1', 'SYCP1', 'ITK', 'DNAJC5', 'SYT13', 'PKLR', 'FBXO3', 'NR2E1', 'CLDN8', 'CDHR3', 'SPNS2', 'VTCN1', 'SPTBN2', 'ABCC3', 'CTBP1', 'ULK3', 'MYLK2', 'FIGLA', 'ZP2', 'SKI', 'FZD2', 'MYCN', 'TK2', 'GEMIN5', 'ASAP2', 'MLLT1', 'STMN2', 'ETNPPL', 'TADA2A', 'LRBA', 'SPTLC1', 'CD320', 'LCP1', 'IP6K3', 'COPB2', 'KDM5A', 'SOX8', 'C9orf152', 'RAB30', 'NRK', 'MRC1', 'ATP11A', 'POLR3E', 'TUBA1A', 'TUBB2B', 'SCUBE2', 'ZP1', 'OCRL', 'FAM72B', 'AMOT', 'OPRK1', 'DAPK2', 'INTS11', 'AMELY', 'YY1AP1', 'USH2A', 'DUX4', 'TANGO2', 'TBX4', 'LARP4', 'CCL13', 'SLC19A3', 'NDEL1', 'ASH1L', 'CSE1L', 'YARS2', 'MAP1S', 'DEF6', 'RLF', 'SLC52A2', 'SLC52A3', 'HBS1L', 'LARP1B', 'TNNI2', 'TAP2', 'SEC14L2', 'ATP11C', 'LTBP2', 'MUC4', 'LAMB2', 'MELTF', 'LIPA', 'SLC13A1', 'TOX', 'SLCO2A1', 'MACC1', 'KLF8', 'USP44', 'MTMR2', 'SPRR1B', 'ZFX', 'ZFY', 'E4F1', 'P2RY6', 'BOP1', 'MYO1C', 'FOSL2', 'BET1L', 'MAGEA10', 'HUS1', 'CBLL2', 'CSN2', 'BRF1', 'VPS26A', 'VPS29', 'NDUFA13', 'MKS1', 'CYP4V2', 'ARHGAP24', 'LZTR1', 'SMARCB1', 'UBA1', 'ELAVL3', 'PRSS12', 'CASP4', 'PFN1', 'GCDH', 'OXA1L', 'EGFL7', 'CLCN2', 'MS4A1', 'SLC22A17', 'UNC13A', 'KIFAP3', 'MKRN3', 'CIP2A', 'TPPP', 'CCDC6', 'SLC6A5', 'MAGOH', 'PDCD5', 'PDIA2', 'SUMF1', 'DEAF1', 'PPP1R9B', 'SHC4', 'SULT1C4', 'SULT1A2', 'MBTPS2', 'EEF1A2', 'ART3', 'TTYH1', 'CDC73', 'USP25', 'FTSJ1', 'AFF3', 'AFF2', 'GNPAT', 'NANOGP8', 'PEMT', 'ABCB4', 'SLC34A2', 'SMOC2', 'ARID1B', 'TYK2', 'BSND', 'COMMD1', 'RAB4A', 'SLC16A2', 'SERPINB3', 'OR2A4', 'EBF2', 'YARS1', 'RANBP2', 'SEC31A', 'TPM2', 'PNOC', 'SUOX', 'APOBEC3G', 'TK1', 'IGSF11', 'DDN', 'MYH14', 'GJB4', 'CDH23', 'SARS1', 'CDK19', 'ATRIP', 'TRPM1', 'PI3', 'POLN', 'EP400', 'CHD5', 'ATG4A', 'SCN3A', 'HGSNAT', 'PTPRF', 'PROP1', 'PLK5', 'PLK4', 'DFFA', 'AKR7A2', 'ALDH5A1', 'GDAP1', 'FKRP', 'PEX7', 'FAR1', 'PEX5', 'METTL5', 'RPS7', 'UBAP1', 'FAM135B', 'NAA25', 'KTN1', 'DPT', 'COPS2', 'KRT6C', 'ZNF217', 'KCNJ4', 'TDP2', 'LTBP1', 'WWP2', 'IGFBP6', 'DYNLL2', 'MMP11', 'RINL', 'IRX3', 'GAB2', 'USP13', 'NFIL3', 'MTHFD1', 'SLC38A10', 'DUOX1', 'P2RX1', 'IFI30', 'TRAIP', 'PANX1', 'GRAMD1B', 'PIR', 'TMSB10', 'RBP1', 'EIF1', 'TMSB4X', 'FOXN4', 'COL4A2', 'KLF12', 'CAP2', 'NFIA', 'USB1', 'IGFBPL1', 'STAU1', 'TFDP1', 'FXR1', 'HOXA11', 'HOXD9', 'PBX1', 'DLX1', 'E2F7', 'SIK1', 'ENDOV', 'ZPBP', 'ZNF133', 'MAGI1', 'SPATA48', 'BPIFB1', 'RIMBP2', 'FGF14', 'COX18', 'ELOVL5', 'OSTC', 'NKAIN4', 'CAMTA1', 'RPL18', 'RPS15', 'RPS21', 'YTHDF3', 'MAP4', 'CNTNAP4', 'NEURL4', 'COBL', 'SCGB2A1', 'TONSL', 'GPR65', 'GPR4', 'DISP2', 'IL17RA', 'COL16A1', 'EFNA3', 'WRAP73', 'CPEB4', 'ALG3', 'ALG5', 'MGAT4C', 'NCOA4', 'POTEM', 'APOO', 'APOOL', 'GOT2', 'TEFM', 'SCNN1D', 'PITPNM1', 'HCN2', 'FBXL19', 'BTD', 'MYH2', 'CDC37', 'TRRAP', 'PYDC1', 'NPNT', 'CSTA', 'DEGS1', 'MYLIP', 'CNGA3', 'IGF2BP3', 'CHRM1', 'TWF2', 'COL14A1', 'LTBP4', 'FBLN2', 'LUM', 'XYLT1', 'RPGR', 'GNMT', 'BLMH', 'FSIP2', 'DPEP1', 'NUFIP2', 'UBD', 'LAPTM4B', 'RAD54B', 'ALDH3A2', 'RNF24', 'KIF20A', 'PI16', 'ITGA11', 'NFATC3', 'GSDMA', 'ZFP82', 'PIK3IP1', 'ARHGAP27', 'RPP14', 'PCLAF', 'CCNB2', 'RSPO3', 'GP1BB', 'ICAM2', 'KIF5A', 'CLEC4D', 'SMS', 'CD81', 'MUC6', 'GOLPH3', 'PLOD2', 'PAICS', 'MDGA1', 'NAAA', 'CLEC1B', 'PLXNB3', 'ADAM23', 'BEGAIN', 'HCCS', 'S1PR3', 'TAP1', 'MYO6', 'DLL3', 'IZUMO1', 'SPAG6', 'PLCZ1', 'CAPZA3', 'SLAMF7', 'CD37', 'DSCAML1', 'GPR18', 'UHRF2', 'RABEP1', 'SLCO3A1', 'MAN2A1', 'ALYREF', 'SUPT5H', 'GPC6', 'CD83', 'SVEP1', 'NOC3L', 'SPAST', 'MED28', 'IL12A', 'WSB1', 'IL17C', 'GNL2', 'APELA', 'CDK11B', 'OSR1', 'PDGFC', 'NXN', 'LEFTY1', 'HPN', 'SLC25A5', 'POLE3', 'MPHOSPH8', 'POLE4', 'TBX1', 'MIR221', 'MIR222', 'MIR21', 'MIR372', 'MIR30B', 'MIR30D', 'MIR31', 'MIR30A', 'MIR654', 'H19', 'PVT1', 'MEG8', 'MIR146A', 'MIR1263', 'MIR215', 'MIR551A', 'MIR296', 'MALAT1', 'MIR17', 'MIR106A', 'PTCSC3', 'MIR335', 'SCARNA6', 'SNORD55', 'SNORA20', 'TEX41', 'MIR155', 'MIR543', 'HCCAT5', 'KCNQ1OT1', 'MIR124-3', 'MIR760', 'MEG3', 'MIR137', 'MIR19B1', 'MIR203A', 'SNORD95', 'MIR885', 'MIR9-3', 'MT-RNR1', 'VTRNA2-1', 'TERC', 'MIR1323', 'MIR125A', 'MIR34A', 'MIR424', 'MIR29B2CHG', 'MIR28', 'MIR204', 'MIRLET7C', 'MIR192', 'MIR10A', 'MIR10B', 'MIR375', 'MIR6895', 'MIR6791', 'MIR518F', 'MIR223', 'MIR664A', 'MIR7704', 'ZNF503-AS1', 'PRDM10-DT', 'PWRN2', 'TRS-AGA2-3', 'SNORD3B-1', 'NEAT1', 'BDNF-AS', 'BACE1-AS', 'CDKN2B-AS1', 'XIST', 'CDR1-AS', 'PCAT1', 'MIR29B1', 'MIR490', 'MIR7-3', 'MIR145', 'PRAL', 'MIR1343', 'MIR107', 'MIR1245A', 'MIR6507', 'MIR568', 'MIR140', 'LINC01587', 'MIR3613', 'JPX', 'MIR18A', 'MIR206', 'MIR34B', 'MIR34C', 'HOTAIR', 'MIR126', 'CD27-AS1', 'MIR224', 'GAS5', 'MIR141', 'MIR143', 'DANCR', 'MIR1301', 'MIR98', 'ERICD', 'MIR570', 'MIR3127', 'MIR95', 'MIR132', 'MIR15A', 'MIR320A', 'MIR1202', 'MIR935', 'MIR217', 'MIR127', 'MIR27A', 'MIR326', 'MIR29A', 'MIR548E', 'MIR216A', 'MIR599', 'MIR150', 'MIR191', 'TLX1NB', 'MIR448', 'MIR5588', 'MIR3658', 'MIR567', 'MIR3908', 'MIR1973', 'MIR185', 'MIR136', 'MIR195', 'MIR205', 'MIR139', 'MIR452', 'MIR186', 'MIR342', 'MIR449A', 'LINC00458', 'MIR6776', 'MIR3620', 'MIR4747', 'MIR212', 'MIR130A', 'MIR675', 'MIR15B', 'MIR574', 'LINC-ROR', 'MIR622', 'TRU-TCA1-1', 'SNORA73A', 'MIR99A', 'MIR27B', 'LINC-PINT', 'MIR382', 'MIR182', 'MIR181C', 'MIR497', 'MIR122', 'MIR22', 'MIR485', 'MIR142', 'MIR197', 'MIR1295A', 'MIR146B', 'MIR200B', 'MIR4497', 'MIR3178', 'TTN-AS1', 'MIR134', 'MIR144', 'MIR590', 'MIR361', 'LINC00303', 'LINC00628', 'MIR532', 'MIR663A', 'TALAM1', 'MIR181A1', 'MIR1976', 'MIR1913', 'SNHG19', 'GRASLND', 'LINC00639', 'MIR26A1', 'MIR26B', 'MIR328', 'MIR384', 'MIR496', 'NORAD', 'RN7SK', 'MIR483', 'MIR451A', 'MIR486-1', 'MIR208B', 'MIR133B', 'MIR208A', 'MIR23B', 'MIR19A', 'MIR449B', 'NRON', 'FAS-AS1', 'MIR20A', 'MIR106B', 'MIR301A', 'MIR374A', 'MIR378A', 'MT-RNR2', 'LINC00871', 'CCDC26', 'MIR520E', 'MIR210', 'MIR5703', 'MIR383', 'MIR6879', 'MIR3648-1', 'MIR663B', 'MIR183', 'MIR381', 'MIR200A', 'MIR199A2', 'MIR99B', 'MIR499A', 'MIR184', 'MIR96', 'MIR378B', 'MIR379', 'MIR425', 'MIR135B', 'MIR1295B', 'MIR585', 'MIR503', 'MIR4454', 'MIR200C', 'MIR409', 'MIR16-1', 'SNHG1', 'MIR4513', 'MIR3591', 'MIR3135B', 'MIR377', 'MIR320B1', 'LINC00862', 'LINC02911', 'MIR373', 'MIR23A', 'MIR628', 'MIR505', 'MIR1972-1', 'MIR718', 'MIR3138', 'MIR630', 'MIR575', 'MIR636', 'MIR1265', 'KCNQ1DN', 'MIAT', 'MIR564', 'MIR432', 'MIR572', 'MIR652', 'MIR9-1', 'MIR9-2', 'LSINCT5', 'MIR431', 'MIR1225', 'SNORD87', 'MIR30C1', 'MIR363', 'MIR29C', 'MIR433', 'GRM7-AS3', 'MIR2113', 'MIR33B', 'MIR151A', 'MIR423', 'HCP5', 'MIR130B', 'MIR340', 'LINC01191', 'PWAR4', 'MIR339', 'MIR1248', 'MIR30E', 'LINC02605', 'MIR766', 'MIR20B', 'MIR100', 'MIR193A', 'MIRLET7I', 'LINC01194', 'MIR152', 'MIR504', 'MIR198', 'MIR595', 'MIR25', 'TRR-TCT2-1', 'MIR193B', 'MIR338', 'MIR199B', 'MIR1-1', 'MIR455', 'TDRG1', 'PWAR1', 'MIR494', 'FBXW7-AS1', 'MIR17HG', 'MIR668', 'MIR371A', 'TRI-AAT9-1', 'MIR1538', 'MIR337', 'MIR211', 'MIR214', 'RNU1-1', 'MIR638', 'BCYRN1', 'CARMN', 'SNORA73B', 'LINC00470', 'HIF1A-AS2', 'EGOT', 'MT-TG', 'IFNG-AS1', 'SNORD46', 'LINC01017', 'MIR4535', 'MIR8085', 'MIR6133', 'MIR12136', 'MIR1303', 'MIR181B2', 'MIR181B1', 'MIR93', 'MIR615', 'LINC01080', 'MIR33A', 'LINC02989', 'MIR942', 'MIR4313', 'RMST', 'MIR604', 'TRE-TTC3-1', 'MIR4306', 'MIR4478', 'DISC1FP1', 'MIR2681', 'MIR1915', 'MIR506', 'MIR5787', 'MIR3665', 'MIR3615', 'MIR501', 'MIR1825', 'TTTY15', 'LINC00908', 'LINC00861', 'LINC00996', 'MIR511', 'MIR4639', 'MIR124-1HG', 'PLUT', 'MIR551B', 'MIR4500', 'MIR345', 'PTCSC2', 'MIR3674', 'PCA3', 'MT-TD', 'HOTTIP', 'VTRNA1-3', 'MIR324', 'CCAT1', 'MIR454', 'MIR219A1', 'MIR593', 'MIR598', 'MIR8073', 'MIR6820', 'MIR6794', 'MIR3196', 'MIR744', 'MIR6799', 'MIR323A', 'MIR5188', 'MIR3679', 'ZNF667-AS1', 'MIR429', 'MIR5100', 'MIR7977', 'MIR933', 'Glucose', 'Lipopolysaccharides', 'Dietary Fiber', 'Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate', 'Hyaluronic Acid', 'Vancomycin', 'Ceramides', 'Starch', 'Pentosephosphates', 'Glycogen', 'Sphingomyelins', 'Fluorodeoxyglucose F18', 'Gentamicins', 'Sugars', 'Galactose', 'Doxorubicin', 'Anthracyclines', 'Polysaccharides', 'Mannose', 'Dextrans', 'Alginates', 'Agar', 'Ascorbic Acid', 'Trehalose', 'Sucrose', 'Heparin', 'Inositol', 'Etoposide', 'Heparitin Sulfate', 'Glycosaminoglycans', 'Maltose', 'Oligosaccharides', 'Aclarubicin', 'Bleomycin', 'Streptozocin', 'Deoxyribose', 'Ginsenosides', 'Lactulose', 'Amino Sugars', 'Sugar Alcohols', 'Sorbitol', 'Xylitol', 'Galactitol', 'Glucosamine', 'Anthocyanins', 'Saponins', 'Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight', 'Clindamycin', 'Aminoglycosides', 'Inositol Phosphates', 'Teicoplanin', 'Keratan Sulfate', 'Lipid A', 'G(M1) Ganglioside', 'Gangliosides', 'Deoxyglucose', 'Glycosphingolipids', 'Sulfoglycosphingolipids', 'Glyceraldehyde', 'Mannitol', 'Glycolipids', 'Sialic Acids', 'Acetylgalactosamine', 'Cellobiose', 'Isomaltose', 'Lactose', 'Melibiose', 'Dithiothreitol', 'Acarbose', 'Glycosides', 'Ribose', 'Xylose', 'Topiramate', 'Amikacin', 'G(M3) Ganglioside', 'Blood Glucose', 'N-Acetylneuraminic Acid', 'Disaccharides', 'Acetylglucosamine', 'Glucuronic Acid', '2,3-Diphosphoglycerate', 'Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate', 'Monosaccharides', 'Hesperidin', 'Enoxaparin', 'Fondaparinux', 'Tinzaparin', 'Dalteparin', 'Digoxin', 'Dehydroascorbic Acid', 'Nucleosides', 'Chondroitin Sulfates', 'Fructosamine', 'Ouabain', 'Sepharose', 'Canagliflozin', 'Glycerol', 'Glucuronides', 'Glycopeptides', 'Hexoses', 'Alginic Acid', 'Fructose', 'Pentoses', 'Chitosan', 'Tobramycin', 'Phytic Acid', 'Calcium Gluconate', 'Glycosylphosphatidylinositols', 'Glucosinolates', 'Carrageenan', 'Trioses', 'Erythritol', 'Chitin', 'Hexosamines', 'Phlorhizin', 'Lincomycin', 'Cellulose', 'Fucose', 'Zanamivir', 'Lincosamides', 'Globosides', 'Chondroitin', 'Ristocetin', 'Lignin', 'Ferric Oxide, Saccharated', 'Daunorubicin', 'Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose', 'Rhamnose', 'Isosorbide Dinitrate', 'Glucosylceramides', 'Tragacanth', 'Icodextrin', 'Chromomycin A3', 'Holothurin', 'Glycerylphosphorylcholine', 'Streptomycin', 'Arbutin', 'Cardenolides', 'Glycerophosphates', 'Epirubicin', 'Cerebrosides', 'Glyceryl Ethers', 'Psychosine', 'Puromycin Aminonucleoside', 'Teniposide', 'Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester', 'Atractyloside', 'Hypromellose Derivatives', 'Teichoic Acids', 'Puromycin', 'Digitonin', 'Idarubicin', 'Arabinose', 'Diatrizoate Meglumine', 'Heptoses', 'Deoxy Sugars', 'Meglumine', 'Dermatan Sulfate', 'Acetyldigoxins', 'Nadroparin', 'Spectinomycin', 'Neomycin', 'Plicamycin', 'O-Acetyl-ADP-Ribose', 'Neuraminic Acids', 'Sugar Phosphates', 'Quillaja Saponins', 'Lactosylceramides', 'Phospholipid Ethers', 'Uronic Acids', 'Sucralfate', 'Digitalis Glycosides', 'Netilmicin', 'Glucans', 'Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate', 'Digitoxin', 'Chromomycins', 'Heparinoids', 'Dibekacin', 'Glucosides', 'Trisaccharides', 'Meglumine Antimoniate', 'Dietary Carbohydrates', '3-O-Methylglucose', 'Kanamycin', 'Galactosides', 'Nucleotides', 'Glucaric Acid', 'Novobiocin', 'Glucose-6-Phosphate', 'Tetroses', 'Ketoses', 'Galactolipids', 'Paromomycin', 'Medigoxin', 'Metrizamide', 'Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose', 'Hexuronic Acids', 'Hexosephosphates', 'Galactosamine', 'Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose', 'O Antigens', 'Raffinose', 'Galactans', 'Tartrates', 'Diphosphoglyceric Acids', 'Mannans', 'G(M2) Ganglioside', 'Cyclic ADP-Ribose', 'Erythrityl Tetranitrate', 'Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid', 'Cholesterol', 'Phospholipids', 'Phosphatidylcholines', 'Phosphatidylserines', 'Docosahexaenoic Acids', 'Triglycerides', 'Menthol', 'Sphingolipids', 'Fatty Acids, Nonesterified', 'Fatty Acids, Omega-3', 'Cholesterol Esters', 'Fatty Acids, Unsaturated', 'Eicosapentaenoic Acid', 'Arachidonic Acid', 'Fatty Acids', 'Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated', 'Lysophosphatidylcholines', 'Lipid Peroxides', 'Cholecalciferol', 'Fatty Acids, Volatile', 'alpha-Linolenic Acid', 'Linoleic Acid', 'Oleic Acid', 'Oils, Volatile', 'Oils', 'Dinoprostone', 'Sterols', 'Thromboxane A2', 'Epoprostenol', 'Prostaglandins', 'Lipofuscin', 'Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate', 'Butyrates', 'Calcifediol', 'Capsaicin', 'Fatty Acids, Omega-6', 'Fusidic Acid', 'Phytosterols', 'Endocannabinoids', 'Lipid Bilayers', 'Phosphatidylglycerols', 'Eucalyptol', '3-Hydroxybutyric Acid', 'Glycerophospholipids', 'Calcitriol', 'Diglycerides', 'Phosphatidylinositols', 'Tramadol', 'Valproic Acid', 'Atorvastatin', 'Fatty Acids, Essential', 'Dolichols', 'Monoglycerides', 'Thromboxanes', '15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid', 'Mycophenolic Acid', 'Rapeseed Oil', 'Fats', 'Acetic Acid', 'Castor Oil', 'Palmitates', 'Hexanols', 'Daptomycin', 'Thioctic Acid', 'Phosphatidylethanolamines', 'Fluvastatin', 'Cardiolipins', 'Acetates', 'Propionates', 'Fish Oils', 'F2-Isoprostanes', 'Margarine', 'Butyric Acid', 'Palm Oil', 'Linolenic Acids', 'Venlafaxine Hydrochloride', 'Bimatoprost', 'gamma-Linolenic Acid', '8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid', 'Cholestanol', 'Trans Fatty Acids', '1-Butanol', 'Prostaglandins A', 'Ergocalciferols', 'Cod Liver Oil', 'Palmitic Acid', 'Myristic Acid', 'Leukotrienes', 'Hydroxycholecalciferols', 'Turpentine', 'Withanolides', 'Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate', 'Isoprostanes', 'Misoprostol', 'Prostaglandins I', 'Eicosanoids', 'Lysophospholipids', 'Lecithins', 'Oxysterols', 'Thromboxane B2', 'Prostaglandin D2', 'Corn Oil', 'Ionomycin', 'Latanoprost', 'Iloprost', 'Ethiodized Oil', 'Caspofungin', 'Prostaglandins E', 'Dinoprost', 'Ceroid', '25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2', 'Phosphatidic Acids', 'Linseed Oil', 'Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate', 'Dolichol Phosphates', 'Plant Oils', 'Oxylipins', 'Isobutyrates', 'Prostaglandins, Synthetic', 'Travoprost', 'Desvenlafaxine Succinate', 'Prostaglandins F', '24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3', 'Olive Oil', 'Octanols', 'Arachidonic Acids', '6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha', 'Alprostadil', 'Coconut Oil', 'Prostaglandins G', 'Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates', 'Micafungin', 'Butanols', 'Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids', 'Dehydrocholesterols', 'Lanosterol', 'Sodium Oxybate', 'Prostaglandin H2', 'Leukotriene B4', 'Lanolin', '12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid', 'Soybean Oil', 'Lipoxins', 'Lipopeptides', 'Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination', 'Sorbic Acid', 'tert-Butyl Alcohol', 'Glycerides', 'Gemfibrozil', 'Neuroprostanes', 'Stigmasterol', 'Heptanoates', 'Palmitoyl Coenzyme A', 'Fats, Unsaturated', 'Oleic Acids', 'Stearates', 'Valerates', 'Waxes', 'Sesame Oil', 'Prostaglandin Endoperoxides', 'Cloprostenol', 'Linoleic Acids', 'Farnesol', 'Mupirocin', 'Leukotriene C4', 'Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine', 'Dihydroxycholecalciferols', 'Dihydrotachysterol', 'Croton Oil', 'Polymyxin B', 'Stearic Acids', 'Hydroxycholesterols', 'Heptanoic Acids', 'Lauric Acids', 'Erucic Acids', 'Hydroxybutyrates', 'Acetogenins', 'Glutathione', 'Cyclosporine', 'Glatiramer Acetate', 'Exenatide', 'Thyrotropin', 'Ghrelin', 'Oxytocin', 'Dipeptides', 'Teriparatide', 'Glutathione Disulfide', 'Echinocandins', 'Luteinizing Hormone', 'Lisinopril', 'Octreotide', 'Sincalide', 'Dactinomycin', 'Insulin Glargine', 'Anserine', 'Insulin Detemir', 'Enalapril', 'Enalaprilat', 'Polyglutamic Acid', 'Insulin Lispro', 'S-Nitrosoglutathione', 'Atazanavir Sulfate', 'Parathyroid Hormone', 'Streptogramin B', 'Certolizumab Pegol', 'Relaxin', 'Menotropins', 'Aspartame', 'Streptogramins', 'Cholecystokinin', 'Phalloidine', 'Insulin Aspart', 'Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine', 'Follicle Stimulating Hormone', 'Abciximab', 'Bacitracin', 'N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine', 'C-Peptide', 'Thymic Factor, Circulating', 'Phosphopeptides', 'Anidulafungin', 'Thyrotropin, beta Subunit', 'Cyclosporins', 'Polylysine', 'Distamycins', 'Polygeline', 'Valinomycin', 'Growth Hormone', 'Prolactin', 'Peptichemio', 'Alpha-Amanitin', 'Oligopeptides', 'Eptifibatide', 'Peptides, Cyclic', 'Tetragastrin', 'Charybdotoxin', 'Pentagastrin', 'Atrial Natriuretic Factor', 'Capreomycin', 'Viomycin', 'Angiotensins', 'Insulin', 'Fas Ligand Protein', 'Arginine Vasopressin', 'N-substituted Glycines', 'Angiotensin II', 'Defensins', 'alpha-Defensins', 'beta-Defensins', 'Microcystins', 'Echinomycin', 'Salivary Cystatins', 'Carnosine', 'Myostatin', 'Insulin, Isophane', 'Leuprolide', 'Chalones', 'Nisin', 'Cytokines', 'Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination', 'Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination', 'Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination', 'Ezetimibe, Simvastatin Drug Combination', 'Aminophylline', 'Crack Cocaine', 'Dimenhydrinate', 'Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination', 'Silica Gel', 'Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination', 'Ophthalmic Solutions', 'Aerosols', 'Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination', 'Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination', 'Contraceptives, Oral, Combined', 'Denosumab', 'Cetuximab', 'Infliximab', 'Palivizumab', 'Rituximab', 'Nivolumab', 'Ipilimumab', 'Trastuzumab', 'Adalimumab', 'Bevacizumab', 'Ranibizumab', 'Omalizumab', 'Checkpoint Kinase 1', 'Alemtuzumab', 'Natalizumab', 'Panitumumab', 'Ustekinumab', 'Basiliximab', 'Daclizumab', 'Platelet Factor 3', 'Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell', 'Ki-67 Antigen', 'Variant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma', 'Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2', 'Leukocyte Common Antigens', 'Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule', 'Factor Va', 'Phytochrome A', 'Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming', 'Aflatoxins', 'Tetrodotoxin', 'Muscimol', 'Zearalenone', 'Okadaic Acid', 'Aflatoxin B1', 'Aflatoxin M1', 'Cytochalasin B', 'Gliotoxin', 'Ibotenic Acid', 'Trichothecenes', 'Mycotoxins', 'Saxitoxin', 'rs11549465', 'rs4341', 'rs7460', 'rs2070802', 'rs17421511', 'rs10783485', 'rs1800169', 'rs1801131', 'rs1537516', 'rs7832552', 'rs1805086', 'rs1800012', 'rs9939609', 'rs17622656', 'rs9536314', 'rs9527025', 'rs202178565', 'rs2016347', 'rs28933979', 'rs1799945', 'rs429358', 'rs7412', 'rs113488022', 'rs58912633', 'rs2854116', 'rs2854117', 'rs780093', 'rs780094', 'rs1260362', 'rs738409', 'rs2294918', 'rs2281135', 'rs1107946', 'rs671', 'rs732314', 'rs28366133', 'rs144851946', 'rs1396533675', 'rs75733498', 'rs10417628', 'rs550122918', 'rs13120336', 'rs77375493', 'rs577912', 'rs564481', 'rs7955866', 'rs35767', 'rs1800629', 'rs1800795', 'rs755622', 'rs1007888', 'rs180795', 'rs10734411', 'rs387907264', 'rs121913615', 'rs7902929', 'rs2603462', 'rs7561528', 'rs6733839', 'rs10164112', 'rs1057233', 'rs7038172', 'rs2108622', 'rs763252884', 'rs6808178', 'rs115185635', 'rs12497850', 'rs34311866', 'rs3793947', 'rs11060180', 'rs9568188', 'rs2069837', 'rs13306435', 'rs1937', 'rs117530284', 'rs226794', 'rs3027178', 'rs12596324', 'rs6311', 'rs6313', 'rs690705', 'rs1990622', 'rs5848', 'rs779597655', 'rs80358273', 'rs8176719', 'rs687621', 'rs643434', 'rs505922', 'rs121434369', 'rs2687201', 'rs1815739', 'rs2075650', 'rs2032582', 'rs2073618', 'rs3134069', 'rs3134070', 'rs3102735', 'rs4077561', 'rs1805754', 'rs4964779', 'rs406113', 'rs2281082', 'rs974334', 'rs79658334', 'rs17415557', 'rs6056209', 'rs7121', 'rs1800857', 'rs10814274', 'rs17746510', 'rs5645', 'rs1883025', 'rs7503726', 'rs97384', 'rs31574', 'rs6453647', 'rs11135857', 'rs74659977', 'rs58596362', 'rs17081935', 'rs28365927', 'rs2802292', 'rs2764264', 'rs13217795', 'rs13231195', 'rs9400239', 'rs1260326', 'rs16998073', 'rs2943656', 'rs9991501', 'rs2287926', 'rs4842924', 'rs9936385', 'rs2934656', 'rs1801133', 'rs201118034', 'rs11591147', 'rs36212733', 'rs71556729', 'rs35709627', 'rs71556736', 'rs55673514', 'rs6265', 'rs1800469', 'rs1800470', 'rs1982073', 'rs371425292', 'rs572842823', 'rs4149056', 'rs7709243', 'rs6664221', 'rs10881463', 'rs4130113', 'rs387907272', 'rs104893878', 'rs12212067', 'rs12206094', 'rs2184061', 'rs6025', 'rs1799963', 'rs2075800', 'rs2227956', 'rs1043618', 'rs2763979', 'rs1061170', 'rs74827081', 'rs53576', 'rs2420915', 'rs6430491', 'rs2593704', 'rs1907240', 'rs2257129', 'rs2076260', 'rs121434569', 'rs632793', 'rs41300100', 'rs1799983', 'rs2070744', 'rs397514694', 'rs760920350', 'rs138684936', 'rs25487', 'rs4702', 'rs61748181', 'rs63750424', 'rs34208370', 'rs1046896', 'rs1063192', 'rs760391069', 'rs140092351', 'rs1409962577', 'rs2736100', 'rs7726159', 'rs10069690', 'rs2853669', 'rs12696304', 'rs16847897', 'rs10936599', 'rs61753924', 'rs7843014', 'rs121913273', 'rs3750846', 'rs570618', 'rs10922109', 'rs9923231', 'rs9934488', 'rs2296241', 'rs495392', 'rs10848087', 'rs2722372', 'rs7523', 'rs3746625', 'rs988583', 'rs6277', 'rs2295080', 'rs11121704', 'rs1057079', 'rs1064261', 'rs573775', 'rs11246867', 'rs3088051', 'rs10902469', 'rs73105013', 'rs10277', 'rs10830963', 'rs33939927', 'rs34637584', 'rs35870237', 'rs7133914', 'rs33949390', 'rs34778348', 'rs4946936', 'rs11769597', 'rs4988300', 'rs634008', 'rs75932628', 'rs9315202', 'rs7783012', 'rs4732724', 'rs1402972626', 'rs1483581212', 'rs187456378', 'rs17847577', 'rs4531631', 'rs2908007', 'rs1800796', 'rs754486509', 'rs74315408', 'rs56984562', 'rs1994336', 'rs10994359', 'rs104893877', 'rs768838511', 'rs749476922', 'rs1695', 'rs2228001', 'rs11615', 'rs2571244', 'rs57875989', 'rs59733750', 'rs7680591', 'rs57965306', 'rs9898', 'rs72645347', 'rs724561', 'rs751056896', 'rs5882', 'rs708272', 'rs3764261', 'rs1800775', 'rs2303790', 'rs1800624', 'rs1800625', 'rs1558139', 'rs7756935', 'rs1421368', 'rs1805017', 'rs4498351', 'rs28366003', 'rs10636', 'rs1610216', 'rs11574697', 'rs12041331', 'rs1057519783', 'rs75527207', 'rs78655421', 'rs4404327', 'rs63750231', 'rs919741', 'rs1514283', 'rs4646155', 'rs4646176', 'rs2285666', 'rs879922', 'rs78973108', 'rs137854618', 'rs140637', 'rs1444261', 'rs1801232', 'rs12243326', 'rs4132670', 'rs2253310', 'rs17630266', 'rs2755213', 'rs2755209', 'rs398122403', 'rs1060499619', 'rs1286247510', 'rs17070145', 'rs6439886', 'rs6967117', 'rs4725617', 'rs1800801', 'rs3917225', 'rs2234650', 'rs4141134', 'rs2071008', 'rs1917760', 'rs63751273', 'rs34245038', 'rs140593', 'rs174547', 'rs2231142', 'rs3733591', 'rs893006', 'rs2231143', 'rs4147929', 'rs114241159', 'rs2910164', 'rs2431697', 'rs464553', 'rs1028883', 'rs3129753', 'rs4870044', 'rs80356717', 'rs3851179', 'rs8176746', 'rs421016', 'rs4880', 'rs12785878', 'rs10741657', 'rs6013897', 'rs2282679', 'rs207128', 'rs207060', 'rs17847095', 'rs5068', 'rs142380904', 'rs353291', 'rs2222722', 'rs1889470', 'rs863224946', 'rs1060499542', 'rs886041116', 'rs10107605', 'rs2736098', 'rs401681', 'rs1545827', 'rs782813346', 'rs1045642', 'rs4148738', 'rs35599367', 'rs776746', 'rs13963', 'rs875989810', 'rs2602120', 'rs3017895', 'rs9224', 'rs7657817', 'rs3756050', 'rs778093769', 'rs3804540', 'rs4962295', 'rs28392847', 'rs191497052', 'rs3825460', 'rs76053540', 'rs1048943', 'rs731236', 'rs1544410', 'rs7975232', 'rs56164415', 'rs2289656', 'rs2072446', 'rs1990621', 'rs3173615', 'rs2337980', 'rs3184504', 'rs7676745', 'rs560518923', 'rs121913529', 'rs63751438', 'rs13079080', 'rs1800872', 'rs3755955', 'rs6831280', 'rs28377268', 'rs8134775', 'rs35594137', 'rs8079702', 'rs9406328', 'rs4846051', 'rs2066462', 'rs9651118', 'rs199935023', 'rs16991615', 'rs3094005', 'rs13196892', 'rs72774935', 'rs9447453', 'rs114298934', 'rs6467223', 'rs9666274', 'rs10766593', 'rs7281846', 'rs541408630', 'rs1268766352', 'rs28942074', 'rs1173623580', 'rs60431989', 'rs757823678', 'rs377577594', 'rs72824905', 'rs35652124', 'rs22538787', 'rs2430561', 'rs7895833', 'rs13220810', 'rs121913483', 'rs514492', 'rs1126680', 'rs55781031', 'rs1803274', 'rs429608', 'rs2230199', 'rs10490924', 'rs3889348', 'rs3846455', 'rs10410544', 'rs10801555', 'rs41268896', 'rs29268645', 'rs2790234', 'rs6481383', 'rs1707045', 'rs157582', 'rs405509', 'rs439401', 'rs8106922', 'rs4320284', 'rs11740112', 'rs10040267', 'rs13171394', 'rs6555802', 'rs2241368', 'rs244904', 'rs6555805', 'rs10475878', 'rs737865', 'rs1491850', 'rs1993116', 'rs10149146', 'rs2997325', 'rs1207568', 'rs800292', 'rs650439', 'rs864309711', 'rs144050370', 'rs12722', 'rs11136000', 'rs2963154', 'rs10515522', 'rs2918418', 'rs291841', 'rs10162630', 'rs17191519', 'rs17270243', 'rs55796775', 'rs6917', 'rs11574736', 'rs1884613', 'rs2144908', 'rs202138550', 'rs372031509', 'rs773801194', 'rs772931464', 'rs11538758', 'rs74315328', 'rs63750215', 'rs713598', 'rs35874116', 'rs239345', 'rs393795', 'rs6276', 'rs1927465', 'rs17185536', 'rs60210535', 'rs2622624', 'rs440446', 'rs11552449', 'rs12310519', 'rs7833174', 'rs4384683', 'rs121909597', 'rs2854128', 'rs63750064', 'rs2774279', 'rs2516839', 'rs2073658', 'rs63750264', 'rs3745274', 'rs28399499', 'rs2237982', 'rs7105832', 'rs984395300', 'rs660339', 'rs11928865', 'rs1353828', 'rs9814809', 'rs9880404', 'rs121434568', 'rs1800562', 'rs1049296', 'rs1127379', 'rs3242', 'rs3803164', 'rs735890', 'rs356219', 'rs1800544', 'rs600420', 'rs28502', 'rs34136221', 'rs2351524', 'rs144445150', 'rs2735940', 'rs7712562', 'rs1052133', 'rs174538', 'rs4246215', 'rs9272461', 'rs9271300', 'rs914246', 'rs914245', 'rs2066853', 'rs12252', 'rs3755166', 'rs2075252', 'rs2228171', 'rs1900004', 'rs5370', 'rs1799752', 'rs121912436', 'rs2853690', 'rs11571833', 'rs7668258', 'rs764290725', 'rs36196656', 'rs7041', 'rs763812068', 'rs16927253', 'rs4746957', 'rs80356743', 'rs80356721', 'rs398652', 'rs621559', 'rs80356726', 'rs12437963', 'rs6067484', 'rs2078486', 'rs50871', 'rs17202060', 'rs797045038', 'rs754673606', 'rs6280', 'rs4680', 'rs1805007', 'rs1805008', 'rs4911414', 'rs1015362', 'rs28777', 'rs16891982', 'rs12203592', 'rs1408799', 'rs1126809', 'rs1042602', 'rs12896399', 'rs7495174', 'rs563763767', 'rs774688955', 'rs886039227', 'rs3856806', 'rs1799930', 'rs10955255', 'rs13263539', 'rs1981361', 'rs641153', 'rs240307', 'rs62407622', 'rs4402960', 'rs142951280', 'rs763323196', 'rs758342760', 'rs2241766', 'rs1801282', 'rs1408282', 'rs2076212', 'rs4946935', 'rs770340675', 'rs2275913', 'rs763780', 'rs1889570', 'rs11096957', 'rs928874', 'rs1788355', 'rs9998212', 'rs7695558', 'rs41542812', 'rs1049107', 'rs1049100', 'rs3891176', 'rs10455872', 'rs3798220', 'rs4961280', 'rs121913049', 'rs4986933', 'rs5333', 'rs5351', 'rs6884552', 'rs3797177', 'rs523349', 'rs12470143', 'rs2569190', 'rs5744455', 'rs7759938', 'rs2947411', 'rs466639', 'rs11574358', 'rs4147918', 'rs1990620', 'rs267607591', 'rs2155209', 'rs7963551', 'rs17105278', 'rs2735383', 'rs9257445', 'rs6060627', 'rs6911407', 'rs9384680', 'rs6602909', 'rs10144225', 'rs187084', 'rs3027958', 'rs1644343', 'rs4764133', 'rs3796529', 'rs2227902', 'rs2054576', 'rs659366', 'rs9543325', 'rs1057519429', 'rs121908247', 'rs1799793', 'rs13181', 'rs2228526', 'rs2228528', 'rs3733402', 'rs1801020', 'rs80356730', 'rs308442', 'rs12644427', 'rs3747676', 'rs3789138', 'rs541458', 'rs1554948', 'rs12546630', 'rs2971609', 'rs5186', 'rs1799998', 'rs1262893315', 'rs2228225', 'rs878854523', 'rs11568820', 'rs3764030', 'rs2070325', 'rs117385980', 'rs2168518', 'rs41292412', 'rs4351242', 'rs4151672', 'rs2273773', 'rs3740051', 'rs3758391', 'rs1051931', 'rs4988235', 'rs15673', 'rs890293', 'rs1130409', 'rs2234693', 'rs9340799', 'rs3197999', 'rs10524523', 'rs2149954', 'rs1346044', 'rs10733310', 'rs11979919', 'rs2853691', 'rs33954691', 'rs3772190', 'rs662', 'rs28934576', 'rs10499051', 'rs7762395', 'rs4946933', 'rs3800230', 'rs4945815', 'rs387906405', 'rs17782313', 'rs113860699', 'rs17110453', 'rs751141', 'rs9333025', 'rs120074135', 'rs28942105', 'rs10503253', 'rs2740931', 'rs5742904', 'rs2360675', 'rs76380179', 'rs35715456', 'rs17056207', 'rs704180', 'rs73069071', 'rs1165131021', 'rs2274976', 'rs10748842', 'rs2421947', 'rs1801198', 'rs4420638', 'rs2862851', 'rs10471753', 'rs2236995', 'rs496547', 'rs854560', 'rs60310264', 'rs58034145', 'rs28933091', 'rs4532', 'rs1800497', 'rs1141718', 'rs1800764', 'rs4291', 'rs579459', 'rs651007', 'rs514659', 'rs529565', 'rs764254110', 'rs886037913', 'rs5515', 'rs63749824', 'rs10824026', 'rs76992529', 'rs62635656', 'rs776593792', 'rs118203599', 'rs934073', 'rs2153960', 'rs646776', 'rs752045', 'rs2277438', 'rs680', 'rs3811647', 'rs636832', 'rs2740348', 'rs799917', 'rs61764370', 'rs61672878', 'rs730821', 'rs10997868', 'rs10823116', 'rs121913459', 'rs143624519', 'rs12778366', 'rs33957861', 'rs7896005', 'rs12413112', 'rs11599176', 'rs4746720', 'rs2887399', 'rs12118033', 'rs1205', 'rs3093059', 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'rs75391579', 'rs540839115', 'rs886039762', 'rs12907866', 'rs17601241', 'rs771753477', 'rs746319045', 'rs120074192', 'rs145588689', 'rs2853672', 'rs1064608', 'rs10838738', 'rs12628329', 'rs1800471', 'rs1800468', 'rs143507827', 'rs1184398243', 'rs10503929', 'rs9426', 'rs10418', 'rs1051296', 'rs16862199', 'rs2070358', 'rs12273124', 'rs121913500', 'rs2710873', 'rs71608359', 'rs769499327', 'rs119103229', 'rs1158898827', 'rs559155109', 'rs267607996', 'rs3093061', 'rs3093062', 'rs137853238', 'rs752732851', 'rs138594222', 'rs104886142', 'rs371584776', 'rs866236602', 'rs137852412', 'rs5743618', 'rs267607040', 'rs2209972', 'rs132630304', 'rs769417218', 'rs121912431', 'rs113430717', 'rs3020136', 'rs79784106', 'rs140146885', 'rs11031006', 'rs104895094', 'rs375511250', 'rs1229568621', 'rs372749193', 'rs730880031', 'rs587777574', 'rs79781594', 'rs149744081', 'rs1249016772', 'rs63750652', 'rs2770378', 'rs386833395', 'rs80357906', 'rs786204278', 'rs80359550', 'rs74799832', 'rs121909342', 'rs104894201', 'rs2132039', 'rs587776551', 'rs587782652', 'rs3746266', 'rs6510997', 'rs201866415', 'rs769551404', 'rs1239009061', 'rs560657112', 'rs758978788', 'rs377112763', 'rs1011490341', 'rs121964845', 'rs1135401754', 'rs398123414', 'rs763880042', 'rs1135401755', 'rs527640350', 'rs1135401756', 'rs1135401757', 'rs35036378', 'rs201739205', 'rs183433761', 'rs367732974', 'rs549591993', 'rs200487063', 'rs34104384', 'rs35518301', 'rs72661131', 'rs562962093', 'rs397509430', 'rs33980857', 'rs34598529', 'rs33931746', 'rs33981098', 'rs34500389', 'rs63750953', 'rs281864525', 'rs34166473', 'rs201381696', 'rs371267954', 'rs9904779', 'rs2073438', 'rs11571340', 'rs434473', 'rs2307214', 'rs312462', 'rs838133', 'rs587782529', 'rs28937900', 'rs1064793515', 'rs12979860', 'rs8099917', 'rs17468277', 'rs10941679', 'rs777523310', 'rs747713929', 'rs371769427', 'rs141688754', 'rs1799990', 'rs104894743', 'rs200902980', 'rs1403572095', 'rs606231296', 'rs371194629', 'rs1063320', 'rs806368', 'rs6902771', 'rs7774230', 'rs3020449', 'rs2229774', 'rs7853758', 'rs17863783', 'rs104894021', 'rs773902', 'rs1044396', 'rs7141087', 'rs6542680', 'rs8178616', 'rs147110934', 'rs815625', 'rs63750001', 'rs80356484', 'rs7736552', 'rs11074029', 'rs117496040', 'rs7647863', 'rs9939224', 'rs56156922', 'Hearing Loss', 'Psychomotor Disorders', 'Death', 'Psychomotor Agitation', 'Pain', 'Dementia', 'Delirium', 'Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne', 'Heart Failure', 'Inflammation', 'Renal Insufficiency, Chronic', 'Renal Insufficiency', 'Fibrosis', 'Kidney Diseases', 'Diabetic Nephropathies', 'Vascular Calcification', 'Urinary Bladder Neoplasms', 'Brain Neoplasms', 'Neoplasms', 'Neoplasm Metastasis', 'Marfan Syndrome', 'Heart Arrest', 'Paresis', 'Neuromuscular Diseases', 'Hypertension', 'Diabetes Mellitus', 'Hyperlipidemias', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'Stroke', 'Hip Fractures', 'Fractures, Bone', 'Cerebral Infarction', 'Infarction', 'Brain Infarction', 'Hypoproteinemia', 'Anemia', 'Venous Thrombosis', 'Pneumonia', 'Stomach Diseases', 'Ulcer', 'Respiratory Tract Diseases', 'Asthma', 'Alzheimer Disease', 'Sarcopenia', 'Hematologic Neoplasms', 'Leukemia, Myeloid', 'Myelodysplastic Syndromes', 'Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute', 'Ovarian Diseases', 'Cardiovascular Diseases', 'Cerebrovascular Disorders', 'Neurodegenerative Diseases', 'Ovarian Neoplasms', 'Immune System Diseases', 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Rupture', 'Neurologic Manifestations', 'Cardiomegaly', 'Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic', 'Heart Failure, Diastolic', 'Headache Disorders, Secondary', 'Dry Eye Syndromes', 'Sleep Wake Disorders', 'Myopia', 'Hyperopia', 'Muscular Diseases', 'Brain Diseases', 'Akathisia, Drug-Induced', 'Constipation', 'Acute Kidney Injury', 'Acute Coronary Syndrome', 'Vasculitis', 'Autoimmune Diseases', 'Giant Cell Arteritis', 'Aortic Arch Syndromes', 'Charles Bonnet Syndrome', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Vasospasm, Intracranial', 'Hemorrhage', 'Dysentery', 'Adenomatous Polyposis Coli', 'Gray Platelet Syndrome', 'Genetic Diseases, Inborn', 'Syncope', 'Death, Sudden, Cardiac', 'Late Onset Disorders', "Sjogren's Syndrome", 'Nervous System Diseases', 'Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin', 'Xerostomia', 'Postpartum Hemorrhage', 'Infections', 'Sepsis', 'Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions', 'Frailty', 'Chediak-Higashi Syndrome', 'Osteoporotic Fractures', 'Fatigue', 'Hearing Disorders', 'Arterial Occlusive Diseases', 'Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery', 'Job Syndrome', 'Tremor', 'Atrial Fibrillation', 'Thromboembolism', 'Intracranial Hemorrhages', 'Hypotension, Orthostatic', 'Malnutrition', 'Urinary Incontinence', 'Fever', 'Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory', 'Central Nervous System Diseases', 'Parkinson Disease', 'Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis', 'Ocular Hypertension', 'Glaucoma', 'Obesity', 'Plaque, Amyloid', 'Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy', 'Cystic Fibrosis', 'Obesity, Abdominal', 'Arthritis', 'Dementia, Vascular', 'Cough', 'Respiratory Distress Syndrome', 'Dysautonomia, Familial', 'Coronary Artery Disease', 'Communicable Diseases', 'Diarrhea', 'Vomiting', 'Sialic Acid Storage Disease', 'Wounds and Injuries', 'Bone Diseases', 'Hematoma', 'Disease', 'Polyuria', 'Pituitary Diseases', 'Femoral Fractures', 'Pain, Postoperative', 'Musculoskeletal Pain', 'Low Back Pain', 'Premenstrual Syndrome', 'Hernia, Ventral', 'Pelvic Neoplasms', 'Liver Diseases', 'Osteomalacia', 'Sudden Infant Death', 'Bradycardia', 'Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes', 'Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome', 'Dyslipidemias', 'Viremia', 'HIV Infections', 'Periodontal Diseases', 'Chronic Disease', 'Cardiac Output, Low', 'Mitochondrial Diseases', 'Heart Diseases', 'Cataract', 'Hyperglycemia', 'Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive', 'Liver Neoplasms', 'Osteoporosis', 'Drug Hypersensitivity', 'Muscle Weakness', 'Infertility, Female', 'Coma', 'Craniocerebral Trauma', 'Memory Disorders', 'Ataxia', 'Seizures', 'Lung Diseases', 'Lung Diseases, Interstitial', 'Hypoxia', 'Sarcoidosis', 'Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis', 'Sleep Apnea Syndromes', 'Parkinson Disease, Secondary', 'Acute Lung Injury', 'Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder', 'Genu Valgum', 'Hypotension', 'Osteogenesis Imperfecta', 'Fasciculation', 'Discitis', 'Spondylitis', 'Periodontitis', 'Mastocytosis, Systemic', 'Coinfection', 'Blindness', 'Vision Disorders', 'Eye Diseases', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Hypothalamic Neoplasms', 'Neck Pain', 'Refractive Errors', 'Prediabetic State', 'Psychoses, Substance-Induced', 'Hallucinations', 'Adrenal Insufficiency', 'Muscular Atrophy', 'Atrophy', 'Erythema', 'Skin Diseases', 'Leukemia', 'Colorectal Neoplasms', 'Carcinoma, Hepatocellular', 'Respiratory Tract Infections', 'Neuroblastoma', 'Pneumonia, Pneumocystis', 'Kidney Failure, Chronic', 'Skin Neoplasms', 'Melanoma', 'Muscular Disorders, Atrophic', 'Keratosis', 'Hypertrophy', 'Pigmentation Disorders', 'Carcinoma, Squamous Cell', "Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle", 'Disorders of Sex Development', 'Heart Valve Diseases', 'Rheumatic Heart Disease', 'Aortic Valve Insufficiency', 'Mitral Valve Insufficiency', 'Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency', 'Endocarditis', 'Multiple Sclerosis', 'Aneurysm', 'Lymphopenia', 'Graft vs Host Disease', 'Lewy Body Disease', 'Synucleinopathies', 'Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea', 'Camurati-Engelmann Syndrome', 'Osteoarthritis', 'Joint Diseases', 'Arthritis, Rheumatoid', 'Endocrine System Diseases', 'Myalgia', 'Silicosis', 'Pneumoconiosis', 'Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System', 'Substance-Related Disorders', 'Hypoalphalipoproteinemias', 'Metabolic Diseases', 'Respiratory Hypersensitivity', 'Respiratory Insufficiency', 'Femoral Neck Fractures', 'Ossification, Heterotopic', 'Shoulder Fractures', 'Fracture Dislocation', 'Fabry Disease', 'Lysosomal Storage Diseases', 'Cardiomyopathies', 'Prostatic Neoplasms', 'Intellectual Disability', 'Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic', 'Pregnancy Complications, Infectious', 'Back Pain', 'Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune', 'Thyrotoxicosis', 'Hypolipoproteinemias', 'Voice Disorders', 'Lipid Metabolism Disorders', 'Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2', 'Arrhythmias, Cardiac', 'Huntington Disease', 'Musculoskeletal Diseases', 'Lung Injury', 'Glycogen Storage Disease Type II', 'Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies', 'Acidosis, Lactic', 'Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury', 'Peroxisomal Disorders', 'Metabolism, Inborn Errors', 'Arbovirus Infections', 'Diverticular Diseases', 'Inflammatory Bowel Diseases', 'Bacterial Infections', 'Leukopenia', 'Coffin-Lowry Syndrome', 'Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders', 'Brain Injuries, Traumatic', 'Ischemia', 'Epilepsy', 'Neurobehavioral Manifestations', 'Nerve Degeneration', 'Colitis, Ischemic', 'Colonic Polyps', 'Abdominal Pain', 'Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage', 'Guillain-Barre Syndrome', 'Ureteral Obstruction', 'Airway Obstruction', 'Ureteral Neoplasms', 'Shock, Septic', 'Spinal Cord Injuries', 'Urinary Bladder Diseases', 'Visceral Pain', 'Metabolic Syndrome', 'Cerebral Hemorrhage', 'Fanconi Anemia', 'Myotonic Dystrophy', 'Hypotrichosis', 'Tooth Loss', 'Lip Diseases', 'Mouth Diseases', 'Neuroma, Acoustic', 'Myoclonic Epilepsies, Progressive', 'Bone Neoplasms', 'Deafness', 'Tauopathies', 'Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration', 'Fragile X Syndrome', 'Bundle-Branch Block', 'Dehydration', 'Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain', 'Bacteriuria', 'Fetal Macrosomia', 'Polycystic Ovary Syndrome', 'Addison Disease', 'Adrenal Gland Neoplasms', 'Critical Illness', 'Tularemia', 'Klatskin Tumor', 'Biliary Dyskinesia', 'Cholangiocarcinoma', 'Gallbladder Neoplasms', 'Jaundice', 'Weight Loss', 'Sensation Disorders', 'Lymphoma, B-Cell', 'Liver Failure', 'Dyspnea', 'Pulmonary Embolism', 'Bone Diseases, Metabolic', 'Abnormalities, Drug-Induced', 'Brain Injury, Chronic', 'Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic', 'Vitamin B 6 Deficiency', 'Conjunctival Diseases', 'Cartilage Diseases', 'Keratitis, Dendritic', 'Microvascular Angina', 'Hypoglycemia', 'Diabetic Angiopathies', 'Sleep Deprivation', 'Fractures, Open', 'Ventricular Fibrillation', 'Peritoneal Neoplasms', 'Splenic Diseases', 'Edema', 'Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases', 'Amnesia', 'Sclerosis', 'Hepatitis B', 'Hepatitis, Viral, Human', 'Urolithiasis', 'Kidney Calculi', 'Diabetic Cardiomyopathies', 'Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1', 'Chagas Disease', 'Stomach Neoplasms', 'Soft Tissue Neoplasms', 'Peripheral Arterial Disease', 'Eyelid Neoplasms', 'Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms', 'Carcinoma, Basal Cell', 'Lymphoma', 'Carcinoma, Merkel Cell', 'Brain Damage, Chronic', 'Amyloidosis', 'Ketosis', 'Carcinogenesis', 'Colitis', 'Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome', 'Anemia, Hemolytic', 'Thrombocytopenia', 'Hypertension, Pulmonary', 'Heart Block', 'Multiple Organ Failure', 'Labor Pain', 'Keratoderma, Palmoplantar', 'Sleep Paralysis', 'REM Sleep Behavior Disorder', 'Restless Legs Syndrome', 'Lymphedema', 'Cardiovascular Abnormalities', 'Calcinosis', 'Constriction, Pathologic', 'Heart Failure, Systolic', 'Heterotaxy Syndrome', 'Asthenia', 'Neutropenia', 'Plaque, Atherosclerotic', 'Movement Disorders', 'Ageusia', 'Blood Loss, Surgical', 'Facial Pain', 'Chest Pain', 'Kyphosis', 'Agnosia', 'Status Epilepticus', 'Trigeminal Neuralgia', 'Multiple Myeloma', 'Smoke Inhalation Injury', 'Graft Occlusion, Vascular', 'Pancreatitis, Graft', 'Brain Injuries', 'Dental Plaque', 'Aphasia', 'Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive', 'Retinal Degeneration', 'Sinusitis', 'Pneumococcal Infections', 'Aging, Premature', 'Aneuploidy', 'Somatosensory Disorders', 'Osteonecrosis', 'Neurogenic Inflammation', 'Vascular System Injuries', 'Jaw, Edentulous', 'Lung Diseases, Obstructive', 'Angina Pectoris', 'Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome', 'Hypocalcemia', 'Hepatitis, Autoimmune', 'Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary', 'Cholangitis, Sclerosing', 'Radiation Pneumonitis', 'Malaria', 'Liver Cirrhosis', 'Anophthalmos', 'Nephritis, Interstitial', 'Gastrointestinal Diseases', 'Gastritis', 'Stomach Ulcer', 'Invasive Fungal Infections', 'Bacteremia', 'Dysbiosis', 'Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced', 'Kartagener Syndrome', 'Epilepsies, Partial', 'Drug Resistant Epilepsy', 'Glucose Intolerance', 'DiGeorge Syndrome', 'Leukoencephalopathies', 'Progeria', 'Skin Abnormalities', 'Coronavirus Infections', 'Proteostasis Deficiencies', 'Infertility, Male', 'Aortic Valve Stenosis', 'Thrombosis', 'Blood Coagulation Disorders', 'Vision, Low', 'Prostatic Hyperplasia', 'Chronic Pain', 'Macular Degeneration', 'Choroidal Neovascularization', 'Retinal Neoplasms', 'Tuberculosis', 'Glucose Metabolism Disorders', 'Dyscalculia', 'Cardio-Renal Syndrome', 'AIDS-Related Complex', 'Postoperative Cognitive Complications', 'Cardiac Complexes, Premature', 'Thrombophilia', 'Heart Rupture', 'Tinnitus', 'Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm', 'Long QT Syndrome', 'Hepatitis B, Chronic', 'Hearing Loss, Central', 'Papilledema', 'Hearing Loss, Sudden', 'Necrosis', 'Migraine Disorders', 'Nephrosis, Lipoid', 'Confusion', 'Glomerulonephritis', 'Cleidocranial Dysplasia', 'Klebsiella Infections', 'Paraplegia', 'Crohn Disease', 'Growth Disorders', 'Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors', 'Venous Thromboembolism', 'Osteosarcoma', 'Sarcoma', 'Thoracic Outlet Syndrome', 'Epilepsy, Absence', 'Sick Sinus Syndrome', 'Neoplasms, Experimental', 'Arteriosclerosis', 'Small Cell Lung Carcinoma', 'Carcinoma, Small Cell', 'Thyroid Neoplasms', 'Thyroiditis, Autoimmune', 'Intervertebral Disc Degeneration', 'Tongue, Fissured', 'Hernia', 'Werner Syndrome', 'Hepatitis E', 'Waterborne Diseases', 'Headache', 'Diurnal Enuresis', 'Postoperative Hemorrhage', 'Phenylketonurias', 'Pancreatic Neoplasms', 'Sleep Apnea, Obstructive', 'Cardiomyopathy, Dilated', 'Burning Mouth Syndrome', 'Staphylococcal Infections', 'Communication Disorders', 'Cold Injury', 'Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous', 'Primary Ovarian Insufficiency', 'Migraine without Aura', 'Tachypnea', 'Ankle Injuries', 'Peripheral Nervous System Diseases', 'Fistula', 'Acute Pain', 'Gait Ataxia', 'Deglutition Disorders', 'Hypercholesterolemia', 'Alcoholism', 'Gangliosidosis, GM1', 'Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia', 'Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal', 'Blister', 'Serotonin Syndrome', 'Reflex, Abnormal', 'Fatty Liver', 'Urologic Neoplasms', 'Testicular Neoplasms', 'Pelvic Floor Disorders', 'Fanconi Syndrome', 'Myopathy, Central Core', 'Brain Ischemia', 'Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome', 'Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic', 'Cystitis', 'Urinary Bladder, Overactive', 'Cystitis, Interstitial', 'Panniculitis', 'Pancreatic Diseases', 'Pancreatitis', 'Erythema Nodosum', 'Whooping Cough', 'Distal Myopathies', 'Pelger-Huet Anomaly', 'Cholecystitis, Acute', 'Gangrene', 'Intraoperative Awareness', 'Paralysis', 'Bites and Stings', 'Uterine Cervicitis', 'Spinal Stenosis', 'Polyps', 'Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament', 'Angiodysplasia', 'von Willebrand Diseases', 'Pleural Effusion', 'Granuloma', 'Pleural Effusion, Malignant', 'Hyperparathyroidism', 'Mandibular Nerve Injuries', 'Adrenocortical Hyperfunction', 'Nephrotic Syndrome', 'Proteinuria', 'Carotid Artery Diseases', 'Hypothalamic Diseases', 'Tooth Diseases', 'Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease', 'Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome', 'Hemophilia A', 'Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited', 'Hair Diseases', 'Hemorrhagic Disorders', 'Atrial Remodeling', 'Hyperalgesia', 'Short Bowel Syndrome', 'Tetany', 'Urinary Retention', 'Hirschsprung Disease', 'Peripheral Vascular Diseases', 'Carcinoma in Situ', 'Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous', 'Myocarditis', 'Rheumatic Diseases', 'Corneal Diseases', 'Uterine Inertia', 'Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome', 'Limb Deformities, Congenital', 'Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital', 'Hip Dislocation, Congenital', 'Fungemia', 'Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis', 'Hereditary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases', 'Perceptual Disorders', 'Polyneuropathies', 'Vertigo', 'Nystagmus, Pathologic', 'Wasting Syndrome', 'Pneumonia, Aspiration', 'Head and Neck Neoplasms', 'Hydrocephalus', 'Tendinopathy', 'Collagen Diseases', 'Pneumothorax', 'Homocystinuria', 'Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II', 'Muscle Hypotonia', 'Albuminuria', 'Fractures, Compression', 'Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant', 'Cholelithiasis', 'Cholecystitis', 'Lithiasis', 'Unconsciousness', 'Malformations of Cortical Development', 'Depression, Postpartum', 'Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease', 'Blood Platelet Disorders', 'Arthritis, Juvenile', 'Pharyngeal Diseases', 'Pleurisy', 'Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation', 'Cytomegalovirus Infections', 'Malocclusion', 'Meningococcal Infections', 'Dermatofibrosarcoma', 'Myoclonus', 'Anorexia', 'Disorders of Excessive Somnolence', 'Weight Gain', 'Nocturia', 'Psoriasis', 'Dermatitis, Atopic', 'Hypothyroidism', 'Digestive System Neoplasms', 'Arthralgia', 'Ventricular Dysfunction', 'Placenta Diseases', 'Hypereosinophilic Syndrome', 'Intraabdominal Infections', 'Retinal Diseases', 'Encephalitis', 'CHARGE Syndrome', 'Encephalitis, California', 'Kearns-Sayre Syndrome', 'Neurotoxicity Syndromes', 'Leishmaniasis, Visceral', 'Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe', 'Hepatitis C', 'Osteoma, Osteoid', 'Porphyria, Variegate', 'Surgical Wound Infection', 'Hyperkinesis', 'Keratosis, Actinic', 'Precancerous Conditions', 'Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell', 'Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal', 'Aortic Diseases', 'Dilatation, Pathologic', 'Astigmatism', 'Retinoschisis', 'Adenocarcinoma', 'Colonic Neoplasms', 'Hyponatremia', 'Hypogonadism', 'Eunuchism', 'Orchitis', 'Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia', 'Tachycardia', 'Neuroacanthocytosis', 'Lipoma', 'Muscle Spasticity', 'Muscle Rigidity', 'Polymyalgia Rheumatica', 'Kidney Neoplasms', 'Erectile Dysfunction', 'Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological', 'Hernia, Inguinal', 'Gonorrhea', 'Pelvic Inflammatory Disease', 'Hyperemia', 'Motor Neuron Disease', 'Toothache', 'Pruritus', 'Exanthema', 'Common Variable Immunodeficiency', 'Parkinsonian Disorders', 'Hypokinesia', 'Stomatognathic Diseases', 'Cryptosporidiosis', 'Drug Overdose', 'Basal Ganglia Diseases', 'Choriocarcinoma', 'Blind Loop Syndrome', 'Gingival Overgrowth', 'Synovitis', 'Dystonia', 'Lymphatic Metastasis', 'Breast Neoplasms, Male', 'Myelitis', 'Polycythemia', 'Hematologic Diseases', 'Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections', 'Hyperhomocysteinemia', 'Brain Diseases, Metabolic', 'Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders', 'Cachexia', 'Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell', 'Learning Disabilities', 'Varicose Ulcer', 'Gastroenteritis', 'Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting', 'Endometrial Neoplasms', 'Ankle Fractures', 'Pulmonary Atresia', 'Latent Tuberculosis', 'Tuberculosis, Meningeal', 'Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell', 'Dermatitis, Seborrheic', 'Thyroid Diseases', 'Craniofacial Abnormalities', 'Central Nervous System Neoplasms', 'Spinal Dysraphism', 'Stomach Volvulus', 'Facial Injuries', 'Maxillofacial Injuries', 'Acidosis', 'Hypertriglyceridemia', 'Meningitis, Aseptic', 'Rubella', 'Choroideremia', 'Overbite', 'Familial Mediterranean Fever', 'Pyelonephritis', 'Muscle Cramp', 'Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome', 'Tooth, Impacted', 'Congenital Hyperinsulinism', 'Insulin Resistance', 'Olfaction Disorders', 'Tibial Neuropathy', 'Tibial Fractures', 'Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary', 'Trauma, Nervous System', 'Hereditary Angioedema Type III', 'Adenomatous Polyps', 'Breakthrough Pain', 'Behcet Syndrome', 'Hashimoto Disease', 'Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion', 'Glioma', 'Endometriosis', 'Prostatitis', 'Optic Nerve Neoplasms', 'Glomus Tumor', 'Subarachnoid Hemorrhage', 'Adenoma', 'Cardiotoxicity', 'Cumulative Trauma Disorders', 'Granuloma, Plasma Cell', 'Hip Dislocation', 'Nausea', 'Obesity, Maternal', 'Esotropia', 'Strabismus', 'AIDS Arteritis, Central Nervous System', 'Esophageal Motility Disorders', 'Femoral Neuropathy', 'Somnambulism', 'Pseudarthrosis', 'Anaphylaxis', 'Cheilitis', 'Fibroma', 'Opportunistic Infections', 'Foot Ulcer', 'Thyroid Cancer, Papillary', 'Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic', 'Muscular Dystrophies', 'Malabsorption Syndromes', 'Anemia, Megaloblastic', 'Eclampsia', 'Denys-Drash Syndrome', 'Hyperuricemia', 'Tachycardia, Ventricular', 'Flushing', 'Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma', 'Intermittent Claudication', 'Nephrolithiasis', 'Crystal Arthropathies', 'Nematode Infections', 'Skin Ulcer', 'Cockayne Syndrome', 'Osteochondritis', 'Xeroderma Pigmentosum', 'Nail-Patella Syndrome', 'Glaucoma, Open-Angle', 'Ascites', 'Esophageal and Gastric Varices', 'Cholangitis', 'Hypertriglyceridemic Waist', 'Adenocarcinoma of Lung', 'Hyperplasia', 'Malformations of Cortical Development, Group I', 'Neuroendocrine Tumors', 'Carcinoma', 'Iatrogenic Disease', 'Osteolysis', 'Amniotic Band Syndrome', 'Glioblastoma', 'Neural Tube Defects', 'Disease Susceptibility', 'Urinary Tract Infections', 'Eye Infections, Fungal', 'Fractures, Spontaneous', 'Rheumatic Fever', 'Meningeal Neoplasms', 'Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome', 'Gastroparesis', 'Cerebral Palsy', 'Lactation Disorders', 'Facial Dermatoses', 'Microcephaly', 'Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial', 'Leg Ulcer', 'Insulinoma', 'Papillomavirus Infections', 'Meniere Disease', 'Orthostatic Intolerance', 'Signs and Symptoms, Digestive', 'Vitreous Hemorrhage', 'Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome', 'Lipodystrophy', 'Cardiac Output, High', 'Sleepiness', 'Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease', 'Consciousness Disorders', 'Mobility Limitation', 'Tooth Attrition', 'Hyperphosphatemia', 'Ear Diseases', 'Death, Sudden', 'Gait Disorders, Neurologic', 'Sphingolipidoses', 'Gliosis', 'Migraine with Aura', 'Fecal Incontinence', 'Adrenoleukodystrophy', 'Liver Diseases, Alcoholic', 'Occupational Stress', 'Cancer Pain', 'Contracture', 'End Stage Liver Disease', 'Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus', 'Diabetic Foot', 'Dysgeusia', 'Bone Malalignment', 'Meningitis', 'Chromosome Aberrations', 'Lichenoid Eruptions', 'Tooth Erosion', 'Shy-Drager Syndrome', 'Myotonia', 'Niemann-Pick Disease, Type A', 'Hemoglobinopathies', 'Hematoma, Subdural', 'Azoospermia', 'Ocular Motility Disorders', 'Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic', 'Pancytopenia', 'Nervous System Malformations', 'Uterine Diseases', 'Mucositis', 'Myeloproliferative Disorders', 'Multiple Chronic Conditions', 'Embolism, Fat', 'Hypopituitarism', 'Vulvovaginitis', 'Porencephaly', 'Intraoperative Complications', 'Joint Dislocations', 'Peptic Ulcer', 'Common Cold', 'Tooth Injuries', 'Machado-Joseph Disease', 'Dysarthria', 'Oculomotor Nerve Diseases', 'Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome', 'Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis', 'Foreign Bodies', 'Mental Fatigue', 'Alveolar Bone Loss', 'Bone Resorption', 'Gingivitis', 'Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital', 'Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis', 'Hyperbilirubinemia', 'Pain Insensitivity, Congenital', 'Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome', 'Sarcoma, Kaposi', 'Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute', 'Bilateral Vestibulopathy', 'Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo', 'Choroiditis', 'Ebstein Anomaly', 'Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic', 'Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome', 'Meningitis, Bacterial', 'Hypesthesia', 'Facial Paralysis', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital', 'Bronchial Spasm', 'Multiple Trauma', 'Dentin Sensitivity', 'Rhinitis, Allergic', 'Lissencephaly', 'Nutrition Disorders', 'Hemostatic Disorders', 'Pulmonary Aspergillosis', 'Carcinoma, Acinar Cell', 'Reperfusion Injury', 'DNA Repair-Deficiency Disorders', 'Congenital Abnormalities', 'Bone Marrow Failure Disorders', 'Ataxia Telangiectasia', 'Thoracic Injuries', 'Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities', 'Arteritis', 'Lafora Disease', 'Ependymoma', 'Atrioventricular Block', 'Acromegaly', 'Pituitary Neoplasms', 'Hand Injuries', 'Crush Injuries', 'Cerebral Intraventricular Hemorrhage', 'Arteriovenous Malformations', 'Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations', 'Cross Infection', 'Obstetric Labor, Premature', 'Vestibular Diseases', 'Fetal Diseases', 'Inert Gas Narcosis', 'Foodborne Diseases', 'Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy', 'Ventricular Remodeling', 'Anemia, Sickle Cell', 'Hemolysis', 'Gout', 'Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous', 'Neoplasms, Multiple Primary', 'Poroma', 'Papilloma', 'Arthritis, Psoriatic', 'Torsades de Pointes', 'Shock', 'Hypoalbuminemia', 'Vitamin K Deficiency', 'Anhedonia', 'Mutism', 'Astrocytoma', 'Oligodendroglioma', 'Trismus', 'Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic', 'Arteriolosclerosis', 'Cryoglobulinemia', 'Leukocytosis', 'Pemphigus, Benign Familial', 'Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency Disease', 'Coagulation Protein Disorders', 'Factor XIII Deficiency', 'Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia', 'Respiratory Sounds', 'Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency', 'Syncope, Vasovagal', 'Pediatric Obesity', 'Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome', 'Enterovirus Infections', 'Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum', 'Thyroid Nodule', 'Neuralgia', 'Hepatolenticular Degeneration', 'Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System', 'Embryo Loss', 'Retinal Detachment', 'Ecchymosis', 'Enthesopathy', 'Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic', 'Embolism', 'Shock, Hemorrhagic', 'Jaw Diseases', 'White Coat Hypertension', 'Mucopolysaccharidosis III', 'Nephrosclerosis', 'Chronobiology Disorders', 'Pseudomonas Infections', 'Pneumoperitoneum', 'Coronaviridae Infections', 'Eosinophilic Esophagitis', 'Hyperacusis', 'Lupus Nephritis', 'Intracranial Aneurysm', 'Urogenital Abnormalities', 'Malaria, Cerebral', 'Hyperpigmentation', 'Demyelinating Diseases', 'Bankart Lesions', 'Esophageal Neoplasms', 'Intracranial Arteriosclerosis', 'Stroke, Lacunar', 'Alcoholic Neuropathy', 'Cluster Headache', 'Emphysema', 'Dental Caries', 'Infertility', 'Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn', 'Lordosis', 'Fat Necrosis', 'Urinary Incontinence, Stress', 'Vulvar Neoplasms', 'Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease', 'Radiculopathy', 'Neoplasm Invasiveness', 'Extranodal Extension', 'Hodgkin Disease', 'Lymphoma, Follicular', 'Coronary Stenosis', 'Diplopia', 'Compassion Fatigue', 'Brain Stem Neoplasms', 'Diverticulitis, Colonic', 'Diverticulitis', 'Dysuria', 'Dyspareunia', 'Lymphoproliferative Disorders', 'Hypothermia', 'Brain Edema', 'Color Vision Defects', 'Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular', 'Prostatic Diseases', 'Taste Disorders', 'Biliary Tract Neoplasms', 'Poisoning', 'Breech Presentation', 'Spinal Injuries', 'Prader-Willi Syndrome', 'Cutaneous Fistula', 'Uremia', 'Apnea', 'Radiation Injuries', 'Rhinitis', 'Hypertension, Renal', 'Schistosomiasis', 'Opisthorchiasis', 'Muscular Atrophy, Spinal', 'Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental', 'Colitis, Ulcerative', 'Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension', 'Hemangiosarcoma', 'Pleural Diseases', 'Gerstmann Syndrome', 'Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck', 'Acute Disease', 'Dyskeratosis Congenita', 'Hemochromatosis', 'Tetralogy of Fallot', 'Glioma, Subependymal', 'Carpal Tunnel Syndrome', 'Mitral Valve Stenosis', 'Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial', 'Choroid Diseases', 'Deaf-Blind Disorders', 'Coxa Magna', 'Diabetic Neuropathies', 'Zoonoses', 'Tonsillar Neoplasms', 'Streptococcal Infections', 'Salter-Harris Fractures', 'Angina, Stable', 'Ventricular Dysfunction, Right', 'AIDS Dementia Complex', 'Factor XII Deficiency', 'Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases', 'Macrophage Activation Syndrome', 'Osteoarthritis, Hip', 'Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic', 'Retinoblastoma', 'Pulmonary Fibrosis', 'Appendicitis', 'Catastrophic Illness', 'Accidental Injuries', 'Retinal Vein Occlusion', 'Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency', 'Aspartylglucosaminuria', 'Pericarditis', 'Cerebrovascular Trauma', 'Williams Syndrome', 'Paraneoplastic Syndromes', 'Wounds, Nonpenetrating', 'Obstetric Labor Complications', 'Primary Dysautonomias', 'Pregnancy, Prolonged', 'Hyperinsulinism', 'Herpes Zoster', 'Adrenocortical Carcinoma', 'Anastomotic Leak', 'Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome', 'Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction', 'Tuberculosis, Spinal', 'Tuberculosis, Pulmonary', 'White Dot Syndromes', 'Thinness', 'Mycoses', 'Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS', 'Hepatopulmonary Syndrome', 'Acne Vulgaris', 'Intracranial Arterial Diseases', 'Spinocerebellar Ataxias', 'Tics', 'Congenital Hypothyroidism', 'Ectodermal Dysplasia', 'Patellar Dislocation', 'Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System', 'Biliary Tract Diseases', 'Scoliosis', 'Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal', 'Spinal Fractures', 'Polycystic Kidney Diseases', 'Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome', 'Lens Diseases', 'Lymphatic Diseases', 'Vitiligo', 'Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic', 'Myoma', 'Leiomyoma', 'Gingival Recession', 'Ventricular Dysfunction, Left', 'Eye Abnormalities', 'Leg Injuries', 'Plant Poisoning', 'Masked Hypertension', 'Aicardi Syndrome', 'Respiration Disorders', 'Helicobacter Infections', 'Nephritis', 'Nephrosis', 'Bone Marrow Diseases', 'Obesity, Metabolically Benign', 'Aphasia, Wernicke', 'Turner Syndrome', 'Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic', 'Mesothelioma', 'Shock, Cardiogenic', 'Synostosis', 'Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders', 'Congenital Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes', 'Anemia, Aplastic', 'Hypernatremia', 'Hematoma, Subdural, Acute', 'Soft Tissue Injuries', 'Retinitis', 'Hyperkalemia', 'Scotoma', 'Amenorrhea', 'Spinal Diseases', 'Mouth Neoplasms', 'Ventricular Outflow Obstruction', 'Cushing Syndrome', 'Leigh Disease', 'Candidemia', 'Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency', 'Hepatomegaly', 'Primary Myelofibrosis', 'Carotid Stenosis', 'Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive', 'Heart Defects, Congenital', 'Keratosis, Seborrheic', 'Acanthosis Nigricans', 'Aortic Aneurysm', 'Iliac Aneurysm', 'Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary', 'Vaginitis', 'Dyspepsia', 'Capillary Leak Syndrome', 'Paraproteinemias', 'Thymus Neoplasms', 'Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental', 'Quadriplegia', 'Pulmonary Heart Disease', 'Tuberous Sclerosis', 'Eczema', 'Peri-Implantitis', 'Parasitic Diseases', 'Mesial Movement of Teeth', 'Brugada Syndrome', 'Stargardt Disease', 'Hepatic Encephalopathy', 'Spinal Cord Diseases', 'Microtrauma, Physical', 'Liver Failure, Acute', 'Lethargy', 'Rhabdomyolysis', 'Menstruation Disturbances', 'Tourette Syndrome', 'Splenomegaly', 'Fractures, Malunited', 'Cholestasis, Extrahepatic', 'Retinal Neovascularization', 'Neurosyphilis', 'Abducens Nerve Diseases', 'Parasitemia', 'Milk Hypersensitivity', 'Toxoplasmosis', 'Hyperhidrosis', 'Prodromal Symptoms', 'Miosis', 'Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder', 'Dwarfism, Pituitary', 'X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases', 'Urinary Incontinence, Urge', 'Vitamin E Deficiency', 'Microvascular Rarefaction', 'Hip Injuries', 'Fallopian Tube Diseases', 'Dental Leakage', 'Gallstones', 'Chondrocalcinosis', 'Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy', 'Malaria, Vivax', 'Fractures, Stress', 'Lip Neoplasms', 'Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary', 'Scabies', 'Occupational Diseases', 'Ventricular Premature Complexes', 'Hemorrhoids', 'Lens Subluxation', 'Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola', 'Mandibulofacial Dysostosis', 'Cerebellar Diseases', 'Cholesteatoma', 'Neuroaxonal Dystrophies', 'Language Disorders', 'Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous', 'Skin Diseases, Eczematous', 'Sciatic Neuropathy', 'Tongue Diseases', 'Thalamic Diseases', 'Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue', 'Cholestasis', 'Anemia, Iron-Deficiency', 'Hypercalcemia', 'Hypervitaminosis A', 'Liver Neoplasms, Experimental', 'Nocturnal Enuresis', 'Pulmonary Edema', 'Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia', 'Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple', 'Parasomnias', 'Hyperthyroidism', 'Stillbirth', 'Tenosynovitis', 'Bursitis', 'Headache Disorders', 'Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome', 'Dysphonia', 'Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma', 'Aneurysm, Ruptured', 'Protein S Deficiency', 'Epilepsies, Myoclonic', 'Myasthenia Gravis', 'Spondylolysis', 'Tibial Meniscus Injuries', 'Rabies', 'Esophageal Achalasia', 'Onycholysis', 'Pulmonary Emphysema', 'Gastroesophageal Reflux', 'Parathyroid Neoplasms', 'Hyperparathyroidism, Primary', 'Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia', 'Clonorchiasis', 'Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry', 'Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome', 'Scleroderma, Systemic', 'Dermatomyositis', 'Cardiovascular Infections', 'von Willebrand Disease, Type 1', 'Leprosy, Tuberculoid', 'Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses', 'Porphyria, Erythropoietic', 'Intra-Articular Fractures', 'Intestinal Diseases', 'Soft Tissue Infections', 'Fasciitis, Necrotizing', 'Substance Withdrawal Syndrome', 'Osteomyelitis', 'Acro-Osteolysis', 'Asymptomatic Infections', 'Epidermal Cyst', 'Striatonigral Degeneration', 'Urination Disorders', 'Malaria, Falciparum', 'Hepatitis D', 'Cellulitis', 'Bronchitis', 'Intracranial Embolism', 'Central Serous Chorioretinopathy', 'Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw', 'Arthritis, Infectious', 'Miliaria', 'Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction', 'Thrombophlebitis', 'Carcinoma, Adenosquamous', 'Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy', 'Cerebral Arterial Diseases', 'Hypophysitis', 'Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia', 'Atrial Flutter', 'Medulloblastoma', 'Poliomyelitis', 'Fibromuscular Dysplasia', 'Folic Acid Deficiency', 'Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors', 'Foot Deformities', 'Metatarsus Varus', 'Hallux Valgus', 'Hypokalemia', 'TDP-43 Proteinopathies', 'Leprosy', 'Magnesium Deficiency', 'Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune', 'Anemia, Macrocytic', 'Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial', 'Varicella Zoster Virus Infection', 'Hallux Rigidus', 'Telangiectasis', 'LEOPARD Syndrome', 'Inappropriate ADH Syndrome', 'Alcoholic Intoxication', 'Gitelman Syndrome', 'Hemophilia B', 'Pelvic Organ Prolapse', 'Diabetes, Gestational', 'Prion Diseases', 'Dental Pulp Necrosis', 'Sotos Syndrome', 'Opioid-Related Disorders', 'Arteriovenous Fistula', 'Narcolepsy', 'Lymphadenitis', 'Urticaria', 'Pelvic Pain', 'Menorrhagia', 'Flatulence', 'Rib Fractures', 'Agammaglobulinemia', 'Diabetic Ketoacidosis', 'Cubital Tunnel Syndrome', 'Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome', 'Cranial Nerve Diseases', 'Speech Disorders', 'Nerve Compression Syndromes', 'Spinal Osteophytosis', 'Vitreous Detachment', 'Dengue', 'Testicular Diseases', 'Heart Septal Defects, Atrial', 'Retroperitoneal Fibrosis', 'Aortitis', "Mikulicz' Disease", 'Eosinophilia', 'Puberty, Delayed', 'Wallerian Degeneration', 'Mediastinal Cyst', 'Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm', 'Osteoarthritis, Knee', 'Glomerulonephritis, Membranous', 'Purpura Fulminans', 'Chromosomal Instability', 'Conjunctivitis', 'Cafe-au-Lait Spots', 'Small Fiber Neuropathy', 'Coronary Thrombosis', 'Jaw Abnormalities', 'Alkaptonuria', 'Colonic Diseases', 'Clostridium Infections', 'Neoplasms, Second Primary', 'Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental', 'Fibromyalgia', 'Bell Palsy', 'Earache', 'Teratozoospermia', 'Vasculitis, Central Nervous System', 'Catheter-Related Infections', 'Pars Planitis', 'Dermatitis, Contact', 'Dermatitis', 'Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Hypoparathyroidism', 'Agranulocytosis', 'Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial', 'Conjunctivitis, Allergic', 'Gingival Hemorrhage', 'Pre-Eclampsia', 'Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome', 'Myiasis', 'Catatonia', 'Craniosynostoses', 'Lymphocytosis', 'Canavan Disease', 'Peroneal Neuropathies', 'Leukoaraiosis', 'Athletic Injuries', 'Myositis', 'Polymyositis', 'Hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency Syndrome', 'Paratuberculosis', 'Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction', 'Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders', 'Stiff-Person Syndrome', 'Disease Progression', 'Endomyocardial Fibrosis', 'Trisomy', 'Pupil Disorders', 'Retinal Artery Occlusion', 'Eyelid Diseases', 'Peritonitis, Tuberculous', 'Cell Transformation, Viral', 'Uterine Cervical Neoplasms', 'Contusions', 'Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors', 'Amyloidosis, Familial', 'Duodenal Diseases', 'Gastric Outlet Obstruction', 'Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute', 'Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic', 'Orbital Neoplasms', 'Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic', 'Solitary Fibrous Tumors', 'Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute', 'Status Asthmaticus', 'Onychomycosis', 'Tinea Capitis', 'Hemiplegia', 'Thoracic Diseases', 'Angina, Unstable', 'Travel-Related Illness', 'Irritable Bowel Syndrome', 'Celiac Disease', 'Spinal Cord Compression', 'Labyrinth Diseases', 'Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated', 'Discrete Subaortic Stenosis', 'Sexual Infantilism', 'Graves Disease', 'Hepatic Insufficiency', 'Ear Neoplasms', 'Essential Tremor', 'Dermatitis, Exfoliative', 'Double Outlet Right Ventricle', 'Anterior Compartment Syndrome', 'Tendon Injuries', 'Respiratory Paralysis', 'Graves Ophthalmopathy', 'Paralysis, Hyperkalemic Periodic', 'Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid', 'Enteritis', 'Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency', 'Optic Nerve Diseases', "Colles' Fracture", 'Vestibular Neuronitis', 'Nervous System Neoplasms', 'Vascular Remodeling', 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition', 'Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms', 'Pheochromocytoma', 'Urethral Neoplasms', 'Hemifacial Spasm', 'Hematuria', 'Cell Transformation, Neoplastic', 'Urologic Diseases', 'Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome', 'Budd-Chiari Syndrome', 'Diffuse Neurofibrillary Tangles with Calcification', 'Meningitis, Pneumococcal', 'Ventricular Septal Rupture', 'Pulmonary Valve Stenosis', 'Compartment Syndromes', 'Tooth Avulsion', 'Myotoxicity', 'Cri-du-Chat Syndrome', 'Calculi', 'Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative', 'Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis', 'Auditory Perceptual Disorders', 'Hydronephrosis', 'Bronchopneumonia', 'Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive', 'Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes', 'Femur Head Necrosis', 'Rectal Neoplasms', 'Retinal Perforations', 'Diabetes Insipidus', 'Hypophosphatemia', 'Urogenital Neoplasms', 'Leishmaniasis', 'Arthritis, Experimental', 'Scleral Diseases', 'Virilism', 'Kidney Diseases, Cystic', 'Thrombocythemia, Essential', 'Encephalomyelitis', 'Optic Neuritis', 'Trichomonas Infections', 'Halitosis', 'Ciliopathies', 'Heat Stroke', 'Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe', 'Venous Insufficiency', 'Persistent Vegetative State', 'Korsakoff Syndrome', 'Polycythemia Vera', 'Gonadal Disorders', 'Spondylosis', 'Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Nervous System', 'Tic Disorders', 'Corneal Edema', 'Aneurysm, False', 'Thrombotic Microangiopathies', 'Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic', 'Spasm', 'Central Cord Syndrome', 'Scrub Typhus', 'Arnold-Chiari Malformation', 'Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak', 'Tuberculoma', 'Bronchiolitis', 'Stenosis, Pulmonary Artery', 'Malocclusion, Angle Class II', 'Hyperandrogenism', 'Pulmonary Atelectasis', 'Leukoplakia', 'Neuroschistosomiasis', 'Herpesviridae Infections', 'Knee Injuries', 'West Nile Fever', 'Cleft Palate', 'Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndrome', 'Epilepsy, Reflex', 'Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries', 'Gastritis, Atrophic', 'Hepatorenal Syndrome', 'Wilms Tumor', 'Schistosomiasis japonica', 'Hypopigmentation', 'Uveitis', 'Iridocyclitis', 'Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome', 'Uveitis, Anterior', 'Endophthalmitis', 'Protein-Losing Enteropathies', 'Keratitis', 'Drug Eruptions', 'Space Motion Sickness', "Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy", 'Leukoplakia, Hairy', 'Epstein-Barr Virus Infections', 'Melanosis', 'Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular', 'Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome', 'Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal', 'Rotator Cuff Tear Arthropathy', 'Temporomandibular Joint Disorders', 'Babesiosis', 'Myopathies, Structural, Congenital', 'Osteoarthropathy, Secondary Hypertrophic', 'Achondroplasia', 'Perinephritis', 'Atrophic Vaginitis', 'Tachycardia, Supraventricular', 'Pick Disease of the Brain', 'Endotoxemia', 'Neuromyelitis Optica', 'Cleft Lip', 'Vipoma', 'Colitis, Lymphocytic', 'Colitis, Collagenous', 'Smooth Muscle Tumor', 'Epilepsy, Complex Partial', 'Otitis', 'Angioedema', 'Hypoxia, Brain', 'Diverticulum', 'Thalassemia', 'Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital', 'Illusions', 'Pulpitis', 'Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica', 'Facial Neuralgia', 'Occupational Injuries', 'Osteochondromatosis', 'Headache Disorders, Primary', 'Intracranial Thrombosis', 'Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic', 'Hyphema', 'Orbital Fractures', 'Erysipelas', 'Vaginal Neoplasms', 'Plummer-Vinson Syndrome', 'Putaminal Hemorrhage', 'Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease', 'Proctitis', 'Hemangioma', 'Osteopoikilosis', 'Hypercapnia', 'Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome', 'Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome', 'Hypovolemia', 'Hepatitis C, Chronic', 'Microsatellite Instability', 'Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone', 'Pyoderma Gangrenosum', 'Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn', 'Ovarian Cysts', 'Mastocytosis, Cutaneous', 'Metaplasia', 'Postmortem Changes', 'Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss', 'Vestibulocochlear Nerve Injuries', 'Dermatitis Herpetiformis', 'Conjunctivitis, Bacterial', 'Iliotibial Band Syndrome', 'Pemphigoid, Bullous', 'Uterine Retroversion', 'Chronic Periodontitis', 'Radicular Cyst', 'Angioedemas, Hereditary', 'Langer-Giedion Syndrome', 'Hemoptysis', 'Muscle Hypertonia', 'Myofascial Pain Syndromes', 'Agraphia', 'Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous', 'alpha-Thalassemia', 'Priapism', 'Legionellosis', 'Periodontal Cyst', 'Urinary Bladder Calculi', 'Hyperoxia', 'Tooth Wear', 'Bruxism', 'Odontoma', 'Tooth Fractures', 'Ankyloglossia', 'Osteophyte', 'Jejunal Neoplasms', 'Gilbert Disease', 'Brachial Plexus Neuropathies', 'Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome', 'Sacroiliitis', 'Arachnoid Cysts', 'Coronary Aneurysm', 'Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome', 'Back Injuries', 'Blepharoptosis', 'Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors', 'Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal', 'Candidiasis, Cutaneous', 'Endocrine Gland Neoplasms', 'Language Development Disorders', 'Myelitis, Transverse', 'Toxoplasmosis, Ocular', 'Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex', 'Trochlear Nerve Diseases', 'Dentin Dysplasia', 'Ulna Fractures', 'Ocular Hypotension', 'Multiple Pulmonary Nodules', 'Hernia, Hiatal', 'Mitochondrial Myopathies', 'Heat Exhaustion', 'Rosacea', 'Nose Diseases', 'Zika Virus Infection', 'Tick-Borne Diseases', 'Rickettsia Infections', 'Tick Infestations', 'Euthyroid Sick Syndromes', 'Polyarteritis Nodosa', 'Systemic Vasculitis', 'Infant, Premature, Diseases', 'Dystocia', 'Fetal Growth Retardation', 'Stomatitis', 'Leukoplakia, Oral', 'Kidney Cortex Necrosis', 'Motion Sickness', 'Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases', 'Blepharitis', 'von Willebrand Disease, Type 3', 'Lipodystrophy, Familial Partial', 'Noncommunicable Diseases', 'Siderosis', 'Facial Nerve Injuries', 'Salmonella Infections', 'Purpura', 'Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome', 'Coccidioidomycosis', 'Spondylitis, Ankylosing', 'Penile Induration', 'Bone Diseases, Developmental', 'Duodenal Neoplasms', 'Intestinal Neoplasms', 'Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C', 'Goiter', 'Glaucoma, Angle-Closure', 'Uveal Effusion Syndrome', 'Biliary Fistula', 'Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance', 'Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney', 'Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations', 'Arrhythmia, Sinus', 'Immune Complex Diseases', 'Coxa Valga', 'Odontodysplasia', 'Odontogenic Tumors', 'Meningoencephalitis', 'Neoplastic Cells, Circulating', 'Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular', 'Amyloid Neuropathies', 'Hammer Toe Syndrome', 'Diverticulosis, Colonic', 'Radial Neuropathy', 'Intra-Abdominal Hypertension', 'Uterine Hemorrhage', 'Leukemia, B-Cell', 'Connective Tissue Diseases', 'Eye Infections', 'Cerebellar Ataxia', 'Cutis Laxa', 'Candidiasis', 'Coloboma', 'Central Nervous System Infections', 'Chickenpox', 'Lentigo', 'Abortion, Threatened', 'Friedreich Ataxia', 'Neoplasm, Residual', 'Lymphoma, T-Cell', 'Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal', 'Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome', 'Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis', 'Retrograde Degeneration', 'Amelogenesis Imperfecta', 'Thyroiditis', 'Carcinoma, Skin Appendage', 'Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery', 'Endometritis', 'Overweight', 'Retinal Hemorrhage', 'Pneumocephalus', 'Embolism, Air', 'Pericardial Effusion', 'Anemia, Sideroblastic', 'Pancreatic Fistula', 'Amblyopia', 'Keloid', 'Myofibroma', 'Infratentorial Neoplasms', 'Bronchial Diseases', 'Pressure Ulcer', 'Myosarcoma', 'Eczema, Dyshidrotic', 'Wolfram Syndrome', 'Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital', 'Prosopagnosia', 'Aspergillosis', 'von Hippel-Lindau Disease', 'Sarcoma, Clear Cell', 'Heart Injuries', 'Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic', 'Fused Teeth', 'Myositis, Inclusion Body', 'Cytochrome-c Oxidase Deficiency', 'Diastema', 'Adenoma, Oxyphilic', 'Intestinal Fistula', 'Supratentorial Neoplasms', 'Coronary Vessel Anomalies', 'Radius Fractures', 'Essential Hypertension', 'Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency', 'Alagille Syndrome', 'Laryngismus', 'Facial Nerve Diseases', 'Brain Injuries, Diffuse', 'Cicatrix, Hypertrophic', 'Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Event', 'Vitamin A Deficiency', 'Onchocerciasis', 'Trachoma', 'Mastoiditis', 'Autonomic Nervous System Diseases', 'Neurilemmoma', 'Hallux Varus', 'Gingival Diseases', 'Pleural Neoplasms', 'Tracheal Diseases', 'Philadelphia Chromosome', 'Carcinoma, Ductal', 'Chikungunya Fever', 'Meibomian Gland Dysfunction', 'Endometrial Hyperplasia', 'Meningocele', 'Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic', 'Pinealoma', 'Asbestosis', 'Rett Syndrome', 'Coronary Occlusion', 'Adenoma, Villous', 'Intestinal Atresia', 'Choledocholithiasis', 'Encephalitis, Tick-Borne', 'Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic', 'Bulbar Palsy, Progressive', 'Coronary Restenosis', 'Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor', 'Neuromuscular Junction Diseases', 'Carcinosarcoma', 'Gliosarcoma', 'Liposarcoma', 'Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma', 'Gaucher Disease', 'Pyuria', 'Primary Graft Dysfunction', 'Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms', 'Coronary Vasospasm', 'Xanthomatosis', 'Dyskinesias', 'Endocarditis, Bacterial', 'CADASIL', 'Intestinal Obstruction', 'Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular', 'Foot Diseases', 'Intestinal Volvulus', 'Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris', 'Condylomata Acuminata', 'Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous', 'Hidradenitis Suppurativa', 'Folliculitis', 'Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous', 'Hidradenitis', 'Dermatitis, Phototoxic', 'Sinus Arrest, Cardiac', 'Fucosidosis', 'Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant', 'Tension-Type Headache', 'Fractures, Avulsion', 'Iron Metabolism Disorders', 'Pancreatic Intraductal Neoplasms', 'Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea', 'Leukemia, Lymphoid', 'Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone', 'Asthenopia', 'Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia', 'Tobacco Use Disorder', 'Tachycardia, Sinus', 'Varicose Veins', 'Hemangioblastoma', 'Capsule Opacification', 'Churg-Strauss Syndrome', 'Stenosis, Pulmonary Vein', 'Alert Fatigue, Health Personnel', 'Hepatitis', 'Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma', 'Chondrosarcoma', 'Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction', 'Hyperemesis Gravidarum', 'Rare Diseases', 'Craniopharyngioma', 'Facial Hemiatrophy', 'Ischemic Attack, Transient', 'Intestinal Polyposis', 'Paroxysmal Hemicrania', 'Horner Syndrome', 'Yang Deficiency', 'Encephalocele', 'Sweating Sickness', "Tietze's Syndrome", 'Periodontal Attachment Loss', 'Spontaneous Perforation', 'Salivary Gland Neoplasms', 'Nociceptive Pain', 'Blood Protein Disorders', 'Thrombocytosis', 'Exfoliation Syndrome', 'Heat Stress Disorders', 'Duodenal Obstruction', 'Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic', 'GATA2 Deficiency', 'Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease', 'Mesenteric Ischemia', 'Peritonitis', 'Otitis Media', 'Liposarcoma, Myxoid', 'Spondylarthropathies', 'Tungiasis', 'Shoulder Impingement Syndrome', 'Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing', 'Mouth Breathing', 'Appendiceal Neoplasms', 'Genetic Diseases, X-Linked', 'Enterocolitis', 'Spinocerebellar Degenerations', 'Nocardia Infections', 'Equinus Deformity', 'AIDS-Associated Nephropathy', 'Intracranial Hemorrhage, Traumatic', 'Genomic Instability', 'Ureteral Diseases', 'Holoprosencephaly', 'Eye Pain', 'Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster', 'Seroma', 'Scleroderma, Localized', 'Rigor Mortis', 'Rotavirus Infections', 'Trisomy 18 Syndrome', 'Osteoarthritis, Spine', 'Shoulder Dislocation', 'Rotator Cuff Injuries', 'Methemoglobinemia', 'Brenner Tumor', 'Metrorrhagia', 'IgA Deficiency', 'Leiomyosarcoma', 'Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome', 'IgA Vasculitis', 'Nasal Obstruction', 'Anemia, Refractory', 'Pneumonia, Lipid', 'Cicatrix', 'Joint Instability', "Legionnaires' Disease", 'Conjunctival Neoplasms', 'Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension', 'Phlebitis', 'Eye Injuries', 'Optic Nerve Injuries', 'Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome', 'Fractures, Multiple', 'Carcinoma, Embryonal', 'Teratoma', 'Seminoma', 'Thymoma', 'Smith-Magenis Syndrome', 'Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome', 'Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous', 'Crush Syndrome', 'Lung, Hyperlucent', 'Flatfoot', 'Brain Stem Infarctions', 'Corneal Opacity', 'Epilepsy, Generalized', 'Sunburn', 'Maxillary Neoplasms', 'Menopause, Premature', 'Down Syndrome', 'Channelopathies', 'Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic', 'Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic', 'Urethritis', 'Antiphospholipid Syndrome', 'Myopia, Degenerative', 'Leukemia, T-Cell', 'Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis', 'Paralyses, Familial Periodic', 'Labyrinthitis', 'Congenital Microtia', 'Goldenhar Syndrome', 'Rhinitis, Vasomotor', 'Spinal Cord Neoplasms', 'Tinea Pedis', 'Epileptic Syndromes', 'Echinococcosis, Pulmonary', 'Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome', 'Lice Infestations', 'Trigger Finger Disorder', 'Arachnoiditis', 'Escherichia coli Infections', 'Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries', 'Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Congenital', 'Hemarthrosis', 'Carotid Artery Injuries', 'Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency', 'Miller Fisher Syndrome', 'Neuritis', 'Severe Dengue', 'Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary', 'Emphysematous Cholecystitis', 'Cat-Scratch Disease', 'Rhabdoid Tumor', 'Pulmonary Blastoma', 'Whipple Disease', 'Riboflavin Deficiency', 'Tooth Discoloration', 'Focal Dermal Hypoplasia', 'Gallbladder Diseases', 'Urethral Stricture', 'Cheyne-Stokes Respiration', 'Post-Dural Puncture Headache', 'Lyme Disease', 'Vaginal Discharge', 'Intracranial Hypertension', 'Fibrosarcoma', 'Neovascularization, Pathologic', 'Laryngomalacia', 'Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss', 'Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets', 'Raynaud Disease', 'Epiglottitis', 'Supraglottitis', 'Splenic Infarction', 'Bile Reflux', 'Parental Death', 'Aortic Coarctation', 'Aphasia, Primary Progressive', 'Tonsillitis', 'Carcinoma, Papillary', 'Ectropion', 'Dry Socket', 'Bloom Syndrome', 'Stomatitis, Denture', 'Osteochondrosis', 'Neointima', 'Whiplash Injuries', 'Keratoconjunctivitis', 'Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar', 'Nevus, Blue', 'Heart Neoplasms', 'Typhoid Fever', 'Carcinoma, Large Cell', 'Chronic Urticaria', 'Myocardial Reperfusion Injury', 'Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean', 'Arm Injuries', 'Herpes Labialis', 'Gingival Hyperplasia', 'Nephrocalcinosis', 'Hypercalciuria', 'Hyperammonemia', 'Gyrate Atrophy', 'Vitamin D Deficiency', 'Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome', 'Situs Inversus', 'Chiari-Frommel Syndrome', 'Neonatal Sepsis', 'Infant, Newborn, Diseases', 'Mastocytosis', 'Metatarsalgia', 'Angiofibroma', 'Tongue Neoplasms', 'Pelvic Girdle Pain', 'Neck Injuries', 'Sandhoff Disease', 'Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic', 'Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis', 'Oral Ulcer', 'Respiratory System Abnormalities', 'Glossitis, Benign Migratory', 'Acinetobacter Infections', 'Carcinoma, Transitional Cell', 'Enuresis', 'Hypergammaglobulinemia', 'Joint Loose Bodies', 'Pancreatitis, Chronic', 'Sweat Gland Diseases', 'Meningitis, Meningococcal', 'Giardiasis', 'Chorea', 'Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal', 'Complex Regional Pain Syndromes', 'Brain Death', 'Hernia, Femoral', 'Tooth Eruption, Ectopic', 'Erythema Infectiosum', 'Lymphoma, Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell', 'Lymphomatoid Papulosis', 'Helminthiasis', 'Abdominal Injuries', 'Jaw Fractures', 'Multiple Acyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency', 'Stevens-Johnson Syndrome', 'Osteochondrodysplasias', 'Panuveitis', 'Nasopharyngitis', 'Exotropia', 'Hirsutism', 'Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure', 'Mucolipidoses', 'Hepatitis, Alcoholic', 'Athetosis', 'Colic', 'Asphyxia', 'Femoral Neoplasms', 'Cholestasis, Intrahepatic', 'Prolactinoma', 'ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma', 'Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms', 'Autoimmune Pancreatitis', 'Dacryocystitis', 'Sialadenitis', 'Periapical Periodontitis', 'Bone Cysts', 'Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute', 'Burkitt Lymphoma', 'Vector Borne Diseases', 'Dirofilariasis', 'Anaplasmosis', 'Lymphangiectasis', 'Sturge-Weber Syndrome', 'Hiccup', 'Lacrimal Duct Obstruction', 'Dyslexia', 'Parotid Neoplasms', 'Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia', 'Tay-Sachs Disease', 'Auditory Diseases, Central', 'Coxa Vara', 'Dysmenorrhea', 'Hypoventilation', 'Nail Diseases', 'Urinary Calculi', 'Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms', 'Pneumovirus Infections', 'Esophagitis', 'Hernia, Abdominal', 'Embolism, Paradoxical', 'Aphakia', 'Lentivirus Infections', 'Hypertension, Renovascular', 'Cerebellar Neoplasms', 'Gait Apraxia', 'Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced', 'Anomia', 'Cardiac Conduction System Disease', 'Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy', 'Pellagra', 'Enterocolitis, Necrotizing', 'Myxedema', 'Composite Lymphoma', 'Leptospirosis', 'Spina Bifida Occulta', 'Lung Abscess', 'Empyema', 'Pseudohypoparathyroidism', 'Chromosome Disorders', 'Iris Diseases', 'Kluver-Bucy Syndrome', 'Pneumonia, Mycoplasma', 'Carotid Artery Thrombosis', 'Barth Syndrome', 'Cholera', 'Cattle Diseases', 'Trichothiodystrophy Syndromes', 'beta-Thalassemia', 'Myopathies, Nemaline', 'Myotonia Congenita', 'Ductus Arteriosus, Patent', 'Hyperostosis', 'Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses', 'Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine', 'Fibroma, Ossifying', 'Herpangina', 'Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease', 'Brucellosis', 'Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease', 'Screw Worm Infection', 'Candidiasis, Oral', 'Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases', 'Dysgammaglobulinemia', 'Dentofacial Deformities', 'Mandibular Neoplasms', 'Ochronosis', 'Fascioliasis', 'Aniseikonia', 'Epiretinal Membrane', 'Macular Edema', 'Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary', 'Diverticulum, Colon', 'Failed Back Surgery Syndrome', 'Hyalinosis, Systemic', 'Neuromuscular Manifestations', 'Lymphoma, Primary Effusion', 'Yin Deficiency', 'Carcinoma, Islet Cell', 'Paraparesis', 'Nasal Polyps', 'Dupuytren Contracture', 'Esophageal Stenosis', 'Forearm Injuries', 'Echinococcosis', 'Cranial Nerve Injuries', 'Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency Disease', 'Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis', 'Polyradiculopathy', 'Foot Injuries', 'Osteoradionecrosis', 'Galactosemias', 'Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral', 'Pancreatic Cyst', 'Arcus Senilis', 'Mediastinal Neoplasms', 'Superior Vena Cava Syndrome', 'Intracranial Hypotension', 'Lymphoma, AIDS-Related', 'Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous', 'Skin Diseases, Metabolic', 'Hemangioendothelioma', 'Ophthalmoplegia', 'Pseudobulbar Palsy', 'Arterio-Arterial Fistula', 'Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic', 'Hyperphagia', 'Mastitis', 'Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction', "Sister Mary Joseph's Nodule", 'Arthrogryposis', 'Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome', 'Hematemesis', 'Usher Syndromes', 'Malformations of Cortical Development, Group II', 'Blindness, Cortical', 'Photophobia', 'Osteosclerosis', 'Fasciitis', 'Li-Fraumeni Syndrome', 'Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome', 'Polydipsia', 'Hearing Loss, Bilateral', 'Adenoma, Pleomorphic', 'Neurogenic Bowel', 'Lead Poisoning', 'Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic', 'Brain Abscess', 'Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis', 'Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-Linked', 'Pneumonia, Atypical Interstitial, of Cattle', 'Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal', 'Parathyroid Diseases', 'Focal Infection', 'Hypertelorism', 'Hand Deformities, Congenital', 'Scleritis', 'Iritis', 'Blepharospasm', 'Gynecomastia', 'Papilloma, Choroid Plexus', 'Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous', 'Anisometropia', 'Hemospermia', 'Herpes Simplex', 'Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell', 'Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell', 'Salivary Gland Diseases', 'Popliteal Cyst', 'Filariasis', 'Skin Diseases, Parasitic', 'Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal', 'Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial', 'Lingual Thyroid', 'Seizures, Febrile', 'Boutonneuse Fever', 'Psoas Abscess', 'Body Weight Changes', 'Chordoma', 'Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous', 'Rhabdomyosarcoma', 'Vitamin B Deficiency', 'Epilepsia Partialis Continua', 'Ichthyosis, X-Linked', 'Autoimmune Hypophysitis', 'Meningitis, Cryptococcal', 'Apraxia, Ideomotor', 'Urethral Diseases', 'Hepatoblastoma', 'Retroperitoneal Neoplasms', 'Paraganglioma', 'Oliguria', 'Chlamydia Infections', 'Azotemia', 'Oligomenorrhea', 'Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures', 'Liver Abscess, Pyogenic', 'Rodent Diseases', 'Mitral Valve Prolapse', 'Alkalosis', 'Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome', 'Synovial Cyst', 'Lennox Gastaut Syndrome', 'Candidiasis, Invasive', 'Pyoderma', 'Tinea', 'Tinea Versicolor', 'Bile Duct Diseases', 'Landau-Kleffner Syndrome', 'Ventricular Flutter', 'Erythema Multiforme', 'Schistosomiasis haematobia', 'Hypocapnia', 'Paresthesia', 'Dracunculiasis', 'Birdshot Chorioretinopathy', 'Factor VII Deficiency', 'Factor XI Deficiency', 'Vulvar Diseases', 'Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus', 'Renal Artery Obstruction', 'Tricuspid Valve Stenosis', 'Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic', 'Empyema, Subdural', 'Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic', 'Retinal Telangiectasis', 'Polyomavirus Infections', 'HIV Seropositivity', 'Liver Abscess', 'Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes', 'Uniparental Disomy', 'Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease', 'Cyanosis', 'Esophageal Diseases', 'Abnormalities, Multiple', 'Chorioretinitis', 'Meningitis, Listeria', 'Purpura, Thrombocytopenic', "Hallermann's Syndrome", 'Dandy-Walker Syndrome', 'Postpericardiotomy Syndrome', 'Biliary Atresia', 'Periprosthetic Fractures', 'Tennis Elbow', 'Long Term Adverse Effects', 'Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary', 'Solitary Fibrous Tumor, Pleural', 'Lateral Medullary Syndrome', 'Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal', 'Superinfection', 'Pudendal Neuralgia', 'Jacobsen Distal 11q Deletion Syndrome', 'Mucopolysaccharidosis I', 'Hernia, Diaphragmatic', 'Corneal Wavefront Aberration', 'Amebiasis', 'Anthracosis', 'Injection Site Reaction', 'Fasciitis, Plantar', 'Respiratory Aspiration', 'Pseudomyxoma Peritonei', 'Laryngostenosis', 'Low Tension Glaucoma', "Agricultural Workers' Diseases", 'Hernia, Obturator', 'Epidermolysis Bullosa', 'Anodontia', 'Encephalitis, Arbovirus', 'Costello Syndrome', 'Jaw Neoplasms', 'Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic', 'Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis', 'Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell', 'Multifocal Choroiditis', 'Glycogen Storage Disease Type V', 'Melanoma, Experimental', 'Meningism', 'Alexander Disease', 'Alopecia', 'Postthrombotic Syndrome', 'Klinefelter Syndrome', 'Achlorhydria', 'Esophageal Fistula', 'Carcinoma, Lobular', 'Jaundice, Obstructive', 'Femoracetabular Impingement', 'Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular', 'Focal Nodular Hyperplasia', 'Langerhans Cell Sarcoma', 'Sexually Transmitted Diseases', 'Mercury Poisoning, Nervous System', 'Orbital Diseases', 'Granuloma, Pyogenic', 'Pneumocystis Infections', 'Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic', 'Alstrom Syndrome', 'Bardet-Biedl Syndrome', 'Epidural Neoplasms', 'Hand Deformities', 'Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous', 'Callosities', 'Pentalogy of Cantrell', 'Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome', 'Bile Duct Neoplasms', 'Puerperal Infection', 'Otitis Externa', 'Blastocystis Infections', 'Deltaretrovirus Infections', 'Mucormycosis', 'Ectromelia, Infectious', 'Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium', 'Calciphylaxis', 'Rickets, Hypophosphatemic', 'Parotitis', 'Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome', 'Wernicke Encephalopathy', 'Moyamoya Disease', 'Microsporidiosis', 'Ameloblastoma', 'Mushroom Poisoning', 'Haemophilus Infections', 'Laryngeal Neoplasms', 'Papillon-Lefevre Disease', 'Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System', 'Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding', 'Flank Pain', 'Angiomyolipoma', 'Parakeratosis', 'Polyploidy', 'Panophthalmitis', 'Argyria', 'Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital', 'Aphasia, Broca', 'Epididymitis', 'Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction', 'Radiodermatitis', 'Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases', 'Hypertension, Malignant', 'Dwarfism', 'Hypospadias', 'Acute Chest Syndrome', 'Lathyrism', 'Acrocephalosyndactylia', 'Hyperlactatemia', 'Pathological Conditions, Anatomical', 'Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita', 'Pemphigus', 'Furunculosis', 'Exostoses', 'Chromothripsis', 'Alcohol Amnestic Disorder', 'Microaneurysm', 'Q Fever', 'Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic', 'Retinal Dystrophies', 'Osteopetrosis', 'Rectal Diseases', 'Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral', 'Glaucoma, Neovascular', 'Osteoblastoma', 'Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory', 'Penile Neoplasms', 'Psychophysiologic Disorders', 'Vesico-Ureteral Reflux', 'Nephritis, Hereditary', 'Acneiform Eruptions', 'Hypohidrosis', 'Peritoneal Fibrosis', 'Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis', 'Staphylococcal Food Poisoning', 'Jet Lag Syndrome', 'Morning Sickness', 'Optic Atrophy', 'Central Nervous System Cysts', 'Sciatica', 'Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Familial', 'Osteoma', 'Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia', 'Sporotrichosis', 'Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal', 'Glycosuria', 'Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors', 'Adenoma, Acidophil', 'Cholecystolithiasis', 'Vagus Nerve Diseases', 'Ichthyosis', 'Endodermal Sinus Tumor', 'Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle', 'Microphthalmos', 'Neurofibroma', 'Pachyonychia Congenita', 'Hamartoma', 'Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber', 'Subdural Effusion', 'Premature Ejaculation', 'Mediastinal Diseases', 'Plasmablastic Lymphoma', 'Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections', 'Granulomatous Disease, Chronic', 'Pseudotumor Cerebri', 'Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral', 'Botulism', 'Mucopolysaccharidosis VII', 'Bronchiectasis', 'Atypical Squamous Cells of the Cervix', 'Body Weight', 'Pallor', 'Goiter, Nodular', 'Bronchial Neoplasms', 'Carcinoid Tumor', 'Argininosuccinic Aciduria', 'Lead Poisoning, Nervous System', 'Cryptococcosis', 'Ascorbic Acid Deficiency', 'Mucopolysaccharidosis II', 'Exostoses, Multiple Hereditary', 'Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis', 'Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial', 'Leydig Cell Tumor', 'Duodenal Ulcer', 'Myocardial Stunning', 'Alphavirus Infections', 'Sleep Apnea, Central', 'Endarteritis', 'Metabolic Side Effects of Drugs and Substances', 'Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional', 'AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections', 'Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined', 'Tuberculoma, Intracranial', 'Neurofibrosarcoma', 'Neuroectodermal Tumors', 'Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms', 'Sarcoma, Myeloid', 'Osteochondroma', 'Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms', 'Pallister-Hall Syndrome', 'Serositis', 'Periapical Diseases', 'Leg Length Inequality', 'Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases', 'Adenoma, Chromophobe', 'Cocaine-Related Disorders', 'Epiphyses, Slipped', 'Tracheal Neoplasms', 'Incisional Hernia', 'Hemopneumothorax', 'Fluorosis, Dental', 'Severe Acute Malnutrition', 'Factor X Deficiency', 'Xerophthalmia', 'Psittacosis', 'Malignant Hyperthermia', 'Marijuana Abuse', 'Disease Resistance', 'Mucopolysaccharidosis VI', 'Tumor Lysis Syndrome', 'Symptom Flare Up', 'Rubella Syndrome, Congenital', 'Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction', 'Dental Enamel Hypoplasia', 'Dyspnea, Paroxysmal', "Paget's Disease, Mammary", 'Oligospermia', 'Tuberculosis, Pleural', 'Leiomyomatosis', 'Retinal Drusen', 'Facial Neoplasms', 'Perinatal Death', 'Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions', 'Porphyrias, Hepatic', 'Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration', 'Lymphangioma, Cystic', 'Hypoaldosteronism', 'Elephantiasis', 'Laron Syndrome', 'Scimitar Syndrome', 'Ankylosis', 'Lymphangioleiomyomatosis', 'Pulmonary Eosinophilia', 'Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome', 'Heel Spur', 'Osteitis', 'Myxoma', 'Jaundice, Neonatal', 'Nevus, Halo', 'Neurocysticercosis', 'Hamman-Rich Syndrome', 'Monkey Diseases', 'Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated', 'Hypophosphatemia, Familial', 'Plasmacytoma', 'Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome', 'Steatorrhea', 'Anus Neoplasms', 'Epidural Abscess', 'Glycogen Storage Disease Type IIb', 'Alexia, Pure', 'Substance Abuse, Oral', 'HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome', 'Hyperargininemia', 'Ascariasis', 'Atrial Premature Complexes', 'Food Hypersensitivity', 'Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating', 'Lipidoses', 'Phantom Limb', 'Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome', 'Hearing Loss, Unilateral', 'Leukemia, Hairy Cell', 'Middle Lobe Syndrome', 'Urethral Obstruction', 'Infarction, Anterior Cerebral Artery', 'Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal', 'Hypertensive Encephalopathy', 'Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse', 'Rectovaginal Fistula', 'Retrobulbar Hemorrhage', 'Mandibular Diseases', 'Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular', 'Citrullinemia', 'Sinoatrial Block', 'Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant', 'Anemia, Hypochromic', 'Paracoccidioidomycosis', 'Adenosarcoma', 'Nails, Malformed', 'Toxemia', 'Embolism, Cholesterol', 'Blue Toe Syndrome', 'Glycogen Storage Disease Type III', 'Infectious Mononucleosis', 'Echogenic Bowel', 'Hemothorax', 'Abortion, Septic', 'Antley-Bixler Syndrome Phenotype', 'Hypersplenism', 'Genital Neoplasms, Male', 'Eye Neoplasms', 'Scheuermann Disease', 'Hypercementosis', 'Brain Stem Hemorrhage, Traumatic', 'Genetic Predisposition to Disease', 'Autonomic Dysreflexia', 'Elephantiasis, Filarial', 'Anuria', 'Prehypertension', 'Brachydactyly', 'Thrombasthenia', 'Afibrinogenemia', 'Adenomyosis', 'Leukemic Infiltration', 'Granulosa Cell Tumor', 'Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy', 'Fallopian Tube Neoplasms', 'Alkalosis, Respiratory', 'Acidosis, Respiratory', 'Diastasis, Bone', 'Tooth Ankylosis', 'Cysts', 'Tetraploidy', 'Syringoma', 'Neurodermatitis', 'Pneumonia of Calves, Enzootic', 'Entropion', 'Ophthalmoplegia, Chronic Progressive External', 'Actinomycosis', 'Asthenozoospermia', 'Mouth, Edentulous', 'Laurence-Moon Syndrome', 'Buruli Ulcer', 'Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant', 'Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative', 'Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile', 'Laryngitis', 'Granuloma Annulare', 'Hookworm Infections', 'Toxoplasmosis, Congenital', 'POEMS Syndrome', 'Choroid Plexus Neoplasms', 'Hereditary Sensory and Motor Neuropathy', 'Retrognathia', 'Urticaria Pigmentosa', 'Leprosy, Lepromatous', 'Dermatomycoses', 'Cone-Rod Dystrophies', 'Thoracic Neoplasms', 'Enchondromatosis', 'Paramyxoviridae Infections', 'Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous', 'Neuralgia, Postherpetic', 'Cryptorchidism', 'Tubular Sweat Gland Adenomas', 'Acute Febrile Encephalopathy', 'Empyema, Pleural', 'Fetal Nutrition Disorders', 'Adenoma, Liver Cell', 'Granuloma, Foreign-Body', 'Leber Congenital Amaurosis', 'Vaccinia', 'Spherocytosis, Hereditary', 'Reticulocytosis', 'Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia', 'Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating', 'Myelinolysis, Central Pontine', 'Syphilis', 'Ectoparasitic Infestations', 'Lipodystrophy, Congenital Generalized', 'Myoclonic Epilepsy, Juvenile', 'Pulmonary Infarction', 'Talipes', 'Cystinuria', 'Foramen Ovale, Patent', 'Chorioamnionitis', 'Leukostasis', 'Vulvodynia', 'Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis', 'Ureteral Calculi', 'Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive', 'Ulnar Neuropathies', 'Abetalipoproteinemia', 'Tooth Abnormalities', 'Organophosphate Poisoning', 'Acrospiroma', 'Thrombocytopenia, Neonatal Alloimmune', 'Angina Pectoris, Variant', 'Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction', 'Glossitis', 'Lichen Planus', 'Adenoviridae Infections', 'Amnesia, Retrograde', 'Kallmann Syndrome', 'Glycogen Storage Disease', 'Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors', 'Malignant Catarrh', 'Bezoars', 'Oropharyngeal Neoplasms', 'Aniridia', 'Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome', 'Pancreatitis, Alcoholic', 'T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive', 'Emergence Delirium', 'Eye Diseases, Hereditary', 'Pyomyositis', 'Glycosuria, Renal', 'Myelodysplastic-Myeloproliferative Diseases', 'Vaginosis, Bacterial', 'Emergencies', 'Mononeuropathies', 'Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular', 'Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor', 'Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis', 'Erythroblastosis, Fetal', 'Trisomy 13 Syndrome', 'Vocal Cord Paralysis', 'Morton Neuroma', 'Tarlov Cysts', 'Bulimia', 'Genu Varum', 'Tachycardia, Sinoatrial Nodal Reentry', 'Laryngeal Diseases', 'Diffuse Axonal Injury', 'Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis', 'Propionic Acidemia', 'Brachial Plexus Neuritis', 'Choroidal Effusions', 'Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System', 'Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica', 'Tracheitis', 'Cytomegalovirus Retinitis', 'Carney Complex', 'Syringomyelia', 'Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms', 'Anomalous Left Coronary Artery', 'Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency', 'Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood', 'Prosthesis Failure', 'Megacolon, Toxic', 'War-Related Injuries', 'Exanthema Subitum', 'Myoepithelioma', 'Caliciviridae Infections', 'Bone Demineralization, Pathologic', 'HIV Enteropathy', 'Lymphadenopathy', 'Epistaxis', 'Hand-Foot Syndrome', 'Vascular Neoplasms', 'Dental Occlusion, Traumatic', 'Ganglioglioma', 'Pancreatitis, Acute Hemorrhagic', 'Severe Combined Immunodeficiency', 'Parotid Diseases', 'Abscess', 'Gonadoblastoma', 'Fraser Syndrome', 'Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile', 'Taeniasis', 'Blast Injuries', 'Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous', 'Chlamydial Pneumonia', 'Peritonsillar Abscess', 'Sarcoma, Synovial', 'Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous', 'Pityriasis', 'Hydroa Vacciniforme', 'Environmental Illness', 'Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion', 'Chlamydophila Infections', 'Ganglion Cysts', 'Hyperesthesia', 'Anus Diseases', 'Tangier Disease', 'Optic Nerve Glioma', 'Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia', 'Pregnancy, Tubal', 'Acatalasia', 'Pectus Carinatum', 'Leukemoid Reaction', 'Osteolysis, Essential', 'Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus', 'Corneal Ulcer', 'Otosclerosis', 'Neuroma', 'Corneal Injuries', 'Pathologic Processes', 'Arteriosclerosis Obliterans', 'Mesonephroma', 'Hantavirus Infections', 'Hyperventilation', 'Leriche Syndrome', 'Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome', 'Osteitis Deformans', 'Dyssomnias', 'Brown-Sequard Syndrome', 'Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome', 'Barotrauma', 'Needlestick Injuries', 'Tuberculosis, Urogenital', 'Thromboangiitis Obliterans', 'Ectopia Cordis', 'Pain, Procedural', 'Brain Contusion', 'Trematode Infections', 'Photosensitivity Disorders', 'Nondisjunction, Genetic', 'Oxyuriasis', 'Subphrenic Abscess', 'Aneurysm, Infected', 'Degloving Injuries', 'Tertiary Lymphoid Structures', 'Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca', 'Fibromatosis, Aggressive', 'Cystadenoma, Serous', 'Cystadenoma, Mucinous', 'Tricuspid Atresia', 'Urinary Fistula', 'Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome', 'Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive', 'HTLV-I Infections', 'Truncus Arteriosus, Persistent', 'Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections', 'Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome', 'Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction', 'Stomatitis, Aphthous', 'Rupture, Spontaneous', 'Necrobiosis Lipoidica', 'Porokeratosis', 'Balanitis', 'Phimosis', 'Hepatitis D, Chronic', 'Fibrocystic Breast Disease', 'Mental Retardation, X-Linked', 'Ancylostomiasis', 'Maternal Death', 'Acanthamoeba Keratitis', 'Arsenic Poisoning', 'Scleroderma, Diffuse', 'Post-Lyme Disease Syndrome', 'Teratocarcinoma', 'Silver-Russell Syndrome', 'Sublingual Gland Neoplasms', 'Hemianopsia', 'Trypanosomiasis', 'Kidney Papillary Necrosis', 'Megalencephaly', 'Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic', 'Tuberculosis, Lymph Node', 'Mycetoma', 'Loeys-Dietz Syndrome', 'Pregnancy, Angular', 'Infectious Encephalitis', 'Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome', 'Genital Diseases, Female', 'Leukomalacia, Periventricular', 'Pneumorrhachis', 'Head Injuries, Closed', 'Muir-Torre Syndrome', 'Border Disease', 'Craniofacial Dysostosis', 'Hyperglycinemia, Nonketotic', 'Feline Panleukopenia', 'Lymphogranuloma Venereum', 'Locked-In Syndrome', 'Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms', 'Frostbite', 'Vesicular Stomatitis', 'Carcinoma, Verrucous', 'Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases', 'Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis', 'Bernard-Soulier Syndrome', 'Bone Diseases, Endocrine', 'Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium', 'Cracked Tooth Syndrome', "Bowen's Disease", 'Fibroadenoma', 'Fetal Death', 'Retinopathy of Prematurity', 'Trichuriasis', 'Renal Colic', 'Nevus, Pigmented', 'Ileal Diseases', 'Unilateral Breast Neoplasms', 'Bone Cysts, Aneurysmal', 'Giant Cell Tumors', 'Strongyloidiasis', 'Stupor', 'Ehrlichiosis', 'Necrolytic Migratory Erythema', 'ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction', 'Proctocolitis', 'Vascular Ring', 'Vasoplegia', 'Staghorn Calculi', 'Dermatitis, Irritant', 'Pancoast Syndrome', '46, XX Testicular Disorders of Sex Development', 'MPTP Poisoning', 'Hemosiderosis', 'Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy', 'Susac Syndrome', 'Sneddon Syndrome', 'Pseudophakia', 'Skull Fractures', 'Goiter, Substernal', 'Spondylarthritis', 'Lymphangiectasis, Intestinal', 'Fibroma, Desmoplastic', 'Flavivirus Infections', 'Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar', 'Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease', 'Keratoacanthoma', 'Univentricular Heart', 'Lipomatosis', 'Anorectal Malformations', 'Overnutrition', 'Protozoan Infections', 'Pruritus Ani', 'Protein C Deficiency', 'Urachal Cyst', 'Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid', 'Neoplasm Recurrence, Local', 'Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome', 'Insomnia, Fatal Familial', 'Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic', 'Anemia, Pernicious', 'Tuberculosis, Hepatic', 'Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic', 'Prune Belly Syndrome', 'Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome', 'Clubfoot', 'Hip Contracture', 'Cysticercosis', 'Prolapse', 'Port-Wine Stain', 'Carcinoma, Bronchogenic', 'Keratoconus', 'Splenic Rupture', 'Pain, Intractable', 'Shoulder Pain', 'Chondroblastoma', 'Accessory Atrioventricular Bundle', 'Foot-and-Mouth Disease', 'Encephalomalacia', 'Abdominal Neoplasms', 'Cone Dystrophy', 'Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome', 'Enterocolitis, Neutropenic', 'Sialorrhea', 'Retinal Dysplasia', 'Neuroectodermal Tumor, Melanotic', 'Weill-Marchesani Syndrome', 'Margins of Excision', 'Myositis Ossificans', 'Macroglossia', 'Canaliculitis', 'Anencephaly', 'Slit Ventricle Syndrome', 'Polydipsia, Psychogenic', 'Reproductive Tract Infections', 'Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal', 'Steroid Metabolism, Inborn Errors', 'Peritoneal Diseases', 'HIV Wasting Syndrome', 'Sprains and Strains', 'Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute', 'Airway Remodeling', 'Endometrial Stromal Tumors', 'Uterine Neoplasms', 'Adenomyoepithelioma', 'Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome', 'Tachycardia, Paroxysmal', 'Rheumatoid Vasculitis', 'Classical Lissencephalies and Subcortical Band Heterotopias', 'Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome', 'Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis', 'Limbic Encephalitis', 'Aphasia, Conduction', 'Impotence, Vasculogenic', 'Yaws', 'Eccrine Porocarcinoma', 'Dermoid Cyst', 'Endocardial Fibroelastosis', 'Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I', 'Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease', 'Psychoses, Alcoholic', 'Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections', 'Corneal Neovascularization', 'Glucagonoma', 'High Pressure Neurological Syndrome', 'Lacerations', 'Non-Filarial Lymphedema', 'Aggressive Periodontitis', 'De Lange Syndrome', 'Tooth Migration', 'Exophthalmos', 'Blastomycosis', 'Cystinosis', 'Intestinal Polyps', 'Foreign-Body Reaction', 'Chromosome Breakage', 'Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome', 'Adenofibroma', 'Listeriosis', 'Lactose Intolerance', 'Meningeal Carcinomatosis', 'Acalculous Cholecystitis', 'WAGR Syndrome', 'Herpes Zoster Oticus', 'Lemierre Syndrome', 'Enteritis, Transmissible, of Turkeys', 'Coma, Post-Head Injury', 'Hydatidiform Mole', 'Livedo Reticularis', 'Asthma, Exercise-Induced', 'Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII', 'Cecal Diseases', 'Angiomyoma', 'Influenza, Human', 'Ileus', 'Mucopolysaccharidosis IV', 'Adenoma, Basophil', 'Porphyria, Acute Intermittent', 'Preleukemia', 'Dysentery, Bacillary', 'Wrist Injuries', 'Barrett Esophagus', 'Vesicovaginal Fistula', 'Carcinoid Heart Disease', 'Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome', 'Opium Dependence', 'Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma', 'Asthma, Aspirin-Induced', 'Lipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and Wiethe', 'Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell', 'Kernicterus', 'Neuroaspergillosis', 'Melioidosis', 'Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure', 'Acanthoma', 'Tick Paralysis', 'Maple Syrup Urine Disease', 'Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1', 'Trophoblastic Neoplasms', 'Leukemia, Prolymphocytic', 'Amnesia, Transient Global', 'Hyperamylasemia', 'Myotonic Disorders', 'Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma', 'Necrobiotic Disorders', 'Rickets', 'Larva Migrans', 'Silicotuberculosis', 'Orbital Cellulitis', 'Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic', 'Otitis Media, Suppurative', 'Mastodynia', 'Massive Hepatic Necrosis', 'Geographic Atrophy', 'Bone Marrow Neoplasms', 'Waardenburg Syndrome', 'Empty Sella Syndrome', 'Monckeberg Medial Calcific Sclerosis', 'Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary', 'Crigler-Najjar Syndrome', 'Respiratory Tract Neoplasms', 'Articulation Disorders', 'Jejunal Diseases', 'Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathies', 'Peliosis Hepatis', 'Mouth Abnormalities', 'Gastrinoma', 'Thymus Hyperplasia', 'Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced', 'Pelvic Infection', 'Febrile Neutropenia', 'Adnexal Diseases', 'Platybasia', 'Duodenitis', 'Chondromatosis', 'Nasal Septal Perforation', 'Abortion, Veterinary', 'Henipavirus Infections', 'Ciliary Motility Disorders', 'Heart Aneurysm', 'Cadmium Poisoning', 'Maxillary Diseases', 'Branchio-Oto-Renal Syndrome', 'Glycogen Storage Disease Type I', 'Pouchitis', 'Thyroiditis, Subacute', 'Otitis Media with Effusion', 'Mediastinitis', 'Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency', 'Adenomatoid Tumor', 'Central Nervous System Venous Angioma', 'Hypertrichosis', 'Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear', 'Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation', 'Hypoprothrombinemias', 'Sheep Diseases', 'Tracheoesophageal Fistula', 'Trigeminal Nerve Diseases', 'Acidosis, Renal Tubular', 'Angelman Syndrome', 'Syphilis, Congenital', 'Pericarditis, Constrictive', 'Isaacs Syndrome', 'Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular', 'Paralysis, Obstetric', 'MELAS Syndrome', 'MERRF Syndrome', 'Polychondritis, Relapsing', 'Digital Dermatitis', 'Reye Syndrome', 'Cerebral Ventriculitis', 'Pyelitis', 'Trichiasis', 'Gynatresia', 'Asthma, Occupational', 'Vocal Cord Dysfunction', 'Latex Hypersensitivity', 'Narcotic-Related Disorders', 'Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous', 'Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant', 'Chondromalacia Patellae', 'Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular', 'Hyperoxaluria', 'Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome', 'Rhinitis, Atrophic', 'Amaurosis Fugax', 'Oral Submucous Fibrosis', 'Chilaiditi Syndrome', 'Duane Retraction Syndrome', 'Paratyphoid Fever', 'Trench Fever', 'Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne', 'Furcation Defects', 'Porphyria Cutanea Tarda', 'Urinary Bladder, Underactive', 'Scrapie', 'Myokymia', 'Retroviridae Infections', 'Mycosis Fungoides', 'Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic', 'Erysipeloid', 'Sweet Syndrome', 'Felty Syndrome', 'Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial', 'Smear Layer', 'Endolymphatic Hydrops', 'Glossalgia', 'Epilepsy, Rolandic', 'Krukenberg Tumor', 'Walker-Warburg Syndrome', 'Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis', 'Adrenal Gland Diseases', 'Body Remains', 'Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome', 'Heroin Dependence', 'Serratia Infections', 'Thyroid Crisis', 'Vibrio Infections', 'Hemoglobinuria', 'Retropharyngeal Abscess', 'Petrositis', 'Hyperpituitarism', 'Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System', 'Colorado Tick Fever', 'Diastasis, Muscle', 'Focal Infection, Dental', 'Wasting Disease, Chronic', 'Hypobetalipoproteinemias', 'Ganglioneuroblastoma', 'Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III', 'Nuchal Cord', 'Craniomandibular Disorders', 'Anaplasia', 'Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue', 'Genital Diseases, Male', 'Myoglobinuria', 'Myocardial Bridging', 'Dysentery, Amebic', 'Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction', 'Choroid Hemorrhage', 'Yersinia Infections', 'Adenocarcinoma, Papillary', 'Triploidy', 'Vaginal Diseases', 'Adamantinoma', 'Cherubism', 'Nicolau Syndrome', 'Nesidioblastosis', 'Heartburn', 'Neurocutaneous Syndromes', 'Alcohol-Related Disorders', 'Postphlebitic Syndrome', 'Hemobilia', 'Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse', 'Pilomatrixoma', 'Paraparesis, Spastic', 'Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage', 'Agenesis of Corpus Callosum', 'Gardner Syndrome', 'Salivary Gland Calculi', 'Ichthyosis Bullosa of Siemens', 'Mumps', 'Salivary Duct Calculi', 'Measles', 'Phyllodes Tumor', 'Neoplasms, Fibroepithelial', 'Nephroma, Mesoblastic', 'Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia', 'Ergotism', 'Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis', 'Gangliosidoses', 'Embolism and Thrombosis', 'Radiation Injuries, Experimental', 'Periarthritis', 'Arthritis, Reactive', 'Aphonia', 'Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic', 'Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage', 'Sunstroke', 'Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies', 'Kashin-Beck Disease', 'Tuberculosis, Miliary', 'Microstomia', 'Ectodermal Dysplasia 1, Anhidrotic', 'Croup', 'Cystadenocarcinoma', 'Swayback', 'Torsion Abnormality', 'Salpingitis', 'Pasteurella Infections', 'Leukemia L1210', 'Spasms, Infantile', 'Ileitis', 'Abdominal Abscess', 'Histiocytosis, Sinus', 'Leukocyte Disorders', 'Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome', 'Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy', 'Mallory-Weiss Syndrome', 'Blast Crisis', 'Leukoedema, Oral', 'Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary', 'Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis', 'Hyaline Membrane Disease', 'Visceral Prolapse', 'Mirizzi Syndrome', 'Dermatitis, Photoallergic', 'Pseudolymphoma', 'Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors', 'Postgastrectomy Syndromes', 'Eye Hemorrhage', 'Vascular Headaches', 'Uterine Cervical Diseases', 'Musculoskeletal Abnormalities', 'Plague', 'Dermatitis, Occupational', 'Cementoma', 'Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor', 'Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Interdigitating', 'Cocarcinogenesis', 'Herpes Genitalis', 'Idiopathic Hypersomnia', 'Neisseriaceae Infections', 'Meningitis, Escherichia coli', 'Anovulation', 'Neoplasms by Histologic Type', 'Transfusion Reaction', 'Choledochal Cyst', 'Neoplasms, Unknown Primary', 'Lymphangitis', 'Mixed Tumor, Malignant', 'Skull Fracture, Depressed', 'Scurvy', 'Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal', 'Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic', 'Carcinoma, Giant Cell', 'Pericarditis, Tuberculous', 'Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute', 'Tooth Demineralization', 'Treponemal Infections', 'HELLP Syndrome', 'Periostitis', 'Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative', 'Panniculitis, Peritoneal', 'Histiocytosis', 'Zellweger Syndrome', 'Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous', 'Anal Gland Neoplasms', 'Chromoblastomycosis', 'Porphyrias', 'Entamoebiasis', 'Favism', 'Vertebral Artery Dissection', 'Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma', 'Dermatitis, Toxicodendron', 'Spinal Curvatures', 'Elbow Tendinopathy', 'Noonan Syndrome', 'Lymphatic Vessel Tumors', 'Mannosidase Deficiency Diseases', 'Arachnodactyly', 'Staphylococcal Skin Infections', 'Anemia, Dyserythropoietic, Congenital', 'Tuberculosis, Cutaneous', 'Syphilis, Cardiovascular', 'Gestational Weight Gain', 'Sex Chromosome Disorders of Sex Development', 'Melanoma, Amelanotic', 'Hemangioma, Capillary', 'Cystadenoma', 'Leukemia, Mast-Cell', 'Carcinoma, Medullary', 'Maxillofacial Abnormalities', 'Hypersensitivity, Immediate', 'Chromosome Duplication', 'Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex', 'Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials', 'Sarcoma, Alveolar Soft Part', 'Choroid Neoplasms', 'Tracheal Stenosis', 'Skull Neoplasms', 'Spermatocele', 'Angiokeratoma', 'Vascular Fistula', 'Vaginal Fistula', 'Burkholderia Infections', 'Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor', 'Ape Diseases', 'Arthropathy, Neurogenic', 'Erythromelalgia', 'Mucopolysaccharidoses', 'Hemangiopericytoma', 'Dysostoses', 'Tuberculosis, Ocular', 'Parvoviridae Infections', 'Histiocytic Sarcoma', 'Adenomatosis, Pulmonary', 'Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent', 'Uveal Neoplasms', 'Ureterolithiasis', 'Blepharophimosis', 'Bartter Syndrome', 'Causalgia', 'Hydranencephaly', 'Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome', 'Ectromelia', 'Neurofibroma, Plexiform', 'Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome', 'Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome', 'Foot Deformities, Congenital', 'Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous', 'Tetrasomy', 'Carcinoma, Lewis Lung', 'Donohue Syndrome', 'Mast-Cell Sarcoma', 'Proteus Syndrome', 'Slow Virus Diseases', 'Kleine-Levin Syndrome', 'Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic', "Ludwig's Angina", 'Factor V Deficiency', 'Nystagmus, Congenital', 'Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome', 'Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome', 'Carotid Body Tumor', 'REM Sleep Parasomnias', 'Gastric Fistula', 'Adrenocortical Adenoma', 'Open Bite', 'Neoplasm Seeding', 'Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular', 'Jaw Cysts', 'Eisenmenger Complex', 'Central Nervous System Fungal Infections', 'Bland White Garland Syndrome', 'Hyperekplexia', 'Echinococcosis, Hepatic', 'Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative', 'Apudoma', 'Rhabdomyoma', 'Chromosome Fragility', 'Optic Atrophies, Hereditary', 'Tyrosinemias', 'Erythroplasia', 'Campomelic Dysplasia', 'Cat Diseases', 'Rumination Syndrome', 'Endoleak', 'Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine', 'Ephemeral Fever', 'Chagas Cardiomyopathy', 'Giant Cell Tumor of Bone', 'Syndactyly', 'Hemoperitoneum', 'Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome', 'Vascular Malformations', 'Leukemia, Myeloid, Accelerated Phase', 'Anemia, Myelophthisic', 'Sex Chromosome Aberrations', 'Intervertebral Disc Displacement', 'Hoarseness', 'Respiratory Tract Fistula', 'Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute', 'Incontinentia Pigmenti', 'Tracheobronchomalacia', 'Shellfish Poisoning', 'Odontogenic Cysts', 'Hydropneumothorax', 'Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath', 'Thecoma', 'Meningomyelocele', 'Bladder Exstrophy', 'Refsum Disease, Infantile', 'Cranial Nerve Neoplasms', 'Postcholecystectomy Syndrome', 'Hyperlysinemias', 'Rheumatoid Nodule', 'Hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Type 1', 'Talipes Cavus', 'Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts', 'alpha-Mannosidosis', 'Granulomatosis, Orofacial', 'Chills', 'Hydrothorax', 'Pyonephrosis', 'Esophageal Atresia', 'Dumping Syndrome', 'Wounds, Gunshot', 'Refsum Disease', 'Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease', 'Stomach Rupture', 'Albinism, Ocular', 'Antithrombin III Deficiency', 'Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid', 'Synkinesis', 'Lymphatic Abnormalities', 'Solitary Kidney', 'Immunoproliferative Disorders', 'Liver Diseases, Parasitic', 'Abdomen, Acute', 'Wolman Disease', 'Uterine Cervical Dysplasia', 'Hemoglobin C Disease', 'Shock, Traumatic', 'Nevus, Epithelioid and Spindle Cell', 'Prurigo', 'Ototoxicity']
Pick a random node key, say AHR:
node = nodes['AHR']
print(type(node))
print(len(node))
<class 'list'>
1
So each node is a list of length 1. What’s in that?
type(node[0])
dict
Another dictionary. Let’s get the keys:
print(node[0].keys())
dict_keys(['entity', 'type', 'PMID', 'official full name', 'sentence', 'numbers of articles', 'JT', 'TA', 'IF', 'IF5', 'year', 'date', 'alias names', 'description', 'url', 'mutation position', 'mutation alleles', 'MeSH ID', 'relation', 'external links', 'aging biomarker', 'longevity biomarker'])
for k in node[0].keys():
print(f"{k}: {node[0][k]}")
entity: AHR
type: Gene
PMID: ['33923487', '30716515', '25777082', '33233417', '28633424', '32939877', '24106308', '31640697', '26790370', '25110076', '29102224', '32915475', '32183254', '23406155', '24495120', '18975255', '28057405', '27363826', '33669008', '15592584', '33866778', '23555298', '32965514', '23614742', '32414118', '26857571', '25186463', '30626868', '25680693', '28526404', '34685709', '33527709', '31001893', '33592460', '29908909', '35766906', '36159806', '17070097', '31391494']
official full name: aryl hydrocarbon receptor
sentence: [['The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor deeply implicated in health and diseases.', 'Historically identified as a sensor of xenobiotics and mainly toxic substances, AhR has recently become an emerging pharmacological target in cancer, immunology, inflammatory conditions, and aging.', 'Multiple AhR ligands are recognized, with plant occurring flavonoids being the largest group of natural ligands of AhR in the human diet.', 'The biological implications of the modulatory effects of flavonoids on AhR could be highlighted from a toxicological and environmental concern and for the possible pharmacological applicability.', 'Similar to other AhR modulators, flavonoids commonly exhibit tissue, organ, and species-specific activities on AhR.', 'Flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavones are the main subclasses of flavonoids reported as AhR modulators.', 'Some of the structural features of these groups of flavonoids that could be influencing their AhR effects are herein summarized.', 'However, limited generalizations, as well as few outright structure-activity relationships can be suggested on the AhR agonism and/or antagonism caused by flavonoids.'], ['Our literature review confirmed that these chemicals may disturb thyroid hormones homeostasis, activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and induce oxidative stress, which in turn may initiate a chain of events resulting in impairment of cochlea and hearing loss.'], ['In this view point, we (i) summarize the existing evidence to support a role of environmental toxicants other than UVR in the pathogenesis of EILs, (ii) we argue that activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signalling by UVR and environmental toxicants is critically involved in triggering and sustaining a crosstalk between melanocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, which then causes the development and persistence of EILs in human skin, and (iii) we discuss clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of EILs resulting from this concept.'], ['Gene pathway analysis unveiled gene networks involved in the regulation of various cellular functions, including acute response to oxidative stress via up-regulation of antioxidative gene transcripts controlled by nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (NRF2), and up-regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-controlled detoxifying gene transcripts.'], ['This invitro model maintains a stable phenotype over multiple weeks in both 96- and 384-well formats, supports highly reproducible tissue-like architectures and models pharmacologically- and environmentally important hepatic receptor pathways (ie AhR, CAR, and PXR) analogous to primary human hepatocyte cultures.'], ['Beside activation of AHR-NRF2 pathway in CS-exposed HSE, our results suggested that mitochondrial functions were strongly impacted and oxidized lipids failed to be eliminated promoting skin barrier alteration.'], ['We found that AhR activity and protein levels in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, cells vulnerable in AMD, decrease with age.'], ['GLK overexpression selectively promotes IL-17A transcription by inducing the AhR-RORgammat complex in T cells.'], ['The ubiquitously expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) induces drug metabolizing enzymes as well as regulators of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis.', 'Certain AhR ligands promote atherosclerosis, an age-associated vascular disease.', 'Therefore, we investigated the role of AhR in vascular functionality and aging.', 'Ex vivo, AhR activation reduced the migratory capacity of primary human endothelial cells.', 'AhR overexpression as well as treatment with a receptor ligand, impaired eNOS activation and reduced S-NO content.', 'Furthermore, AhR expression in blood cells of healthy human volunteers positively correlated with vessel stiffness.', 'Thus, AhR seems to have a negative impact on vascular and organismal aging.', 'Finally, our data from human subjects suggest that AhR expression levels could serve as an additional, new predictor of vessel aging.'], ['We studied the effect of melatonin on gene mRNA for the AhR and Nrf2 signal pathways.'], ['FICZ is well known as a high-affinity ligand for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR).', 'The actions of FICZ on the TGF-beta-mediated collagen I expression and nuclear translocation of pSmad2/3 were analyzed in the presence of selective AHR antagonists or in AHR-knockdown NHDFs.', 'The inhibitory actions of FICZ on the TGF-beta-mediated collagen I expression and nuclear translocation of pSmad2/3 were independent of AHR signaling.', 'Another endogenous AHR agonist, kynurenine, also inhibited the TGF-beta-mediated ACTA2 and collagen I upregulation in NHDFs in an AHR-independent manner; however, its effects were insignificant in comparison with those of FICZ.'], ['Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to determine if particulate matter caused activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and phosphorylation of histone H2AX, a known marker of double-strand DNA breaks.', 'Particulate matter was found to dose-dependently increase cellular viability, activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, increase double-strand DNA breaks, and increase the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and TGFbeta.'], ['On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) participates in the inflammatory response.', "However, there is no information concerning the behavior and participation of AHR in the human aging brain or in Alzheimer's disease (AD).", 'We evaluated the expression of AHR in human hippocampal post-mortem tissue and its association with reactive astrocytes by immunohistochemistry.', 'The levels of AHR and glial fibrillar acid protein were higher in elder than in young post-mortem brain samples.', 'We found higher serum levels of AHR in AD patients than in the other participants.'], ['New molecular mechanisms linking sun and environmental factors to skin ageing have been identified: IR affects mitochondrial integrity and specific heat receptors also mediate some of its effects, tryptophan is a chromophore for UVB, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is activated by light and xenobiotics to alter skin physiology.'], ['Owing, in part, to the ability of xenobiotic ligands to have persistent effects on the immune system in experimental animals, there has been much work to define a physiological role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its relationship to human disease.'], ['Expression levels of several oxidoreductase transcripts were strongly induced, most prominent CYP1A1, known to be regulated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway.'], ["RESULTS: Our candidate study found a significant association between SNP rs2066853 in exon 10 of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene AHR and crow's feet."], ['Mechanisms, which EDCs use to induce these skin disorders are complicated, and involve the interference of endogenous hormones and most importantly the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signal pathway.'], ['Examples include immunomodulation and changes in catecholamine production by histone deacetylase inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects through activity on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and involvement in protein misfolding.'], ['In this article, studies which provide evidence as to the possible mechanisms by which the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) acts in this capacity (i.e.', 'Based on findings that the AhR is evolutionarily conserved and necessary for normal fertility, we suggest that the AhR has not only a pathological but also a physiological role in the process of aging.', 'Studies of realistic lifelong AhR activation by dioxins on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and its impact on the transition to reproductive senescence in the aging female are a previously neglected area of research that warrants further consideration.'], ['BACKGROUND: High circulating levels of dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals, acting via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), have previously been linked to diabetes.', 'We now investigated whether the serum AhR ligands (AhRL) were higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in subjects who had developed a worsened glucose tolerance over time.', 'CONCLUSION: These findings support a large body of epidemiologic evidence that exposure to AhR transactivating substances, such as dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals, might be involved in the pathogenesis of MetS and diabetes development.'], ['Differential analysis found networks mimicking developmental processes (activated all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA, Z-score = 4.5; P = 6 x 10(-13)) and inhibited aryl-hydrocarbon receptor signaling (AhR, Z-score = -2.3; P = 3 x 10(-7))) with RET.', 'Intriguingly, as ATRA and AhR gene-sets were also a feature of endurance exercise training (EET), they appear to represent "generic" physical activity responsive gene-networks.'], ['Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a cytoplasmic ligand-activated transcription factor involved in multiple cellular processes.', 'Tryptophan metabolites as ligands can activate AHR signaling in various diseases such as inflammation, oxidative stress injury, cancer, aging-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and chronic kidney diseases (CKD).', 'Accumulated uremic toxins in the body fluids of CKD patients activate AHR and affect disease progression.'], ['Tobacco smoke contains more than 3800 constituents, including numerous water-insoluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that trigger aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signalling pathways.', 'To clarify the involvement of the AhR pathway, we used a stable AhR-knockdown HaCaT cell line.', 'AhR knockdown abolished the increased transcription of the AhR-dependent genes CYP1A1/CYP1B1 and MMP-1 induced by either of the tobacco smoke extracts.', 'Furthermore, the tobacco smoke extracts induced 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, which was almost completely abolished by AhR knockdown.', 'Likewise, treating fibroblasts with AhR pathway inhibitors, that is, the flavonoids 3-methoxy-4-nitroflavone and alpha-naphthoflavone, blocked the expression of CYP1B1 and MMP-1.', 'These findings suggest that the tobacco smoke extracts induce MMP-1 expression in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes via activation of the AhR pathway.', 'Thus, the AhR pathway may be pathogenetically involved in extrinsic skin ageing.'], ['We found that resveratrol inhibited PM-induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and reactive oxygen species formation in keratinocytes.'], ['Finally, kynurenines represent known ligands of the mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and UPEC infection of Ahr(-/-)mice recapitulated the derepressed PMN recruitment observed previously in Ido1(-/-)mice.'], ['Consistent with our in vivo observations, AhR knock-down was sufficient to increase choroidal endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro.', 'Moreover, AhR knock-down caused an increase in collagen type IV production and secretion in both retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and choroidal endothelial cell cultures, increased expression of angiogenic and inflammatory molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in RPE cells, and increased expression of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) in choroidal endothelial cells.', 'Collectively, our findings identify AhR as a regulator of multiple pathogenic pathways in experimentally induced choroidal neovascularization, findings that are consistent with a possible role of AhR in wet AMD.'], ['We demonstrate that UroA and UAS03 exert their barrier functions through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent pathways to upregulate epithelial tight junction proteins.'], ['Because some phytochemicals exert their antioxidant activity by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), leading to subsequent induction of the antioxidant pathway including nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), we investigated whether Cyn also activates the AhR-Nrf2-Nqo1 pathway.', 'Cyn indeed induced the activation (nuclear translocation) of AhR, leading to nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and dose-dependent upregulation of Nrf2 and Nqo1 mRNAs in human keratinocytes.', 'The Cyn-induced AhR-Nrf2-Nqo1 activation was AhR- and Nrf2-dependent, as demonstrated by the observation that it was absent in keratinocytes transfected by siRNA against either AhR or Nrf2.'], ['Principally, SRM1649b facilitated Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) translocated into nucleus, subsequently activated ERK/MAPK signaling pathway, and upregulated aging-related genes expression.', 'Most important, we found that AhR antagonist efficiently revert the aging of skin cells.'], ['In recent years, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has been considered to be involved in aging phenotypes across several species.', 'Interestingly, many studies have implicated AhR signaling pathways in the aging process and longevity across several species.', 'This review provides an overview of the impact of AhR pathways on various aging hallmarks in the brain and the implications for AhR signaling as a mechanism in regulating aging-related diseases of the brain.', 'We also explore how the nature of AhR ligands determines the outcomes of several signaling pathways in brain aging processes.'], ['Also, damaging the skin barrier seems to be closely related to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of oxidative stress, activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and inflammatory cytokines.'], ['Cytotoxic effects, activation of AhR, phosphorylation of p38 kinase and ROS generation were examined in PM-treated HaCaT cells.'], ['oxidative potential, inflammatory potential, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activity, and DNA-damage, were measured.', 'The AhR activity was dominated by open burning, followed by vehicle exhaust and NapSOA.'], ['We investigated (i) incidence and prevalence of eczema in elderly women, (ii) its association with long-term TRAP exposure and (iii) the effect modification by AHR polymorphism rs2066853.'], ['Expression of four genes (aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AHR], CD27, CD28, and interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha [IL2RA; CD25]) in T cells was associated with frailty, independent of age.'], ['Here, we review the elements that affect how tryptophan metabolism is regulated, including inflammation and stress, exercise, vitamins, minerals, diet and gut microbes, glucocorticoids, and aging, as well as the downstream regulatory effects of tryptophan metabolism, including the regulation of glutamate (Glu), immunity, G-protein coupled receptor 35 (Gpr35), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and dopamine (DA).'], ['The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a ligand activated transcription factor which regulates biological responses to a variety of environmental pollutants, such as dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD) and cigarette smoke.', 'A role of the AHR in mediating these events is indicated by the observations that the TCDD and CSC-induced decreases in p15(INK4b), p16(INK4a) and p53 expression was accompanied by a corresponding increase in the expression levels of the AHR target gene, CYP1A1.', "In addition, cotreatment with the AHR antagonist, 3'-methoxy-4'-nitroflavone (MNF) blocked the effects of TCDD and CSC on p53 and CYP1A1 expression."], ['The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is expressed by immune cells and binds numerous xenobiotics.', 'Given that coordinated shifts in T cell metabolism are essential for T cell responses to numerous challenges, and that humans are constantly exposed to many different types of AHR ligands, this has far-reaching implications for how AHR signaling, particularly during development, durably influences T cell mediated immune responses across the lifespan.']]
numbers of articles: 39
JT: ['Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Environmental research', 'Experimental dermatology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Journal of biomedical science', 'Scientific reports', 'Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine', 'Journal of dermatological science', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Planta medica', 'Journal of dermatological science', 'Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders', 'Nutrients', 'Reproductive biology', 'Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)', 'PLoS genetics', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'Experimental dermatology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Infection and immunity', 'The Journal of pathology', 'Nature communications', 'Toxicology letters', 'Biochemical and biophysical research communications', 'Cells', 'Dermatologic therapy', 'Experimental dermatology', 'The Science of the total environment', 'International journal of hygiene and environmental health', 'British journal of haematology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Oral oncology', 'Scientific reports']
TA: ['Molecules', 'Environ Res', 'Exp Dermatol', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Toxicol Sci', 'Exp Dermatol', 'Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A', 'J Biomed Sci', 'Sci Rep', 'Bull Exp Biol Med', 'J Dermatol Sci', 'FASEB J', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Cosmet Sci', 'Ann N Y Acad Sci', 'Planta Med', 'J Dermatol Sci', 'Rev Endocr Metab Disord', 'Nutrients', 'Reprod Biol', 'Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)', 'PLoS Genet', 'Cell Mol Life Sci', 'Exp Dermatol', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Infect Immun', 'J Pathol', 'Nat Commun', 'Toxicol Lett', 'Biochem Biophys Res Commun', 'Cells', 'Dermatol Ther', 'Exp Dermatol', 'Sci Total Environ', 'Int J Hyg Environ Health', 'Br J Haematol', 'Front Immunol', 'Oral Oncol', 'Sci Rep']
IF: [0.0, 8.3, 3.6, 5.6, 3.8, 3.6, 11.1, 11.0, 0.0, 0.7, 0.0, 0.0, 5.6, 2.3, 0.0, 2.7, 0.0, 8.2, 5.9, 2.1, 0.0, 0.0, 8.0, 3.6, 5.6, 3.1, 7.3, 16.6, 3.5, 3.1, 6.0, 3.6, 3.6, 9.8, 6.0, 6.5, 7.3, 0.0, 0.0]
IF5: [0.0, 8.2, 3.7, 6.2, 4.3, 3.7, 12.0, 10.9, 0.0, 0.7, 0.0, 0.0, 6.2, 2.6, 0.0, 3.2, 0.0, 9.3, 6.6, 2.2, 0.0, 0.0, 8.7, 3.7, 6.2, 3.2, 7.5, 17.0, 3.8, 3.2, 6.7, 3.4, 3.7, 9.6, 6.2, 6.2, 8.0, 0.0, 0.0]
year: [2021, 2019, 2015, 2020, 2017, 2021, 2013, 2019, 2016, 2014, 2018, 2020, 2020, 2013, 2014, 2008, 2017, 2016, 2021, 2004, 2021, 2013, 2021, 2013, 2020, 2016, 2015, 2019, 2015, 2017, 2021, 2021, 2019, 2021, 2018, 2022, 2022, 2007, 2019]
date: [20210416, 20190401, 20150601, 20201121, 20170901, 20211101, 20131022, 20191022, 20160121, 20140801, 20180101, 20201101, 20200314, 20130601, 20140301, 20081101, 20170401, 20160901, 20210225, 20041101, 20210401, 20130301, 20210201, 20130501, 20200513, 20160401, 20150101, 20190109, 20150416, 20170701, 20211013, 20210301, 20190701, 20210615, 20180701, 20221001, 20220101, 20070801, 20190807]
alias names: RP85; bHLHe76
description: The protein encoded by this gene is a ligand-activated helix-loop-helix transcription factor involved in the regulation of biological responses to planar aromatic hydrocarbons.
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/196
mutation position:
mutation alleles:
MeSH ID:
relation: True
external links: [{'NCBI': {'NCBI_URL': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/196', 'NCBI_ID': '196'}}]
aging biomarker: True
longevity biomarker: False
So what does this tell us? These are annotations of the node that tell us:
The name of the entity (node)
What the type of the node is (a gene, in this case)
The official full name and alias names of the entity.
A URL to the official record of the entity.
A description of the entity.
Some entries tell us about the research papers that include information about the entity:
The number of articles that mention this entity
The PMID (pubmed identity) of the article that were used to get information about the entity. You can enter these numbers at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov to get the papers themselves.
A sentence containing the entity name from each of the articles.
The JT (journal title) TA (journal title abbreviation) of each article.
The IF (impact factor) and IF5 (five year impact factor) of each of the journals.
The year and date each of the articles was published.
Information about mutations: mutuation position and mutation alleles.
Some external links and the MeSH ID for the Medical Subject Headings database.
Whether the entity is an aging biomarker or a longenvity biomarker.
Let’s now look at one of the edges:
edgekeys = list(edges.keys())
edge = edges[edgekeys[50000]]
for k in edge.keys():
print(f"{k}: {edge[k]}")
source entity: Neck Pain
relationship: predict
target entity: Uterine Cervicitis
sentence: ['The only factor significantly predicting rotator cuff tendon tears was old age (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.09).In patients with shoulder or neck pain, no significant association existed between rotator cuff tendon tears and cervical foraminal stenosis (at the C5 and C6 levels).']
source: ['neck pain']
target: ['cervical foraminal stenosis']
source type: ['Disease']
target type: ['Disease']
PMID: ['30200155']
DP: ['2018 Sep']
date: [20180901]
TI: ['Cross-talk between shoulder and neck pain: an imaging study of association between rotator cuff tendon tears and cervical foraminal stenosis.']
TA: ['Medicine (Baltimore)']
IF: [1.6]
IF5: [1.9]
method: ['shortest path']
Perhaps the two key properties of the edge are the
source entity and target entity which specify the entity property of the nodes that the edge connects. Let us check that these exist
source_node = nodes[edge['source entity']]
print(source_node)
[{'entity': 'Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive', 'type': 'Disease', 'PMID': ['35758351', '35749794', '35744080', '35690768', '35655299', '35642183', '35643460', '35609226', '35604255', '35536064', '35534855', '35532589', '35501357', '35345479', '35303167', '35279314', '35279458', '35273027', '35272603', '35252447', '35241091', '35189900', '35165108', '35118641', '35114313', '35082306', '35063235', '35010919', '35002516', '35001332', '34979967', '34943963', '34943847', '34925327', '34914976', '34912578', '34906332', '34902448', '34888281', '34863159', '34850811', '34819432', '34788448', '34769017', '34767594', '34763018', '34757975', '34749325', '34744434', '34680058', '34677889', '34675127', '34666080', '34649490', '34605374', '34597264', '34588196', '34556072', '34530106', '34490189', '34483657', '34479482', '34473553', '34463851', '34459145', '34425308', '34423803', '34402330', '34397750', '34351502', '34340238', '34324449', '34321308', '34302051', '34281568', '34280980', '34275791', '34245173', '34232221', '34228742', '34184226', '34171698', '34155874', '34154556', '34139577', '34135057', '34131996', '34107140', '34064756', '34049472', '34048921', '34033525', '33977831', '33974614', '33970723', '33966640', '33959859', '33957924', '33955264', '33953829', '33951603', '33949625', '33949107', '33943038', '33924100', '33921355', '33907397', '33894254', '33887428', '33883893', '33883602', '33879282', '33879281', '33879098', '33830137', '33770623', '33761194', '33750334', '33745576', '33740910', '33730436', '33632282', '33619289', '33616021', '33608013', '33606395', '33602714', '33588797', '33573635', '33564944', '33544388', '33497795', '33493467', '33461161', '33455043', '33443234', '33435864', '33413835', '33408471', '33408200', '33394749', '33372936', '33370612', '33367471', '33361854', '33341525', '33340696', '33338874', '33334858', '33332880', '33327354', '33326912', '33321253', '33320184', '33315189', '33270588', '33253232', '33238739', '33219665', '33152053', '33146351', '33140837', '33140589', '33130799', '33116467', '33116459', '33115903', '33096219', '33061341', '33061350', '33051525', '33036598', '33036360', '33031829', '33020106', '33008306', '33008303', '33003138', '32997140', '32989812', '32966334', '32943193', '32920396', '32901066', '32894757', '32869264', '32862514', '32843054', '32843169', '32825845', '32814569', '32808825', '32806998', '32766998', '32747609', '32735939', '32710678', '32707029', '32689964', '32640394', '32633383', '32629502', '32610873', '32597100', '32588592', '32571228', '32541501', '32539764', '32534451', '32530031', '32527311', '32526187', '32507963', '32505011', '32501546', '32492533', '32482422', '32460521', '32459632', '32456757', '32434349', '32433675', '32411140', '32401916', '32368022', '32341642', '32338117', '32336666', '32329474', '32323237', '32311089', '32308644', '32305984', '32297233', '32297189', '32297196', '32286762', '32270742', '32270581', '32270444', '32243941', '32241552', '32240670', '32216095', '32209644', '32208741', '32192564', '32173106', '32121551', '32103063', '32102686', '32073879', '32052107', '32046892', '32043736', '32041540', '32021145', '32016535', '32013976', '31988084', '31959612', '31954683', '31945115', '31924243', '31914775', '31895045', '31891765', '31886801', '31882983', '31870611', '31845269', '31843316', '31837974', '31805981', '31803476', '31793270', '31790904', '31787563', '31770218', '31743191', '31730381', '31728486', '31725658', '31721937', '31721038', '31719193', '31715068', '31684967', '31651344', '31623601', '31580317', '31576763', '31537703', '31523937', '31499176', '31482693', '31476011', '31474771', '31437226', '31421732', '31421114', '31399181', '31383950', '31359741', '31354258', '31350700', '31334840', '31332530', '31328579', '31315470', '31305330', '31297545', '31287831', '31286441', '31260098', '31248928', '31248370', '31241378', '31237643', '31227540', '31202278', '31199330', '31184445', '31171591', '31169924', '31156000', '31118602', '31103027', '31102183', '31100045', '31092319', '31068332', '31064621', '31060902', '31047114', '31040658', '31016436', '31016262', '31010300', '31007041', '30961524', '30923493', '30919262', '30919261', '30909914', '30905458', '30905451', '30892999', '30867396', '30863040', '30861057', '30860857', '30860582', '30855460', '30822240', '30813125', '30806122', '30801928', '30794308', '30785928', '30781849', '30702593', '30696670', '30692212', '30686080', '30680626', '30668633', '30590404', '30586880', '30530216', '30487459', '30472224', '30466799', '30466319', '30445564', '30419237', '30412599', '30403740', '30347372', '30345002', '30301692', '30273159', '30271136', '30264824', '30214171', '30204461', '30205380', '30181485', '30177479', '30156909', '30153653', '30153833', '30153802', '30129884', '30121480', '30099925', '30097575', '30070944', '30057372', '30034229', '30029692', '30029723', '30022092', '30012390', '29986520', '29987080', '29972333', '29971827', 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'31494304', '29150201', '24346825', '8804945', '36400523', '35332751', '33599461', '33035595', '31828514', '31401650', '26677803', '17629905', '36400524', '34368949', '32980326', '31094899', '28198989', '16091574', '15960557', '15698812', '14984818', '10146114', '3096570', '32608322', '25275657', '37942820', '37927865', '37918922', '37848398', '37841747', '37833671', '37366344', '38026408', '37892438', '37878956', '37843280', '37813644', '37756440', '37696283', '37529859', '37913968', '37741092', '37712492', '37698170', '37606821', '38033249', '37916340', '37700191', '36892022', '36705790'], 'official full name': None, 'sentence': [["BACKGROUND: The increasing number of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) incidence has led to a great negative impact on older people's lives.", 'This systematic review aimed to examine the risk of developing cognitive impairment in COPD.', 'Most studies found that patients with COPD had a higher chance of developing cognitive impairment, especially when patients were followed up for more than 5 years.', 'It is critical to conduct cognitive screening from the time a diagnosis of COPD is obtained and on a continuing basis in order to recognize and treat these individuals appropriately.', 'CONCLUSION: There is a potential association between COPD and mild cognitive impairment.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Growing evidence suggests that ageing-associated alterations occur in both idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Here, we review the most recent literature on dysregulated ageing pathways in IPF and COPD and discuss how they may contribute to disease pathogenesis.', 'A number of studies have also explored the role of cellular senescence, mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy in COPD.', 'SUMMARY: Several ageing mechanisms are dysregulated in the lungs of patients with IPF and COPD, although how they contribute to disease development and progression remains elusive.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized as a disease of accelerated lung aging.', 'Over the past two decades, mounting evidence suggests an accumulation of senescent cells within the lungs of patients with COPD that contributes to dysregulated tissue repair and the secretion of multiple inflammatory proteins, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).', 'Cellular senescence in COPD is linked to telomere dysfunction, DNA damage, and oxidative stress.', 'This review gives an overview of the mechanistic contributions and pathologic consequences of cellular senescence in COPD and discusses potential therapeutic approaches targeting senescence-associated signaling in COPD.'], ["BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the world's leading causes of death and a major chronic disease, highly prevalent in the aging population exposed to tobacco smoke and airborne pollutants, which calls for early and useful biomolecular predictors.", 'Roles of noncoding RNAs in COPD have been proposed, however, not many studies have systematically investigated the crosstalk among various transcripts in this context.', 'The construction of RNA functional networks such as lncRNA-mRNA, and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks could therefore facilitate our understanding of RNA interactions in COPD.', 'Here, we identified the expression of RNA transcripts in RNA sequencing from COPD patients, and the potential RNA networks were further constructed.', 'METHODS: All fresh peripheral blood samples of three patients with COPD and three non-COPD patients were collected and examined for mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA expression followed by qRT-PCR validation.', 'lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in COPD were constructed.', 'RESULTS: In this study, we have comprehensively identified and analyzed the differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs in peripheral blood of COPD patients with high-throughput RNA sequencing.', 'GSEA analysis showed that these differentially expressed RNAs correlate with several critical biological processes such as "ncRNA metabolic process", "ncRNA processing", "ribosome biogenesis", "rRNAs metabolic process", "tRNA metabolic process" and "tRNA processing", which might be participating in the progression of COPD.', 'RT-qPCR with more clinical COPD samples was used for the validation of some differentially expressed RNAs, and the results were in high accordance with the RNA sequencing.', 'To demonstrate the potential interactions between circRNAs and miRNAs, we have also constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of differential expression circRNA-miRNA-mRNA in COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we have identified and analyzed the differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs, providing a systematic view of the differentially expressed RNA in the context of COPD.', 'We have also constructed the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network, and for the first time constructed the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA in COPD.', 'This study reveals the RNA involvement and potential regulatory roles in COPD, and further uncovers the interactions among those RNAs, which will assist the pathological investigations of COPD and shed light on therapeutic targets exploration for COPD.'], ['In the low oxygen saturation group, the high-risk subgroups for post-bronchoscopy respiratory adverse events were the elderly, women, current smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or acute decompensated heart failure before bronchoscopy.'], ['Background and Objective: Sarcopenia is mainly results from aging; however, it is more prevalent in chronic airway disease such as obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['Moreover, old age, obesity, taking sleeping pills, hypertension, drug use, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had the highest odds ratios of CVD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious chronic respiratory disorder.', 'One of the major risk factors for COPD progression is aging.', 'Therefore, we investigated aging-related genes in COPD using bioinformatic analyses.', 'A total of 24 candidate genes were identified related to both COPD and aging.', 'Four of these genes (CDKN1A, HIF1A, MXD1 and SOD2) were determined to be significantly upregulated in clinical COPD samples and in cigarette smoke extract-exposed Beas-2B cells in vitro, and their expression was negatively correlated with predicted forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity.', 'In addition, the combination of expression levels of these four genes had a good discriminative ability for COPD patients (AUC = 0.794, 95% CI 0.743-0.845).', 'All four were identified as target genes of hsa-miR-519d-3p, which was significantly down-regulated in COPD patients.', 'The results from this study proposed that regulatory network of hsa-miR-519d-3p/CDKN1A, HIF1A, MXD1, and SOD2 closely associated with the progression of COPD, which provides a theoretical basis to link aging effectors with COPD progression, and may suggest new diagnostic and therapeutic targets of this disease.'], ['Comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease were found associated with delirium.'], ['The percentage of patients an MA score < 0.50 was considerably higher in cancer, COPD, and cardiocerebrovascular diseases groups than in the elderly group, although the chronological age of elderly group was similar with the diseases groups.'], ['First, we aimed in this review to evaluate health risks of moderate and high terrestrial altitude travel by patients with pre-existing lung disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnoea syndrome, asthma, bullous or cystic lung disease, pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease.'], ['Background & objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem in India.', 'COPD is not curable; however, various forms of treatment can help control symptoms and improve the quality of life.', 'Understanding the current prevalence and associated factors of COPD is important for planning control strategies.', 'Hence, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of COPD and associated factors among the elderly.', 'The diagnosis of COPD was based on the GOLD criteria.', 'The association of COPD with sociodemographic and other variables was analysed by the multivariate logistic regression.', 'The prevalence of COPD was 42.9 per cent (95% confidence interval 37.9-47.7%).', 'Smoking, higher age group and low body mass index were significantly associated with COPD.', 'Interpretation & conclusions: The prevalence of COPD was found to be high among the rural elderly in this study.', 'Interventions aimed at cessation of smoking and preparedness of health systems for diagnosis and management of COPD are hence required.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating medical condition often accompanied by multiple chronic conditions.', 'COPD is more frequent among older adults and affects both genders.', 'The aim of the current cross-sectional survey was to characterize chronic comorbidities stratified by gender and age among patients with COPD under the care of general practitioners (GP) and pulmonologists, using real-world patient data.', 'A total of 7966 COPD patients (women: 45%) with more than 5 years of the observation period in the practice were examined using 60 different Chronic comorbid conditions (CCC) and Elixhauser measures.'], ['Background: Fixed dose dual bronchodilators such as long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) plus long-acting beta2-agonists (LABAs) are a new and important inhaled preparation for COPD treatment in China.', 'Purpose: This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of maintenance treatment with UMEC/VIL compared with salmeterol/fluticasone (FSC) as one of the main therapeutic drugs for moderate to very severe COPD in China.', 'Patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD were treated with UMEC/VIL (62.5/25microg) or FSC (50/500ug).', 'Conclusion: UMEC/VIL is a cost-effective treatment option compared with FSC among patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD.'], ['Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and aggravation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been traditionally understood as a self-inflicted disease cause by tobacco smoking occurring in individuals older than 50-60 years.', 'This new perspective opens novel windows of opportunity for the prevention, early diagnosis, and personalized treatment of COPD.', 'This review presents the evidence that supports this proposal, as well as its practical implications, with particular emphasis on the need that clinical histories in patients with suspected COPD should investigate early life events and that spirometry should be used much more widely as a global health marker.'], ['Those with cannabis diagnoses (n = 275) were compared to matched non-using controls (n = 275; based on age, sex) on chronic health conditions (coronary heart disease, hypertension, COPD, chronic non-cancer pain), acute health events (myocardial infarction, respiratory symptoms, stroke, persistent or cyclic vomiting, injuries), and healthcare utilization (outpatient, inpatient, and emergency department visits) following case identification for two years.'], ['INTRODUCTION: To examine the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) misclassification and the associated burden of symptoms, healthcare utilisation and physical performance status in the Canadian general population.', 'METHODS: The prevalence of self-reported physician-diagnosed COPD and the concordance with spirometry airflow obstruction (AO) were assessed in a cross-sectional cohort of Canadian older adults.', 'The associations between confirmed COPD, under-diagnosis and over-diagnosis with self-reported respiratory symptoms, healthcare utilisation and physical performance (timed up and go, handgrip strength and 4 metres walk test) were assessed, adjusting for baseline characteristics using multivariable linear and logistic models.', 'Physician-diagnosed COPD was reported in (n=973) 5% of the participants.', 'Only (n=217) 1% of the entire cohort had confirmed COPD supported by spirometry AO.', 'Discordance between self-reported COPD and spirometry findings was observed in (n=1565) 8%: with 4% representing under-diagnosis cases (no self-reported COPD but AO) and 4% representing over-diagnosis cases (self-reported COPD but no AO).'], ['A higher risk of all-cause death was significantly associated with factors of age (one-year relative risk, RR, 1.03; 95 % confidence interval, CI, 1.02-1.05; r<0.001), III-IV functional class angina (RR, 1.76; 95 % CI, 1.22-2.53; p=0.003), history of ACVD (RR, 2.12; 95 % CI, 1.50-2.98; p<0.001), atrial fibrillation (AF) (RR, 1.52; 95 % CI, 1.10-2.12; r=0.01), diabetes mellitus (DM) (RR, 1.53; 95 % CI, 1.11-2.10; p=0.009), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (RR, 1.77; 95 % CI, 1.20-2.62; p=0.004), and reduced hemoglobin (RR, 2.09; 95 % CI, 1.31-3.33; p=0.002).', 'A higher risk of nonfatal stroke during the follow-up was significantly associated with age (one-year RR, 1.05; 95 % CI, 1.01-1.09; r=0.02), history of ACVD (RR, 2.74; 95 % CI, 1.33-5.63; p=0.006), and DM (RR, 2.43; 95 % CI, 1.17-5.06; p=0.02), and a higher risk of nonfatal stroke was significantly associated with a history of ACVD (RR, 1.70; 95 % CI, 1.44-2.01; p<0.001), DM (RR, 2.33; 95 % CI, 1.13-4.84; p=0.02), and COPD (RR, 2.47; 95 % CI, 1.02-6.00; p=0.06).Conclusion In the outpatient REGATA registry that included patients with MI at any previous time, the death rate for 6 years of follow-up was 41.6 %.', 'In clinical practice in long-term, a higher risk of unfavorable outcome was associated with old age, III-IV functional class angina, a history of ACVD, AF, DM, and COPD while a lower risk was associated with the administration of antiplatelets, ACE inhibitors/ARB, and statins.'], ['Moreover, aging, having complicated situations at admission, and chronic illnesses such as COPD, CKD, asthma, diabetic mellitus, and HIV/AIDS participants were significantly associated with poor treatment outcomes.'], ['BACKGROUND: The prevalence of age-associated diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is increasing as the average life expectancy increases around the world.'], ['On multivariate binary logistics regression analysis, age (p < 0.01), COPD (p < 0.05) and NLR (p < 0.05) remained independently associated with frailty.'], ['Participants with asthma with exacerbation requiring hospitalisation were exposed to a higher level of O3 8-hour daily maximum (adjOR 1.009, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.016) and were more likely to have high Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI >=3; adjOR 2.198, 95% CI 1.729 to 2.794) and asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap (adjOR 4.542, 95% CI 3.376 to 6.611) compared with those without exacerbation.'], ['Diagnoses strongly associated with WHLS at admission were cardiac arrest, hepatic failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['It is believed that smoking is the most important factor leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Current studies suggest that EPCs senescence and EPCs depletion exist in smoking-related COPD, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear.', 'EPCs from smoking COPD patients were isolated, and the expressions of USP7 and p300 were detected by RT-PCR and Western Blot.', 'COPD mouse models were used to confirm the molecular mechanism.', 'There existed high expressions of USP7 and p300 proteins in EPCs of smoking COPD patients and COPD mouse model.', 'CONCLUSION: CSE mediated up-regulation of USP7 and p300 activated p53 - p21 pathway was a molecular mechanism that might lead to COPD.'], ['We studied whether in patients with COPD the use of metformin for diabetes treatment was linked to a pattern of lung function decline consistent with the hypothesis of anti-aging effects of metformin.', 'Our findings demonstrate an association between the annual decline of lung diffusing capacity and the intake of metformin in patients with COPD consistent with the hypothesis of anti-aging effects of metformin as reflected in a surrogate marker of emphysema.'], ['The following parameters were collected: age, gender, serum level of 25-OH-Vitamin D3, outcome (survival/death), comorbidities (cancer, diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).', 'CONCLUSION: We found that in COVID-19 infection, when old age as risk factor (60 years of age or older) was pooled with risk factors (cancer, diabetes and/or COPD), the VD levels were significantly lower in the patient group, in which the patients did not survive.'], ['PURPOSE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the world population.', 'In addition to airflow obstruction, COPD is associated with multiple systemic manifestations, including impaired nutritional status or malnutrition and changes in body composition (low muscle mass, LMM).', 'Poor nutritional status and sarcopenia in subjects with COPD leads to a worse prognosis and increases health-related costs.', 'Data from previous studies indicate that 30-60% of subjects with COPD are malnourished, 20-40% have low muscle mass, and 15-21.6% have sarcopenia.', 'This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome in elderly subjects with COPD and investigate the relationship between COPD severity and these conditions.', 'PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 124 patients with stable COPD, aged >=60, participating in a stationary pulmonary rehabilitation program.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition was found in nearly one out of four subjects with COPD, while sarcopenia was one out of seven patients.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the health of more than 300 million people worldwide; at present, there is no effective drug to treat COPD.', 'The senescence of lung epithelial cells is related to development of COPD.', 'This effect is obvious for smokers with COPD/emphysema, and there is a negative correlation between miR-125a-5p levels and values for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC).', 'In addition, compared with mice exposed to CS, knockdown of miR-125a-5p reduced lung epithelial cell senescence and COPD/emphysema.', 'Therefore, in smoking-induced COPD, elevated miR-125a-5p participates in the senescence of lung epithelial cells through Sp1/SIRT1/HIF-1alpha.', 'These findings provide evidence related to the pathogenesis of COPD/emphysema caused by chronic smoking.'], ['The risk factors of elderly patients were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignant tumor, DVT and stroke.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the most common chronic diseases in older adults.', 'Telehealth is widely used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of older patients and healthcare providers in the application of telehealth and online health information to chronic disease management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', "METHODS: A qualitative descriptive study with data generated from 52 individual semi-structured interviews with 29 patients [Law of the People's Republic of China on the protection of the rights and interests of older people (2018 Revised Version) = >60 years old] with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 23 healthcare providers."], ['The interest in the role of cellular senescence in lung diseases derives from the observation of markers of senescence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and pulmonary hypertension (PH).'], ['We also noted distinct sex-related activation patterns of standard and immunoproteasome active sites in chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as determined by multiple linear regression modeling.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.', 'Individuals with COPD typically experience a progressive, debilitating decline in lung function as well as systemic manifestations of the disease.', 'Multimorbidity, is common in COPD patients and increases the risk of hospitalisation and mortality.', 'Central to the genesis of multimorbidity in COPD patients is a self-perpetuating, abnormal immune and inflammatory response driven by factors including ageing, pollutant inhalation (including smoking) and infection.', 'As many patients with COPD have multiple concurrent chronic conditions, which require an integrative management approach, there is a need to greater understand the shared disease mechanisms contributing to multimorbidity.', 'Further delineating these may lead to the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for patients with COPD and multimorbidities.'], ['BACKGROUND: Physical frailty is commonly associated with COPD, and its evaluation in COPD may provide important prognostic information for risk stratification.', 'RESEARCH QUESTIONS: What are the co-morbid associations of physical frailty with COPD?', 'Baseline data of 1162 participants with COPD and 3465 participants without COPD included physical frailty, FEV1% and dyspnoea.', 'RESULTS: Baseline prevalence of prefrailty (48.8%) and frailty (6.8%) in participants with COPD were significantly higher than in participants without COPD: frailty OR=1.61, 95%CI=1.15-2.26.', 'Prefrailty/frailty was associated significantly with 2-fold increased odds of prevalent and incident IADL/ADL disability and mortality in participants with COPD.', 'INTERPRETATION: The study supports the use of physical frailty in addition to lung function and dyspnoea in multidimensional evaluation of COPD.'], ['Emergent colectomy patients had more comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (493 (14.5%) vs. 796 (9.6%)), congestive heart failure (206 (6.0%) vs. 310 (3.8%)), dialysis (106 (3.1%) vs. 56 (0.7%)), and acute renal failure (166 (4.9%) vs. 46 (0.6%)) (p < 0.0001), respectively.'], ['The most common causes of death were drug poisoning (4375 [33 1%] of 13 209), liver disease (1272 [9 6%]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 681 [5 2%]), and suicide (645 [4 9%]).'], ['BACKGROUND: To systematically evaluate the prevalence of post-sequelae and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) scoring one year after hospital discharge among older COVID-19 patients, as well as potential risk factors.'], ['Results: Globally, in 2019, APMP contributed the most to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with 695.1 thousand deaths and 15.4 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); however, the corresponding age-standardized death and DALY rates declined from 1990 to 2019.', 'Among children aged < 5 years, LRIs had a huge burden attributable to APMP, whereas for older people, COPD was the leading cause of death and DALYs attributable to APMP.', 'The APMP-related burdens of LRIs and COPD were relatively higher among countries with low and low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI), while countries with high-middle SDI showed the highest burden of TBL cancer attributable to APMP.'], ['The proportions of emergency admissions whose ED primary diagnoses were categorized as chronic conditions and certain chronic ACSC including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes complications, and epilepsy also decreased for elderly patients over the 10-year study period.'], ['Factors associated with increased risk of transfers included prior diagnoses of hip fracture (annual incidence rate ratio or IRR: 2.057, 95% confidence interval (CI): [1.240, 3.412]), dialysis (IRR: 1.717, 95% CI: [1.313, 2.246]), urinary tract infection (IRR: 1.755, 95% CI: [1.361, 2.264]), pneumonia (IRR: 1.501, 95% CI: [1.072, 2.104]), daily pain (IRR: 1.297, 95% CI: [1.055,1.594]), anaemia (IRR: 1.229, 95% CI [1.068, 1.414]) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (IRR: 1.168, 95% CI: [1.010,1.352]).'], ['Background Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic health conditions and is increasingly becoming a major public health problem among the elderly population.', 'As the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not curable, evaluation of and methods to improve quality of life among such patients is of utmost importance.', 'Objective The objective of the study was to assess the quality of life among patients living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'Conclusion Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a low quality of life in three components of symptom, activity, and impact domains.'], ['There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of hyperlipidaemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.52 and P = 0.15, respectively).'], ['The leading cause underpinning the development of chronic fatigue is related to muscle wasting mediated by aging, immobilization, insulin resistance (through high-fat dietary intake or pharmacologically mediated Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonism), diseases associated with systemic inflammation (arthritis, sepsis, infections, trauma, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders (heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD))), chronic kidney failure, muscle dystrophies, muscle myopathies, multiple sclerosis, and, more recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).'], ['Chronic skin ulcers (1.32), acute cerebrovascular disease (1.34), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.21), urinary incontinence (1.17) and neoplasms (1.26) in men, and infertility (1.87), obstructive sleep apnea (1.43), hepatic steatosis (1.43), rheumatoid arthritis (1.39) and menstrual disorders (1.18) in women were also associated with more severe outcomes.'], ['The influences of weather and air pollutants on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been well-studied.', 'However, the heterogeneous effects of different influenza viral infections, air pollution and weather on COPD admissions and re-admissions have not been thoroughly examined.', 'In this study, we aimed to elucidate the relationships between meteorological variables, air pollutants, seasonal influenza, and hospital admissions and re-admissions due to COPD in Hong Kong, a non-industrial influenza epicenter.', 'A total number of 507703 hospital admissions (i.e., index admissions) and 301728 re-admission episodes (i.e., episodes within 30 days after the previous discharge) for COPD over 14 years (1998-2011) were obtained from all public hospitals.', 'According to the results, high concentrations of fine particulate matter, oxidant gases, and cold weather were strong independent risk factors of COPD outcomes.', 'COPD hospitalization risk from influenza infection was higher in the elderly than that in the general population.', 'An extension of the influenza vaccination program for patients with COPD may need to be encouraged: for example, vaccination may be included in hospital discharge planning, particularly before the winter epidemic.'], ['Comorbidities [bone disease, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, liver disease, renal disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, obesity, cancers, neuropsychiatric conditions] were assessed from longitudinal data.', 'Cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, and COPD were independent predictors of transition to frailty within 30 months in models adjusted for age, sex, and multimorbidity (>=3 additional comorbidities) [hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) 2.52 (1.29 to 4.93), 2.31 (1.12 to 4.76), and 1.82 (0.95 to 3.48), respectively].', 'Furthermore, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, COPD, or liver disease co-occurring with multimorbidity was associated with substantially increased frailty hazards compared with multimorbidity alone (hazard ratios 4.75-7.46).', 'Cerebrovascular disease was associated with decreased baseline grip strength (P = 0.0001), whereas multimorbidity, diabetes, and COPD were associated with declining grip strength (P < 0.10).', 'CONCLUSIONS: In older PWH, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, COPD, or liver disease co-occurring with multimorbidity is associated with substantially increased risk of becoming frail within 30 months.'], ['The aim of the work was to find out whether markers of bone formation can be early predictors of osteoporosis in patients with COPD.', 'The study involved 66 patients with COPD with disease duration from 10 to 30 years, age 53.59+-12.83 years.', 'The content of serum markers of bone formation was determined: N-terminal procollagen type I propeptide (PINP), osteocalcin and vitamin D depending on the age and severity of COPD.', 'A decrease in all markers of bone formation was found with the age of patients and the severity of COPD.', 'The level of osteocalcin decreased in patients with COPD of old age compared with the control by 2.72 times and in young people - by 1.88 times.', 'The concentration of vitamin D was reduced in all patients with COPD, and severe vitamin D deficiency was diagnosed in 23.08% of patients under 45 years, in 70.59% of elderly patients, in 100% of elderly people.', 'The data obtained indicate that with increasing age and increasing severity of COPD, the formation of markers of bone tissue formation is inhibited.', 'Considering that the first signs of these disorders, in particular a decrease in the levels of vitamin D and osteocalcin, are diagnosed already with GOLD I, it can be argued that COPD is the leading factor.'], ['Background: To examine trends in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality and years of life lost (YLL) due to COPD for all provinces in China during 2005-2020.', 'Methods: Data for COPD mortality were derived from China National Mortality Surveillance System (NMSS).', 'We analyzed the numbers and age-standardized rates of death and YLL due to COPD in China, during 2005-2020.', 'We carried out decomposition analysis to analyze the drivers of change in COPD deaths during the study period.', 'Results: The age-standardized mortality rate of COPD in China decreased significantly from 99.5/100,000 in 2005 to 50.5/100,000 in 2020.', 'Conclusion: COPD remains an important public health problem in China, though significant reductions of COPD mortality and YLL rate were observed.', 'Vigorous prevention and control strategies should be enhanced to improve the quality of life of COPD patients and reduce the premature death caused by COPD in Chinese population.'], ['Severity of infection is related to many risk factors, including aging and an array of underlying conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cancer.'], ['This focused review provides the latest recommendations and considerations for these special populations (i.e., patients with rheumatologic and autoimmune disorders, cancer, transplant recipients, chronic liver diseases, end-stage renal disease, neurologic disorders, psychiatric disorders, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, human immunodeficiency virus, current smokers, pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, children, and patients with allergic reactions) using the currently available research evidence.'], ['We surveyed 4442 people with airways disease (asthma=3627, bronchiectasis=258, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease=557) to gauge attitudes and intentions towards continuing such measures after the COVID-19 pandemic.'], ['We considered five different outcomes: all respiratory diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lower and upper respiratory tract infections (LRTI and URTI).', 'RESULTS: A total of 4,154,887 respiratory admission were registered during 2006-2015, of which 29% for LRTI, 12% for COPD, 6% for URTI, and 3% for asthma.', 'The effects for the specific diseases were similar, with the strongest ones for asthma and COPD.'], ['Age between 71-80 years (p=0.009), male gender (p=0.045), CAC (p<0.001), comorbidities like chronic kidney disease (CKD, p=0.013), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, p=0.001) and asthma (p=0.046), were significant predictors of mortality.', 'COPD, CKD or asthma), CAC, VTE (pulmonary embolism) and coagulation parameters with critical severity score (D-dimers, platelets, prothrombin time) and the SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score were significant predictors of mortality among COVID-19 patients.'], ['Health care professionals working with older people living alone with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to complete advance care planning (ACP) often encounter the double burden of social isolation and acute exacerbations in this planning.', "The study explored clinicians' perceptions regarding factors influencing the completion of ACP for older people with COPD living alone.", 'A semi-structured interview guide included: (a) behavior and lifestyle related to decision-making, (b) desired place to die, and (c) facilitators and barriers to autonomy in patients with severe COPD who live alone.', "Partly due to the heterogeneity and complexity of clinical courses and treatment responses of COPD, a wide range of social issues of a person's life were related to practicality in the completion of ACP for older people with COPD living alone.", 'Social work knowledge and skills such as in-depth interviewing, outreach finance and welfare support, and holistic perspective play an essential role in completing ACP for COPD patients living alone.'], ['In addition to N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity troponin T, the final model included age, non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, Hispanic race/ethnicity, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, height, and weight.'], ['COPD patients exhibit lower peak oxygen consumption (VO2 PEAK), altered muscle metabolism and impaired exercise tolerance compared with age-matched controls.', 'By studying aerobic exercise training (AET) at a matched relative intensity and subsequent exercise withdrawal period (EW) we aimed to elucidate the whole-body and muscle mitochondrial responsiveness of healthy-young (HY), healthy-older (HO) and COPD volunteers to whole-body exercise.The HY (n=10), HO (n=10) and COPD (n=20) volunteers were studied before, after eight-weeks AET (65% VO2 PEAK) and after four-weeks EW.', 'VO2 PEAK, muscle maximal mitochondrial ATP production rates (MAPR), mitochondrial content, mitochondrial DNA copy number and abundance of 59 targeted fuel metabolism mRNAs were determined at all time-points.Muscle MAPR (normalised for mitochondrial content) was not different for any substrate combination in HO, HY and COPD at baseline, but mitochondrial DNA copy number relative to a nuclear-encoded house-keeping gene was greater in HY (mean+-sd) (804+-67) than in HO (631+-69), p=0.041.', 'AET increased VO2 PEAK in HO (17%, p=0.002) and HY (21%, p<0.001) but not COPD (p=0.603).', 'Muscle MAPR for palmitate increased with training in HO (57%, p=0.041) and HY (56%, p=0.003) and decreased with EW in HO (-45%, p=0.036) and HY (-30%, p=0.016), but was unchanged in COPD (p=0.594).', 'Mitochondrial DNA copy number increased with AET in HY (66%, p=0.001) but not HO (p=0.081) or COPD (p=0.132).', 'The observed changes in muscle mRNA abundance were similar in all groups after AET and EW.Intrinsic mitochondrial function was not impaired by ageing or COPD in the untrained state.', 'Whole-body and muscle mitochondrial responses to AET were robust in HY, evident in HO, but deficient in COPD.', 'Higher relative exercise intensities during whole-body training may be needed to maximise whole-body and muscle mitochondrial adaptation in COPD.'], ['The most frequent comorbidities were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (36.6%), diabetes (20.7%) and heart failure (16.8%).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by inflammatory and oxidative alterations in the lung and extrapulmonary compartments, through involvement of the immune system.', 'Here, we aimed to investigate the aging rate in terms of immunosenescence in COPD men with respect to healthy age-matched controls.', 'Several neutrophil (adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, superoxide anion stimulated production) and lymphocyte (adherence, chemotaxis, lymphoproliferation, natural killer activity) functions, cytokine concentrations released in response to lipopolysaccharide (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10) and redox parameters (intracellular glutathione content, basal superoxide anion level) were assessed in circulating leukocytes of men with moderate and severe stages of COPD, and compared to healthy age-matched volunteers.', 'The results indicated impairment of immune functions in COPD patients, both in innate and adaptive immunity, and higher pro-inflammatory and oxidative states in peripheral leukocytes than controls.', 'Importantly, COPD patients were found to be aging at a faster rate than age-matched healthy counterparts.'], ['Background: Peak expiratory flow (PEF), as an essential index used for screening and monitoring asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory mortality especially in the elderly, is recommended for low-resource settings in low- and middle-income countries.'], ['Background: COPD at high altitude may have different risk factors and unique clinical and radiological phenotypes.', 'We aimed to investigate the demographic data, clinical and radiological features of COPD patients permanently residing at the Tibet Plateau (>=3000 meters above sea level).', "Methods: We conducted an observational cross-sectional study which consecutively enrolled COPD patients visiting the outpatient of Respiratory Medicine at Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital from January 2018 to March 2021.", 'All patients were Tibetan permanent residents aging >=40 years and met the diagnosis of COPD according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines.', 'Results: Eighty-four patients with definite COPD were enrolled for analysis.', 'Most of the patients were classified as having mild-to-moderate (GOLD I: 27.4%; GOLD II: 51.2%) COPD, while 89.3% had a CAT score >=10.', 'Only 36.9% of the patients received regular long-term medications for COPD in the past year, in whom ICS/LABA and oral theophylline were the most common used pharmacological therapy.', 'Conclusion: COPD patients living at the Tibet Plateau had a heavy respiratory symptom burden, but most of them did not receive adequate pharmacological treatment.'], ['The following risk factors were identified: old age (p < 0.001), a high preoperative serum creatinine level (p = 0.001), a low preoperative hemoglobin level (p = 0.007), a low left ventricle ejection fraction in Asian patients (p = 0.001), essential hypertension (p < 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.010), renal failure (p = 0.009), cardiopulmonary bypass use (p = 0.002), perfusion time (p = 0.017), postoperative use of inotropes (p < 0.001), postoperative renal failure (p = 0.001), and re-operation (p = 0.005).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is being increasingly diagnosed in the UKs on the rise, and is expected to continue to rise due to an ageing population with multiple co-morbidities and exposure to risk factors, such as cigarette smoke, noxious gases and air pollutants.', 'The use of self-management plans in COPD is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), to enable to patients with this disease to be competent and confident in taking part in managing their own health condition and recognising signs and symptoms of an exacerbation.', 'The aim of this article is to discuss self-management of COPD and the clinical guidance surrounding exacerbation of disease.', 'A follow-up literature review will focus on the effectiveness of self-management plans in COPD.'], ['Exposure to microbial and environmental factors such as allergens, viruses, air pollution, and smoke contributes to the development of chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and lung cancer.'], ['OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to discuss the prevalence and the risk factors of the musculoskeletal pain in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'RESULTS: Twenty studies were retrieved, including from 21 to 7952 patients with COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: Pain is a very common symptom in patients with COPD.'], ['The marked abnormalities in smokers may contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer.'], ['Risk factors were male gender, age >=80 years, dementia, heart disease, osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high-energy traumas, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and surgery.'], ["The presence of comorbid conditions such as heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma, and cancer did not affect the place of death (P = .24, .21, .24, .51, and .18)."], ['ABSTRACT: Cigarette smoking and poor air quality are the greatest risk factors for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but growing evidence indicates that genetic factors also affect predisposition to and clinical expression of disease.', 'With the exception of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is present in 1-3% of individuals with COPD, no single gene is associated with the development of obstructive lung disease.', 'Instead, a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors is the basis for persistent inflammatory responses, accelerated cell aging, cell death, and fibrosis, leading to the clinical symptoms of COPD and different phenotypic presentations.', 'In this brief review, we discuss current understanding of the genetics of COPD, pathogenetics of AATD, epigenetic influences on the development of obstructive lung disease, and how classifying COPD by phenotype can influence clinical treatment and patient outcomes.'], ['BACKGROUND: Disease and aging-related factors may predispose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients to impaired balance, although the underlying determinants of impaired balance in COPD patients are still unknown.', 'The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of impaired balance in COPD patients.', 'METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited 24 patients with moderate to severe COPD and 24 age-matched healthy subjects.', 'RESULTS: COPD patients exhibited significantly a longer test duration on timed up and go test, a higher sway index on the postural stability and lower directional control score on the limit of stability of Biodex balance system (all, p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls, whereas there was no difference in Berg balance scale score between groups (p > 0.05).', 'Also, COPD patients represented significantly lower physical activity level and exercise capacity, weaker lower limb muscle strength than healthy controls (all, p < 0.001).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Patients with moderate to severe COPD exhibit apparently important reductions in balance control that is directly associated with nonpulmonary consequences and fall history.'], ['Sarcopenia as a comorbid disease with high multimorbidity, high disease severity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, and renal impairment had higher odds of mortality.'], ['Among individual comorbidities, highest odds of frailty were in participants with depressive symptoms [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.48 (2.22-5.46)], followed by bone disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [2.47 (1.28-4.72) and 2.13 (1.36-3.34), respectively].'], ['OBJECTIVES: The aims were to study the risk of all-cause mortality associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy ageing trajectories (HAT) in three birth cohorts and to determine the moderating role of HAT in the association between COPD and all-cause mortality.', 'MAIN OUTCOME: All-cause mortality associated with COPD and HAT adjusting for covariates.', 'Interactions between COPD and HAT were also explored.', 'Participants with COPD had an increased mortality risk, but this effect was no longer significant after adjusting for covariates.', "The interaction between COPD and HAT was significant only in the <=1935 birth cohort, indicating that those with COPD and a 'low' trajectory had a greater risk of mortality."], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are both common diseases of the elderly people.', 'COPD induced systemic inflammation and hypoxia may have an impact on the development of AMD.', 'This study investigated the possible association between COPD and subsequent risk of AMD.', 'The COPD cohort comprised 24,625 adult patients newly diagnosed during 2000-2012, whereas age-, gender-, and the year of diagnosis-matched non-COPD cohort comprised 49,250 individuals.', 'The COPD cohort showed 1.25 times higher AMD incidence than the non-COPD cohort (4.80 versus 3.83 per 1000 person-years, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.20 [95% confident interval (CI) = 1.10-1.32]).', 'Further analysis revealed that the COPD group had an increased risk of both the exudative and non-exudative types of AMD (adjusted HRs = 1.49 [95% CI = 1.13-1.96] and 1.15 [95% CI = 1.05-1.26], respectively).', 'COPD patients have an increased risk for AMD development.'], ['COVID-19 severity, delirium and COPD were risk factors of current cognitive impairment.', 'Low education level, severe COVID-19, delirium, hypertension and COPD were risk factors of longitudinal cognitive decline.'], ['We identified the following situations of medicine overuse: 15% of the analyzed prescriptions involved the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for >2 weeks, 12% involved the use of a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) for >8 weeks, theophylline was the bronchodilator used as a monotherapy in 3.17% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cases, and zopiclone was the hypnotic drug of choice for 2.31% of cases.'], ['To investigate the value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum EPO levels in evaluating the condition and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the elderly.', '120 elderly patients with acute exacerbation of COPD admitted to our hospital from May 2016 to April 2019 were selected.', "According to Gold's guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, patients with different degrees of illness were divided into mild group, moderate group and severe group.", 'ESR and serum EPO levels can reflect the severity of COPD in elderly patients to some extent, and are negatively correlated with FEV1% of lung function indicators, which can provide some clues to the condition and prognosis of COPD in elderly patients.'], ["AIM: To identify, analyze and synthesize qualitative studies on caregivers' experiences of contributions to the self-care of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).", 'BACKGROUND: COPD patients perform daily self-care behaviours to manage the disease.', "Six analytical themes encompassing 22 descriptive themes were identified and grouped in two overarching themes describing caregivers' experiences of contributions to patients' self-care during the stable and exacerbation phases of COPD.", "CONCLUSION: This thematic synthesis enlarges knowledge of caregivers' contributions to patients' self-care in COPD, detailing the ways by which caregivers provide care to patients.", 'IMPACT: Contributing daily to the self-care of a family member with COPD is a complex experience.'], ['Data collected included demographic variables and the haematological and biochemical parameters HBA1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum calcium, phosphorous, and 25(OH) Vitamin D. Co-morbidities investigated were ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebro vascular accident, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia.'], ['BACKGROUND: This study investigated risks of mortality from and morbidity (emergency room visits (ERVs) and outpatient visits) of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with extreme temperatures, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and ozone (O3) by sex, and age, from 2005 to 2016 in 6 metropolitan cities in Taiwan.', 'RESULTS: Only the mortality risk of COPD in the elderly men was significantly associated with the extreme low temperatures.'], ['Data on hospitalization were collected from four high-ranked general hospitals, including for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB), acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), and acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis (AEB), and the sum was termed total ALRIs.'], ['BACKGROUND: The modified frailty index 5 (mFI-5)-a scale based on the five variables diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and functional dependency-has been shown to be a valid predictor of surgical outcomes.'], ['Substantial evidence has shown that OM-85 can prevent respiratory infections, reduce the number of COPD exacerbations, and shorten the disease duration at home or in hospital.'], ["RESULTS: Factors positively associated with LTC certification in the multivariate analyses included older age, the interaction term between sex and age group at age 85-89 years, limb movement difficulties, swollen/heavy feet, incontinence, severe psychological distress (indicated by a Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K6] score >= 13), regular hospital visits for dementia, stroke, Parkinson's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, diabetes and osteoporosis."], ['The results remained significant for DLCO in all never smokers and in all participants without COPD or airflow limitation on spirometry.', 'A reduction in DLCO is associated with higher c-f PWV even in never smokers and in those without COPD or airflow limitation on spirometry.'], ['Insufficient autophagic degradation has been implicated in accelerated cellular senescence during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis.', 'In this study, we sought to examine the role of TRIM16-mediated lysophagy in regulating CS-induced LMP and cellular senescence during COPD pathogenesis by using human bronchial epithelial cells and lung tissues.', 'Airway epithelial cells in COPD lungs showed an increase in lipofuscin, aggresome and galectin-3 puncta, reflecting accumulation of lysosomal damage with concomitantly reduced TRIM16 expression levels.', 'Human bronchial epithelial cells isolated from COPD patients showed reduced TRIM16 but increased galectin-3, and a negative correlation between TRIM16 and galectin-3 protein levels was demonstrated.', 'Damaged lysosomes with LMP are accumulated in epithelial cells in COPD lungs, which can be at least partly attributed to impaired TRIM16-mediated lysophagy.', 'Increased LMP in lung epithelial cells may be responsible for COPD pathogenesis through the enhancement of cellular senescence.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low fat-free mass (FFM) is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and contributes to morbidity and mortality.', 'Few studies have evaluated longitudinal changes in body composition in patients with COPD compared with non-COPD controls.', 'This study aimed to compare longitudinal changes in total and regional body composition between patients with COPD and non-COPD controls and investigate predictors of changes in body composition in COPD.', 'METHODS: Patients with COPD and non-COPD controls participating in the Individualized COPD Evaluation in relation to Ageing (ICE-Age) study, a single-centre, longitudinal, observational study, were included.', 'The number of exacerbations/hospitalizations 1 year before inclusion and during follow-up were assessed in patients with COPD.', 'RESULTS: A total of 405 subjects were included (205 COPD, 87 smoking and 113 non-smoking controls).', 'Patients with COPD and smoking controls presented a significant decline in total FFM (mean [95% CI]: -1173 [-1527/-820] g and -486 [-816/-156] g, respectively) while body composition remained stable in non-smoking controls.', 'In patients with COPD, the decline in FFM was more pronounced in legs (-174 [-361/14] g) and trunk (-675 [-944/406] g) rather than in arms (54 [-19/126] g).', 'The predictors of changes in total and regional FFM in patients with COPD were gender, number of previous hospitalizations, baseline values of FFM and BMI.', 'CONCLUSION: Patients with COPD present a significant decline in FFM after 2 years of follow-up, this decline is more pronounced in their legs and trunk.'], ['The AUD cohort showed higher rates of smoking, drug abuse, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coagulopathy, peripheral vascular disease and fluid-electrolyte disorders whereas a lower rate of cardiovascular risk factors than non-AUD cohort.'], ['Background and Objectives: In advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), functional status is significantly impaired mainly as a result of disease related respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea or as a result of fatigue, which is the extra-respiratory symptom the most prevalent in this setting.', '"Physical" frailty, considered to be an aging phenotype, has defining traits that can also be considered when studying impaired functional status, but little is known about this relationship in advanced COPD.', 'This review discusses the relevance of this type of frailty in advanced COPD and evaluates it utility and its clinical applicability as a potential outcome measure in palliative care for COPD.', 'Materials and Methods: A conceptual review on the functional status as an outcome measure of mortality and morbidity in COPD, and an update on the definition and traits of frailty.', 'Results: Data on the prognostic role of frailty in COPD are rather limited, but individual data on traits of frailty demonstrating their relationship with mortality and morbidity in advanced COPD are available and supportive.', 'Conclusions: Frailty assessment in COPD patients is becoming a relevant issue not only for its potential prognostic value for increased morbidity or for mortality, but also for its potential role as a measure of functional status in palliative care for advanced COPD.'], ['Oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence is now regarded as an important driving mechanism in chronic lung diseases-particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['The most common cause for misdiagnosis was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'One study using a COPD cohort showed that HF was unrecognized in 20.5% of patients and 8.1% had misdiagnosis of HF as COPD.', 'HF is frequently misdiagnosed as COPD.'], ['Objectives: We sought to investigate whether metformin may ameliorate CS-induced pathologies of emphysematous chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['Considering disease-adjusted life years, other leading causes are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, dementias, hearing loss, cancers of the breast, lung and bowel, osteoporosis, fractures and falls, depression, osteoarthritis, refractive errors of the eye and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease.', 'When initiated early, there is good evidence for MHT benefit in all-cause mortality and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis; fair evidence for benefit in dementias, depression and osteoarthritis; limited evidence for benefit in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hearing loss, non-diabetic chronic kidney disease and colorectal cancer; null effects on lung cancer and refractive errors; and varied effects on breast cancer and stroke.'], ['Risk of developing severe manifestations of the disease, including death, is increased in senescent and obese patients and those with cardiovascular disease, cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Decreased physical activity (PA) is associated with morbidity and mortality in COPD patients.', 'In this secondary analysis of data from a 12-week longitudinal study, we describe factors associated with PA in COPD.', 'Other demographic factors, quality of life, and medications were not associated with PA. A better understanding of the role of social networks and social support may help develop interventions to improve PA in COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Generally, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is suspected in young patients with pulmonary emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Patients often suffer from diagnostic gaps and are misdiagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), as AATD may present with nonspecific respiratory symptoms.'], ['In this study, healthspan was defined based on eight events that are strongly associated with longevity (congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, dementia, diabetes, cancer, and death).'], ['BACKGROUND: It is difficult to assess the impact of multiple comorbidities on clinical outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'In this study, we aimed to investigate exacerbation-associated comorbidities, determine whether the number of comorbidities is an independent risk factor for exacerbation, and identify other exacerbation-associated factors in a Korean COPD population using a nationwide population-based cohort.', 'Data from two years after the diagnosis of COPD were analysed for each participant (N = 12,554, entire cohort).', 'CONCLUSIONS: The number of comorbidities, certain comorbidities such as asthma, lung cancer and heart failure, and low BMI were associated with an increased risk of severe exacerbation in COPD patients.'], ['We assessed this inhibitory reflex (IR) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Reflex responses to brief (250 ms) inspiratory occlusions were measured in 18 participants with moderate to severe COPD (age 73 +- 11 yr) and 17 healthy age-matched controls (age 72 +- 6 yr).', 'Median eupneic preocclusion electromyographic activity was higher in the COPD group than controls (9.4 muV vs. 5.2 muV, P = 0.001).', 'Incidence of the short-latency IR was higher in the COPD group compared with controls (15 participants vs. 7 participants, P = 0.010).', 'IR duration for scalenes was similar for the COPD and control groups [73 +- 37 ms (means +- SD) and 90 +- 50 ms, respectively] as was the magnitude of inhibition.', 'IRs in the diaphragm were not detected in the controls but were present in 9 participants of the COPD group (P = 0.001).', 'The higher incidence of the IR in the COPD group than in the age-matched controls may reflect the increased inspiratory neural drive in the COPD group.', 'The relation between the IR in COPD and swallowing function could be assessed.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A potent short-latency reflex inhibition of inspiratory muscles produced by airway occlusion was tested in people with COPD and age-matched controls.', 'The reflex was more prevalent in COPD, presumably due to an increased neural drive to breathe.', 'The work reveals novel differences in reflex control of inspiratory muscles due to aging as well as COPD.'], ['Hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodelling (PVR) is the major pathological basis of aging-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.'], ['The prevalence of comorbidities and mean CIRS-G scores were not different between groups except for the lower prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the higher level of creatinine clearance in OSA patients.'], ['Males were more likely to develop severe sarcopenia with older age (chi2 = 18.435, P < 0.01 vs. no sarcopenia; chi2 = 9.8011, P=0.002 vs. non-severe sarcopenia), lower BMI (chi2 = 12.736, P < 0.01 vs. no sarcopenia), smoking (chi2 = 4.68, P = 0.031 vs. no sarcopenia; chi2 = 5.652, P = 0.017 vs. non-severe sarcopenia), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (chi2 = 5.517, P = 0.019 vs. no sarcopenia).', 'In elderly males, increased age was an independent risk factor for sarcopenia, and older age, decreased BMI, smoking, and COPD increased the probability of developing severe sarcopenia.'], ['BACKGROUND: Depression is a common comorbidity among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the health effects of depression in this group of patients remain poorly understood.', 'The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between COPD and depression, and the effects of comorbid COPD and depression on health care utilization.', 'The participants were required to self-report any previous diagnosis of COPD.', 'RESULTS: Participants with COPD had a higher prevalence of depression than those without COPD (16.8% vs. 38.1%, respectively; P < 0.001).', 'After adjustment for covariates, participants with COPD had a significantly higher likelihood of multiple physician visits (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80 [1.26-2.58]) and multiple hospital admissions (OR [95% CI], 1.62 [1.04-3.51]), while those with COPD plus depression had a higher likelihood of multiple hospital admissions (OR [95% CI], 2.71 [2.34-5.48]).', 'CONCLUSIONS: We found a positive association between COPD and depression.', 'Depression in patients with COPD is associated with an increased likelihood of multiple hospital admissions.'], ['Chronic nontuberculous mycobacterial infections with Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare complicate bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive airway disease, and the health of aging individuals.'], ['Multimorbidity was defined as the combination of at least two of the following chronic diseases: hypertension; hypercholesterolemia; diabetes; obesity; cancer; CVD; osteoporosis; thyroid, renal, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Alcohol consumption, using psychotropic medications, having three or more comorbidities, hypertension, COPD, urinary incontinence, frailty, fear of falling, ADL/IADL limitation, slow walking speed and mobility impairment were significantly associated with falls.'], ['Background: The Global Burden of Diseases Study 2017 predicted that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the second leading cause of death, the fourth leading cause of premature death, and the third cause for DALYs lost in Nepal.', 'However, data on the population-based prevalence of COPD in Nepal are very limited.', 'This study aims to assess the prevalence of COPD and factors associated with the occurrence of COPD in Nepal.', 'Methods: From a nationally representative, population-based cross-sectional study on chronic non-communicable diseases, the prevalence of COPD and its associated factors was determined.', 'Eligible participants were also asked to answer a COPD diagnostic questionnaire for screening COPD cases, and if needed underwent pre-bronchodilator and post-bronchodilator spirometry.', 'COPD was defined as a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity) ratio of <0.70.', 'Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with COPD.', 'Results: The prevalence of COPD in Nepal was 11.7% (95% CI: 10.5% to 12.9 %), which increased with age, and higher in those with a low educational level, those who had smoked >=50 pack-years, persons having a low body mass index (BMI), and residents of Karnali province.', 'Multivariate analysis revealed that being aged 60 years and above, having a low BMI, low educational status, having smoked more than 50 pack-years, provincial distribution, and ethnicity were independent predictors of COPD.', 'Conclusion: COPD is a growing and serious public health issue in Nepal.', 'Factor such as old age, cigarette smoking, low educational attainment, low BMI, ethnicity, and locality of residence (province-level variation) plays a vital role in the occurrence of COPD.', 'Strategies aimed at targeting these risk factors through health promotion and education interventions are needed to decrease the burden of COPD.'], ['COPD is a chronic inflammatory and destructive disease characterized by progressive decline in lung function that can accelerate with aging.', 'To date, clinical trials using MSCs demonstrate safety in patients with COPD.', 'However, because of the notable absence of large, multicenter randomized trials, no efficacy or evidence exists to support the possibility that MSCs can restore lung function in patients with COPD.', 'Unfortunately, the investigational status of cell-based interventions for lung diseases has not hindered the propagation of commercial businesses, exploitation of the public, and explosion of medical tourism to promote unproven and potentially harmful cell-based interventions for COPD in the United States and worldwide.', 'Patients with COPD constitute the largest group of patients with lung disease flocking to these unregulated clinics.', 'This review highlights the numerous questions and concerns that remain before the establishment of cell-based interventions as safe and efficacious treatments for patients with COPD.'], ['The 5mFI was calculated using functional status and a history of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and hypertension.'], ['Background: Daily physical activity is reduced in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a reduced level of physical activity has been shown to be an important predictor for the prognosis, such as increased risk of exacerbation and mortality.', 'In our previous cross-sectional study, we showed that the level of one of the possible myokines, which is an anti-aging factor, growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), was decreased in the plasma from patients with COPD and correlated with the physical activity.', 'Patients and Methods: Twenty-four COPD patients were enrolled and prospectively followed.', 'In addition, patients who maintained their plasma level of GDF11 showed a significantly lower incidence in exacerbations of COPD than those with decreased levels of GDF11 (p = 0.041).', 'Conclusion: The longitudinal change in the plasma level of GDF11 was positively correlated with the change in the daily physical activity in COPD.', 'GDF11 could be a useful humoral factor that reflects the physical activity in COPD.'], ['Loss of muscle mass and strength with aging, termed sarcopenia is accelerated in several comorbidities including chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).', 'We recruited male healthy controls and patients with CHF and COPD (n = 81-87/group), aged 55-74 years.', 'The serum levels of amino-terminal pro-peptide of type-III procollagen, c-terminal agrin fragment-22, osteonectin, irisin, fatty acid-binding protein-3 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor were significantly different between healthy controls and patients with CHF and COPD.'], ['The older person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often struggles to withstand the anxiety and depression that is intertwined with symptoms of worsening respiratory function.'], ['One important type of clinically significant lung disease that is frequently encountered by pharmacists working in consultant roles is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).', "Data recently published in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests that about 6% of people from the United States aged 40 years or older report a COPD diagnosis, and a major illness affecting more than 1 in 20 of the nation's population is unequivocally an important public health priority.", 'Moreover, in the same report, high rates of comorbidities such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension, heart disease, and cancer are noted, along with increasing emergency department presentations and increasing expenditure on drug therapy used for COPD management.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by incomplete reversible airflow limitation and chronic inflammatory response lesions.', 'This study mainly explored whether FGFR2 and MGAT5 polymorphisms affected the risk of COPD in the Chinese people.', 'METHODS: Five variants in FGFR2 and MGAT5 were chosen and genotyped using Agena MassARRAY platform from 315 COPD patients and 314 healthy controls.', 'The correlation of FGFR2 and MGAT5 with COPD susceptibility was evaluated with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) via logistic regression.', 'RESULTS: We found rs2420915 enhanced the risk of COPD, while rs6430491, rs2593704 reduced the susceptibility of COPD (p < 0.05).', 'Rs2420915 could promote the incidence of COPD in the elderly and nonsmokers.', 'Rs1907240 and rs2257129 also increased the susceptibility to COPD in nonsmokers (p < 0.05).', 'MGAT5-rs2593704 played a protective role in COPD development in different subgroups (age <= 70, male, smokers, and individuals with BMI <= 24 kg/m2).', 'Meanwhile, rs6430491 was linked with a lower risk of COPD in nonsmoking and BMI <= 24 kg/m2 subgroups.', 'CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that FGFR2 and MGAT5 genetic polymorphisms are correlated with the risk of COPD in the Chinese people.', 'These data underscored the important role of FGFR2 and MGAT5 gene in the occurrence of COPD and provided new biomarkers for COPD treatment.'], ['Both of heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are in the elderly.', 'Although both diseases have been studied extensively, information about the prevalence of heart failure in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is lacking.', 'It seems therefore plausible that a considerable proportion of patients with a diagnosis of COPD have concomitant heart failure, which remains unrecognized by primary care physicians or pulmonologists.', 'The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of heart failure in patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'The prevalence of previously unknown heart failure was assessed in 100 patients >=40 years with a GP (General physician) diagnosis of COPD, in a stable phase of their disease.', 'In this study we founded among 100 participating patients with a diagnosis of COPD by their physician, in 24 (24%) patients had previously unrecognized heart failure.', 'Therefore, by this study we recommend that evaluation and assessment of cardiac status is very important in elderly patients with COPD.'], ['The mortality endpoints included in this study are Lung Cancer (LC), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Cerebrovascular Disease (CEV), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), Lower Respiratory Infection (LRI) and other Non-Communicable Diseases (other NCDs).'], ['The presence of potentially inappropriate medication was more frequent among frail and depressed male individuals with a bad health self-assessment and comorbidities, especially diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Covariates (age, gender, and socioeconomic position), comorbidities (cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, asthma/ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hip fracture, cancer treatment, and mental or behavioral disorders excluding dementia) and survival data were obtained from nationwide registers.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Besides pulmonary dysfunctions, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) also frequently have systemic comorbidities.', 'Patients with acute exacerbated COPD (AECOPD) have increased systemic inflammation, which can intensify muscle dysfunction.', 'Malnutrition and advanced Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage were associated with increased chances of this condition in AECOPD patients.'], ['We found patients complicated with heart failure (HF)[hazard ratio (HR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.18], established coronary artery disease (CAD) (HR 1.24, 95%CI 1.17-1.33), ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) (HR 1.22, 95%CI 1.15-1.30), diabetes (HR 1.14, 95%CI 1.08-1.20), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (HR 1.28, 95%CI 1.02-1.62), gastrointestinal disorder (HR 1.37, 95%CI 1.21-1.55), and renal dysfunction (HR 1.24, 95%CI 1.09-1.42) had higher risks of hospitalization.'], ['Nevertheless, limited data suggest that a substantial percentage of children with a history of BPD have long-term respiratory symptoms and persistent airflow obstruction associated with altered lung function trajectories into adult life.', 'The etiology of this is unclear however, developmental dysanapsis may underlie the airflow obstruction in some adults with a history of BPD.', 'This type of flow limitation resembles that of aging adults with chronic obstructive lung disease with no history of smoking.'], ['BACKGROUND: The third most frequent chronic condition, and the fourth most common cause of death, in Poland is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The diagnosis and treatment of COPD is the responsibility of the general practitioner (GP); the GP also serves as gatekeeper, referring patients to the other levels of public health care system when necessary.', 'Undertreatment of COPD can result in a greater frequency of exacerbations and hospitalizations.', 'Elderly patients require special attention due to the increased prevalence of COPD and systemic comorbidities.', 'This proposal concerns the development of a checklist-based educational program to assist general practitioners in managing COPD patients.', 'The educational intervention program will consist of GPs in two intervention arms being provided with a COPD management checklist: those in the first intervention arm with receive the checklist once at the beginning, while those in the second with receive it twice.', 'The study used the International Code of Diseases (ICD)-10 for COPD.', 'These interventions are aimed at decreasing the hospitalization of elderly patients with medical code J-44 (COPD) as the main reason for hospital admission.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disorder of accelerated lung aging.', 'Multiple pieces of evidence support that the aging biomarker short telomeres, which can be caused by mutations in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), contribute to COPD pathogenesis.', 'We hypothesized that short telomere risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TERT, while not able to drive COPD development, nonetheless modify the disease presentation.', 'We set out to test the SNP carrying status in a longitudinal study of smokers with COPD and found that rapid decline of FEV1 in lung function was associated with the minor allele of rs61748181 (adjusted odds ratio 2.49, p = 0.038).', 'This ex vivo observation translated clinically in that shorter telomeres were found in minor allele carriers in a sub-population of COPD patients with non-declining lung function, over the 5-year period of the longitudinal study.', 'Collectively, our data suggest that functional TERT SNPs with mild catalytic defects are nonetheless implicated in the clinical presentation of COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, presence of respiratory symptoms on admission and male gender showed and independent association with severe disease.Conclusion: A retrospective analysis shows that CFS and cognitive decline have added value for predicting in-hospital mortality in older patients with COVID-19 disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been proposed as a disease of accelerated aging.', 'Several cross-sectional studies have related a shorter telomere length (TL), a marker of biological aging, with COPD outcomes.', 'Whether accelerated telomere shortening over time relates to worse outcomes in COPD patients, is not known.', 'Over 10 years of observation, there was a median shortening of TL of 183 bp/year for COPD patients.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study shows an association between accelerated telomere shortening and progressive worsening of pulmonary gas exchange, lung hyperinflation and extrapulmonary affection in COPD patients.'], ["COPD and previous stroke) and increased in conjunction with patients' chronic use of antithrombotic agents and thiazide diuretics but not drugs that block the renin--angiotensin system."], ['Similarly, high burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high prevalence of tobacco consumption and low levels of expenditure on health and low levels of global health security score contribute to COVID-19 related deaths.'], ['RESULTS: The risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity were old age, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), malignancy, and renal replacement therapy.'], ['BACKGROUND: The effects of comorbidities on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been usually studied individually in the past.', 'In this study, we aimed to investigate the comorbidities associated with mortality, the effect of multimorbidity on mortality and other factors associated with mortality among Korean COPD population.', 'Among COPD patients [entire cohort (EC), N = 12,779], 44% of the participants underwent additional health examination, and they were analysed separately [health-screening cohort (HSC), N = 5624].', 'CONCLUSIONS: The number of comorbidities might be an independent risk factor of COPD mortality.', 'Multimorbidity contributes to all-cause mortality in COPD, but the effect of multimorbidity is less evident on respiratory mortality.'], ['High-cost multimorbidity clusters included dyads (stroke/chronic kidney disease [CKD], stroke/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], stroke/heart failure [HF], stroke/asthma, COPD/CKD) and triads (stroke/CKD/asthma, stroke/CKD/COPD, stroke/CKD/depression, stroke/CKD/HF, stroke/HF/asthma) identified during follow-up.'], ['This technology has been shown to be both feasible and effective in Danish chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in terms of basic mobility, safety, social interactions and patient perception.'], ['This study compared the multidimensional breathlessness response to incremental cardiopulmonary cycle exercise testing (CPET) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; n = 14, aged 69 +- 9 years, forced expiratory volume in 1-sec = 54 +- 16 % predicted) and healthy older (OA) (n = 35, aged 68 +- 5 years) and younger (YA) (n = 19, aged 28 +- 8 years) adults.', 'At any given percent predicted peak minute ventilation, people with COPD rated all breathlessness sensations higher than OA and YAs, who were similar.', 'Most between group differences disappeared when examined in relation to inspiratory reserve volume, except people with COPD reported higher levels of unsatisfied inspiration and breathing too shallow (vs YA), and breathlessness-related fear and anxiety (vs OA and YAs).', 'Multidimensional ratings of breathlessness sensations during CPET provides further insight into differences in exertional symptom perceptions among people with COPD and without COPD.'], ['Multimorbidity status (P < .01), diabetes mellitus (P = .05), peripheral age-related hearing loss (P < .01), cognitive impairment (P < .01), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = .02), and metabolic syndrome (P = .02) were also directly related to physical frailty.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease associated with accelerated aging that threatens the lives of people worldwide and imposes heavy social and economic burdens.', 'Cellular senescence is commonly observed in COPD and contributes to aging-related diseases.', 'PURPOSE: To identify the possible molecular pathways modulating cellular senescence in COPD.', 'METHODS: MiR-494-3p expression levels in COPD tissues, small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) and BEAS-2B cells were detected by qRT-PCR.', 'After transfection with miR-494-3p mimic or inhibitor in COPD SAECs, miR-494-3p modulation of senescence markers and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) proteins was detected.', 'RESULTS: As a result of oxidative stress, MiR-494-3p was increased via the p38MAPK-c-myc signaling pathway in the lung tissues and cells of patients with COPD, and the increase in miR-494-3p was accompanied by increases in senescence markers (p27, p21 and p16) and SASP proteins (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, MMP2 and MMP9).', 'Inhibition of miR-494-3p in SAECs from COPD patients reduced cell cycle arrest and the expression of SASP proteins (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, MMP2 and MMP9).', 'CONCLUSION: MiR-494-3p expression can be induced by oxidative stress via the p38MAPK-c-myc signaling pathway, and miR-494-3p can directly bind to SIRT3 to reduce its expression, leading to increased cellular senescence and thereby contributing to COPD progression.'], ['We determined what factors are associated with ACE2 expression particularly in patients with asthma and COPD.', 'The Newcastle cohort was enriched with people with asthma (n = 37) and COPD (n = 38).', 'When we compared gene expression between adults with asthma, COPD and healthy controls, mean ACE2 expression was lower in asthma patients (P = 0.01).'], ['INTRODUCTION: People living with HIV (PLWH) suffer from age-related comorbidities such as COPD.', 'We evaluated the global methylation of PLWH with airflow obstruction by testing the differential methylation of transposable elements Alu and LINE-1, a well-described marker of epigenetic ageing.', 'RESULTS: Airflow obstruction as defined by a FEV1/FVC<0.70 was associated with 1393 differentially methylated positions (DMPs), while 4676 were associated with airflow obstruction based on the FEV1/FVC<lower limit of normal.', 'The disturbance of the epigenetic regulation of key genes not previously identified in non-HIV COPD cohorts could explain the unique risk of COPD in PLWH.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a severe global burden in terms of both health and the economy.', 'Few studies, however, have thoroughly assessed the influence of air pollution on COPD-related mortality among elderly people in developing areas in the hinterland of southwestern China.', 'This study is the first to examine the association between short-term exposure to ambient airborne pollutants and COPD-related mortality among elderly people in the central Sichuan Basin of southwestern China.', 'METHODS: Data on COPD-related mortality among elderly people aged 60 and older were obtained from the Population Death Information Registration and Management System (PDIRMS).', 'A quasi-Poisson general additive model (GAM) was utilized to assess the effects of short-term exposure to airborne pollutants on COPD-related mortality among elderly people.', 'RESULTS: A total of 61,058 COPD-related deaths of people aged 60 and older were obtained.', 'Controlling the influences of daily temperature and relative humidity, interquartile range (IQR) concentration increases of PM2.5 (43 mug/m3), SO2 (8 mug/m3), NO2 (18 mug/m3), CO (0.4 mg/m3), and O3 (78 mug/m3) were associated with 2.7% (95% CI 1.0-4.4%), 4.3% (95% CI 2.1-6.4%), 3.6% (95% CI 1.7-5.6%), 2.7% (95% CI 0.6-4.8%), and 7.4% (95% CI 3.6-11.3%) increases in COPD-related mortality in people aged 60 and older, respectively.', 'The exposure-response curves between each pollutant and the log-relative risk of COPD-related mortality exhibited linear relationships.', 'Statistically significant differences in the associations between pollutants and COPD-related mortality were not observed among sociodemographic factors including age, gender, and marital status.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Increased concentrations of ambient airborne pollutants composed of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO were significantly and positively associated with COPD-related mortality in the central Sichuan Basin, which is located in the hinterland of southwestern China.'], ['Several clinical factors were associated with OACs underuse, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, abnormal renal function, anemia, and history of bleeding.'], ['Background: Previous studies have suggested that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a higher incidence of depression and an increased risk of developing various depression-related complications.', 'We aimed to elucidate the association between the serum human epididymal protein 4 (HE4) level and depressive symptoms in patients with COPD.', 'Methods: The data on 219 participants with COPD from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) were analyzed for the association between serum HE4 levels and depressive symptoms, accounting for relevant confounding factors.', 'All the COPD participants were prospectively followed up for a median period of 48 months.', 'Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of serum HE4 for predicting depression events in these COPD patients.', 'Results: Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that serum HE4 was independently associated with the depression score after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, current smoking status, current drinking status, admission systolic and diastolic BP, CVD history and laboratory measurements in patients with COPD at baseline (Sbeta= 0.149; 95% CI, 0.069-0.201; P<0.001).', 'Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that serum HE4 (HR=2.216, 95% CI 1.691-5.109, P<0.001) was an independent prognostic factor for depression events in these COPD patients.', 'Serum HE4 may enable the early recognition of depressive symptoms among COPD patients.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Our work aimed at exploring the relationship between cold spells and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) hospitalisations in Beijing, China, and assessing the moderating effects of the intensities and the durations of cold spells, as well as identifying the vulnerable.'], ['ABPA is increasingly recognized in other obstructive lung diseases (OLDs), including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.', 'Although ABPA is uncommon in COPD and noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, aspergillus sensitization is more common and is associated with a higher exacerbation rate.'], ['Results: 88.6 % of older adults referred being affiliated to health systems; 30.2 %, 52.4 %, 10.3 %, 4.1 % and 5.6 % referred suffering from diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, respectively; 15.6 % reported urinary incontinence, and 11.3%, fecal incontinence; 12.1 % of the women referred having suffered from breast cancer at some point, and 6.3 %, cervical cancer.'], ['In order to evaluate the changes of airway inflammation and pulmonary functions in the elderly in response to individual exposure of particles (PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10), we analyzed 43 elderly subjects with either asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or Asthma COPD Overlap (ACO) and 40 age-matched subjects without asthma nor COPD in an urban community in Shanghai, China.'], ['The most common chronic diseases in 2004 were hypertension (34.3%), cataract (18.2%), coronary heart disease (CHD) (15.6%), stroke (14.3%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7.9%); in 2011, these were hypertension (49.6%), arthritis (30.9%), CHD (22.3%), stroke (21.9%), and diabetes (15.1%); in 2017, these were hypertension (54.4%), arthritis (26.3%), stroke (22.6%), cataract (20.5%), and CHD (20.1%).'], ['Expression of TP53 and GSTM1 (gene, associated with the glutathione system) was significantlyupregulated in the group of individuals with chronic bronchitis, whereas in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, no increase was detected; the expression of SERPINB9 and MCF2L genes was downregulated.'], ["OBJECTIVES: To assess students and nurses' easiness, usefulness and intention to use a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) as an educational resource to enhance self-management intervention skills in COPD patients."], ['The dialysis-dependent patients were younger (68 vs 71 years; P < .001) and were more likely to have insulin-dependent diabetes (47% vs 12%; P < .001), congestive heart failure (8.4% vs 1.4%; P < .001), and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (15% vs 10%; P = .03).'], ['BACKGROUND: Falls are frequent in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and related to increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs in older adults.', 'This systematic review aims to synthesise the falls outcomes and to examine risk factors for falls in the COPD literature.', 'Searches were updated and operated in five electronic databases in December 2019 for studies reporting falls outcomes and risk factors in people with COPD.', 'In the meta-analyses, the pooled prevalence of COPD fallers was 30% (95%CI 19%-42%), and the pooled prevalence of frequent fallers (>=2 falls in the analysed period of occurrence) was 24% (95%CI 2%-56%).', 'The falls incidence rate in stable COPD varied from 1.17 to 1.49 falls/person-year.', 'Age, female gender, falls history, the number of medications, comorbidities, coronary heart disease, use of supplemental oxygen, impaired balance performance and smoking history were risk factors for falls identified in stable COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: Prevalence of fallers, frequent fallers, and falls incidence rate have been reported in the COPD literature using a varying methodology.', 'People with stable COPD present with ageing and disease-related risk factors for falls.', 'Further research using the recommended prospective recording is needed in COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution leads to respiratory morbidity and mortality; however, the evidence of the effect on lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in older adult populations is inconsistent.', 'OBJECTIVE: To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the associations between particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure and lung function, as well as COPD prevalence, in older Chinese adults.', 'A cross-sectional analysis explored the association between satellite-based air pollution exposure estimates (PM with an aerodynamic diameter of <=10 microm [PM10], <=2.5 microm [PM2.5] and NO2) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), the FEV1/FVC ratio and COPD (defined as post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <70%).', 'Data on lung function changes were further stratified by COPD status.', 'These associations were stronger for participants with COPD.', 'Also, COPD prevalence was linked to higher levels of PM2.5 (POR 1.35, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.43), PM10 (POR 1.24, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.29) and NO2 (POR 1.04, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.11).', 'CONCLUSION: Ambient air pollution was associated with lower lung function, especially in individuals with COPD, and increased COPD prevalence in older Chinese adults.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) imposes a large burden on the global population and even more so for the elderly who face significant obstacles in the diagnosis, management, and psychosocial effects of the disease.', 'This review describes the current challenges and key points in the management of COPD in the elderly.', 'RECENT FINDINGS: Lower limit rather than fixed cut off of the FEV1/FVC ratio can improve the diagnosis and better predict COPD mortality.', 'Fortunately, the switch to cheaper or better covered alternatives can be well tolerated with improvement in adherence and exacerbations of COPD.', 'Finally, caution should be made against ageism, which may be a factor in the recommendation of rehabilitation or palliative care in the elderly COPD patient, as both are underused despite evidence of benefit.', 'SUMMARY: Although care for the elderly COPD patient can be difficult, we summarize key points that the physician should be cognizant of to provide comprehensive care.'], ['Outcome measures include advanced age, female, Overweight (BMI>=25 kg/m), falls history, use of walking aid, diabetes, cardiac disease, hypertension, COPD and depressive symptoms.'], ['Increasing evidence suggests that there is acceleration of normal lung ageing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with the accumulation of senescent cells in the lung, which release an array of inflammatory proteins, which drive further senescence and disease progression.', 'This suggests that drugs that target cellular senescence (senotherapies) may treat the underlying disease process in COPD and reduce disease progression and mortality.', 'Clinical studies of senotherapies have commenced in several age-related diseases, and these approaches appear to be safe and feasible, although no clinical studies in COPD patients have yet been reported.'], ['Older people are at an increased risk of developing respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or lung infections.'], ['Chronic kidney disease, dementia, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had significant increased odds for all 3 outcomes.'], ['No differences were found when studying the correlation of telomere size with subgroups by gender, left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), presence of ischemic heart disease, smoking, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), NYHA stage, degree of renal function or number of hospital admissions in the previous year.'], ['Among the main risk factors for the development of a severe course of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are old age, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.'], ['Other measures used included age, gender, ethnicity, religion, marital status, physical activity, and chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and depression.', 'At the bivariate level, increasing age, unemployment, intake of alcohol, lack of physical activity as well as osteoarthritis, COPD and depression were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of a good QOL.'], ['In future it may be extended to assess its value in the presence of a range of co-morbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension and frailty and cachexia as well as in other conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, amyloid, asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction and hypertension.'], ['Comorbidities, such as ischaemic stroke [odds ratios (OR) = 2.314, 95% CI, 1.895-2.824], haemorrhagic stroke (OR = 2.281, 95% CI, 1.466-3.550) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 1.307, 95% CI, 1.048-1.630) were associated with increased mortality, whereas dyslipidemia (OR = 0.285, 95% CI, 0.227-0.358) was negatively correlated with mortality.'], ['We examined the prevalence of these conditions using logistic regression analysis and found that people with HIV have a statistically significant higher odds of depression, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), osteoporosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, chronic hepatitis, end-stage liver disease, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.'], ['Frailty is particularly more common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Frailty and COPD share many risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms.', 'As a comprehensive interventional method for chronic respiratory diseases, pulmonary rehabilitation is an important basic measure for the management of patients with COPD.', 'The present review discusses the benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD complicated by frailty and provides a theoretical basis for pulmonary rehabilitation treatment in this population.'], ['Statistically independent risk factors associated with major bleeding were age (normalized HR 1.38, CI 1.27-1.50), earlier major bleeding (HR 1.58, Cl 1.09-2.30), COPD (HR 1.28, CI 1.04-1.60) and previous stroke (HR 1.28, Cl 1.03-1.58) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) (HR 1.33, Cl 1.01-1.76).', 'This real world cohort shows a high bleeding rate especially among the elderly and in patients with previous major bleeding, COPD and previous stroke or TIA.'], ['We aimed to develop a transitional care model (TCM) program for patients with pneumonia, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The presented analysis from USA indicated that the elderly and those burdened with comorbidities are the most at risk groups, among them mainly those with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Background: Long-term effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is still uncertain in older people with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The objective was to compare the effects of home-based PR in people with COPD above and below the age of 70 years.', 'Methods: In this retrospective study, 480 people with COPD were recruited and divided into those <=70 (n=341) and those >70 years of age (n=139).', 'Conclusion: Regardless of the age, personalized home-based PR was effective for people with COPD in the short term.'], ['Osteoporosis is one of the significant comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of osteoporosis and the influencing factors in COPD patients.', 'Patients and Methods: This is a two-group comparison study that was conducted among 30 COPD patients on inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and 33 controls.', 'COPD patients were also evaluated for lung functions via spirometry.', 'Results: Thirty patients with COPD (Group 1) and 33 controls (Group 2) were included in the study.', 'Comparing the demographic and biochemical data, no difference was found between the groups except smoking (pack/year) (p<0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p<0.001), which were significantly high in COPD group.', 'BMD in the COPD group was significantly lower in both hip and lumbar regions compared with the controls.', 'BMI was significantly low in osteoporotic COPD patients when compared with the non-osteoporotic COPD patients (p=0.002).', 'Conclusion: In patients with COPD using inhaled corticosteroids, BMD was significantly low compared with the controls.', 'Osteoporotic COPD patients had significantly lower BMI than non-osteoporotic.', 'These findings suggest that pulmonary dysfunction and low BMI are associated with osteoporosis in COPD patients.'], ['OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between disability and domain-specific cognitive function in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['CONTEXT: Managing activities of daily living is important to people with advanced cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of disability in activities of daily living, associations and change over time, in older people with advanced cancer or COPD.', 'RESULTS: One hundred fifty-nine participants were included (140 cancer, 19 COPD).', 'CONCLUSION: Disability in activities of daily living in advanced cancer or COPD is common, associated with increased symptom burden, and may be attenuated by use of assistive devices.'], ['Purpose: In this study, we investigated the acute exacerbation and outcomes of COPD patients during the outbreak of COVID-19 and evaluated the prevalence and mortality of COPD patients with confirmed COVID-19.', 'Methods: A prospectively recruited cohort of 489 COPD patients was retrospectively followed-up for their conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic from December 2019 to March 2020 in Hubei, China.', 'Results: Of the 489 followed-up enrolled COPD patients, 2 cases were diagnosed as confirmed COVID-19, and 97 cases had exacerbations, 32 cases of which were hospitalized, and 14 cases died.', 'Compared with the 6-month follow-up results collected 1 year ago, in 307 cases of this cohort, the rates of exacerbations and hospitalization of the 489 COPD patients during the last 4 months decreased, while the mortality rate increased significantly (2.86% vs 0.65%, p=0.023).', 'Of the 821 patients with COVID-19, 37 cases (4.5%) had pre-existing COPD.', 'Of 180 confirmed deaths, 19 cases (10.6%) were combined with COPD.', 'Compared to COVID-19 deaths without COPD, COVID-19 deaths with COPD had higher rates of coronary artery disease and/or cerebrovascular diseases.', 'Old age, low BMI and low parameters of lung function were risk factors of all-cause mortality for COVID-19 patients with pre-existing COPD.', 'Conclusion: Our findings imply that acute exacerbations and hospitalizations of COPD patients were infrequent during the COVID-19 pandemic.', 'However, COVID-19 patients with pre-existing COPD had a higher risk of all-cause mortality.'], ['Background: Despite chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) being the commonest non-communicable disease in Nepal, there is limited research evidence estimating the spirometry-based burden of COPD.', 'This study aims to estimate the prevalence of COPD and its correlates through a community-based survey in Pokhara Metropolitan City, a semi-urban area of Western Nepal.', 'COPD was defined according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria as a post-bronchodilator ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) <0.70 with the presence of symptoms.', 'COPD was also defined by the lower limit of normal (LLN) threshold - FEV1/FVC < LLN cut-off values with the presence of symptoms.', 'The prevalence of GOLD-defined COPD was 8.5% (95% CI: 7.1-10.0) and based on the LLN threshold of 5.4% (95% CI: 4.2-6.6).', 'The multivariate logistic regression showed that increasing age, low body mass index, illiterate, current or former smoker, and biomass fuel smoke increased the odds of COPD in both the definitions.', 'Conclusion: COPD is highly prevalent at community level and often underdiagnosed.', 'Strategies aiming at early diagnosis and treatment of COPD, especially for the elderly, illiterate, and reducing exposure to smoking and biomass fuel smoke and childhood lung infection could be effective.'], ['Patients with high levels of autoantibodies had a higher body mass index (BMI 28.6 vs 27.1 kg/m2; p = 0.046), were more likely to suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD 30% vs 9.8%; p = 0.018), and more likely to need dialysis after the surgery (10% vs 0%; p = 0.037).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with NTM in males while chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, and Sjogren syndrome were associated with NTM in females.'], ['Independent of covariates, prevalent COPD and cancer, as well as incident diabetes, heart failure, and CKD were associated with a steeper decline in RMR over time.'], ['BACKGROUND: In the Informing the Pathway of COPD Treatment (IMPACT) trial, single-inhaler triple-therapy fluticasone furoate (FF), umeclidinium (UMEC), and vilanterol (VI) reduced moderate/severe exacerbation rates vs FF/VI and UMEC/VI in patients with symptomatic COPD and a history of exacerbations, with a similar safety profile.', 'RESEARCH QUESTION: Are trial outcomes with single-inhaler triple-therapy FF/UMEC/VI vs FF/VI and UMEC/VI affected by age in patients with symptomatic COPD and a history of exacerbations?', 'Patients >= 40 years of age with symptomatic COPD and >= 1 moderate/severe exacerbation in the previous year were randomly assigned 2:2:1 to FF/UMEC/VI 100/62.5/25 mug, FF/VI 100/25 mug, or UMEC/VI 62.5/25 mug.'], ['The incidence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes comorbidities increased with age (trend test, p<0.0001, p=0.0003, p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively).'], ['Such association was no longer significant only when adjusting for SPPB (OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 0.93-1.56 for eGFR< 60; OR = 0.87, 95%CI = 0.64-1.18 for eGFR< 45; OR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.50-1.42), CIRS and polypharmacy (OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 0.90-1.50 for eGFR< 60; OR = 0.86, 95%CI = 0.64-1.16 for eGFR< 45; OR = 1.11, 95%CI = 0.69-1.80) or diabetes, hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 0.99-1.64 for eGFR< 60; OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 0.88-1.52 for eGFR< 45; OR = 1.47, 95%CI = 0.92-2.34).', 'Physical performance, polypharmacy, diabetes, hypertension and COPD may affect such association, which suggests that the impact of CKD on QoL is likely multifactorial and partly mediated by co-occurrent conditions/risk factors.'], ["Hypertension, stroke, transient ischemic attack, cancer, hip fracture, osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, anemia, CKD (defined as GFR < 60, < 45 or < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2), cognitive impairment, depression, hearing impairment and vision impairment were included in the analyses."], ['Logistic analysis showed that older age, poor marital status, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetic mellitus, osteoporosis, hearing loss, lack of exercise, depression, cognitive impairment, and higher white blood cell count were factors independently related with frailty in older participants with hypertension.'], ['The most common diagnoses were heart failure (25.3%), lower respiratory tract infection (25.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (17.6%).'], ['The results of a binary logistic regression indicated that there was a significant association between age, diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and CA presence (chi2 = 49.051, df = 2, P < .001).'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma exacerbations are associated with ill health, increased mortality, and health care costs.', 'However, there is limited evidence regarding mortality and its predictors among patients treated for COPD and asthma exacerbations in low-income nations, particularly in Ethiopia.', 'Data were collected on socio-demographic, baseline clinical characteristics and outcomes of asthma and COPD exacerbations.'], ['Patients with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, and heavy alcohol use were also more likely to have an abnormal cognitive screen.'], ['Among the subcategories, the largest effect estimate was observed in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Eleven SNPs were significantly associated with 28 outcomes (Bonferroni corrected P value < 4.63 10-6) including food intake, hypertension, atopy, COPD, BMI, and lipids.'], ['RATIONALE: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of mortality and common in older adults.', 'The BODE Index is the most recognised mortality risk score in COPD but includes a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) that is seldom available in practise; the BODE Index may be better adopted if the 6MWT was replaced.', 'OBJECTIVES: we investigated whether a modified BODE Index in which 6MWT was replaced by an alternative measure of physical capacity, specifically the short physical performance battery (SPPB) or components, retained its predictive ability for mortality in individuals with COPD.', 'METHODS: we analysed 630 COPD patients from the ERICA cohort study for whom UK Office for National Statistics verified mortality data were available.'], ['INTRODUCTION: To investigate whether or not the threshold for subjectively detecting an increase in the resistance to airflow (LDT) during tidal breathing at rest rises in older age in patients with COPD, as it does in healthy people and asthmatics in remission.', 'MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted an open cross-sectional study of 31 older patients (age 55-89) with COPD and 60 healthy volunteers (age 55-86).', 'RESULTS: The mean (SD) ILDT was 5.93 (7.02) kPa.s/L in COPD patients, compared to 11.11 (8.47) in healthy people (P < 0.001) in the same age range.', 'There was no significant correlation between ILDT and age in the COPD group (r = -0.182, P = 0.326), though significant correlation with age was found in healthy people (r = 0.591, P < 0.001).', 'ILDT and ELDT in COPD patients correlated significantly with the FEV1/FVC ratio (r = 0.367, P = 0.048 and r = 0.481, P = 0.007 respectively) but not with other spirometry indices, height, weight, BMI, oxygen saturation or smoking pack-years.', 'CONCLUSION: LDT during tidal breathing appears to be sensitized, and thereby lower, in older COPD patients, possibly due to altered central regulation of the threshold or as a consequence of the effect lung compliance, recoil and volume changes have on afferent input from mechano-receptors in COPD.', 'Older COPD patients with good cognition are therefore likely to be as aware of changing airways resistance as younger patients and take appropriate therapeutic action.'], ['Sarcopenia prevalence and its clinical impact are reportedly variable in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due partly to definition criteria.', 'This review aimed to identify the criteria used to diagnose sarcopenia and the prevalence and impact of sarcopenia on health outcomes in people with COPD.', 'Five electronic databases were searched to August 2018 to identify studies related to sarcopenia and COPD.', 'Sarcopenia is prevalent in a significant proportion of people with COPD and negatively impacts upon important clinical outcomes.'], ['BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the relationship between post-diagnosis physical activity and mortality in patients with selected noncommunicable diseases, including breast cancer, lung cancer, type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), osteoarthritis, low back pain and major depressive disorder.', 'RESULTS: In total, 28 studies were included in the meta-analysis: 12 for breast cancer, 6 for type 2 diabetes, 8 for ischemic heart disease and 2 for COPD.', 'The linear meta-analysis revealed that each 10 metabolic equivalent task hours increase of physical activity per week was associated with a 22% lower mortality rate in breast cancer patients (Summary Hazard Ratio [HR], 0.78; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.86; I2: 90.1%), 12% in ischemic heart disease patients (HR, 0.88; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.93; I2: 86.5%), 30% in COPD patients (HR, 0.70; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.09; I2: 94%) and 4% in type 2 diabetes patients (HR, 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99; I2: 71.8%).', 'The certainty of evidence was low for breast cancer, type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease but only very low for COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: Higher levels of post-diagnosis physical activity are associated with lower mortality rates in breast cancer, type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease and COPD patients, with indication of a no-threshold and non-linear dose-response pattern.'], ['GLI-based spirometric categories included normal-for-age and the impairments of restrictive-pattern and three-level severity of airflow-obstruction (mild, moderate, severe).', 'Also relative to normal-for-age spirometry, airflow-obstruction from mild to severe increased the adjORs for DLCO < LLN-from 1.22 (0.80, 1.86) to 6.63 (4.91, 8.95), for VA < LLN-from 1.37 (0.85, 2.18) to 7.01 (5.20, 9.43), and for KCO < LLN-from 2.04 (1.33, 3.14) to 3.03 (2.29, 3.99).'], ['BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it contributes to the development of many other serious diseases.', 'Smoking cessation in COPD patients is known to improve survival and reduce the number of hospitalization-requiring acute exacerbations of COPD.', 'The aim of this study is to determine whether a high-intensity intervention compared to a low-intensity intervention can increase the proportion of persistent (> 12 months) anamnestic and biochemical smoking cessation in active smokers with COPD.', 'A total of 600 active smokers with COPD will be randomly assigned 1:1 to either a standard treatment (guideline-based municipal smoking cessation program, "low intensity" group) or an intervention ("high-intensity" group) group, which consists of group sessions, telephone consultations, behavior design, hotline, and "buddy-matching" (smoker matched with COPD patient who has ceased smoking).', 'DISCUSSION: The potential benefit of this project is to improve smoking cessation rates and thereby reduce smoking-related exacerbations of COPD.', 'In addition, the project can potentially benefit from increasing the quality of life and longevity of COPD patients and reducing the risk of other smoking-related diseases.'], ['Only patients that had two or more of the risk factors; obesity, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, old age and diabetes mellitus in the High Risk ciNPT cohort were given the ciNPT dressing.'], ['EXPERT OPINION: As acute exacerbations are a main common and detrimental event in patients with COPD and bronchiectasis, effective antimicrobial therapies and regimens should be optimized.'], ['Eight patients with acute cardiac injury were aged >60 years; seven of them had >=2 underlying comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease).'], ['Older patients with comorbid conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer have a much higher case fatality rate.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequent diagnosis in older individuals and contributor to global morbidity and mortality.', 'Using data from the population-based KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg) surveys, we associated baseline epigenetic (DNA methylation) age acceleration with incident COPD and lung function.', 'Of 770 KORA participants, 131 developed incident COPD over 7 years.', 'Baseline accelerated epigenetic aging was significantly associated with incident COPD.', 'The change in age acceleration (follow-up - baseline) was more strongly associated with COPD than baseline aging alone.', 'The association between the change in age acceleration between baseline and follow-up and incident COPD replicated in the Normative Aging Study.', 'Associations with spirometric lung function parameters were weaker than those with COPD, but a meta-analysis of both cohorts provide suggestive evidence of associations.', 'Accelerated epigenetic aging, both baseline measures and changes over time, may be a risk factor for COPD and reduced lung function.'], ['Roflumilast, a selective PDE-4 inhibitor was the first agent in this class to have reached the market for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease worldwide.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a condition commonly present in older people undergoing surgery and confers an increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality.', 'In this review, we discuss the evidence for techniques to optimise the care of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the peri-operative period, and address potential new interventions to improve outcomes.', "Before surgery it is important to ensure that what have been called the 'five fundamentals' of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment are achieved: smoking cessation; pulmonary rehabilitation; vaccination; self-management; and identification and optimisation of co-morbidities."], ['We used a more restrictive definition of risk combining old age criteria and the following chronic conditions as potential risk factors for COVID-19 according to the available literature: hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardio- and cerebrovascular disease.'], ['The BAI score of patients with cardiac disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were mostly higher than those in healthy age-matched people.'], ['Overall, the total number of PM2.5-related deaths nationwide was 1.31 million, of which lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, and stroke represented 0.13, 0.13, 0.42, and 0.62 million, respectively.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Patients with acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have a significant mortality and morbidity.', 'Thus, we performed an epidemiological study on hospital admission for COPD acute exacerbation in Italy.', 'RESULTS: During the observation period (2013-2014), 170,684 patients with COPD acute exacerbation were hospitalized.', 'Old age, male gender, low discharge volume, previous hospitalization for COPD exacerbation and CCI resulted as significantly associated with higher in-hospital mortality.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization for COPD exacerbation is extremely frequent even in contemporary Italian population.', 'COPD exacerbation is clinically demanding with a not negligible short-term mortality rate and a mean LOH approaching 10 days.', 'These latter findings were quite variable in different regions but should be further analyzed to set up appropriate health-care policies on COPD patients.'], ['According to the findings, telerehabilitation was used for the elderly after stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), total knee replacement, and in patients with the comorbidity of COPD and chronic heart failure.'], ['The most prevalent co morbidity was hypertension (42.46%) followed by Diabetes mellitus (39.72%), Old k-chest (20.54%), COPD/ Bronchial Asthma (16.43%), Coronary artery disease (13.69%), Chronic kidney disease (13.69%) and Valvular heart disease (6.84%) distributed in co morbid patients of COVID-19.'], ['Amongst the chronic lung diseases, most patients with COVID-19 reported so far had asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and interstitial lung disease.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to pesticides is highly correlated with respiratory pathologies (asthma, COPD, lung cancer).'], ['RESULTS: Of all patients, 114 (37.1%) had histories of epidemiological exposure, 48 (15.6%) were severe/critical cases, 31 had hypertension (10.1%), 15 had diabetes mellitus (4.9%), 3 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, 1%).'], ['Risk of psoriasis was significantly higher in men and the elderly, and in those with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or tuberculosis.'], ['BACKGROUND: COPD is a well-known risk factor for lung cancer, independent of smoking behavior.', 'By investigating the retrospective National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) in Korea, this study attempted to prove the hypothesis that COPD is a risk factor for major cancers developing outside of the lungs.', 'We also aimed to investigate the environmental factors associated with the development of lung cancer in COPD patients.', 'This cohort enrolled six arms consisting of never-smokers without COPD (N = 313,553), former smokers without COPD (N = 41,359), smokers without COPD (N = 112,627), never-smokers with COPD (N = 7789), former smokers with COPD (N = 1085), and smokers with COPD (N = 2677).', 'RESULTS: Incident rate of lung cancer per 100,000 person-year was higher according to smoking and COPD (216 in non-COPD and 757 in COPD among never-smokers, 271 in non-COPD and 1266 in COPD among former smokers, 394 in non-COPD and 1560 in COPD among smokers, p < 0.01).', 'Old age, male sex, lower BMI, low exercise level, history of diabetes mellitus, smoking, and COPD were independent factors associated with the development of lung cancer (p < 0.01).', 'Multi-variable analyses showed that COPD, regardless of smoking status, contributed to the development of lung cancer, and colorectal cancer and liver cancer among other major cancers (p < 0.01).', 'CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that COPD was an independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer, and colorectal cancer and liver cancer among other major cancers in the Korean population, regardless of smoking status.'], ['With the present findings, a perspective of the potential use of low-dose lithium in old patients from the "high risk group" for COVID-19 (with hypertension, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is presented.'], ['RESULTS: Five included articles contained 74 primary studies involving 9,004 participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, heart failure, or dementia.'], ['Discharge diagnoses associated with increased risk of readmission were heart failure (aHR 1.26; 1.12 - 1.41), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aHR 1.33; 1.25 - 1.43), dehydration (aHR 1.28; 1.17 - 1.39), constipation (aHR 1.26; 1.14 - 1.39), anemia (aHR 1.45; 1.38 - 1.54), pneumonia (aHR 1.15; 1.06 - 1.25), urinary tract infection (aHR 1.15; 1.07 - 1.24), suspicion of malignancy (aHR 1.51; 1.37 - 1.66), fever (aHR 1.52; 1.33 - 1.73) and abdominal pain (aHR 1.12; 1.05 - 1.19).'], ['BACKGROUND: Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.', 'Specific diseases analysed included asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and other chronic respiratory diseases.', 'In males and females, most chronic respiratory disease-attributable deaths and DALYs were due to COPD.'], ['WHO has declared COVID-19 as a public health emergency, with the most susceptible populations (requiring ventilation) being the elderly, pregnant women and people with associated co-morbidities including heart failure, uncontrolled diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and cancer.'], ['Old age, male sex, region of residence, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, tuberculosis, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, seizure disorder and antidiabetic drug usage were all associated with a higher risk of pneumonia, while dyslipidemia and antihypertensive medication usage lowered the risk.'], ['Multimorbidity progression was defined by the number of incident chronic conditions, including arthritis, asthma, atrial fibrillation, cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, dementia, depression, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, and stroke.'], ['RESULTS: Of the 204 patients, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were the most common coexisting conditions.'], ['Examined predictors were age, gender, pre-fracture living situation, pre-fracture mobility score, pre-fracture ADL-status, history of dementia, diabetes, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and prior stroke, ASA-score, anemia at admission, surgery within 48 hours, surgical procedure and anesthesia used.', 'Only gender, surgery within 48 hours and history of COPD differed significantly at baseline between the groups with and without pneumonia.', 'Gender and history of COPD were most often found to have a p<0.10 (61.3% and 58.2%, respectively) in the bootstrap analyses and more than 80% stability in their B-coefficient signs.', 'Of the 15 selected potential risk-factors for developing pneumonia during admission, male gender and history of COPD appeared to have the best potential as predictors.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with features of accelerated aging, including cellular senescence, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix (ECM) changes.', 'We propose that these features are particularly apparent in patients with severe, early-onset (SEO)-COPD.', 'Whether fibroblasts from COPD patients display features of accelerated aging and whether this is also present in relatively young SEO-COPD patients is unknown.', 'Therefore, we aimed to determine markers of aging in (SEO)-COPD-derived lung fibroblasts and investigate the impact on ECM.', 'Aging hallmarks and ECM markers were analyzed in lung fibroblasts from SEO-COPD and older COPD patients and compared with fibroblasts from matched non-COPD groups (n = 9-11 per group), both at normal culture conditions and upon Paraquat-induced senescence.', 'COPD-related differences in senescence and ECM expression were validated in lung tissue.', 'Higher levels of cellular senescence, including senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal)-positive cells (19% for COPD vs. 13% for control) and p16 expression, DNA damage (gamma-H2A.X-positive nuclei), and oxidative stress (MGST1) were detected in COPD compared with control-derived fibroblasts.', 'Most effects were also different in SEO-COPD, with SA-beta-gal-positive cells only being significant in SEO-COPD vs. matched controls.', 'Lower decorin expression in COPD-derived fibroblasts correlated with higher p16 expression, and this association was confirmed in lung tissue.', 'Fibroblasts from COPD patients, including SEO-COPD, display higher levels of cellular senescence, DNA damage, and oxidative stress.', 'The association between cellular senescence and ECM expression changes may suggest a link between accelerated aging and ECM dysregulation in COPD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the differences in the effectiveness of web-based behavioral change interventions for the self-care of high burden chronic health conditions (eg, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], diabetes, and osteoarthritis) across socioeconomic and cultural groups.', 'Studies with any quantitative design were included (published between January 1, 2006, and February 20, 2019) if they investigated web-based self-care interventions targeting asthma, COPD, diabetes, and osteoarthritis; were conducted in any high-income country; and reported variations in health, behavior, or psychosocial outcomes across social groups.', 'The findings for gender and health literacy were mixed across studies on diabetes, and the findings for age were mixed across studies on asthma, COPD, and diabetes.'], ['All included patients either had a historical diagnosis of heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or they had an additional ED visit in the previous six months.<br/> INTERVENTIONS: The pilot intervention involved postED discharge telephonic outreach and assessment by a clinical pharmacist, with triaging to other staff if necessary.<br/> MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with at least one repeat ED visit, hospitalization, or death within 30 days of ED discharge.'], ["BACKGROUND: To analyse the survival of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) after discharge from respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) and the adverse factors affecting patient's survival, so as to improve the follow-up work in the future.", 'Old age, no education, low BMI, bedridden status, comorbidity with bronchiectasis, and comorbidity with cancer were risk factors affecting the survival rate of patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as analysed by the Log-Rank test.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In China, there are many older patients who have no education, and it may be very important for patients with an acute exacerbation of COPD to have additional specialized health education after discharge.'], ['Reduced exercise capacity is common in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and chronic smokers and is suggested to be related to skeletal muscle dysfunction.', 'Previous studies using human muscle biopsies have shown fiber-type shifting in chronic smokers particularly those with COPD.', 'These results, however, are confounded with aging effects because people with COPD tend to be older.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic disease in which T cell-mediated pulmonary inflammation has been shown to play a key role.', 'Accumulating evidence shows that COPD has many of the characteristics of an autoimmune response.', 'For these reasons, the effect of regulatory T (Treg) cells on adaptive immunity in COPD patients is of particular interest and could be targeted therapeutically.', 'The disturbance in immune homeostasis caused by changes in the number or function of Treg cells, which is related to cigarette smoke exposure, may be of importance in understanding the development and progression of COPD.'], ['The majority of the DALY rates were due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory condition characterized by airflow limitation in the elderly.', 'COPD not only causes a gradual decline in lung function but also affects the function of other systems throughout the body; it also has adverse effects on the central nervous system that can lead to cognitive impairment, especially in elderly patients.', 'Therefore, understanding the influencing factors of cognitive impairment in elderly patients with COPD and applying early intervention are crucial in improving the quality of life of patients and reducing the burden on their families and society.', 'This article mainly discusses the related factors of cognitive impairment in elderly patients with COPD and expands the possible mechanism of exercise in improving cognitive impairment in patients with COPD to provide a reference for the clinical prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment in elderly patients with COPD.'], ['In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular comorbidities are highly prevalent and associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.', 'For these reasons, COPD should be considered an independent factor of high cardiovascular risk, and efforts should be directed to early identification of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in COPD patients.', 'In this review, we will discuss the most recent evidence of the role of COPD as a critical cardiovascular risk factor and try to find new insights and potential prevention strategies for this disease.'], ['Methods and Results Eighty-four former smokers including individuals across a spectrum of airflow limitation severity were included: 30 without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] 0 with normal spirometry and lung computed tomography), 31 with mild-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (GOLD 1-2), and 23 with severe-very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (GOLD 3-4).'], ['Oxidative stress is a major driving mechanism in the pathogenesis of COPD.', 'There is increased oxidative stress in the lungs of COPD patients due to exogenous oxidants in cigarette smoke and air pollution and due to endogenous generation of reactive oxygen species by inflammatory and structural cells in the lung.', 'Mitochondrial oxidative stress may be particularly important in COPD.', 'This suggests that treating oxidative stress by antioxidants or enhancing endogenous antioxidants should be an effective strategy to treat the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of COPD.', 'Most clinical studies in COPD have been conducted using glutathione-generating antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine, carbocysteine and erdosteine, which reduce exacerbations in COPD patients, but it is not certain whether this is due to their antioxidant or mucolytic properties.', 'Dietary antioxidants have so far not shown to be clinically effective in COPD.'], ['Chronic diseases, such as arthritis, angina, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression and hypertension, were typically associated with an increased risk of being non-employed due to health problems and early retirement.'], ['Until now, a number of epidemiological studies have focused on the association between ambient particulate matter pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), especially in developed countries.', 'There are limited evidences on the association between short-term exposure to particulate matters (PM2.5, PMC, and PM10) and overall hospital outpatient visits for COPD at the same time in China.', 'Thus, a time-series analysis on the short-term association between three subtypes of PM (PM2.5, PMC, and PM10) and daily hospital outpatients for COPD in Lanzhou, China was conducted, from 2014 to 2017.An over dispersed, generalized additive model was used to analyze the associations after controlling for time trend, weather conditions, day of the week, and holidays.', 'PM10 also exerted a high effect for COPD (0.185% increase; 95% CI - 0.046~0.417%) when 6 days of exposures (lag6), however, no significance relationship could be found.', 'For COPD among males, positive results were observed for PM2.5 with lags of 0-7 days, a 10-mug/m3 increase was 1.184% (95% CI 0.095~2.284%).', 'Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased risk of hospital visits for COPD.'], ['Most of the patients reported comorbidities, particularly IgE-mediated diseases, such as seasonal rhino-conjunctivitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['This system plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular proliferation and senescence, thus impacting metabolism-related diseases, chronic airway diseases and cancers.'], ['Relevant comorbidities are cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure, which lead to reduction of vaccine immunogenicity; or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a decline in lung function and a higher risk for pneumonia or infections due to influenza.'], ['RESULTS: Ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the leading causes of disability and death in older people, whilst dementias have displayed the largest increase during the past 16 years.', 'DALYs are mostly caused by IHD, malignancies, COPD and cirrhosis in older men; whilst dementias, hearing loss, falls, hypertensive heart disease, back and neck pain and diarrheal diseases cause larger health loss in older women.', 'Death rate for malignancies (except colorectal cancer), COPD, cirrhosis and tuberculosis is larger in older men; whilst mortality for cardiovascular disorders, dementias and diarrheal diseases is larger in older women.'], ['High complexity was associated with diabetes (OR 5.42; p = 0.00 2.69-10.93) and asthma/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (OR 2.96(1.22-7.18); p = 0.02).'], ['PURPOSE: To assess the performance of peak expiratory flow (PEF) for sarcopenia screening in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), using the revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP-2) criteria as the reference standard in pulmonary rehabilitation patients; and second, to study the factors associated with low PEF in this population.', 'METHODS: Diagnostic accuracy study conducted in consecutive community-dwelling COPD rehabilitation patients.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Considering the EWGSOP-2 criteria as the reference standard, a cut-off of PEF <= 200 L/min showed only fair validity for detecting sarcopenia, so it cannot be recommended as a stand-alone screening tool in older rehabilitation patients with COPD.'], ['In Italy, vaccination against HZV is recommended in all subjects at risk - for example, those with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or patients on immunosuppressive agents - from the age of 50 years onwards and for all persons aged >64 years.'], ['We have reported increased steroid-resistant senescent pro-inflammatory CD28nullCD8+ T cells in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'We hypothesized that SIRT1 is reduced in these cells in COPD, and that treatment with SIRT1 activators (resveratrol, curcumin) and agents preventing NAD depletion (theophylline) would upregulate SIRT1 and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in these steroid-resistant cells.', 'METHODS: Blood was collected from n = 10 COPD and n = 10 aged-matched controls.', 'RESULTS: There was an increase in the percentage of CD28nullCD8+ T and NKT-like cells in COPD patients compared with controls.', 'Treatment with prednisolone, in combination with theophylline, curcumin or resveratrol increases SIRT1 expression, restores steroid sensitivity, and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production from these cells and may reduce systemic inflammation in COPD.'], ['Health workers who are: pregnant, over 55 to 65 years of age, with a history of chronic diseases (uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and all clinical scenarios where immunosuppression is feasible, including that induced to treat chronic inflammatory conditions and organ transplants) should avoid the clinical attention of a potentially infected patient.'], ['Deaths due to lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart attacks-all of which are associated with stress during the life course-are significantly increased.'], ['COPD (including overlap syndrome) was the most important patient group, followed by obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) (26%).', 'COPD is presently the leading indication followed by OHS.'], ['Patients with DMS were older and had more hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than those with RMS.'], ['Symptoms of dyspnea (HR 2.35, P = 0.001), comorbidities including cardiovascular disease (HR 1.86, P = 0.031) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 2.24, P = 0.023), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (HR 29.33, P < 0.001) were strong predictors of death.', 'Dyspnea, lymphocytopenia, comorbidities including cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and acute respiratory distress syndrome were predictive of poor outcome.'], ['AIMS AND DESIGN: Various healthcare services in Japan provide self-management interventions for older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'To examine the influence of healthcare service utilisation on self-management activities, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of older people with COPD who received care through outpatient clinics (OC), outpatient rehabilitation centres (OR) or home care (HC) services.', 'RESULTS: Among the total sample (n = 81; mean age: 78.2 years old), participants in the HC group (n = 25) had the most severe level of COPD, followed by those in the OR (n = 31) and OC (n = 12) groups.', 'IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Findings suggest that we should provide additional services such as OR and HC besides OC to older people with COPD who are unable to practice self-management activities.'], ['BACKGROUND: Air pollution is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'However, there were limited data from older populations with higher prevalence of COPD and other inflammatory conditions.'], ['We conducted a consultation with 77 stakeholders from the United Kingdom, Canada, and Ireland with expertise in the fields of rehabilitation and HIV, cancer, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who attended a one-day symposium.'], ["The drugs considered include new agents indicated for the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, and chronic idiopathic constipation."], ['Old age (66 vs 63 years; P < .01), diabetes (46% vs 41%; P < .001), COPD (21% vs 18%; P < .01), peripheral arterial disease (14% vs 11%; P < .001), and chronic kidney disease (2% vs 1.5%; P = .01) were factors associated with HHC.'], ['Multilevel regression models showed a significantly higher prevalence of pneumonia in the total sample in the livestock dense area, which was also observed among susceptible subgroups of children, the elderly, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'In general, there were no significant differences in chronic conditions such as asthma, COPD, or lung cancer.'], ['Investigating COPD trends may help healthcare providers to forecast future disease burden.', 'We estimated sex- and smoking-specific incidence trends of pre-bronchodilator airflow obstruction (AO) among adults without asthma from 11 European countries within a 20-year follow-up (ECRHS and SAPALDIA cohorts).', 'We also quantified the extent of misclassification in the definition based on pre-bronchodilator spirometry (using post-bronchodilator measurements from a subsample of subjects) and we used this information to estimate the incidence of post-bronchodilator AO (AOpost-BD), which is the primary characteristic of COPD.', 'AO incidence was 4.4 (95% CI: 3.5-5.3) male and 3.8 (3.1-4.6) female cases/1,000/year.', 'Among ever smokers (median pack-years: 20, males; 12, females), AO incidence significantly increased with ageing in men only [incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1-year increase: 1.05 (1.03-1.07)].', 'The positive predictive value of AO for AOpost-BD was 59.1% (52.0-66.2%) in men and 42.6% (35.1-50.1%) in women.', 'AO incidence was considerable in Europe and the sex-specific ageing-related increase among ever smokers was strongly related to cumulative tobacco exposure.', 'AOpost-BD incidence is expected to be half of AO incidence.'], ['Median exclusion rates for trials in common chronic conditions were high, including hypertension 83.0%, type 2 diabetes 81.7%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 84.3%, and asthma 96.0%.'], ['Tissue was obtained from patients undergoing elective surgery for congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) and other airway abnormalities including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'CD90+CD146+ cells from COPD patients fail to support microvessel formation due to fibrinolysis.', 'These data provide important new information regarding the immunophenotypic identity of key mesenchymal lineages and their change in a diverse setting of congenital lung lesions and COPD.'], ['Five-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) was calculated based on functional status, diabetes, COPD, CHF, and hypertension, and used in comparative analyses.'], ['People with asthma and people with emphysema had the highest rates (7.1%, 95% CI 3.2-11.0 and 6.6%, 95% CI 3.6-9.7) while people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and people with chronic bronchitis had the lower rates (3.6%, 95% CI 2.0-5.2 and 4.8%, 95% CI 2.6-7.0).'], ['Few studies assessed the Tdi using ultrasonography in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'We measured the Tdi and thickening in patients with COPD compared with healthy younger and healthy older adults to reveal the influence of ageing and/or COPD.', 'METHODS: Thirty-eight male patients with COPD (age 72 +- 8 years), 15 healthy younger (age 22 +- 1 years) and 15 healthy older (age 72 +- 5 years) male volunteers were recruited.', 'RESULTS: The TdiTLC and the DeltaTdi% were significantly lower in patients with COPD compared to the healthy adults.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate significant differences in TdiTLC and DeltaTdi% between patients with COPD and healthy adults.', 'Therefore, diaphragm ultrasonography can assess diaphragm dysfunction associated with COPD.'], ['The numbers of male patients and patients with comorbidities and special medical procedures (e.g., intensive care unit admission, cerebrovascular disease, brain neoplasms, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignant tumor, malignant hematonosis, and osteoarthropathy) were significantly higher in the elderly group, but the number of patients who underwent surgery was lower.'], ['Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether limitation during the performance of activities of daily living (ADL) was associated with life-space mobility in older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to generate a regression model for life-space mobility score.', 'Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study with a convenience sample included older people (aged >=60 years old) with COPD.', 'Conclusion: In this study, limitations during the performance of ADL and dyspnea had a strong correlation with life-space mobility in older adults with COPD.'], ['Yet, HIV-infected patients remain at high risk for critical illness due to the occurrence of severe opportunistic infections in those with advanced immunosuppression (i.e., inaugural admissions or limited access to cART), a pronounced susceptibility to bacterial sepsis and tuberculosis at every stage of HIV infection, and a rising prevalence of underlying comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, atherosclerosis or non-AIDS-defining neoplasms in cART-treated patients aging with controlled viral replication.'], ['In this study, we aimed to estimate the effects of COPD and HB levels on cognitive and motor performance in the general older population and assess potential interaction.', 'COPD was defined using lung-function-parameters and clinical symptoms.', 'Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to quantify the associations of COPD and HB with outcome measures, both individually and in combination.', 'RESULTS: Participants with both low HB and COPD demonstrated worse motor performance compared to individuals with only one exposure, resulting in up to 1 s (95%CI, 0.04-1.8) longer time needed to complete the five times sit to stand task than what would be expected based on purely additive effects.', 'Additionally in individuals with COPD, the time to complete the motor-performance task per unit decrease in continuous HB levels was longer than in participants without COPD after full adjustment for confounding (up to 1.38 s/unit HB level, 95% CI: 0.65-2.11).', 'CONCLUSION: In persons with COPD low HB levels may contribute to low motor-performance in a supra additive fashion.'], ['Screened patients were more likely to have comorbidities, such as hypertension (60.0% versus 48.7%), type 2 diabetes (24.3% versus 18.6%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (11.3% versus 7.4%), than eligible patients not screened in the intervention arm.'], ['AIM: To identify, compare and rank the most effective and cost-effective SMIs for adults with four high-priority chronic conditions: type 2 diabetes, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and heart failure.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Many knowledge gaps in the nature of early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) still exist, mainly because COPD has always been considered a disease of the elderly.', 'Little attention has been paid to the pathologic changes in the lungs of young adults with risk factors for COPD, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia.', "One major limitation is the current lack of noninvasive ways to sensitively measure or image functional declines from subjects who are at risk for COPD but haven't yet developed more significant clinical symptoms of the disease.", 'METHODS: We report the use of lung magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized gas in the diagnostic workup for bronchopulmonary dysplasia with underlying chronic airflow limitation in presence of spirometry criteria that meet the diagnosis of early-onset COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In the postsurfactant era, where more young adults will be spirometrically diagnosed with COPD, patients should be classified not only on the basis of their airflow limitation, but also on lung abnormalities identified with safe, comprehensive imaging technologies that allow regular, longitudinal follow-up.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with poor quality of life, hospitalization and mortality.', 'COPD phenotype includes using pulmonary function tests to determine airflow obstruction from the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1):forced vital capacity.', 'Future work will examine how these methods can improve phenotyping of patients with COPD in the VA.'], ['Age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, preoperative creatinine level, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were matched using PS.'], ['CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 79 year old female suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), who was repeatedly hospitalized for acute exacerbations of COPD and was consequently diagnosed with TB.'], ['They also identified patient groups, such as patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or dehydration or urinary tract infections, for whom hospitalizations could potentially have been prevented.'], ['In the empirical experiments, we evaluated LDA and PDM on three patient cohorts, namely Osteoporosis, Delirium/Dementia, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/Bronchiectasis Cohorts, with their EHR data retrieved from the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) medical records linkage system, for the discovery of latent disease clusters and patient subgroups.'], ["MEASUREMENTS: We investigated the participants' basic attributes, including age, sex, body mass index, medical history (cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], and history of pneumonia within the previous year), and number of prescribed medications.", 'RESULTS: The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that dysphagia in the EAT-10 was independently associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98-7.90), COPD (OR = 14.68; 95% CI = 3.14-68.85), and VS and TS in the 100-mL WST (OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.80-0.90 and OR = 3.03; 95% CI = 1.78-5.16, respectively).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often accompanies type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).', 'Eligible patients with T2DM were divided into two age groups-non-elderly (<65 years) and elderly (>=65 years); COPD, ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced expiratory volume (FEV1/FVC ratio), and percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1% predicted) were examined, and factors related to reduced respiratory function according to age group were evaluated.', 'COPD was found in 9 patients (5.3%) in the non-elderly group and 45 (22.5%) in the elderly group.', 'In the elderly, male sex, low body mass index (BMI), insulin therapy, and high C-peptide immunoreactivity levels were factors related to COPD.'], ['Multivariate regression analysis revealed that hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, albumin, serum potassium, blood urea nitrogen and blood lactate were independent risk factors for death in surgical treatment patients (P < 0.05).'], ["In this study, we used a time series analysis to evaluate the impact of T24h on the number of hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from 2009 to 2012 in Changchun (the capital of Northeast China's Jilin province).", 'When T24h is less than zero, the highest RR of the number of hospital admissions for COPD occurred at lag 4 days during the warm season (1.025, 95% CI: 0.981, 1.069) and lag 3 days during the cold season (1.019, 95% CI: 0.988, 1.051).', 'When T24h is greater than zero, the highest RR of the number of hospital admissions for COPD occurred at lag 6 days during the warm season (1.026, 95% CI: 0.977, 1.077) and lag 5 days during the cold season (1.021, 95% CI: 0.986, 1.057).', 'The results of this study could be provided to local health authorities as scientific guidelines for controlling and preventing COPD in Changchun, China.'], ['Epidemiological studies have associated diseases such as Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Lower Respiratory Infection (LRI), and Lung Cancer (LNC) to long-term PM2.5 exposure resulting in premature mortality.', 'The premature mortality burden attributable to PM2.5 exposure in these cities is 114,700 (104,100-125,500) deaths from the five causes (IHD, Stroke, COPD, LRI, and LNC).', 'IHD is the leading cause of death accounting for 58% of PM2.5 related premature deaths, followed by Stroke (22%), COPD (14%), LRI (4%), and LNC (2%) in these 29 cities.'], ["In addition, electronic health records were used to assess the incidence of multimorbidity (two or more of diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, arthritis, cancer, dementia, and Parkinson's disease) and mortality."], ['INTRODUCTION: Functional training has been shown to be a viable alternative for the elderly and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, patients with COPD will be randomly assigned (1:1:1) to an 8-week training program to follow one of the three a priori defined groups: (I) resistance and aerobic and functional exercises, (II) a conventional program including only resistance and aerobic exercises, or (III) a usual care program.', 'DISCUSSION: The inclusion of a protocol of functional physical training in the training conventionally performed by patients with COPD as an alternative to increase PADL and functionality may provide subsidies for the treatment of these patients, representing an advance and impacting on the physical training of patients with COPD.'], ['For each participant with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), healthcare utilisation data were collected for the 12 months preprogramme and 24 months postprogramme.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were excluded.'], ['BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often remain undiagnosed in older individuals, although both disorders inhibit functionality and impair health.', 'More patients in the case-finding group received a new diagnosis of HF or COPD than the usual care group (cumulative incidence 34% vs 2% and 17% vs. 2%, respectively).', 'CONCLUSIONS: A case-finding strategy applied in primary care to multimorbid older people with dyspnea or reduced exercise tolerance resulted in a number of new diagnoses of HF and COPD but did not result in short-term improvement of health status compared to usual care.'], ['Diabetes, obesity, COPD, and tobacco smoking are not associated with an increased risk of dying from pneumonia.'], ['RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2017, the majority of patients with pulmonary diseases, mostly those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and lung cancer, visited government hospitals (78%).'], ['Therefore, we evaluated whether the concurrent presence of common and high-risk comorbidities (dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], coronary artery disease [CAD], diabetes mellitus, heart failure [HF]) in conjunction with frailty might be associated with a larger decrease in postoperative survival after major elective surgery than would be expected based on the presence of the comorbidity and frailty on their own.', 'The concurrent presence of dementia, COPD, and HF with frailty were all associated with excess mortality on the absolute risk difference scale.'], ['As the aging population rapidly grows, it is essential to examine how alterations in cellular function and cell-to-cell interactions of pulmonary resident cells and systemic immune cells contribute to a higher risk of increased susceptibility to infection and development of chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.'], ['Prevalence of sarcopenia derived using both EWGSOP definitions was calculated and compared as well as prospective health outcomes including all-cause mortality as well as incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP1 was associated with a higher risk of respiratory disease and COPD as well as mortality from all-cause, CVD and respiratory diseases.'], ['There were 5510 Blacks, 3423 Hispanics, and 21,168 Whites in the study.At each wave, participants reported if they had cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes, back pain, hypertension, a fractured hip, myocardial infarction, rheumatism or arthritis, and a stroke.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Loss of muscle mass and/or physical performance, a condition commonly known as sarcopenia, is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with adverse outcomes.', 'The aim of this study was to investigate the association between functional performance and sarcopenia in COPD patients classified by disease severity according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria.', 'METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional observational and the sample size consisted of 35 COPD patients (69.24+-1.54 years, 20 men).', 'CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that worse performance in the TUG test leads to a substantial increase in the chance of COPD patients presenting sarcopenia.'], ['They assessed the benefits, risks and positive impacts on quality of life of 50 different medications or medication classes that could be used by a hypothetical multimorbid older patient aged 65-75 years, with type 2 diabetes, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: The inherent stride-to-stride fluctuations during walking are altered in the aging population and could provide insight into gait impairments and falls in patients with COPD.', 'Our objective was to investigate stride-to-stride fluctuations by evaluating the variability and movement patterns of lower limb joints in subjects with COPD compared to subjects without COPD as control subjects.', 'METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 22 subjects with COPD (age 63 +- 9 y; FEV1 54 +- 19% predicted) and 22 control subjects (age 62 +- 9 y; FEV1 95 +- 18% predicted) walked for 3 min on a treadmill while their gait was recorded.', 'RESULTS: Control subjects had more consistent organization of the hip and knee joint movement patterns compared to subjects with COPD (P = .02 and P = .02, respectively).', 'Further, control subjects adapted to speed changes by demonstrating more consistent organization of movement patterns with faster speeds, whereas subjects with COPD did not.', 'At the fast walking speed, subjects with COPD demonstrated less consistent organization of knee and hip joint movement patterns as compared to control subjects without COPD (P = .03 and P = .005, respectively).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Although subjects with COPD did not demonstrate decreased amount of variability, their hip and knee joint movement patterns were less consistent in organization during walking.', 'Reduced consistency in organization of movement patterns may be a contributing factor to falls and mobility problems experienced by patients with COPD.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are frequently compromised in terms of social life and functional capacity, triggering reduced in life satisfaction (LS).', 'We investigated the level of LS among elderly patients with COPD and factors associated with LS.', 'MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional survey enroling a sample of 160 COPD subjects aged 65 y or older.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Less than one-third of older adults with COPD reported that they were satisfied with their lives.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung inflammatory disease which has a close relationship with aging.', 'DNA methylation variations in peripheral blood have the potential to be biomarkers for COPD.', 'However, the specific DNA methylation of aging-related genes in the peripheral blood of COPD patients remains largely unknown.', 'METHODS: Firstly, 9 aging-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in COPD patients were screened out from the 25 aging-related genes profile through a comprehensive screening strategy.', 'Secondly, qPCR and multiple targeted bisulfite enrichment sequencing (MethTarget) were used to detect the mRNA level and DNA methylation level of the 9 differentially expressed genes in the peripheral blood of 60 control subjects and 45 COPD patients.', 'Thirdly, the correlation was evaluated between the DNA methylation level of the key CpG sites and the clinical parameters of COPD patients, including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in one second as percentage of predicted volume (FEV1%), forced expiratory volume/ forced vital capacity (FEV/FVC), modified British medical research council (mMRC) score, acute exacerbation frequency and the situation of frequent of acute aggravation (CAT) score.', 'Lastly, differentially methylated CpG sites unrelated to smoking were also determined in COPD patients.', 'RESULTS: Of the 9 differentially expressed aging-related genes, the mRNA expression of 8 genes were detected to be significantly down-regulated in COPD group, compared with control group.', 'Meanwhile, the methylated level of all aging-related genes was changed in COPD group containing 219 COPD-related CpG sites in total.', 'Also, some variable DNA methylation is associated with the severity of COPD.', 'Additionally, of the 219 COPD-related CpG sites, 147 CpG sites were not related to smoking.', 'CONCLUSION: These results identified that the mRNA expression and DNA methylation level of aging-related genes were changed in male COPD patients, which provides a molecular link between aging and COPD.', 'The identified CpG markers are associated with the severity of COPD and provide new insights into the prediction and identification of COPD.'], ['A standard time series quasi-Poisson regression with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was applied to estimate the associations between daily mean temperature and morbidity for total respiratory diseases, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major public health problems worldwide.', 'Despite an increasing burden of COPD in the world, it is often a neglected disease in low income countries and COPD prevalence studies are rare in Sub-Saharan Africa.', 'The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of COPD and its associated factors among adults in Ethiopia.', 'We defined COPD as a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC of less than 70%.', 'The prevalence of COPD was 17.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.1-20.6).', 'Factors significantly associated with COPD were age above 50 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.91, 95% CI [1.10, 3.30]), being smoker (AOR = 4.54, 95% CI [2.69, 7.66]), Exposed to biomass smoke (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI [1.06, 3.95]) and poor ventilated kitchen (AOR = 4.12, 95% CI [2.67, 6.34]).', 'CONCLUSION: It is evident from this study that the prevalence of COPD in Ethiopia is high.', 'Factors such as old age, cigarette smoking, exposure to biomass smoke and poor kitchen ventilation plays a role in the development of COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health issue, particularly in aging people.', 'Despite an increasing availability of drugs to treat COPD, recent data indicate that an actual control of the disease is achieved in a minority of patients.', 'This makes apparent that additional treatments of COPD should be taken into account, such as pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), which was introduced in the 1960s and has large evidence of clinical effectiveness.', 'Notwithstanding, the use of PR in COPD patients is negligible, being globally estimated in 2-5%.', 'Here we update the evidence in favor of PR and the actual need to consider it as a treatment to be considered for COPD patients with significant impairment in daily living activities.'], ['(1) From epidemiology the impact of new forms of electronic cigarettes on prevalence and mortality of COPD will be sought.', '(3) Diagnosis of COPD faces several challenges opening the possibility of a change in the definition of the disease itself.', '(5) The asthma-COPD overlap dilemma will have to be clarified and define whether both conditions represent one only chronic airway disease again.', '(6) Integrating comorbidities in COPD care will be key in a progressively ageing population to improve clinical care in a chronic care model.'], ['METHODS: We determined the association of marijuana smoking with the risk of spirometrically defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity ratio <0.7) in 5291 population-based individuals and the rate of decline in FEV1 in a subset of 1285 males and females, aged >=40 years, who self-reported use (or non-use) of marijuana and tobacco cigarettes and performed spirometry before and after inhaled bronchodilator on multiple occasions.', 'Among heavy marijuana users, the risk of COPD was significantly increased (adjusted OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.55-3.88).', 'INTERPRETATION: Heavy marijuana smoking increases the risk of COPD and accelerates FEV1 decline in concomitant tobacco smokers beyond that observed with tobacco alone.'], ['secondary sarcopenia) include malignant cancer, COPD, heart failure, and renal failure and others.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by an accelerated decline in airway function with age compared to age-matched non-smokers.', 'Small airways (<2 mm internal diameter) are narrowed in COPD with thickening and distortion of the airway wall and peribronchiolar fibrosis.', 'In small airways of COPD patients the fibroblasts are profibrotic, pro-inflammatory and senescent.', 'There is a reduction in the anti-ageing molecules sirtuin-1 and -6, which are regulated by specific microRNAs that are increased in COPD cells.'], ['We determined the relationship between abnormal lung elasticity and airflow obstruction in asthma.', 'CONCLUSION: Increased lung compliance and loss of elastic recoil relate to airflow obstruction in older non-smoking asthmatic subjects, independent of ageing.', 'Thus, structural lung tissue changes may contribute to persistent, steroid-resistant airflow obstruction.'], ['IOS has been studied in other respiratory diseases like COPD, ILD and supraglottic stenosis.'], ['Methods: To examine the relationship between premature noncommunicable disease mortality and noncommunicable disease mortality in older people, a database of mortality rates for cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes in people aged 30 to 69 years and 70 to 89 years was compiled using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.'], ['S. pneumoniae carriage was associated with male gender (p = 0.032) and an absence of diabetes (p = 0.034), while not receiving an influenza vaccine (p = 0.049) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.031) were risk factors for H. influenzae colonization.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by severe respiratory symptoms.', 'COPD shows several hallmarks of aging, and an increased oxidative stress, which is responsible for different clinical and molecular COPD features, including an increased frequency of DNA damage.', 'The current pharmacological treatment options for COPD are mostly symptomatic, and generally do not influence disease progression and survival.', 'In this paper we will investigate in a group of COPD patients those variables that may predict the response to a program of pulmonary rehabilitation, integrating clinical parameters with cellular and molecular measurements, offering the potential for more effective and individualized treatment options.', 'A group of 89 consecutive COPD patients admitted to a 3-weeks Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) program were evaluated for clinical and biological parameters at baseline and after completion of PR.', 'Measuring the frequency of DNA damage in COPD patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation may provide a meaningful biological marker of response and should be considered as additional diagnostic and prognostic criterion for personalized rehabilitation programs.'], ['Most cART-treated patients aging with controlled HIV replication are currently admitted to the ICU for non-AIDS-related events, mostly bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of comorbidities, variably affected by chronic HIV infection (COPD, cardiovascular diseases, or solid neoplasms).'], ['METHODS: The study population comprised 31 potential lung recipients, including 18 patients with idiopathic lung disease, 12 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 1 patient with bronchiectasis who qualified for a LTx.', 'In comparing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to idiopathic lung disease patients, no significant differences were observed in the analyzed cytokine values.'], ['In age-adjusted models, gender, race, injury duration, %-total and %-trunk fat, body mass index (BMI), %-predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), chronic cough or phlegm, CRP, IL-6, wheeze, smoking, diabetes, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), skin ulcer, urinary tract infection (UTI), or chest illness history were not significantly associated with telomere length.'], ['EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The available evidence strongly supports the use of NIV in patients presenting with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well end-stage neuromuscular disease.'], ['Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the fourth largest fatal disease in the world, and is expected to rise to third place by 2020.', 'Some suggestions for prophylactic use of macrolides in preventing COPD exacerbations have been raised, but there are still several issues that need to be addressed, such as target population, the course of treatment, therapeutic dose, and so on.', 'Objective: To evaluate, via exploratory meta-analysis, the efficacy of long-term macrolide therapy at low doses in stable COPD.', 'Randomized controlled trials (RCT) which reported long-term use of macrolides in prevention of COPD were eligible.', 'It was found that there was a 23% relative risk reduction in COPD exacerbations among patients taking macrolides compared to placebo (P<0.01).', 'Conclusions: Long-term low dose usage of macrolides could significantly reduce the frequency of the acute exacerbation of COPD.'], ['SO (HR 5.23, p < 0.001), sarcopenia (HR 9.26, p < 0.001), male gender (HR 2.25, p = 0.035), Lawton IADL (HR 0.77, p = 0.02), heart failure (HR 3.25, p = 0.02) and chronic obstructive lung disease (HR 5.16, p = 0.01) were independently related to all-cause mortality.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, yet only one new drug class has been approved in the last decade.', 'However, resurgence in COPD treatment has been recently fueled by a greater understanding of the pathophysiology and natural history of the disease, as well as a growing prevalence and an aging population.', 'In the context of clinical trials, this review aims to summarize recent changes to the diagnosis and evaluation of COPD and to provide an overview of US and European regulatory guidance.'], ['A multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the use of the frozen elephant trunk technique (odds ratio 36.3), previous repair of thoracoabdominal aorta or descending aorta (odds ratio 29.4), proximal atherothrombotic aorta (odds ratio 9.6), chronic obstructive lung disease (odds ratio 7.1) and old age (odds ratio 1.1) as predictors of spinal cord injury (p < 0.0001, area under curve 0.93).'], ['The postural imbalance is an extra-pulmonary condition, associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'COPD affects older individuals and it is unclear whether balance abnormalities can be described as pathophysiological mechanism or aging.', 'The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of age or disease on postural balance of patients with COPD.', 'Patients with COPD over 50 years old were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy adults, and with sex-matched younger healthy adults (n = 30 in each group).', 'Three-way ANOVA and post hoc analysis were performed been represented of age (older or COPD compared with younger healthy adults) or disease influences (COPD compared with older healthy groups).', 'Main results were as follows: The CoP excursion was faster, with higher amplitude and variability progressively from COPD vs. older healthy vs. younger healthy adults (p < 0.05) showing age and disease influences (p < 0.05).', 'Impairment in postural balance was found related to aging and disease in patients with COPD older than 50 years.'], ['The selected diseases included cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and chronic liver disease (CLD) defined using ICD-9 and -10 codes.', 'Incidence rate patterns for CVD and COPD/asthma were stable over the study period.'], ['Significant predictors of frailty in multivariable analysis were cognitive diagnosis rendered by Frascati criteria, depressive symptoms, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and sex.', 'Higher odds of frailty were seen with: symptomatic, but not asymptomatic, cognitive impairment (compared with cognitive normals); more depressive symptoms; diabetes mellitus; and COPD.'], ['The combination of chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is also common and, according to current guidelines, these patients should be treated for both diseases.', 'These beneficial effects were documented in patients with and without COPD, although theoretically there is a risk for bronchoconstriction, particularly with non-beta1 selective blockers.', 'In COPD patients, long-acting sympathomimetics (LABA) improve lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life and their combination with a beta-blocker makes sense from a pharmacological and a clinical point of view, because any potential arrhythmogenic effects of the LABA will be ameliorated by the beta-blocker.', 'Severe COPD causes air-trapping with increasing pressures in the thorax, leading to limitations in blood return into the thorax from the periphery of the body.'], ['Such an immune response could reflect exposure to bacterial reservoirs that have been previously described in chronic non-healing wounds, periodontal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, colorectal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerotic artery explants.'], ['Past or current age-associated HANA conditions including cerebrovascular, liver and kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and diabetes were determined via self-report.'], ['In very old patients, low systolic blood pressure (hazard ratio [HR] = .988), high serum creatinine level (HR = 1.34), and coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; HR = 2.01) were identified as independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality.', 'Of note, coexisting COPD was associated with significantly lower survival rate only in patients aged 85 years and older, suggesting the prognostic impact of concomitant pulmonary disease in HFpEF may increase with age.'], ['The definition of chronic airway disease may need to be reconsidered to allow for normal ageing and ensure that people likely to benefit from interventions are identified rather than healthy people who may be harmed by potential overdiagnosis and overtreatment.', 'The first step would be to apply age, sex and ethnicity-adjusted FEV1/FVC thresholds to the disease definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The final prediction model included 10 out of 22 predictors: age, handgrip strength, gait speed, five-repeated chair stands time (non-linear association), body mass index, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis, and depressive symptoms.'], ['As PLWH are aging, comorbid conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancers, and cardiovascular, renal and liver diseases are emerging as additional risk factors for pneumonia.'], ['Importance: According to numerous current guidelines, the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requires a ratio of the forced expiratory volume in the first second to the forced vital capacity (FEV1:FVC) of less than 0.70, yet this fixed threshold is based on expert opinion and remains controversial.', 'Objective: To determine the discriminative accuracy of various FEV1:FVC fixed thresholds for predicting COPD-related hospitalization and mortality.', 'Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was a composite of COPD hospitalization and COPD-related mortality, defined by adjudication or administrative criteria.', 'The optimal fixed FEV1:FVC threshold was defined by the best discrimination for these COPD-related events as indexed using the Harrell C statistic from unadjusted Cox proportional hazards models.', 'During a median follow-up of 15 years, 3925 participants experienced COPD-related events over 340 757 person-years of follow-up (incidence density rate, 11.5 per 1000 person-years), including 3563 COPD-related hospitalizations and 447 COPD-related deaths.', 'With respect to discrimination of COPD-related events, the optimal fixed threshold (0.71; C statistic for optimal fixed threshold, 0.696) was not significantly different from the 0.70 threshold (difference, 0.001 [95% CI, -0.002 to 0.004]) but was more accurate than the LLN threshold (difference, 0.034 [95% CI, 0.028 to 0.041]).', 'Conclusions and Relevance: Defining airflow obstruction as FEV1:FVC less than 0.70 provided discrimination of COPD-related hospitalization and mortality that was not significantly different or was more accurate than other fixed thresholds and the LLN.', 'These results support the use of FEV1:FVC less than 0.70 to identify individuals at risk of clinically significant COPD.'], ["The main outcomes are ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes."], ['Logistic regression analysis identified chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and arrhythmia as significant risk factors for 30-day-mortality, but not age.'], ['BACKGROUND: Using a mobile health (mHealth) intervention, consisting of a smartphone and compatible medical device, has the potential to enhance chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment outcomes while mitigating health care costs.', 'OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the potential facilitators and barriers among health care providers (HCPs) regarding the use of mHealth interventions for COPD management.', 'Semistructured individual interviews were conducted with HCPs, including nurses, pharmacists, and physicians who work directly with patients with COPD.', 'Interview topics included the following: demographics, mHealth usage, perceptions toward challenges of mHealth adoption, factors facilitating mHealth adoption, and preferences regarding features of the mHealth intervention for COPD management.', 'CONCLUSIONS: It is important to understand the perceptions of HCPs regarding the adoption of innovative mHealth interventions for COPD management.', 'This study identifies some potential facilitators and barriers that may inform the successful development and implementation of mHealth interventions for COPD management.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and NSCLC often coexist and have poor prognoses, but studies investigating the impact of COPD on NSCLC have reported inconsistent findings.', 'The objective of this study was to compare survival between NSCLC patients with and without COPD.', 'The survival rates between the COPD-NSCLC and non-COPD NSCLC were assessed using log-rank and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses.', 'RESULTS: A total of 117 COPD-NSCLC and 93 non-COPD NSCLC patients were enrolled in the analysis.', 'The median overall survival times were 108.5 months in the non-COPD group and 45.0 months in the COPD group (HR: 2.05; 95% CI, 1.36-2.97, P = 0.0004).', 'After 118 patients underwent propensity score matching, the median overall survival times were 100.6 months in the non-COPD group and 51.9 months in the COPD group (HR: 1.59; 95% CI, 1.096-2.64, P = 0.0459).', 'The multivariate analysis showed that presence of COPD (HR 1.619, P = 0.030), old age (HR 1.007, P < 00001), an advanced disease stage (stage III HR 5.513, P < 0.0001; stage IV HR 11.743, P < 0.0001), the squamous cell carcinoma histological subtype (HR 3.106, P < 0.0001), the presence of a cough (HR 2.463, P = 0.001) a higher serum carcinoembryonic antigen level (HR 1.001, P = 0.023) and higher NRL (HR 2.615, P = 0.007) were independent factors that were significantly associated with poorer survival.', 'CONCLUSION: A diagnosis of COPD had significant poorer survival outcomes in NSCLC than that of patients without COPD in this elderly population.'], ['The risk factors for active Mycobacterium tuberculosis among the predialysis CKD group were old age, men, current smoking, low income, underlying diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes CKD stage 1 (eGFR>=90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 with persistent albuminuria) or stage 4/5 without dialysis (eGFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2).'], ['Oxidative stress is associated with disease severity and limb muscle dysfunction in COPD.', 'Our main goal was to assess the effects of exercise training on systemic oxidative stress and limb muscle dysfunction in older people with COPD.', 'Twenty-nine outpatients with COPD (66-90 years) were randomly assigned to a 12-week exercise training (ET; high-intensity interval training (HIIT) plus power training) or a control (CT; usual care) group.', 'The combination of HIIT and power training improved systemic oxidative stress and limb muscle dysfunction in older people with COPD.'], ['Men were screened for the following morbidities and syndromes: dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, obesity, type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['However, the clinical impact of spirometrically diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the prognosis of never-smoking NSCLC has not been evaluated in the context of treatment modalities and other cancer-related factors.', 'In the present study, we evaluated the clinical impact of COPD in non-smoking NSCLC patients, and correlations between COPD and other previously unevaluated clinical variables.', 'Clinical parameters were compared between spirometrically diagnosed COPD and non-COPD groups.', 'Correlations between COPD status and other variables were evaluated.', 'Results: Of the 345 patients enrolled in the study, 277 were categorized as non-COPD and 68 as COPD.', 'Old age, male gender, and wild-type EGFR were significantly correlated with COPD.', 'By univariate analysis of 218 patients in a propensity score matched cohort, not receiving active anticancer treatment, advanced stage, and COPD were significantly associated with shorter OS.', 'Multivariate analysis showed that not receiving active anticancer treatment, advanced cancer stage, and COPD (P=0.044, HR: 1.526, 95% CI: 1.012-2.300) were significant predictors of shorter OS.', 'Conclusion: In the present study, never-smoker NSCLC patients with COPD had shorter OS times, compared to non-COPD never-smoker NSCLC patients.'], ['BACKGROUND: Patients with COPD need to cope with a disabling disease, which leads to health status impairment.', 'AIM: To investigate the long term change of health status in subjects with mild to moderate airflow obstruction and to compare this to subjects without airflow obstruction, with and without a smoking history.', 'Generic [Short form 36 health survey (SF36) and EuroQol - 5 dimensions (EQ-5D)] and disease specific [Clinical COPD questionnaire (CCQ) and COPD Assessment Test (CAT)] health status questionnaires were regularly repeated over a six years period.', 'CONCLUSION: Subjects with mild airflow obstruction present a significant deterioration of health status, which is generally not much faster compared to smoking and never smoking controls.', 'Subjects with fast decline in overall health status are older and more likely to have airflow obstruction, acute respiratory exacerbation(s), reduced physical fitness, physical activity and impaired COPD specific health status at baseline.'], ['The health effects of IAP include acute respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumoconiosis, cataract and blindness, pulmonary tuberculosis, adverse effects to pregnancy, cancer, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.'], ['Factors associated with higher risk included skin ulcers, psychiatric conditions, dyspnea/COPD, cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, functional deficits, more comorbidities, and higher medication usage.'], ['METHODS: We enrolled 57 patients with chronic respiratory diseases, including interstitial lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and evaluated the correlations between the 4MGS and various clinical parameters, including respiratory function, the 6-min walk test (6MWT), and daily activities, by using an accelerometer.'], ['RESULTS: Forty-one participants were allocated the fan (73 years (IQR 65-76, range 46-88), 59% male, 20 (49%) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), three (7%) heart failure, three (7%) cancer).', 'Thirty-five (85%) reported that the fan helped breathing, and 22 (54%) reported increased physical activity.Breathlessness benefit was more likely in older people, those with COPD and those with a carer.', 'Those with COPD were more likely to use the fan than people with other diagnoses (OR 5.94 (95% CI 0.63 to 56.21, p=0.120)).', 'There is also a signal of possible particular benefits in people with COPD which is worthy of further study.'], ['However, the relationship between HGS and the parameters of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not known.', '</sec> <sec id="st2"> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> To evaluate HGS in male patients with stable COPD, and to assess its correlation with dyspnoea and functional exercise capacity.', '</sec> <sec id="st3"> <title>DESIGN</title> We recruited 116 male out-patients with stable COPD from a general hospital in China between February and December 2017.', 'Multiple linear regression analysis showed that combining age, fat-free mass (FFM), 6MWD and duration of COPD accounted for 43.1% of the total variance in HGS.', 'Aging and disease could alter upper limb muscle strength in COPD patients.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide with no curative therapy.', 'A non-canonical Notch ligand, DNER, has been recently identified in GWAS to associate with COPD severity, but its function and contribution to COPD is unknown.', 'METHODS: DNER localisation was assessed in lung tissue from healthy and COPD patients, and cigarette smoke (CS) exposed mice.', 'FINDINGS: Immunofluorescence staining revealed DNER localised to macrophages in lung tissue from COPD patients and mice.', 'INTERPRETATION: DNER is a novel protein induced in COPD patients and 6 months CS-exposed mice that regulates IFNgamma secretion via non-canonical Notch in pro-inflammatory recruited macrophages.', 'These results provide a new pathway involved in COPD immunity that could contribute to the discovery of innovative therapeutic targets.'], ['BACKGROUND: Clinical trials of COPD pharmacotherapy typically involve aging populations with moderate-to-severe COPD, but the latter is often diagnosed by spirometric criteria that are not age-appropriate across the continuum of lung function.', 'We have therefore re-evaluated the clinical effect of combination therapy (salmeterol plus fluticasone) in moderate-to-severe COPD, using more age-appropriate spirometric criteria from the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) and trial data from Towards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH).', 'METHODS: Of the 6112 TORCH participants, 5688 (93.1%) had GLI-based moderate-to-severe COPD (mean age 64.8 years).', 'Secondary outcomes included COPD and cardiovascular (CV) mortality and pneumonia.', 'Relative to placebo, combination therapy also yielded statistically non-significant reductions in COPD and CV mortality-adjHR 0.75 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.02), p = 0.068 and adjHR 0.76 (95% CI: 0.53, 1.09), p = 0.135, respectively.', 'CONCLUSION: In GLI-based moderate-to-severe COPD, combination therapy yields a statistically significant increased risk of pneumonia but the reductions in mortality are not statistically significant, although could potentially be clinically meaningful.'], ['Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of exposure to air pollution and cigarette smoke on respiratory function, respiratory symptoms, and the prevalence of COPD in individuals aged >=50 years.', 'Results: Non smokers had a high estimated COPD prevalence rate of 16%.', 'Among smokers, the estimated prevalence of COPD was 29% in seniors (50- to 74-years group) and 37% in the elderly (>75 years group).', 'We also found a correlation between levels of suspended particulate matter and COPD.', 'Conclusion: Both smoking and chronic exposure to air pollution (>5 years) decreased respiratory function, exacerbated respiratory symptoms, and increased the prevalence of COPD.'], ['Lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and coronary artery disease (CAD) are expected to cause most deaths by 2050.', 'State-of-the-art computed tomography (CT) allows early detection of lung cancer and simultaneous evaluation of imaging biomarkers for the early stages of COPD, based on pulmonary density and bronchial wall thickness, and of CAD, based on the coronary artery calcium score (CACS), at low radiation dose.', 'Given the around 10% prevalence of COPD and CAD in the general population, the expected number of COPD and CAD is around 1000 each.'], ['Significant, non-linear (p < 0.05 NL) relationships were observed in both sexes with regard to mortality due to all respiratory diseases (RD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with the highest Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) values in women in the high deprivation group of women (1.81, p < 0.05 RD; 1.79, p < 0.05 COPD).'], ['The final risk model included 8 variables: functional mobility, ejection fraction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arrhythmia, acute kidney injury, first diastolic blood pressure, P2Y12 inhibitor use, and general health status.'], ['Comorbidity (p = .01), presence of physical limitation in the prior 6 months to the survey, and a history of several diseases (p < .001)-as in diabetes (p < .001), osteoarthritis (p < .001), and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p < .001)-were associated with AEU visits in both surveys.'], ['At each wave, participants indicated if they were diagnosed with the following 10 conditions: cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure, diabetes, back pain, hypertension, a fractured hip, myocardial infarction, rheumatism or arthritis, and a stroke.', 'The weighted overall DALYs were: 17,660 for hip fractures, 62,630 for congestive heart failure, 64,710 for myocardial infarction, 90,337 for COPD, 93,996 for stroke, 142,012 for cancer, 117,534 for diabetes, 186,586 for back pain, 333,420 for arthritis, and 378,849 for hypertension.'], ['Background: Aging can serve as an underlying mechanism of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Also, smoking, which is the most common cause of COPD, is responsible for the systemic manifestations of the disease, independently from the lung function alterations.', 'The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of aging on the occurrence of cigarette smoking induced COPD.', 'Methods: For this analysis, we evaluated smoking status by a lifestyle intervention program and measured the occurrence of COPD by the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2005 to 2015.', 'Results: Aging and smoking were significantly effected on the lung function of COPD patients.', 'Especially, the smoking duration is exaggerated in the presence of old age for older COPD patients.', 'Conclusion: The result showed that COPD patients exhibit aging and smoking duration related severity.', 'The prevalence of COPD kept increasing internationally.', 'Knowing the risk factor of COPD quantitatively and finding out the interaction among risk factors could be valuable predictors for preventing COPD.'], ['Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that poor sleep quality was significantly associated with female sex (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.46-2.12) and clinical comorbidities such as hypertension (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.06-1.54), coronary heart disease (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.27-2.00), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.34-2.49).'], ['This population has a high prevalence of malnutrition and hypertension with dependence on the basic activities of daily living, and a low prevalence for diabetes, depression, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and polypharmacy.'], ['RESULTS: Among the 38 patients, diabetes mellitus was the most common underlying condition (15), followed by adrenal insufficiency (7), malignancy (6), hematologic disorders (5), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (5), autoimmune diseases (3), liver cirrhosis (3) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (1).'], ['Based on the mean (SD), median, and p (-Log10p) values, we found that patients suffering type 2 diabetes, acute cerebral infarction, nephrotic syndrome, endometrial cancer, cerebral ischemia, leukemia, bladder cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease plus other 27 diseases had significantly (p<0.05, -Log10p>1.30) increased HbA1c levels, whereas patients suffering brain trauma had significantly decreased HbA1c levels compared to that of healthy controls.'], ["Moreover, patients with lung fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, uremia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, colon cancer, Alzheimer's disease, rectum cancer, and lung cancer had highest media levels of serum CEA in a descending order."], ['BACKGROUND:: There is limited understanding of the symptoms that older people living with cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease experience during the last year of life in Thailand, in addition to their health service preferences.'], ['Decreased respiratory function associated with aging leads to the onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and increased risk of death in the elderly.', 'It is important for occupational health personnel of a company to advise both non-smokers and smokers to avoid SHS to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease onset.'], ['Background: COPD may lead to cognitive impairment or even dementia.', 'This study was designed to explore the association of COPD with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia risk based on a cohort study.', 'The incidence of MCI and dementia were higher in those with COPD than those without COPD at baseline.', 'Cox analysis showed that the HRs of COPD for MCI and dementia incidence were 1.486 (95% CI: 1.207-1.855) and 1.896 (95% CI: 1.079-3.330), respectively after adjusting for related covariates.', 'For different baseline smoking status, those who were current smokers had the highest HRs of COPD for MCI and dementia.', 'Conclusion: Baseline COPD was independently associated with increased risk of MCI and dementia incidence among Chinese elderly, and the association was more pronounced among those who were current smokers.'], ['Older people and persons dying from COPD were most likely to use a non-statutory policy measure.'], ['Cellular senescence is now considered an important driving mechanism for chronic lung diseases, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.', 'MicroRNA-34a (miR-34a), which is regulated by PI3K-mTOR signaling, plays a pivotal role in reducing sirtuin-1/6, and its inhibition with an antagomir results in their restoration, reducing markers of senescence, reducing senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and reversing cell cycle arrest in epithelial cells from peripheral airways of patients with COPD.', 'These miRNAs may be released from cells in extracellular vesicles that are taken up by other cells, thereby spreading senescence locally within the lung but also outside the lung through the circulation; this may account for comorbidities of COPD and other lung diseases.'], ['BACKGROUND: This study estimates the prevalence of five chronic non-communicable disease (NCDs) (hypertension, diabetes, CHD, COPD and stroke) and its multimorbidity, and examines the relationship between SES and lifestyle factors and multimorbidity among older adults in rural southwest China.', 'RESULTS: Among the participants, the overall prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, COPD and CHD was 50.6, 10.2, 6.4, 5.4 and 5.5%, respectively, and of multimorbidity was 16.1%.', 'Females had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and multimorbidity of chronic NCDs, but a lower prevalence of COPD than males (P < 0.05).'], ['We used a generalized additive Poisson models adjusted for meteorology and population dynamics to examine the associations between air pollutants (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of b2.5mum [PM2.5], particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of b10mum [PM10], SO2, NO2, O3) and daily mortality for the total patients, males, females, chronic airway diseases, pneumonia patients, and rest patients in Jinan.Outdoor air pollution was significantly related to mortality from all respiratory diseases especially from chronic airway disease in Jinan, China.', 'An increase of 10 mug/m or 10 ppb of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3 corresponds to increments in mortality caused by chronic airway disease of 0.243% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.172-0.659) at lag 1 day, 0.127% (95% CI: -0.161-0.415) at lag 1 day, 0.603% (95% CI: 0.069-1.139) at lag 3 day, 0.649% (95% CI: -0.808-2.128) at lag 0 day and 0.944% (95% CI: 0.156-0.1598) at lag 1 day, respectively.', 'Moreover, chronic airway diseases were more susceptible to air pollution.'], ['There is considerable research regarding the adaption to functional decline associated with advanced (Stage IV) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).', 'To address this paucity, the current research explored the psychosocial strategies people with Stage IV COPD use to maintain quality of life towards the end of life.', 'Eleven older people with Stage IV COPD living in regional Australia were interviewed to explore their experiences of ageing with COPD.', 'Additionally, compensatory strategies more traditionally associated with COPD management were used to reduce the impact of symptoms.', "The use of these strategies to adapt physically and psychosocially to COPD shows how the participants demonstrated resilience and used 'successful ageing' strategies to cope with ongoing functional decline."], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious lung disease for individuals in middle age and especially in old people.', 'The study was aimed to observe the curative effect of device-guided rehabilitation on respiratory functions in stable COPD patients.', 'METHODS: Sixty-seven stable COPD patients were enrolled and assigned to the experiment group (n = 36) and the control group (n = 31).', 'Both groups were assessed by 6-minute walk test (6MWT), COPD assessment test (CAT), body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The traditional respiratory training combined with device-guided pulmonary rehabilitation can improve the respiratory muscle function and athletic ability in stable COPD patients.'], ['Introduction: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is an important disease of hospitalized elderly patients, who often have electrolyte imbalances.'], ['Citrullinated proteins and citrullinating enzymes, deiminases, are more prevalent in patients with COPD and correlate with ongoing inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Earlier and accurate diagnosis could improve survival for lung cancer, as well as health status for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and related conditions.', 'Currently, less than half of patients on inhalers receive an annual check, and there are one in five patients with COPD who should be on home oxygen but are not.'], ['PRs for patients with diabetes and COPD were also evaluated.', 'For patients with diabetes and COPD a slight increase in PRs was also observed.'], ['(1) Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as an inflammatory disorder that presents an increasingly prevalent health problem.', 'Accelerated aging has been examined as a pathologic mechanism of many chronic diseases like COPD.', 'We examined whether COPD is combined with accelerated aging, studying two hormones, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and growth hormone (GH), known to be characteristic biological markers of aging.', '(2) Methods: Data were collected from 119 participants, 70 (58.8%) COPD patients and 49 (41.2%) from a health control group over the period of 2014-2016 in a spirometry program.', '(3) Results: The average age of the health control patients was 73.5 years (SD = 5.5), and that of the COPD patients was 75.4 years (SD = 6.9).', 'A greater proportion of smokers were found in the COPD group (87.1%) versus the control group (36.7%).', 'The majority of COPD patients were classified as STAGE II (51.4%) and STAGE III (37.1%) according to GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).', 'Levels of DHEA (SD = 17.1) and GH (SD = 0.37) were significantly lower in the COPD group (p < 0.001) compared to those in the controls (SD = 26.3, SD = 0.79).', 'In this study, the difference in DHEA between COPD patients and controls was, on average, 30.2 mug/dL, indicating that the biological age of a COPD patient is on average about 24 years older than that of a control subject of the same age.', 'Similarly, the difference in GH between COPD patients and controls was, on average, 0.42 ng/mL, indicating that the biological age of a COPD patient is on average about 13.1 years older than that of a control subject of the same age.', '(4) Conclusions: The findings of our study strongly suggest the presence of premature biological aging in COPD patients.', 'Their biological age could actually vary from 13 to 23 years older than non-COPD controls according to DHEA and GH variation.'], ['Previous studies have suggested that development of Mycobacterium kansasii lung disease (MKLD) was associated with COPD, pneumoconiosis, aging, male, immunosuppression, alcohol, malignancy, and certain occupations such as mining and sandblasting.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)and asthma affect more than 10% of the population.', 'METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A multicentre single-blinded Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) will be set up, comparing an inhaler education programme with a teach-to-goal placebo-device training versus usual care, with a 1-year follow-up, in patients above 65 years of age with asthma or COPD.'], ['Accelerated cellular senescence linked to mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (MTOR) signaling and accumulation of mitochondrial damage has been implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis.', 'We hypothesized that lamin B1 protein levels are reduced in COPD lungs, contributing to the process of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced cellular senescence via dysregulation of MTOR and mitochondrial integrity.', 'To illuminate the role of lamin B1 in COPD pathogenesis, lamin B1 protein levels, MTOR activation, mitochondrial mass, and cellular senescence were evaluated in CS extract (CSE)-treated human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC), CS-exposed mice, and COPD lungs.', 'CS-exposed mouse lungs and COPD lungs also showed reduced lamin B1 and DEPTOR protein levels, along with MTOR activation accompanied by increased mitochondrial mass and cellular senescence.', 'These findings suggest that lamin B1 reduction is not only a hallmark of lung aging but is also involved in the progression of cellular senescence during COPD pathogenesis through aberrant MTOR signaling.'], ['Purpose: Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent (61%) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'This study explored views on cognitive impairment and screening in patients with COPD.Design: Qualitative study, focus groups.Methods: Participants with COPD were recruited from a respiratory service at a regional hospital.', 'Fifteen patients, with a diagnosis of COPD and mean age of 73, participated.', 'Thematic analysis resulted in four overall themes: (1) limited awareness of the connection between cognitive change and COPD; (2) cognitive change as part of normal ageing; (3) current strategies for self-management activities and cognition functioning; and (4) attitudes to cognitive testing.Conclusions: This study identified that participants were open to discussing issues of cognitive function suggesting that normalizing discussion around cognitive change presents an opportunity to introduce screening within routine assessments.'], ['Our study aimed to estimate the short-term effects of particulate air pollutants on hospitalizations for three types of respiratory disease: pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma.', 'The highest effect of each pollutant on COPD hospital admission was observed with PM2.5 at lag 12 (RR = 1.068, 95% CI 1.017 to 1.121) and PM10 at lag 10 (RR = 1.031, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.060), for an increase of 10 mug/m3 in concentrations of the pollutants.', 'According to our stratified analysis, we found that the effects on COPD admission were more pronounced in the warm season than in the cold season, and the elderly (>= 65 years) and females were more vulnerable to air pollution.'], ['Data were analyzed with linear mixed models adjusted for age, education, sex, living with a partner, BMI, depressive symptoms, comorbidities (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, COPD, osteoarthritis, CNS diseases), and prescribed medications.'], ['Pooled prevalence for the most significant NCDs was a follows; cancer 8% (95% CI 6-10%), cardiovascular disease 38% (95% CI 33-42%), hypertension 39% (95% CI 32-47%), diabetes 14% (95% CI 12-16%), COPD prevalence estimates ranged from 4% to 18%.'], ['Hearing loss has been recently ranked as the fifth leading cause of years lived with disability, ahead of many other chronic diseases such as diabetes, dementia, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: Although numerous studies have demonstrated that the criteria air pollutants increased the risk of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), few have explored the effects of ambient benzene and toluene on COPD.', 'OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of ambient benzene and toluene on emergency COPD (eCOPD) hospitalizations.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Ambient benzene and toluene might be environmental stressors for acute exacerbations of COPD in the Hong Kong population.'], ['These potential health benefits include: protecting colonic gastrointestinal health (e.g., constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diverticular disease); promoting long-term weight management; reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome; defending against colorectal and lung cancers; improving odds of successful aging; reducing the severity of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; enhancing psychological well-being and lowering the risk of depression; contributing to higher bone mineral density in children and adults; reducing risk of seborrheic dermatitis; and helping to attenuate autism spectrum disorder severity.'], ['RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the repeatability of global and regional lung ventilation quantification in both healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using fluorinated (19F) gas washout magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in free breathing.', 'MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective institutional review board-approved study, 12 healthy nonsmokers and eight COPD patients were examined with 19F dynamic gas washout MR imaging in free breathing and with lung function testing.', 'RESULTS: In healthy subjects and COPD patients, a good repeatability was found for lung ventilation quantification using dynamic 19F gas washout MR imaging on a global (COV < 8%) and regional (COV < 15%) level.', 'Gas washout time was significantly increased in the COPD group compared to the healthy subjects.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between continuity of care (COC) and emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma among elderly adults with asthma-COPD overlap (ACO).', 'The Bice and Boxerman COC index (COCI) was used to evaluate COC by considering ambulatory care visits duo to COPD or asthma in the first year; ED visits and hospitalization for COPD or asthma were identified in the subsequent year, respectively.', 'The Cox model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for ED visits and hospital admissions due to COPD or asthma.'], ['Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that higher social deprivation was significantly linked to alcohol consumption (OR = 4.07 [95%CI: 1.23-13.48]), risk of depression (OR = 3.59 [95%CI: 2.26-5.70]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 3.10 [95%CI: 1.36-7.09]), hepatitis C (OR = 1.96 [95%CI: 1.10-3.52]), and chronic pain (OR = 1.11 [95%CI: 1.01-1.21]).'], ['Re-admission data from England and the Netherlands were compared for all hospital patients and for specific diagnosis groups: pneumonia, urinary tract infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary atherosclerosis, biliary tract disease, hip fracture and acute myocardial infarction.'], ['It is estimated that about 500,000 lung cancer deaths and 1.6 million COPD deaths can be attributed to air pollution, but air pollution may also account for 19% of all cardiovascular deaths and 21% of all stroke deaths.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Murine studies have shown that apolipoprotein E modulates pulmonary function during development, aging, and allergen-induced airway disease.'], ['Acute antibodies against C. pneumoniae were found to be more frequent in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD, 14.0%, chi2 = 20.43, P = 0.000), patients with pneumonia (7.8%, chi2 = 51.87, P = 0.000) and patients with acute respiratory tract infection (12.3%, chi2 = 60.91, P = 0.000) than among all patients (4.4%).'], ['RESULTS: Heatwaves could significantly increase risk for mortality from total and cardiopulmonary diseases, including coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke (rather than hemorrhagic stroke) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['However, they can induce exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, bronchiolitis in infants, and significant lower respiratory tract infections in children, the immunosuppressed, and the elderly.'], ['Significant predictors included in our final risk model for 5-year survival in the elderly included age, aortic diameter, hemoglobin, current smoking, white race, body mass index, renal function, congestive heart failure, statin use, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and ejection fraction.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) are leading chronic health concerns among the aging population today.', 'In this paper, we design TussisWatch, a smart-phone-based system to record and process cough episodes for early identification of COPD or CHF.', 'If yes, the second-level classifier identifies the cough segment as symptomatic of COPD or CHF.', 'Testing with a cohort of 9 COPD, 9 CHF, and 18 CONTROLS subjects spread across both the genders, races, and ages, our system achieves good performance in terms of Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, and Area under ROC curve.'], ['Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of COPD on the outcomes of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD).', 'Associations between COPD and the risk of long-term dialysis and all-cause mortality were assessed.', 'Results: A total of 33,399 advanced CKD patients were enrolled, of whom 31,536 did not have COPD (non-COPD group) and 1,863 had COPD (COPD group).', 'The incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was higher for those with COPD than those without COPD (744.2 per 1,000 person-years vs 724.6 per 1,000 person-years, adjusted HR [aHR] 1.04; 95% CI 0.96-1.12).', 'The cumulative incidence rates of ESRD were similar between the COPD and non-COPD groups (log-rank test, P=0.356).', 'Overall, the patients with COPD had a higher risk of death than those without COPD (151.7 per 1,000 person-years vs 125.5 per 1,000 person-years, aHR 1.22; 95% CI 1.11-1.33).', 'The cumulative mortality rate was higher in the COPD group than in the non-COPD group (log-rank test, P<0.001).', 'Conclusion: COPD increased the risk of mortality among the advanced CKD patients in this study, especially the elderly and male patients.', 'In contrast, COPD did not increase the risk of ESRD among the advanced CKD patients.'], ['This narrative review discusses literature on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in people living with HIV (PLWH).', 'COPD can be viewed not exclusively as a pulmonary disease but rather as a systemic syndrome sparked and fueled by a persistent low-grade HIV-attributable inflammatory state.', 'Although not fully satisfying the global initiative for obstructive lung disease criteria for COPD, this phenotype of small airways lung disease is related to significant impairment of lung health and is associated with a high comorbidity burden.'], ['The number of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been rising with continued exposure to environmental risk factors and aging of populations around the world.', 'Frailty is a geriatric syndrome with a decline in physiological reserve and often coexists with chronic diseases such as COPD.', 'Frailty is an independent risk factor for the development and progression of COPD, and COPD can lead to frailty; treating one might improve the other.', 'Thus, there is an increasing interest in the assessment of frailty in patients with COPD.', 'Furthermore, early identification and assessment of frailty in patients with COPD may affect the choice of intervention and improve its effectiveness.', 'Based on the current literature, the intent of this review was to summarize and discuss frailty assessment tools used for COPD patients and the relevant clinical practices for predicting outcomes.', 'We ascertain that using suitable frailty assessment tools could facilitate physicians to screen and stratify physically frail patients with COPD.', 'Screening appropriately targeted population can achieve better intervention outcomes and pulmonary rehabilitation among frail COPD patients.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and disabling disease that has been associated with aging.', 'Several factors may potentially impair performance during exercise in elderly patients with COPD.', 'This study was conducted to evaluate what characteristics related to lung function, peripheral muscle strength and endurance can predict the performance of elderly patients with COPD during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).', 'Forty elderly patients with COPD underwent resting lung function tests, knee isokinetic dynamometry, and CPET.', 'In conclusion, ventilation distribution and pulmonary diffusion, but not the degree of airway obstruction, independently predict CPET performance in elderly patients with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: In elderly smokers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic heart failure (CHF) usually present with dyspnoea.', 'COPD and CHF are associated -almost invariably with concomitant chronic diseases, which contribute to severity and prognosis.', 'OBJECTIVES: We investigated similarities and differences in the clinical presentation, concomitant chronic diseases and risk factors for -mortality and hospitalization at 3-year follow-up in elderly smokers/ex-smokers with a primary diagnosis of COPD or CHF recruited and followed in specialized centers.', 'METHODS: We examined 144 patients with COPD and 96 with CHF, >=65 years, >=20 pack/years, and measured COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score, modified Medical Research Council, NYHA, and Charlson Index, routine blood test, estimated glomerular filtration rate, HRCT scan, 6-min walk test.', 'In addition, in each patient we actively searched for CHF, COPD, peripheral vascular disease, and metabolic syndrome.', 'RESULTS: COPD and CHF patients had mild to moderate disease, but the majority was symptomatic.', 'COPD and CHF patients had a similar risk of hospitalization and death at 3 years.', 'Lower glomerular filtration rate, shorter 6MWT, and ascending aorta calcification score >=2 were independent predictors of mortality in COPD, whereas previous 12 months hospitalizations, renal disease, and heart diameter were in CHF patients.', 'Lower glomerular filtration rate value, higher CAT score, and lower FEV1/FVC ratio were associated with hospitalization in COPD, while age, lower FEV1% predicted, and peripheral vascular disease were in CHF.', 'CONCLUSIONS: There are relevant similarities and differences between patients with COPD and CHF even when admitted to specialized outpatient centers, suggesting that these patients should be manage in multidisciplinary units.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by long-term airflow limitation.'], ['BMI was assessed at baseline (1991-2008) and non-communicable diseases (incident type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) were ascertained via linkage to records from national health registries, repeated medical examinations, or self-report.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one such condition, in which one half of patients exhibit >=4 age-related diseases.', 'Here, we show that inhibiting miR-570-3p, which is increased in COPD cells, reverses cellular senescence by restoring the antiaging molecule sirtuin-1.', 'Inhibition of elevated miR-570-3p in COPD small airway epithelial cells, using an antagomir, restores sirtuin-1 and suppresses markers of cellular senescence (p16INK4a, p21Waf1, and p27Kip1), thereby restoring cellular growth by allowing progression through the cell cycle.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is among the most important causes of death.', 'Here, we developed a simple cigarette smoke induced Drosophila model of COPD based on chronic cigarette smoke exposure that recapitulates major pathological hallmarks of the disease and thus can be used to investigate new therapeutic strategies.', 'Chronic cigarette smoke exposure led to premature death of the animals and induced a set of phenotypes reminiscent of those seen in COPD patients, including reduced physical activity, reduced body fat, increased metabolic rate and a substantial reduction of the respiratory surface.', 'Thus, the Drosophila COPD model recapitulates many major hallmarks of COPD and it is highly useful to evaluate the potential of alternative therapeutic strategies.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease and heart failure managed in hospital outpatient clinics were enrolled in the study.', 'A statistically significant reduction in the number of contacts to out-of-hours primary care was seen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, whereas the level remained unchanged in the other diagnostic groups.'], ['In addition, discharge from hospital to patients own home predicted 30-day readmission, whereas diagnoses of cancer, previous myocardial infarction or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease predicted 180-day readmission.'], ["Thirty-six (36) patients in a primary care practice in the United Kingdom (mean [standard deviation] age, 82 [10] years) with congestive heart failure (CHF) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were provided with clinical sensors to measure the vital signs for their disease (blood pressure [BP] and weight for CHF, and oxygen saturation for COPD) and one passive infrared (PIR) motion sensor and/or a chair/bed sensor were installed in a patient's home to obtain their activity data.", 'The most common reason for intervention was due to low oxygen levels for patients with COPD and high BP levels for CHF.', 'Activity data were found to contain information on the well-being of patients, in particular for those with COPD.'], ['However, studies which explored the burden of ozone pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and estimated the relevant economic loss were rare.', 'OBJECTIVE: We explored the relationships between ambient ozone exposure and years of life lost (YLL) from COPD mortality and estimated the relevant economic loss in Ningbo, in the Yangtze River Delta of China, 2011-2015.', 'METHODS: A time-series study was conducted to explore the effects of ozone on YLL from COPD.', 'The effect of short term ambient ozone exposure on COPD YLL was more pronounced in the cool season than in the warm season, with 10 ppb increment of ozone corresponding to 7.09(95%CI: 3.41, 10.78) years increase in the cool season and 0.31 (95%CI: -2.15, 2.77) years change in the warm season.', 'Economic loss due to excess COPD YLL related to ozone exposure accounted for 7.30% of the total economic loss due to COPD YLL in Ningbo during the study period.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that ozone exposure was related to tremendous disease burden of COPD in Ningbo, China.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently coexist, particularly in the elderly.', 'Given their rising prevalence and the contemporary trend to longer life expectancy, overlapping HF-COPD will become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the next decade.', 'Areas covered: Drawing on current clinical and physiological constructs, the consequences of negative cardiopulmonary interactions on the interpretation of pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary exercise tests in HF-COPD are discussed.', 'Although those interactions may create challenges for the diagnosis and assessment of disease stability, they provide a valuable conceptual framework to rationalize HF-COPD treatment.', 'The impact of COPD or HF on the pharmacological treatment of HF or COPD, respectively, is then comprehensively discussed.', 'rehabilitation and exercise reconditioning) can be tailored to the specific needs of patients with HF-COPD.', 'Expert commentary: Randomized clinical trials testing the efficacy and safety of new medications for HF or COPD should include a sizeable fraction of patients with these coexistent pathologies.', 'Multidisciplinary clinics involving cardiologists and respirologists trained in both diseases (with access to unified cardiorespiratory rehabilitation programs) are paramount to decrease the humanitarian and social burden of HF-COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with substantial health impact that may already become apparent in early disease.'], ['It was developed for patients recovering from acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sometimes other long-term inflammatory lung diseases.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of lung cancer, independently of smoking, although the link between these diseases remains unknown.', 'COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with secretion of numerous inflammatory mediators, many of which play a documented role in the promotion of cancer cell progression.', 'COPD is also an age-related disease involving increased cellular senescence, an important hallmark of aging.', 'It is highly probable that cellular senescence contributes to carcinogenesis in COPD patients.'], ['Objectives: Focusing on the advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients without driver mutations can elucidate the clinical impact of COPD on treatment outcomes.', 'The present study evaluated the effects of COPD on the overall survival of driver mutation-negative NSCLC patients undergoing conventional chemotherapy as the first-line treatment.', 'Results: The total study population consisted of 197 patients; 92 (46.7%) were COPD patients and 105 (53.3%) were non-COPD patients.', 'The median survival in the non-COPD group was 11.5 months, compared to 9.2 months in the COPD group.', 'Univariate analysis showed that old age (>70 years), high Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status score (2-3), squamous cell histology, and COPD were risk factors for mortality.', 'The presence of COPD was a significant prognostic factor in univariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.402; p=0.037), but not in multivariate analysis (HR, 1.275; p=0.144).', 'Subgroup analysis of 143 smokers showed that COPD was a significant prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (HR, 1.726; p=0.006).', 'In 154 stage IV patients, COPD was also a prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (HR, 1.479; p=0.039).', 'Conclusion: COPD had a negative impact on overall survival in the stage IV NSCLC and smoker NSCLC patients who underwent conventional chemotherapy.'], ['BACKGROUND: Trials of disease modifying therapies in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) provide challenges for detecting physiological and patient centred outcomes.', 'RESULTS: Annual decline in SGRQ had a wide range, was greater for patients with established COPD and correlated with decline in FEV1 (p < 0.0001).', 'CONCLUSION: Despite AATD being a rapidly declining form of COPD, deterioration in SGRQ was slow consistent with ageing and the chronic nature of disease progression.', 'Power calculations indicate the numbers needed to detect a difference with disease modifying therapies would be prohibitive especially in this rare cause of COPD.', 'These data have important implications for future study design of disease modifying therapies even in COPD not associated with AATD.'], ['Since it was noted that circulating DHEA-S levels decline as a function of age, experimental pathology experiments in animals were performed to determine how DHEA may protect against cancer, diabetes, aging, obesity, immune function, bone density, depression, adrenal insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, diminished sexual function/libido, AIDS/HIV, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, and metabolic syndrome.'], ['The quintile with the greatest height had an increased risk of AK compared with the quintile with the lowest height (hazard ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval: 1.24-1.33) after adjustment for age, sex, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, hypertension, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: 24-form Tai Chi is a traditional exercise popular among old people in China, but it has some complex movements beyond of capabilities of patients with COPD.', 'This study was to modify and simplify 24-form Tai Chi and evaluate effects of the modified Tai Chi on lung function, exercise capacity, dyspnea symptom and health status in patients with COPD.', 'METHODS: A two-step procedure was applied: an initial qualitative research module consisting of focus group discussion, expert consultation and patient interviews was conducted to simplified and modified 24-form Tai Chi for patients with COPD.', 'Then, a randomized controlled trial consisting of 60 patients with II to IV COPD was conducted to evaluate effects of the modified Tai Chi on lung function (FEV1%), exercise capacity (Six minutes walking distance,6MWD), dyspnea symptom (Modified Medical Research Council Scale, mMRC) and health status (COPD Assessment Test, CAT).', "RESULTS: A new simpler 6-form Tai Chi that combining characteristics of COPD, the experts' wisdom and patients' needs was developed.", 'Patients with COPD can grasp it in about 3 h and participants showed 86.0% adherence to the Tai Chi training and no negative accidents occurred.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This modified 6-form Tai Chi routine is easy to grasp, easy to adhere to, safe to practice and effective to improve lung function, exercise capacity, health status and to prevent dyspnea symptom from getting worse for patients with COPD and it can be recommended as a suitable exercise therapy for them.'], ['GHK has also been found to possess powerful cell protective actions, such as multiple anti-cancer activities and anti-inflammatory actions, lung protection and restoration of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) fibroblasts, suppression of molecules thought to accelerate the diseases of aging such as NFkappaB, anti-anxiety, anti-pain and anti-aggression activities, DNA repair, and activation of cell cleansing via the proteasome system.'], ['For participants with a single baseline condition (n = 1,534), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and arrhythmia showed the strongest associations with subsequent multimorbidity.'], ['A growing body of evidence implicates accelerated mechanisms of aging, including cellular senescence, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis.', 'On the other hand, the preclinical evidence that these agents are able to influence the natural history of COPD is still lacking.', 'COPD is a very heterogeneous lung disease presenting different (mixed) phenotypes.', 'Consequently, it will be difficult to determine which COPD patient will benefit from a treatment with senolytics.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition where changes in the lung, chest wall and respiratory muscles produce an internal inspiratory load.', 'In the present study, we determined whether BPs are present during quiet breathing and breathing with an external inspiratory load in COPD compared to age-matched and young healthy controls.', 'We demonstrated that increased age, rather than COPD, is associated with a cortical contribution to quiet breathing.', 'In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), changes in the lung, chest wall and respiratory muscles produce an internal inspiratory load.', 'We hypothesized that there would be a cortical contribution to quiet breathing in COPD and that a cortical contribution to breathing with an inspiratory load would be linked to dyspnoea, a major symptom of COPD.', 'EEG activity was analysed in 14 participants with COPD (aged 57-84 years), 16 healthy age-matched (57-87 years) and 15 young (18-26 years) controls during quiet breathing and inspiratory loading.', 'The incidence of a cortical contribution to quiet breathing was significantly greater in participants with COPD (6/14) compared to the young (0/15) (P = 0.004) but not the age-matched controls (6/16) (P = 0.765).', 'The data show that increased age, rather than COPD, is associated with a cortical contribution to quiet breathing.'], ['Purpose: Skeletal muscle wasting is an independent predictor of health-related quality of life and survival in patients with COPD, but the complexity of molecular mechanisms associated with this process has not been fully elucidated.', 'We aimed to determine whether an impaired ability to repair DNA damage contributes to muscle wasting and the accelerated aging phenotype in patients with COPD.', 'Patients and methods: The levels of phosphorylated H2AX (gammaH2AX), a molecule that promotes DNA repair, were assessed in vastus lateralis biopsies from 10 COPD patients with low fat-free mass index (FFMI; COPDL), 10 with preserved FFMI and 10 age- and gender-matched healthy controls.'], ['This paper presents an evaluation of a telemedicine service for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients integrated with municipal health care services.'], ['Compared with no TAC, the highest tertile of TAC volume was associated with a higher risk of non-CVD mortality (hazard ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-1.97), as well as several non-CVD diagnoses, including hip fracture (2.14; 1.03-4.46), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2.06; 1.29-3.29), and pneumonia (1.79; 1.30-2.45), with magnitudes of association that were larger than for those of coronary artery calcium.'], ['BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccinations are currently recommended in the care of people with COPD, but these recommendations are based largely on evidence from observational studies, with very few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reported.', 'Influenza infection causes excess morbidity and mortality in people with COPD, but there is also the potential for influenza vaccination to cause adverse effects, or not to be cost effective.', 'OBJECTIVES: To determine whether influenza vaccination in people with COPD reduces respiratory illness, reduces mortality, is associated with excess adverse events, and is cost effective.', 'SELECTION CRITERIA: RCTs that compared live or inactivated virus vaccines with placebo, either alone or with another vaccine, in people with COPD.', 'MAIN RESULTS: We included 11 RCTs with 6750 participants, but only six of these included people with COPD (2469 participants).', 'Both in people with COPD, and in older people (only a minority of whom had COPD), there were significantly more local adverse reactions in people who had received the vaccine, but the effects were generally mild and transient.There was no evidence of an effect of intranasal live attenuated virus when this was added to inactivated intramuscular vaccination.Two studies evaluating mortality for influenza vaccine versus placebo were too small to have detected any effect on mortality.', "However, a large study (N=2215) noted that there was no difference in mortality when adding live attenuated virus to inactivated virus vaccination, AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: It appeared, from the limited number of RCTs we were able to include, all of which were more than a decade old, that inactivated vaccine reduced exacerbations in people with COPD."], ['The logistic regression analysis identified the following predictors for becoming FA (odds ratio = OR): Female (OR 1.17), age 0-1 years (OR 3.46), age 70+ (OR 1.57), small municipality (OR 1.61), psychological diagnosis (OR 10.00), social diagnosis (OR 5.97), cancer (OR 6.76), diabetes (OR 4.65), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 7.81).'], ['PURPOSE: No prior studies have addressed the performance of electronic health record (EHR) data to diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in people living with HIV (PLWH), in whom COPD could be more likely to be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, given the higher frequency of respiratory symptoms and smoking compared with HIV-uninfected (uninfected) persons.', 'METHODS: We determined whether EHR data could improve accuracy of ICD-9 codes to define COPD when compared with spirometry in PLWH vs uninfected, and quantified level of discrimination using the area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC).', 'RESULTS: ICD-9 codes performed similarly by HIV status, but alone were poor at discriminating cases from non-cases of COPD when compared with spirometry (AUC 0.633 in EXHALE; 0.651 in the UW cohort).', 'However, algorithms that combined ICD-9 codes with other clinical variables available in the EHR-age, smoking, and COPD inhalers-improved discrimination and performed similarly in EXHALE (AUC 0.771) and UW (AUC 0.734).', 'CONCLUSIONS: These data support that EHR data in combination with ICD-9 codes have moderately good accuracy to identify COPD when spirometry data are not available, and perform similarly in PLWH and uninfected individuals.'], ['Underlying morbidities, such as congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer, increase the risk for venous and arterial thrombosis.'], ['The exact role of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in older patients with chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap (ACO) remains unclear.', 'This study aimed to investigate the differences in FeNO levels of elderly patients with ACO, asthma, COPD, and chronic cough.', 'All participants (Age>=55 years) were divided into the ACO group (n=19), asthma group (n=16), COPD group (n=25), and chronic cough group (n=22).', 'Patients with ACO and asthma had significantly elevated FeNO levels (37.7+-16.5, and 36.3+-17.7 ppb) compared with COPD, and chronic cough patients (21.9+-10.3, and 16.1+-8.8 ppb).', 'Elderly patients with ACO have higher levels of FeNO, when compared with patients with COPD or chronic cough.'], ['The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, COPD, and stroke was 26.0% (2449/9407), 8.0% (749/9371), 1.0% (95/9360), and 1.9% (175/9382), respectively.'], ['POPULATION: Seventy-five chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients transferred after an acute hospitalization.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In a real-life prospective experience, a better outcome is demonstrated in elderly CHF and COPD patients undergoing a rehabilitative approach during their in-hospital SAC stay.'], ['BACKGROUND: The purpose of the current study was to determine the association between sedentary time and physical activity with clinically relevant health outcomes among adults with impaired spirometry and those with or without self-reported obstructive lung disease (asthma or COPD).', 'Among those with COPD, those who reported highest weekly sedentary time had higher odds of reporting poor perceived health (OR = 2.70, CI: 1.72, 4.24), poor perceived mental-health (OR = 1.99, CI: 1.29, 3.06), and unhealthy aging (OR = 3.04, CI: 1.96, 4.72).'], ['INTRODUCTION: COPD is highly prevalent in the US and globally, requiring new treatment strategies due to the high disease burden and increase in the aging population.', 'Here, we profile the newly FDA-approved LONHALA MAGNAIR (glycopyrrolate [GLY]/eFlow Closed System [CS]; 25 mcg twice daily), a nebulized long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) for the long-term maintenance treatment of COPD, including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.', 'Areas covered: An overview of COPD and treatment landscape, focusing on GLY/eFlow CS, reviewing the published literature pertinent to the drug/device combination is reported.', 'Additional studies are required to assess the impact of GLY/eFlow CS on COPD exacerbations, identify alternative uses of the eFlow CS nebulizer, and direct comparisons to other LAMAs.'], ['METHODS: At time of (re-)transplantation or autopsy, 70 explant lungs were collected: from unused donors (normal, n = 13) and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF, n = 12), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, n = 11), chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (cHP, n = 9), bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after prior transplantation (n = 11) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS) after prior transplantation (n = 14).'], ['At the same time, oxidative stress is involved in several age-related conditions (ie, cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer), including sarcopenia and frailty.'], ['Recently, we demonstrated that the levels of plasma GDF11 were decreased in COPD.', 'However, the effect of decreased circulating GDF11 in the pathophysiology of COPD remains unknown.', 'The aim of this study is to investigate the association between the plasma GDF11 levels and various clinical parameters in patients with COPD.', 'Patients and methods: Eighteen ex-smokers as control subjects and 70 COPD patients participated in the current study.', 'Results: The levels of plasma GDF11 in the COPD patients had significant positive correlations with the data of lung function.', 'Conclusion: Physical inactivity was significantly related to the decreased GDF11 levels in COPD, which might be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of COPD.', 'Clarifying the relationships between the physical inactivity and GDF11 may reveal a potentially attractive therapeutic approach in COPD via increasing the plasma levels of GDF11.'], ['The major independent variable is caregiver-reported elder abuse, while outcome variables include cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peptic ulcer, digestive disorder, chronic hepatic disease, chronic renal disease, metabolic disease, acute inflammation, joint disease, tumor, and general injury.', 'After adjusting for potential confounders, abused older persons were more susceptible to cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peptic ulcer, digestive disorder, metabolic disease, acute inflammation, tumor, and injuries.'], ['BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies describe shorter telomeres in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared to matched non-COPD controls, but the relationship is confounded by tobacco consumption.'], ['Because of the expansion of aging and smoking populations, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predicted to be the third leading cause of death worldwide in 2030.', 'Therefore, it is pertinent to develop effective therapy to improve management for COPD.', 'Cigarette smoke-mediated protease-antiprotease imbalance is a major pathogenic mechanism for COPD and results in massive pulmonary infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, releasing excessive neutrophil elastase (NE) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).', 'However, the relationship between MMP-directed COPD and PGF remains elusive.', 'We hypothesize that MMPs may upregulate PGF expression and be involved in MMP-mediated pathogenesis of COPD.', 'Given these findings, we suggest that both human COPD-associated elastases, NE, and MMP-12, upregulate PGF expression and promote the progression of emphysema and COPD.'], ['A 10 mug/m3 increase in two-day average concentrations of SO2 was associated with increments of 0.59% in mortality from total non-accidental causes, 0.70% from total cardiovascular diseases, 0.55% from total respiratory diseases, 0.64% from hypertension disease, 0.65% from coronary heart disease, 0.58% from stroke, and 0.69% from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of disability.', 'We aimed to analyse the impact of reduced pulmonary function on non-respiratory impairments and mobility activity limitations in an elderly population with COPD and to elucidate which specific limitations on mobility are related to reduced pulmonary function.', 'METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 110 patients with COPD, recruited from public and university hospital.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Impaired pulmonary function was associated with the 6MWT score and limitations on performance-based and self-reported mobility activities, but not with skeletal muscle strength among elderly COPD patients.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a highly prevalent disease, especially in the aging population, associated with several functional disabilities and a high economic burden.'], ['Most admissions occurred in patients aged >=70 years, and the most frequent coexisting conditions were hypertension, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: Because of the rapid change in economic development and lifestyle in China, and the ageing population, concerns have grown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could become epidemic.', 'An up-to-date nationwide estimation of COPD prevalence in China is needed.', 'The primary outcome was COPD, defined according to the 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) lung function criteria.', 'The estimated standardised prevalence of COPD was 13 6% (95% CI 12 0-15 2).', 'The prevalence of COPD differed significantly between men and women (19 0%, 95% CI 16 9-21 2 vs 8 1%, 6 8-9 3; p<0 0001), mainly because of a significant difference in smoking status between men and women (current smokers 58 2% vs 4 0%).', 'The prevalence of COPD differed by geographic region, with the highest prevalence in southwest China (20 2%, 95% CI 14 7-25 8) and the lowest in central China (10 2%, 8 2-12 2).', 'Among adults with COPD, 56 4% (95% CI 53 7-59 2) had mild disease (GOLD stage I), 36 3% (34 3-38 3) had moderate disease (GOLD stage II), 6 5% (5 5-7 4) had severe disease (GOLD stage III), and 0 9% (0 6-1 1) had very severe disease (GOLD stage IV).', 'INTERPRETATION: In a large, nationally representative sample of adults aged 40 years or older, the estimated overall prevalence of COPD in China in 2014-15 was 13 6%, indicating that this disease has become a major public-health problem.', 'Strategies aimed at prevention and treatment of COPD are needed urgently.'], ['We related the trajectories identified to childhood factors and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using logistic regression, and estimated population-attributable fractions of COPD.', 'The three trajectories early below average, accelerated decline; persistently low; and below average had increased risk of COPD at age 53 years compared with the average group (early below average, accelerated decline: odds ratio 35 0, 95% CI 19 5-64 0; persistently low: 9 5, 4 5-20 6; and below average: 3 7, 1 9-6 9).', 'Three trajectories contributed 75% of COPD burden and were associated with modifiable early-life exposures whose impact was aggravated by adult factors.', 'We postulate that reducing maternal smoking, encouraging immunisation, and avoiding personal smoking, especially in those with smoking parents or low childhood lung function, might minimise COPD risk.'], ['RESULTS: During the follow-up time, we ascertained 12 689 cases of incident respiratory diseases, of which 6672 were pneumonia and 3075 were COPD.', 'The HRs per 1 C increase in wintertime temperature variability were 1.20 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.32), 1.15 (1.01 to 1.31) and 1.41 (1.15 to 1.71) for total respiratory diseases, pneumonia and COPD, respectively.'], ['A 10 mug/m increase in 2-day average concentrations of NO2 would lead to increments of 0.9% (95% posterial interval [PI], 0.7%, 1.1%) in mortality from total nonaccidental causes, 0.9% (95% PI, 0.7%, 1.2%) from total cardiovascular disease, 1.4% (95% PI, 0.8%, 2.0%) from hypertension, 0.9% (95% PI, 0.6%, 1.2%) from coronary heart disease, 0.9% (95% PI, 0.5%, 1.2%) from stroke, 1.2% (95% PI, 0.9%, 1.5%) from total respiratory diseases, and 1.6% (95% PI, 1.1%, 2.0%) from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['As patients age, they are predisposed to certain disease states such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'This paper reviews physiologic changes in geriatric adults, COPD treatment, medications that should be avoided in this population, and special considerations for geriatric patients with COPD.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease affecting 3 million people in the UK, in which patients exhibit airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible.', 'COPD treatment guidelines are largely informed by randomised controlled trial results, but it is unclear if these findings apply to large patient populations not studied in trials.', 'In this study, we will use individual trial data to validate non-interventional methods for assessing COPD treatment effectiveness, before applying these methods to the analysis of treatment effectiveness within people excluded from, or under-represented in COPD trials.', 'METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Using individual patient data from the landmark COPD Towards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) trial and validated methods for detecting COPD and exacerbations in routinely collected primary care data, we will assemble a cohort in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (selecting people between 1 January 2004 and 1 January 2017) with similar characteristics to TORCH participants and test whether non-interventional data can generate comparable results to trials, using cohort methodology with propensity score techniques to adjust for potential confounding.', 'We will then use the methodological template we have developed to determine risks and benefits of COPD treatments in people excluded from TORCH.', 'Outcomes are pneumonia, COPD exacerbation, mortality and time to treatment change.', 'Groups to be studied include the elderly (>80 years), people with substantial comorbidity, people with and without underlying cardiovascular disease and people with mild COPD.', 'In addition to scientific publications, dissemination methods will be developed based on discussions with patient groups with COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been recently characterized as a disease of accelerated lung aging, but the mechanism remains unclear.', 'Here, we found that CD9/CD81 double knockout (DKO) mice with a COPD-like phenotype progressively developed a syndrome resembling human aging, including cataracts, hair loss, and atrophy of various organs, including thymus, muscle, and testis, resulting in shorter survival than wild-type (WT) mice.', 'Altogether, CD9/CD81 DKO mice represent a novel model for both COPD and accelerated senescence.'], ['White race, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyspnea, emergent operation, steroid use, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, high American Society of Anesthesiologists score, old age, preoperative sepsis or septic shock, and dialysis dependency were associated with increased 30-day mortality.', 'Predictors of reoperation were contaminated wound (hazard ratio [HR], 2.19; confidence interval [CI], 1.17-3.23; P = .015), sepsis or septic shock (HR, 2.63; CI, 1.37-5.05; P = .004), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 2.81; CI, 1.23-6.42; P = .014), and wound infection (HR, 4.91; CI, 2.06-11.70; P < .001).'], ['Significant risk factors were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure, advanced cardiac disease [left or right ventricular failure, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class IV and atrial fibrillation] and coronary disease.'], ['Although the lung lesions of these patients are similar to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), there are some differences due to different etiology and clinical care.', 'All the other candidate microRNAs do not directly link to COPD phenotype or lung complications.'], ['Sixty two female patients, 27 with asthma and 35 with COPD, aged over 45 years (median age 58 and 64 years, respectively) were enrolled into the study.', 'Total bone mineral density (BMD) was lower in the COPD group (p = 0.0115).', 'The serum bone metabolism markers C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of collagen type I (BCROSS), N-terminal propeptides of procollagen type-1 (tP1NP), and N-mid osteocalcin (OCN) inversely correlated with age in the COPD, but not asthma, patients (r = -0.38, p = 0.0264; r = -0.37, p = 0.0270; and r = -0.42, p = 0.0125, respectively).', 'We conclude that peri- and postmenopausal women with obstructive lung diseases had a decreased serum concentration of vitamin D. Furthermore, vitamin D and body mineral density were appreciably lower in women with COPD than those with asthma.'], ['MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: History of doctor-diagnosed asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tobacco smoking history, respiratory medications used, spirometry parameters (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC]).'], ['In other domains, no alcohol consumption, current smoking, mild cognitive impairment, bodily pain, arthritis, stroke, disability, and lower levels of social cohesion, COPD, visual impairment, and poor self-rated health was associated with greater time spent sedentary.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart failure (HF) are frequently cared for in hospital and in primary care settings.', 'We studied labeling agreement for COPD and HF for patients seen in both settings in Toronto, Canada.', 'COPD concordance was 34%; the odds ratios (ORs) of concordance increased with aging (OR 1.84 for age 75+ vs. <65, 95% CI 0.92-3.69) and more inpatient admissions (OR 2.89 for 3+ visits vs. 0 visits, 95% CI 1.59-5.26).', 'Based on capture-recapture models, 21-24% additional patients with COPD and 18-20% additional patients with HF did not have a label in either setting.', 'The primary care prevalence was estimated as 748 COPD patients and 834 HF patients per 100,000 enrolled adult patients.', 'Agreement levels for COPD and HF were low and labeling was incomplete.'], ['Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on all-cause mortality in patients with COPD.', 'Eligible subjects were >=20 years who had no COPD or OSA (n=9,237), had only OSA (n=366), had only COPD (n=695), and had OSA/COPD overlap syndrome (n=90).', 'Results: Multivariate analysis found that the COPD and OSA/COPD overlap syndrome groups had significantly higher chance of all-cause mortality than the group of subjects who did not have OSA or COPD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] =1.5 for the COPD group and 2.4 for the overlap syndrome group) (P<=0.007).', 'Although not significant, having OSA/COPD overlap syndrome was associated with higher likelihood of death than COPD alone (HR =1.5; P=0.160).', 'Conclusion: The present study found that COPD and OSA/COPD overlap syndrome were associated with higher all-cause mortality compared with patients without either disease and that OSA did not significantly increase mortality in patients with COPD.'], ['Some important noncardiovascular health outcomes (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] prevention from smoking cessation and cancer prevention from weight loss) and other parts of the programme (e.g., brief interventions to reduce harmful alcohol consumption) have not been modelled.'], ['There were no statistical differences in the prevalence of chronic diseases, with the exception of a higher prevalence of COPD in presarcopenic (29.1%) and sarcopenic (26.9%) individuals compared with nonsarcopenic (13.4%) individuals.', 'The presence of sarcopenia appears to be independent of chronic diseases with the exception of COPD and more related to lifestyle factors and disabilities.'], ['METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Patients aged 55 years and over are recruited to four cohorts defined by their risk of hospital admission, with long-term conditions including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, diabetes and heart failure.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung emphysema increases with age and both lung diseases are again risk factors for lung cancer.', 'RESULTS: Fibroblasts from tumor and normal lung tissue had comparable CPDs; however, the CPD of fibroblasts from both tumor and normal lung tissue was significantly reduced in patients also suffering from COPD.', 'This CPD reduction was highest in COPD patients who had already developed emphysema or were smokers.', 'A significant correlation between CPD and telomere length was identified only for fibroblasts of non-COPD patients.', 'CONCLUSION: Lung cells of COPD patients are characterized by accelerated senescence which must have been initiated prior to lung tumorigenesis and cannot depend on telomere shortening only.', 'In addition to smoking as a known risk factor for COPD and lung cancer, air pollution particles could be another reason for the accelerated senescence of lung cells.'], ['Patients with COPD develop more comorbidities than non-COPD subjects.', 'We hypothesized that the development of comorbidities characteristically affecting the elderly occur at an earlier age in subjects with the diagnosis of COPD.', 'METHODS AND FINDINGS: We included all subjects carrying the diagnosis of COPD (n = 27,617), and a similar number of age and sex matched individuals without the diagnosis, extracted from the 727,241 records of individuals 40 years and older included in the EpiChron Cohort (Aragon, Spain).', 'Subjects with COPD had more comorbidities and died at a younger age compared to controls.', "Comparison of both cohorts across 5 incremental age groups showed that the number of comorbidities, the prevalence of diseases characteristic of aging and network's density for the COPD group aged 56-65 were similar to those of non-COPD 15 to 20 years older.", 'CONCLUSION: Multimorbidity increases with age but in patients carrying the diagnosis of COPD, these comorbidities are seen at an earlier age.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was defined using the Global Initiative for COPD criteria (forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) of <70%).', 'Associations of lung function and COPD with PM10 or PM2.5 or NO2 were examined using linear and logistic regression analyses among 1264 Korean adults.', 'The highest tertiles of PM2.5 (>=37.1 mug/m3) and NO2 (>=53.8 mug/m3) exposure were significantly associated with COPD (highest versus lowest tertile of PM2.5: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.02-3.13; highest versus lowest tertile of NO2: adjusted OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.04-3.21).'], ['COPD was five times more common in group 2 (p = 0.0001).'], ['Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is set to become the third most frequent cause of death and also the third largest cause of global morbidity by 2020.', 'In China, where the population is aging rapidly, COPD has become one of the leading causes of disability and a large economic burden.', 'An epidemiological assessment of the COPD in China is required, with a focus on the number of cases living with disease, main determinants of the disease and time trends.', 'Methods: We systematically searched large Chinese bibliographic databases and English databases to identify spirometry-based epidemiological studies of the prevalence of COPD in China diagnosed according to GOLD criteria.', 'We estimated age- and gender-specific prevalence of COPD using a multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression.', 'We also presented the time trends of COPD between 1990 and 2010 by age, gender and setting (urban vs rural).', 'Findings: In 1990, the prevalence of COPD ranged from 0.49% (95% CI = 0.29-0.85) in <20 years group to 20.95% (95% CI = 14.04-27.04) in> = 80 years group, and the crude prevalence for China was 2.70% (95% CI = 1.86-3.51).', 'The COPD prevalence in males was about two-fold higher than in females, and it increased with increasing age.', 'Between 1990-2010, the total number of Chinese people living with COPD increased by 66.73%, from 30.90 million (95% CI = 21.28-40.02) in 1990 to 51.52 million (95% CI = 44.26-63.93) in 2010.', 'Our estimates, which used an independent approach to acquiring data and development of analytical methods, and were based on a more complete data set, are remarkably similar to those produced recently by the GBD 2013 collaboration, differing by only about 5% in the estimated number of COPD cases in 1990 and by 1% in 2010.', 'Conclusions: COPD is a highly prevalent disease in China and its importance is growing steadily.', 'The number of people living with COPD has increased substantially between 1990 and 2010.', 'COPD is more frequent in males and in rural areas.', 'Improved epidemiological studies will be required to assist development of more effective strategies of prevention and treatment of COPD in China in the next decade and beyond.'], ['OBJECTIVE: There is controversy about the diagnostic criteria, prevalence, symptoms, and spirometry characteristics of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap (ACO).', 'We aimed at estimating ACO prevalence in a general population sample and comparing patient and clinical features in subjects with ACO, COPD, and asthma.', 'METHODS: We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study estimating COPD prevalence in randomly selected adults aged 20-79 years in Verona, Italy, and estimated prevalence and analyzed characteristics of asthma, COPD, and ACO.', 'RESULTS: One thousand two hundred and thirty-six patients were included; 207 (16.7%) had asthma, COPD, or ACO (mean ages: 61.2, 59.7, and 57.2 years, respectively).', 'The 3 groups had similar clinical and demographic variables; however, spirometry revealed differences between ACO and COPD patients, particularly post-bronchodilator FEV1 reversibility, which was detected in ACO and asthma patients but not in those with COPD.', 'Marked differences between ACO and COPD revealed by spirometry may have important clinical implications in terms of treatment for patients with ACO.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent and devastating condition for which no curative treatment is available.', 'Here, we investigated the potential role for mTOR signaling in lung cell senescence and alterations in COPD using lung tissue and derived cultured cells from patients with COPD and from age- and sex-matched control smokers.', 'Cell senescence in COPD was linked to mTOR activation, and mTOR inhibition by low-dose rapamycin prevented cell senescence and inhibited the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype.', 'In this model, mTOR activation was sufficient to induce lung cell senescence and to mimic COPD lung alterations, with the rapid development of lung emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, and inflammation.', 'These findings support a causal relationship between mTOR activation, lung cell senescence, and lung alterations in COPD, thereby identifying the mTOR pathway as a potentially new therapeutic target in COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a high prevalence rate in Germany and a further increase is expected within the next years.', 'Although risk factors on an individual level are widely understood, only little is known about the spatial heterogeneity and population-based risk factors of COPD.', 'The aim of this study is to analyze how the prevalence of COPD varies across northeastern Germany on the smallest spatial-scale possible and to identify the location-specific population-based risk factors using health insurance claims of the AOK Nordost.', 'METHODS: To visualize the spatial distribution of COPD prevalence at the level of municipalities and urban districts, we used the conditional autoregressive Besag-York-Mollie (BYM) model.', 'Geographically weighted regression modelling (GWR) was applied to analyze the location-specific ecological risk factors for COPD.', 'RESULTS: The sex- and age-adjusted prevalence of COPD was 6.5% in 2012 and varied widely across northeastern Germany.', 'The results of the GWR model revealed that the population at risk for COPD varies considerably across northeastern Germany.', 'CONCLUSION: Area deprivation has a direct and an indirect influence on the prevalence of COPD.', 'Persons ageing in socially disadvantaged areas have a higher chance of developing COPD, even when they are not necessarily directly affected by deprivation on an individual level.', 'Additionally, our results reveal that in some parts of the study area, insurants with migration background and persons living in multi-persons households are at elevated risk of COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Various criteria have been used so far for the diagnosis of malnutrition or sarcopenia in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition and sarcopenia in COPD, as defined by international diagnostic criteria, and determine their relationships with raw BIA variables.', 'METHODS: Two-hundred and sixty-three COPD patients (185 males and 78 females) underwent both clinical examination and respiratory, anthropometric, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA raw variables: phase angle and impedance ratio), handgrip strength (HGS), 4 m gait speed and biochemical measurements.', 'CONCLUSION: A relatively high prevalence of malnutrition and sarcopenia was found in COPD patients applying international standard criteria, with some discrepancy between the two diagnoses.'], ['Inflammation and ageing are intertwined in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The role of SIRT1/FoxO3 in COPD is largely unknown.', 'Human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) and primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from COPD patients and controls were treated with/without cigarette smoke extract (CSE), Sirtinol or FoxO3 siRNA.', 'In PBECs, the constitutive FoxO3 expression was lower in patients with COPD than in controls.'], ['Older adults, particularly those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are advised to receive 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23).'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: In a population of symptomatic adults with suspected COPD, impedance oscillometry resistance measurements correlate with FEV1 and lung resistance increases with the severity of airflow limitation.'], ['The investigated MSK and chronic pain were more frequent among those in lower socioeconomic groups, veterans, Aboriginal and Torrent Strait Islanders, current and ex-smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or heart failure.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multisystem disease that resembles the accumulation of multiple impairments seen in aging.', 'We hypothesized that patients with COPD would be frailer than a comparator group free from respiratory disease.', 'In this cross-sectional analysis, the CGA questionnaire was completed and used to derive an FI in 520 patients diagnosed with COPD and 150 comparators.', 'This large study suggests patients with COPD are frailer than comparators.', 'The FI derived from the CGA captures the deterioration of multiple systems in COPD and provides an overview of impairments, which may identify individuals at increased risk of morbidity and mortality in COPD.'], ['Hypercapnia usually occurs in clinical pictures of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and its unobstructed version (sleep-related hypoventilation), generating various organic disorders (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, immunological diseases, depression, etc.).'], ['Preoperative comorbidities included history of heart infarction (24.6%, n=34), chronic renal failure (37.7%, n=52), and COPD (27.5%, n=38).'], ['Respiratory morbidity includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis and pneumonia.'], ['PURPOSE: HIV is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in high resource settings.', 'We aimed to estimate the association between HIV infection, tuberculosis, and COPD in rural Uganda.', 'RESULTS: Among 269 participants with spirometry, median age was 52 (IQR 48-55), 48% (n = 130) were ever-smokers, and few (3%, n = 9) reported a history of COPD or asthma.', 'COPD was diagnosed in 9 (4%) participants, eight of whom (89%) were PLWH, six of whom (67%) had a history of tuberculosis, and all of whom (100%) were men.', 'CONCLUSION: In rural Uganda, COPD may be more prevalent among PLWH, men, and those with prior tuberculosis.'], ['STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between individual items and health outcomes, adjusting for age, education, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, current smoker, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and depression.'], ['Schizophrenia is associated with shortening of the lifespan mainly due to cardiovascular events, cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently associated with comorbidities occurring either independently or as consequences of COPD.', 'Areas covered: This review examines the interactions between the pathophysiology of COPD and the most frequent comorbidities, and highlights the need for multidimensional clinical strategies to manage COPD patients with comorbidities.', 'Expert commentary: Most COPD patients need to be approached in a complex and multifactorial scenario.', 'The diagnosis of COPD is necessarily based on the presence of chronic respiratory symptoms and poorly reversible airflow obstruction, but exacerbations and comorbidities need to be considered in the evaluation of disease severity and prognosis in individual patients.', 'More importantly, defining the precise relationship between COPD and comorbidities for each patient is the basis for a correct therapeutic approach.'], ['Chronic and recurrent infections of the upper and/or lower airways can contribute to inflammatory and obstructive processes in the lower airways which are initially reversible and considered "asthma", but can eventually cause irreversible remodeling and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Asthma and respiratory infections in the first decades of life are recognized as risk factors for development of COPD, but when patients present with COPD as adults, underlying primary immune deficiency disease may be unrecognized.', 'MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Detection of PIDD as a potentially treatable underlying contributor to recurrent/acute exacerbations and morbidity of COPD, and provision of immunoglobulin (Ig) G replacement therapy, when appropriate, may decrease the progression of COPD.', 'Decreasing the severity and rate of exacerbations and admissions should improve the quality of life and longevity of an important subset of patients with COPD, while decreasing costs.'], ['Here we review the similarities and differences between men and women with common wasting conditions including sarcopenia and cachexia due to cancer, end-stage renal disease/chronic kidney disease, liver disease, chronic heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease based on the literature in clinical studies.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence, in particular in the elderly.', 'COPD is characterised by abnormal tissue repair resulting in (small) airways disease and emphysema.', 'There is accumulating evidence that ageing hallmarks are prominent features of COPD.', 'These ageing hallmarks have been described in different subsets of COPD patients, in different lung compartments and also in a variety of cell types, and thus might contribute to different COPD phenotypes.', 'A better understanding of the main differences and similarities between normal lung ageing and the pathology of COPD may improve our understanding of the mechanisms driving COPD pathology, in particular in those patients that develop the most severe form of COPD at a relatively young age, i.e.', 'severe early-onset COPD patients.In this review, after introducing the main concepts of lung ageing and COPD pathology, we focus on the role of (abnormal) ageing in lung remodelling and repair in COPD.', 'We discuss the current evidence for the involvement of ageing hallmarks in these pathological features of COPD.', 'We also highlight potential novel treatment strategies and opportunities for future research based on our current knowledge of abnormal lung ageing in COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Reduction in 30-day readmission rate after chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-related hospitalization is a national objective.', 'We identified all COPD-related hospitalizations by patients ?40 years old.', 'The primary outcome was any-cause readmission within 30 days of discharge from the index hospitalization for COPD.', 'Overall, 30-day readmission rate for COPD-related hospitalization decreased modestly from 20.0% in 2006 to 19.2% in 2012, an 0.8% absolute decrease (OR 0.991, 95%CI 0.989-0.995, Ptrend<0.001).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our observations provide a benchmark for future investigation of the impact of Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program on readmissions after COPD hospitalization.', 'Our findings encourage researchers and policymakers to develop effective strategies aimed at reducing readmissions among patients with COPD in an already-stressed healthcare system.'], ['Pulmonary diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are common in older people.'], ['Comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and coronary artery disease were not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.05).'], ['AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore the experience of patients affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following hospitalisation due to an acute exacerbation event.', 'BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a progressively debilitating disease, often with very burdensome symptoms such as acute and chronic breathlessness and fatigue.', 'Exacerbation can also have substantial psychological effects including anxiety and depression although this aspect is less well researched-especially amongst people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease recovering from an acute event and facing a return home.', 'METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients recently recovering from an acute exacerbation of their chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that an acute episode of illness can generate a sense of hopelessness and uncertainty about their future care in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: For healthcare professionals, it is important to take into account the potential feelings of loss, hopelessness and uncertainty that people can experience following an acute exacerbation of their chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ensure that psychological care is available as physical recovery takes place.'], ['Moreover, the NTM-CPA group was more likely to have a history of tuberculosis and chronic obstructive lung disease and to have used inhaled or systemic steroids.', 'In a multivariable analysis, old age, male gender, low body mass index, chronic obstructive lung disease, systemic steroids, MABC as the etiologic organism, and the fibrocavitary form of NTM-LD remained significant predictors of development of CPA.'], ['In the upcoming years, the proportion of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will increase, according to the progressively aging population and the increased efficacy of the pharmacological treatments, especially considering the management of chronic comorbidities.', 'The issue to prescribe an appropriate inhalation therapy to COPD patients with significant handling or coordination difficulties represents a common clinical experience; in the latter case, the choice of an inadequate inhalation device may jeopardize the adherence to the treatment and eventually lead to its ineffectiveness.', "Nebulized bronchodilators, usually used only in acute conditions such as COPD exacerbations, could fulfill this gap, enabling an adequate drug administration during tidal breathing and without the need for patients' cooperation.", 'Recently, a nebulized formulation of the inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonist glycopyrrolate, delivered by means of a novel proprietary vibrating mesh nebulizer closed system (SUN-101/eFlow ), has progressed to Phase III trials and is currently in late-stage development as an option for maintenance treatment in COPD.', 'The present critical review describes the current knowledge about the novel nebulizer technology, the efficacy, safety, and critical role of nebulized glycopyrrolate in patients with COPD.', 'According to the available results, the efficacy and tolerability profile of nebulized glycopyrrolate may represent a valuable and dynamic treatment option for the chronic pharmacological management of patients with COPD.'], ['RESULTS: The study focused on four hospices in northern England, including 34 patients (diagnosis: 17 cancer, 10 COPD, 7 heart failure), 65% female, mean age 66 (range 44-89), 13 family carers of these patients (48% partners), and 23 health care professionals.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease are common differential diagnoses, especially in elderly smokers.', 'Gastroesophageal reflux disease, obesity, and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome were observed, respectively, in 64%, 37%, and 13% of these patients.'], ['Background: Physical activity (PA) is considered as one of the most important prognostic predictors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.', 'Longevity gene, SIRT1, is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD by regulating the signaling pathways of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging.', 'We hypothesize that SIRT1 and related genes are also associated with the benefits of PA in COPD patients.', 'Methods: Eighteen COPD outpatients were enrolled in this study, and their PA level was assessed with an accelerometer.'], ['Matched patient populations were allocated in a 1:1 ratio according to the propensity scores calculated using NCSS software with the following covariates: sex, pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, sodium, glucose, and alcohol level.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Aging people living with HIV (PLWH) face an increased burden of comorbidities, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The impact of COPD on mortality in HIV remains unclear.', 'We examined associations between markers of COPD and mortality among PLWH and uninfected study participants.', 'METHODS: EXHALE includes 196 PLWH and 165 uninfected smoking-matched study participants who underwent pulmonary function testing and computed tomography (CT) to define COPD and were followed.', 'We determined associations between markers of COPD with mortality using multivariable Cox regression models, adjusted for smoking and the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index, a validated predictor of mortality in HIV.', 'In multivariable models, pulmonary function and CT characteristics defining COPD were associated with mortality in PLWH: those with airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/ forced vital capacity <0.7) had 3.1 times the risk of death [hazard ratio 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.4-7.1)], compared with those without; those with emphysema (>10% burden) had 2.4 times the risk of death [hazard ratio 2.4 (95% confidence interval 1.1-5.5)] compared with those with <= 10% emphysema.', 'CONCLUSION: Markers of COPD were associated with greater mortality in PWLH, independent of the VACS Index.', 'COPD is likely an important contributor to mortality in contemporary PLWH.'], ['Background: Factors limiting exercise in patients with COPD are complex.', 'Purpose: To quantify measures of alveolar-capillary recruitment during exercise and the relationship to exercise capacity in a cohort of COPD patients.', "Methods: Thirty-two subjects gave consent (53% male, with mean +- standard deviation age 66+-9 years, smoking 35+-29 pack-years, and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of 0-4: 2.3+-0.8), filled out the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) to measure quality of life, had a complete blood count drawn, and underwent spirometry.", 'Conclusion: COPD patients who can expand gas exchange surface area as assessed with DLCO during exercise relative to pulmonary blood flow have a more preserved exercise capacity.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality worldwide, whose burden is expected to increase in the next decades, because of numerous risk factors, including the aging of the population.', 'COPD is both preventable and treatable by an effective management including risk factor reduction, prevention, assessment, and treatment of acute exacerbations and co-morbidities.', 'The available agents approved for COPD treatment are long-acting or ultra-long-acting beta2-agonists (LABAs) and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) bronchodilators, as well as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in combination with LABAs.', 'ICS use has been restricted only to selected COPD patients by the most recent documents, mainly based on the risk of exacerbations.', 'However, several observational studies showed a high rate of prescription of ICS in COPD, irrespective of clinical recommendations, questioning the efficacy of these compounds in unselected patients with COPD and leading to possible increase risk of side effects related to ICS use.', 'After examining the low levels of adherence in primary care and in the clinical settings to national and international recommendations for the treatment of COPD in different countries, the most common drivers of the prevailing use of ICS are critically reviewed here by examining their pros and cons, aimed at identifying evidence-based drivers for a proper selection of patients who may benefit from the proper use of ICS.'], ['Conclusion: This study demonstrates the negative impact of pulmonary pressure, as assessed by current ESC/ERS guidelines, on long-term outcome of patients with severe AS, irrespective of functional status, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AS severity and surgery.'], ['METHODS: PubMed was searched systematically to identify population-based studies investigating the associations between menopause status and respiratory outcomes including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respiratory symptoms and lung function.', 'Evidence on menopause and asthma was conflicting, while studies on COPD were scarce.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Most studies on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exclude octogenarian patients.', 'The objective of this study is to analyze the clinical characteristics of octogenarian patients with COPD and the usefulness of the prognostic indexes used most frequently in this age group.', 'In octogenarian patients, the severity of the COPD, assessed by means of the FEV1% or BODEX index, was similar to that of younger patients, but dyspnea was worse in the elderly group.', 'CONCLUSION: Octogenarian patients with COPD have differential characteristics which could imply the need for different therapeutic approaches.'], ['This study aimed to determine the relationship between age, nutritional status, and chronic diseases such as stroke, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary heart disease (CHD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with handgrip strength.', 'The independent variables in the study consisted of age, sex, nutritional status, chronic disease (stroke, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary heart disease (CHD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), waist circumference while the dependent variable was handgrip strength.'], ['Individuals with low body mass index (<18.5kg/m2), bodily pain, asthma, chronic back pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hearing problems, stroke, visual impairment, slow gait, and weak grip strength were less likely to meet physical activity targets in the overall sample (P<0.05).'], ['OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of carious lesions, the amount of salivary flow rate and pH value in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), using inhalation therapy.', 'The experimental group (EG) was comprised of 40 participants, previously diagnosed with asthma or COPD undergoing inhalation therapy for more than five years.'], ['In this context, a case study was made of a hospital-driven telemedicine service for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after hospital discharge, with a focus on information flow and technology use.'], ['PURPOSE: The objective was to assess whether dyspnea, peripheral muscle strength and the level of physical activity are correlated with life-space mobility of older adults with COPD.', 'PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients over 60 years of age (40 in the COPD group and 20 in the control group) were included.', 'RESULTS: Life-space mobility (60.41+-16.93 vs 71.07+-16.28 points), dyspnea (8 [7-9] vs 11 [10-11] points), peripheral muscle strength (75.16+-14.89 vs 75.50+-15.13 mmHg), number of daily steps (4,865.4+-2,193.3 vs 6,146.8+-2,376.4 steps), and time spent in moderate to vigorous activity (197.27+-146.47 vs 280.05+-168.95 minutes) were lower among COPD group compared to control group (p<0.05).', 'The difference was associated with the lower mobility of COPD group in the neighborhood.', 'CONCLUSION: Life-space mobility is decreased in young-old adults with COPD, especially at the neighborhood level.'], ['Common comorbidities included hypertension (56%), depression (52%), asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (48%), dyslipidemia (39%), coronary artery disease (27%), and diabetes (22%).'], ['The presence of certain comorbidities (such as congestive cardiac failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) also increases the risk of venous thromboembolism, but could mimic the clinical features of pulmonary embolism.'], ['After adjusting for age, sex, and country, larger household size and unemployment were significant sociodemographic correlates of low PA. Former smoking (vs never), anxiety, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), lower body mass index, bodily pain, asthma, chronic back pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hearing problems, stroke, slow gait, poor self-rated health, higher levels of disability, and lower levels of social cohesion were identified as significant negative correlates of PA.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is prevalent in the elderly population, with high impact on quality of life, morbidity, and mortality.', 'COPD is associated with premature aging and several other medical conditions that can partially explain its underdiagnosis and management.', 'There are several pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions proven to be effective in ameliorating the symptoms of COPD.', 'Appropriate drug delivery and reduction of side effects is also pivotal in the management of patients with COPD.'], ['Kidney disease, gender, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 25% of the variation in creatinine levels and MMSE explained three per cent of gamma-GT variation.'], ['An 81-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heavy smoking underwent mitral and tricuspid valve repair and the Maze procedure for mitral and tricuspid regurgitation and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.'], ["Background: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic heart failure (CHF) frequently coexist in older people, reducing patients' quality of life (QoL) and increasing morbidity and mortality.", 'Objective: we studied the feasibility and efficacy of an integrated telerehabilitation home-based programme (Telereab-HBP), 4 months long, in patients with combined COPD and CHF.', 'Conclusions: this 4-month Telereab-HBP was feasible and effective in older patients with combined COPD and CHF.'], ['Twelve participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or bronchiectasis were recruited (54-84 years).'], ['Multivariable adjustment demonstrated that significant TR was associated with age, congenital heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, left-sided valvular heart disease (VHD), impaired left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension.'], ['BACKGROUND: The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Assessment Test (CAT) is a subjective measure of quality of life.', 'The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of COPD patients with increasing CAT scores within 3 years.', 'METHODS: Keio University and its affiliate hospitals conducted an observational COPD cohort study over 3 years.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Old age and severe COPD, not the CAT score at one time point, predicted worsening quality of life.'], ['Recently, proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis proposed 50 urinary metabolites as potential diagnostic biomarkers among asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.', 'The method was robust and reproducible and is currently being applied in a cohort of asthma and COPD patient urine samples for biomarker discovery purposes.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and lung parenchymal destruction.', 'The current conventional therapies for COPD focus mainly on symptom-modifying drugs; thus, the development of new therapies is urgently needed.', 'Qualified animal models of COPD could help to characterize the underlying mechanisms and can be used for new drug screening.', 'Current COPD models, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced emphysema model, generate COPD-like lesions in the lungs and airways but do not otherwise resemble the pathogenesis of human COPD.', 'A cigarette smoke (CS)-induced model remains one of the most popular because it not only simulates COPD-like lesions in the respiratory system, but it is also based on one of the main hazardous materials that causes COPD in humans.', 'In this study, we successfully generated a new COPD model by exposing mice to high levels of ozone.', 'Taken together, these data demonstrate that the ozone exposure (OE) model is a reliable animal model that is similar to humans because ozone overexposure is one of the etiological factors of COPD.', 'Additionally, it only took 6 - 8 weeks, based on our previous work, to create an OE model, whereas it requires 3 - 12 months to induce the cigarette smoke model, indicating that the OE model might be a good choice for COPD research.'], ['The term asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome (ACOS) has been proposed for individuals with features of both asthma and COPD.', 'Long-term mortality of subjects with ACOS is similar to COPD, and worse than asthma and healthy controls.'], ['INTRODUCTION: People with COPD have a decline in functional status, but little is known about the rate of decline and factors that contribute.', 'AIM: The aim of this study is to compare functional performance and cognitive status in patients with COPD of different ages and to examine the changes in extrapulmonary effects.', 'PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 62 patients with COPD risk class D who were divided into two groups (<70 years, N=30 and >70 years, N=32).', 'CONCLUSION: Elderly COPD patients have reduced exercise capacity and muscle strength, deteriorated cognitive function and increased inflammatory markers.'], ['A cohort of geriatric patients, suffering from several age-related diseases (multimorbidity), including ischemic heart disease, COPD, and dementia, were evaluated by a variety of diagnostic parameters, including static as well as dynamic biochemical, functional-behavioral, immunological, and hematological parameters.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health problem worldwide, with co-morbidities contributing to the overall severity and mortality of the disease.', 'The incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease among COPD patients are high.', 'Beta2-agonists remain the cornerstone of COPD treatment due to their limited cardiac adverse effects.', 'On the other hand, beta-blockers are administered in COPD patients with cardiovascular disease, but despite their proven cardiac benefits, they remain underused.', 'There is still a trend among physicians over underprescription of these drugs in patients with heart failure and COPD due to bronchoconstriction.', 'Therefore, cardioselective beta-blockers are preferred, and recent meta-analyses have shown reduced rates in mortality and exacerbations in COPD patients treated with beta-blockers.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are common diseases with a heterogeneous distribution worldwide.', 'Here, we present methods and disease and risk estimates for COPD and asthma from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) 2015 study.', 'METHODS: We estimated numbers of deaths due to COPD and asthma using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) tool.', 'Subsequently, models were run for asthma and COPD relying on covariates to predict rates in countries that have incomplete or no vital registration data.', 'Disease estimates for COPD and asthma were based on systematic reviews of published papers, unpublished reports, surveys, and health service encounter data from the USA.', 'We used the Global Initiative of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease spirometry-based definition as the reference for COPD and a reported diagnosis of asthma with current wheeze as the definition of asthma.', 'We estimated population-attributable fractions for risk factors for COPD and asthma from exposure data, relative risks, and a theoretical minimum exposure level.', 'FINDINGS: In 2015, 3 2 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3 1 million to 3 3 million) died from COPD worldwide, an increase of 11 6% (95% UI 5 3 to 19 8) compared with 1990.', 'From 1990 to 2015, the prevalence of COPD increased by 44 2% (41 7 to 46 6), whereas age-standardised prevalence decreased by 14 7% (13 5 to 15 9).', 'Age-standardised DALY rates due to COPD increased until the middle range of the SDI before reducing sharply.', 'The relation between with SDI and DALY rates due to asthma was attributed to variation in years of life lost (YLLs), whereas DALY rates due to COPD varied similarly for YLLs and years lived with disability across the SDI continuum.', 'Smoking and ambient particulate matter were the main risk factors for COPD followed by household air pollution, occupational particulates, ozone, and secondhand smoke.', 'Together, these risks explained 73 3% (95% UI 65 8 to 80 1) of DALYs due to COPD.', 'INTERPRETATION: Asthma was the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide in 2015, with twice the number of cases of COPD.', 'Deaths from COPD were eight times more common than deaths from asthma.', 'In 2015, COPD caused 2 6% of global DALYs and asthma 1 1% of global DALYs.', 'Although there are laudable international collaborative efforts to make surveys of asthma and COPD more comparable, no consensus exists on case definitions and how to measure disease severity for population health measurements like GBD.'], ['Independent predictors of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were left ventricular ejection fraction <=30%, a previous history of percutaneous coronary intervention, chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and old age.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effectiveness of a 10-week combined exercise training and home-based walking programme on daily physical activity (PA) compared with standard medical care in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients with stable COPD at Gold Stage II with a score of two or more on the Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale.', 'CONCLUSIONS: A combined exercise training and home-based walking programme in primary care physiotherapy improved PA in patients with moderate COPD.'], ['Results from studies in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and OSA will be presented to identify the effects of the disease processes on cerebrovascular sensitivity to hypoxia.'], ['Ischemic heart disease, COPD and chronic gastroenteritis/peptic ulcer were positively associated with short sleep duration, while hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, and urolithiasis were positively associated with long sleep duration.'], ['AIM: Extrapulmonary manifestations, such as reductions in skeletal muscle and physical inactivity, are important clinical features of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and might depend on the severity of COPD.', 'As it is still unclear whether the relationship between muscle loss and physical inactivity is dominated by a disease-specific relationship or caused by patient factors, including physiological aging, we aimed to investigate the pulmonary or extrapulmonary factors associated with physical inactivity among older COPD patients.', 'METHODS: A total of 38 older male COPD patients (aged >=65 years) were enrolled, and were evaluated cross-sectionally.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Although various pulmonary factors are associated with daily physical activity, skeletal muscle mass and dietary intake are more closely correlated with physical activity in COPD patients.', 'Because physical inactivity might be the strongest predictor of prognosis, the present results suggest that a comprehensive treatment strategy must be considered for older COPD patients to improve their extrapulmonary manifestations and pulmonary dysfunction.'], ['Diabetes was seen in 44%, hypertension in 35%, ischemic heart disease in 19%, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 12% of cases.'], ['METHODS: We examined hypertension, heart disease, high cholesterol, stroke, arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, weak/failing kidneys, diabetes, hepatitis, depression, and hearing impairment.', 'After controlling for covariates (age, sex, education, race, smoking, physical activity, and obesity), people with vision impairment were more likely than those without to report chronic conditions (hypertension: OR [odds ratio] 1.43; heart disease: OR 1.68; high cholesterol: OR 1.26; stroke: OR 1.99; arthritis; OR 1.71; asthma: OR 1.56; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: OR 1.65; cancer: OR 1.23; weak/failing kidneys: OR 2.29; diabetes: OR 1.56; hepatitis: OR 1.30; depression: OR 1.47; hearing impairment: OR 1.91) (all P < .05).'], ['BACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate that psychosocial factors can impact COPD prevalence.', 'The aim of this study was to examine whether high subjective wellbeing is associated with a lower risk of developing COPD.', 'We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine the relationship between wellbeing (measured using the CASP-12) and incidence of COPD over a follow-up period of 9 years.', 'RESULTS: There was a significant association between wellbeing and COPD risk.', 'In age-adjusted analyses, a standard deviation increase in CASP-12 score was associated with a reduced risk of COPD; hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for men and women were 0.67 (0.60-0.75) and 0.80 (0.73-0.87) respectively.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Greater wellbeing is associated with a reduced risk of COPD, particularly in men.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Spirometry is known to be a gold standard for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'COPD Assessment Test (CAT) is an eight-item questionnaire currently in use to evaluate patients with COPD.', 'In the present study, we aimed to evaluate if CAT is an adequate tool for screening COPD.', 'Pulmonary obstruction was defined as forced expiratory volume in first second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC)<70% and then COPD diagnosis was confirmed with the reversibility test.', 'RESULTS: In this sampling, the prevalence of COPD was 4.2%.', 'The CAT scores was significantly higher in patients with COPD (P<0.001).', 'Sensitivity of CAT was 66.67% and its specificity was 75.15% to determine COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: CAT is a reliable questionnaire and there is an apparent relationship between the total CAT scores and COPD.', "However, CAT's ability to screen COPD is limited since it may miss the symptom-free cases."], ['Age and sex-adjusted prevalence of hypertension (P = 0.037), lipid abnormalities (P = 0.040), and multimorbidity (P = 0.034) were higher in subjects with nT, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancer were lower (respectively, P = 0.028 and P = 0.005).', 'Multivariate analysis showed that HIV duration was an independent predictor of several comorbidities, whereas nT was protective for cancer and COPD.', 'HIV-associated non-AIDS conditions were more prevalent in patients with longer HIV duration, whereas nT represented a protective factor for cancer and COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mainly affects middle-age and elderly adults.', 'It is unclear if the presence of muscle wasting and fat accumulation in patients with COPD is age or disease-related.', 'This study investigated the effect of age and COPD disease severity on body composition with the aim of identifying a biomarker(s) for COPD.', 'METHODS: Healthy subjects and patients with COPD of different severity were recruited.', 'Subjects included in the analysis were classified into four groups: healthy young (aged 20-45 years) (n = 35), healthy old (aged >= 60 years) (n = 37), moderate COPD (n = 40), and severe COPD (n = 14).', 'Appendicular lean outcomes were significantly lower in the moderate COPD compared to the healthy old group and were significant lower in subjects with severe COPD compared to those with moderate COPD.', 'All fat depots were similar for both young and old healthy subjects and subjects with moderate COPD, but significantly decreased in patients with severe COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study examined the changes in total and segmental body composition with aging and COPD severity.', 'It found that aging and COPD altered the body composition differently, and the effect was most pronounced in leg lean mass.', 'Remarkably, differences in appendicular lean masses were seen in mild COPD although no changes in body weight or BMI were apparent compared with healthy young adults.', 'In contrast, fat depot changes were only observed in severe COPD.', 'Aging and COPD processes are multifactorial and additional longitudinal studies are required to explore both the quantitative and qualitative changes in body composition with aging and disease process.'], ['Cognitive trait, Ageing, Alzheimer, Type 2 diabetes, Chronic Kidney Failure (CKF), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and various Cancers were the major diseases represented in the dataset.'], ['Medical conditions fit into three factors: metabolic syndrome, kidney failure and neurological complications, and COPD and heart disease.', "Covariate-adjusted models revealed that low education, higher levels of income difficulty, and higher scores on metabolic syndrome and COPD and heart disease factors were associated with lower scores on physical health-related QOL, p's < .05."], ['AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence and determinants of poor adherence to pharmacological treatment in a cohort of primary care patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), paying special attention to the role of age, comorbidity and polypharmacy.', 'METHODS: We identified a cohort of COPD patients using the primary care Italian Health Search - IMS Longitudinal Patient Database.', 'We assessed 1-year adherence to COPD maintenance pharmacotherapy (encompassing inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta agonists and long-acting anticholinergics).', 'Finally, COPD severity was associated with a reduced likelihood of poor adherence (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07-0.61 for stage IV).', 'CONCLUSIONS: The present findings show that poor medication adherence is common in patients with COPD receiving long-term treatment.'], ['Using the Health Information Technology Acceptance Model (HITAM) this qualitative study examined the usefulness of the model for understanding acceptance of HIT in older people (>=60 years) participating in a RCT for older people with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and associated heart diseases (CHROMED).'], ['OBJECTIVE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are common disorders in ageing male populations.', 'The objective of this study was to examine whether patients with COPD are at an increased risk of BPH.', 'PARTICIPANTS: Overall, 19 959 male patients aged 40 years and over with newly diagnosed COPD between 2000 and 2006 were included as the COPD group, and 19 959 sex-matched and age-matched enrollees without COPD were included as the non-COPD group.', 'OUTCOME MEASURES: A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to compute the risk of BPH in patients with COPD compared with enrollees without COPD.', 'RESULTS: The overall incidence rate of BPH was 1.53 times higher in the COPD group than that in the non-COPD group (44.7 vs 25.7 per 1000 person-years, 95% CI 1.46 to 1.60) after adjusting for covariates.', 'An additional stratified analysis revealed that this increased risk of BPH in patients with COPD remained significantly higher than that in enrollees without COPD in all men aged 40 years and over.', 'CONCLUSION: After adjustment for covariates, male patients with COPD were found to be at a higher risk of BPH.', 'We suggest that clinicians should be cautious about the increased risk of BPH in male patients with COPD.'], ['Associated factors were the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, difficulty with basic activities of daily living (BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), polypharmacy and falls in the last year.'], ['AIM: As the Japanese population ages, the number of older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is expected to increase, but the prevalence of COPD in patients aged >=80 years remains unclear.', 'The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of COPD in independent community-dwelling older adults aged >=80 years.', 'METHODS: We investigated the prevalence of COPD in 2862 independent community-dwelling older adults (1504 men, 1358 women, mean age 77.7 +- 7.0 years) who underwent spirometry in the Fujiwara-kyo study, a study of successful aging in older adults.', 'Those participants with airflow limitation (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity <0.7) who indicated on a self-administered questionnaire that they had a history of smoking and did not have bronchial asthma were considered to have COPD.', 'RESULTS: The prevalence of COPD was 16.9% among all participants and 37.4% among smokers.', 'Patients with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation (stage I/stage II) accounted for the great majority (91.2%) of COPD patients aged >=80 years.', 'CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of mild-to-moderate COPD was observed even in the independent community-dwelling older adults aged >=80 years.'], ['Spontaneous pneumothorax is a very rare entity in H1N1 infection unless it is co-existent with other respiratory conditions especially COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Although the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increases with age, no specific therapeutic approaches are available till date for the elderly population.', 'AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of once-daily indacaterol 150 and 300 mug in elderly patients with moderate to severe COPD.', 'METHODS: Data were pooled from 11 randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled studies (8445 patients with COPD).', 'CONCLUSIONS: This pooled analysis suggests that the efficacy and safety of indacaterol treatment is similar between elderly and younger patients with COPD.'], ['Some studies have explored the role of HMB in chronic diseases associated with muscle wasting (cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).'], ['INTRODUCTION: People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present symptoms such as dyspnea and fatigue, which hinder their performance in activities of daily living (ADL).', 'Areas covered: Studies were included if an assessment of the ability to perform ADL was conducted in people with COPD using a (objective) performance-based protocol.', 'These protocols can be used in laboratory settings and clinical practice to evaluate ADL performance in people with COPD, although there is need for more in-depth information on their validity, reliability and especially responsiveness due to the growing interest in the accurate assessment of ADL performance in this population.'], ['Between January 2000 and December 2015, 1635 elderly patients (71% male) with one or more comorbidities have undergone a telehealth program tailored to their specific disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/chronic respiratory insufficiency; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/neuromuscular diseases; chronic heart failure (CHF); post-stroke; and post-cardiac surgery patients discharged from hospital after an acute event.', 'COPD and CHF represent the majority of patients treated (accounting for 80%).'], ['Multi-morbidity is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and low levels of physical activity are hypothesized to be an important risk factor.', 'The current study aimed to assess the longitudinal association between physical activity and risk of seven categories of comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.', 'In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, those with high physical activity are less likely to develop depression or anxiety symptoms over time.', 'Increasing physical activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients may be an approach for testing to lower the burden from incident depression and anxiety.', 'Milo Puhan at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, and co-workers assessed the association between physical activity and the risk of developing various co-existing diseases in 409 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Co-morbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and depression are prevalent in patients with COPD, but the reasons why are not clear.', 'The results could inform novel COPD treatment programs.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a significantly impaired health status and lost work productivity across all degrees of airflow limitation.', 'The current study investigated whether an impaired health status is better represented by the recommended COPD Assessment Test (CAT) cut-point of 10 points, or the 95th percentile of the CAT score in a non-COPD population.', 'Additionally, the impact of COPD on health status in a Dutch population, after stratification for work status, was measured.', 'RESULTS: In total, 810 COPD and non-COPD subjects (50.4% male, mean age 60.5 +-; 2.9 years) were analysed.', 'Significant differences were observed in CAT scores between non-COPD and COPD subjects (6.7 +-; 5.2 vs. 9.5 +-; 5.9, p < 0.001 respectively).', 'The proportion of COPD subjects with an impaired health status differed between applying the CAT >= 10 cut-point (50.0%) and applying the 95th percentile of CAT in non-COPD subjects (> 18 cut-point; 7.6%).', 'Higher CAT scores were seen in working COPD patients compared with working non-COPD subjects (9.3 +-; 5.2 vs. 6.0 +-; 4.6, p < 0.001).', 'CONCLUSION: We suggest a CAT cut-point of > 18 points to indicate an impaired health status in COPD.'], ['The coexistence of chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, two age-related conditions, has important clinical and prognostic implications.', 'Chronic kidney disease also represents an important risk factor for adverse drug reactions in older chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in which multimorbidity and polypharmacy are highly prevalent.', 'Finally, an additive effect of chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease might also contribute to the pathophysiology of sarcopenia.'], ['A lower risk of coronary heart disease (HR 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-0.58), stroke (0.83, 0.76-0.90) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.59, 0.54-0.64) was observed among 80-84 year-olds in 2010-2014 compared to 1995-1999.'], ['Elderly patients were more likely to have a higher APACHE II Score, and to suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart disease.'], ['Methods:- Additive hazards models were used to estimate the absolute smoking-related risk of death due to lung cancer or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).', 'For example, smoking 20 cigarettes per day for 40 years was associated with 898 (95% CI 738, 1058) deaths due to lung cancer or COPD per 100 000 person-years among participants in the bottom income tertile, compared to 327 (95% CI 209, 445) among participants in the top tertile.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with several extra-pulmonary effects of which skeletal muscle wasting is one of the most common and contributes to reduced quality of life, increased morbidity and mortality.', 'METHODS: To identify proteins involved in the process of muscle wasting in COPD, we searched differentially expressed proteins in the vastus lateralis of COPD patients with low fat free mass index (FFMI), as a surrogate of muscle mass (COPDL, n = 10) (FEV1 33 +- 4.3% predicted, FFMI 15 +- 0.2 Kg.m-2), in comparison to patients with COPD and normal FFMI (COPDN, n = 8) and a group of age, smoking history, and sex matched healthy controls (C, n = 9) using two-dimensional fluorescence difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) technology, combined with mass spectrometry (MS).'], ['OBJECTIVE: Older people with reduced respiratory muscle strength may be misclassified as having COPD on the basis of spirometric results.', 'These patients may be misclassified as having COPD on the basis of spirometric results.'], ['RESULTS: Our model identified 16 factors for functional deterioration (age, gender, education, living arrangement, dual eligibility, proxy use, Alzheimer disease/dementia, angina pectoris/coronary heart disease, diabetes, emphysema/asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mental/psychiatric disorder, Parkinson disease, stroke/brain hemorrhage, hearing impairment, vision impairment, and baseline ADL stage) after backward selection (P < .05).'], ['RATIONALE: Cellular senescence is observed in the lungs of patients with COPD and may contribute to the disease pathogenesis.', 'We aimed to investigate the amounts of GDF11 in the plasma and the lungs of patients with COPD and elucidate the possible roles of GDF11 in cellular senescence.', 'RESULTS: The levels of plasma GDF11 in the COPD group were decreased compared with the control groups in the two independent cohorts.', 'The mRNA expression of GDF11 in mesenchymal cells from the COPD group was decreased.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in GDF11 may be involved in the cellular senescence observed in COPD.'], ['We also examined its association with the incidence of asthma and COPD in patient cohorts.', 'RESULTS: In humans, the ALDH2*2 allele was associated with lower FEV1/FVC in the general population, but not with the development of asthma or COPD.'], ['The incidence rates of chronic illnesses were higher in octogenarians than centenarians (atrial fibrillation, 15.0% vs 0.6%, P < .001; heart failure, 19.3% vs 0.4%, P < .001; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 17.9% vs 0.6%, P < .001; hypertension, 29.6% vs 3.0%, P < .001; end-stage renal disease, 7.2% vs 0.1%, P < .001; malignancy, 14.1% vs 0.6%, P < .001; diabetes mellitus, 11.1% vs 0.4%, P < .001; stroke, 4.6% vs 0.4%, P < .001) and in nonagenarians than centenarians (atrial fibrillation, 13.2% vs 3.5%, P < .001; heart failure, 15.8% vs 3.3%, P < .001; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 11.8% vs 3.5%, P < .001; hypertension, 27.2% vs 12.8%, P < .001; end-stage renal disease, 11.9% vs 4.5%, P < .001; malignancy, 8.6% vs 2.3%, P < .001; diabetes mellitus, 7.5% vs 2.2%, P < .001; and stroke, 3.5% vs 1.3%, P < .001).'], ['This article describes the service available with the use of a case study of a 78-year-old lady who was referred by the London Ambulance Service with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) may be associated with accelerated aging.', 'Cross-sectional studies describe shorter telomeres in COPD compared with matched controls.', 'No studies have described telomere length trajectory and its relationship with COPD progression.', 'We investigated telomere shortening over time and its relationship to clinical and lung function parameters in a COPD cohort and smoker controls without COPD.', 'METHODS: At baseline leukocyte telomere length was measured by qPCR in 121 smokers with COPD and 121 without COPD matched by age (T/S0).', 'The measurements were repeated in 70 of those patients with COPD and 73 non-COPD smokers after 3 years of follow up (T/S3).', 'RESULTS: At initial measurement, telomeres were shorter in COPD patients when compared to smoker controls (T/S = 0.68 +- 0.25 vs. 0.88 +- 0.52, p = 0.003) independent from age and sex.', 'During the follow-up period, we observed an accelerated telomere shortening in individuals with COPD in contrast to smoker controls (T/S0 = 0.66 +- 0.21 vs. T/S3 = 0.46 +- 0.16, p < 0.001, for the patients with COPD and T/S0 = 0.83 +- 0.56 vs. T/S3 = 0.74 +- 0.52, p = 0.023 for controls; GLIM, p = 0.001).', 'No significant relationship was found between the rate of change in telomere length and change in lung function in the patients with COPD (p > 0.05).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Compared with smokers, patients with COPD have accelerated telomere shortening and this rate of attrition depends on baseline telomere length.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious health problem that has significant effects on the life status of elderly persons.', 'Use of the empowerment approach is necessary for health promotion in older people with COPD, but little attention has so far been paid to all the dimensions of empowerment in the management of COPD, which would provide useful knowledge regarding elders with COPD.', "This article reports on a study exploring people's experiences of the empowerment of older people with COPD.", 'The results showed that in encountering the complexity of disease and in response to difficulties induced by COPD, three strategies were applied.', 'Elderly persons with COPD, their family caregivers, and professional team members engaged in "managing life with COPD," "striving to keep abreast of life," "preparing for battle with disease," and "helping to stabilize the elder\'s life."', 'The potential of "managing life with COPD" was influenced by the following factors: "co-existence with ageing," "personal potential," "a challenged health system," and "weak social support."', '"Managing life with COPD" enables the elder to feel in control and live optimally.', 'This is a fragile balance, however, and the unpredictability of COPD can tip the elder into "self-efficacy."', 'Understanding the experiences of the empowerment process of older people with COPD can help health professionals provide more focused elderly care.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a major inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is associated with thrombosis, obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and premature aging, which all are coexisting conditions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The role of PAI-1 in COPD with respect to metabolic and cardiovascular functions is unclear.', 'METHODS: In this study, which was nested within a prospective cohort study, the serum levels of PAI-1 were cross-sectionally measured in 74 stable COPD patients (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] Stages I-IV) and 18 controls without lung disease.', 'RESULTS: The serum levels of PAI-1 were significantly higher in COPD patients than in controls, independent of a broad spectrum of possible confounders including metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction.', 'A multivariate regression analysis revealed triglyceride and hs-CRP levels to be the best predictors of PAI-1 within COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: The data from the present study showed that the serum levels of PAI-1 are higher in patients with COPD and that moderate-to-severe airflow limitation, hypertriglyceridemia, and systemic inflammation are independent predictors of an elevated PAI-1 level.', 'PAI-1 may be a potential biomarker candidate for COPD-specific and extra-pulmonary manifestations.'], ['COPD is a major global concern, increasingly so in the context of ageing populations.', 'While COPD pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are strongly associated with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), the clinical relevance of these pathogens in stable COPD patients remains unclear.', 'Immune responses in stable and colonized COPD patients are comparable to those detected in AECOPD, supporting a role for chronic colonization in COPD pathogenesis through perpetuation of deleterious immune responses.', 'Advances in molecular diagnostics and metagenomics now allow the assessment of microbe-COPD interactions with unprecedented personalization and precision, revealing changes in microbiota associated with the COPD disease state.', 'As microbial changes associated with AECOPD, disease severity and therapeutic intervention become apparent, a renewed focus has been placed on the microbiology of COPD and the characterization of the lung microbiome in both its acute and chronic states.', 'Characterization of bacterial, viral and fungal microbiota as part of the lung microbiome has the potential to reveal previously unrecognized prognostic markers of COPD that predict disease outcome or infection susceptibility.', 'Addressing such knowledge gaps will ultimately lead to a more complete understanding of the microbe-host interplay in COPD.', 'This will permit clearer distinctions between acute and chronic infections and more granular patient stratification that will enable better management of these features and of COPD.'], ['Major comorbidities included diabetes, COPD, and smoking history.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most important comorbidities of CVD, which causes serious consequences in patients with ischemic heart disease, stroke, arrhythmia, and heart failure.', 'COPD shares common risk factors such as tobacco smoking and aging with CVD, is associated with less physical activity, and produces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'Overall, patients with COPD have a 2-3-fold increased risk of CVD as compared to age-matched controls when adjusted for tobacco smoking.', 'Chronic heart failure (HF) is a frequent and important comorbidity which has a significant impact on prognosis in COPD, and vice versa.', 'HF overlaps in symptoms and signs and has a common comorbidity with COPD, so that diagnosis of COPD is difficult in patients with HF.', 'The combination of HF and COPD presents many therapeutic challenges including beta-blockers (BBs) and beta-agonists.', 'Inhaled long-acting bronchodilators including beta2-agonists and anticholinergics for COPD would not worsen HF.', 'Diuretics are relatively safe, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are preferred to treat HF accompanied with COPD.', 'BBs are only relatively contraindicated in asthma, but not in COPD.', 'Low doses of cardioselective BBs should be aggressively initiated in clinically stable patients with HF accompanied with COPD combined with close monitoring for signs of airway obstruction and gradually up-titrated to the maximum tolerated dose.', 'Encouraging appropriate and aggressive treatment for both HF and COPD should be recommended to improve quality of life and mortality in HF patients with COPD.'], ['We excluded patients with systolic dysfunction, chronic inflammatory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, histories of AF or neoplastic diseases.'], ['Both air pollution and meteorological factors in metropolitan areas increased emergency department (ED) visits from people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Few studies investigated the associations between air pollution, meteorological factors, and COPD-related health disorders in Asian countries.', 'This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the environmental factors and COPD-associated ED visits of susceptible elderly population in the largest Taiwanese metropolitan area (Taipei area, including Taipei city and New Taipei city) between 2000 and 2013.', 'Data of air pollutant concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, O3, SO2, NO2 and CO), meteorological factors (daily temperature, relative humidity and air pressure), and daily COPD-associated ED visits were collected from Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration air monitoring stations, Central Weather Bureau stations, and the Taiwan National Health Insurance database in Taipei area.', 'We used a case-crossover study design and conditional logistic regression models with odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for evaluating the associations between the environmental factors and COPD-associated ED visits.', 'Analyses showed that PM2.5, O3, and SO2 had significantly greater lag effects (the lag was 4 days for PM2.5, and 5 days for O3 and SO2) on COPD-associated ED visits of the elderly population (65-79 years old).', 'In warmer days, a significantly greater effect on elderly COPD-associated ED visits was estimated for PM2.5 with coexistence of O3.', 'Additionally, either O3 or SO2 combined with other air pollutants increased the risk of elderly COPD-associated ED visits in the days of high relative humidity and air pressure difference, respectively.', 'This study showed that joint effect of urban air pollution and meteorological factors contributed to the COPD-associated ED visits of the susceptible elderly population in the largest metropolitan area in Taiwan.'], ['The odds were also increased for gallstones, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but these did not remain significant after controlling for multiple testing.'], ['The aim of this study is to delineate the association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hemorrhoids in order to verify the "interior-exterior" relationship between the lungs and the large intestine.', 'The 2 samples (COPD cohort and non-COPD cohort) were selected from the 2000 to 2003 beneficiaries of the NHI, representing patients age 20 and older in Taiwan, with the follow-up ending on December 31, 2011.', 'The COPD cohort (n = 51,506) includes every patient newly diagnosed as having Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD, ICD-9-CM: 490-492, 494, 496), who have made at least 2 confirmed visits to the hospital/clinic.', 'The non-COPD cohort (n = 103,012) includes patients without COPD and is selected via a 1:2 (COPD: non-COPD) matching by age group (per 5 years), gender, and index date (diagnosis date of COPD for the COPD cohort).', 'Compared with non-COPD cohorts, patients with COPD have a higher likelihood of having hemorrhoids and the age-, gender- and comorbidies-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for hemorrhoids is 1.56 (95% confidence intervals [CI]:1.50-1.62).', 'Patients with COPD may have a higher likelihood to have hemorrhoids in this retrospective cohort study.'], ['RATIONALE: Compared with control subjects, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an increased incidence of falls and demonstrate balance deficits and alterations in mediolateral trunk acceleration while walking.', 'OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether alterations in gait variability are found in patients with COPD as compared with healthy control subjects.', 'METHODS: Twenty patients with COPD (16 males; mean age, 63.6 +- 9.7 yr; FEV1/FVC, 0.52 +- 0.12) and 20 control subjects (9 males; mean age, 62.5 +- 8.2 yr) walked for 3 minutes on a treadmill while their gait was recorded.', 'RESULTS: Patients with COPD demonstrated increased mean and SD step time across all speed conditions as compared with control subjects.', 'Further, patients with COPD demonstrated less variability in step width, with decreased SD, compared with control subjects at all three speed conditions.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COPD walk with increased duration of time between steps, and this timing is more variable than that of control subjects.', 'This provides a mechanism that could explain the increased prevalence of falls in patients with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Muscle wasting and chronic inflammation are predominant features of patients with COPD.', 'In this study, the prevalence of sarcopenia and the relationships between sarcopenia and systemic inflammations in patients with stable COPD were investigated.', 'MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional design, muscle strength and muscle mass were measured by handgrip strength (HGS) and bioelectrical impedance analysis in 80 patients with stable COPD.', 'Patients (>=40 years old) diagnosed with COPD were recruited from outpatient clinics, and then COPD stages were classified.', 'HGS was significantly correlated with age, modified Medical Research Council score, and COPD Assessment Test scores.', 'In multivariate analysis, old age, lower body mass index, presence of cardiovascular comorbidities, and higher hsTNFalpha levels were significant determinants for sarcopenia in patients with stable COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia is very common in patients with stable COPD, and is associated with more severe dyspnea-scale scores and lower exercise tolerance.', 'Systemic inflammation could be an important contributor to sarcopenia in the stable COPD population.'], ['RESULTS: Compared with those patients without diabetes, patients with diabetes (n = 3,440, 36.5%) had higher cumulative rates of 1-year all-cause death (9.4% vs. 7.2%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.28; 95% CI 1.07-1.54), CVD death (4.8% vs. 3.8%; adjusted HR 1.28; 95% CI 0.99-1.66), and HF hospitalization (13.8% vs. 9.3%; adjusted HR 1.37; 95% CI 1.17-1.60), all independent of age, sex, BMI, smoking, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin, HF etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction, hypertension, statin use, and prior stroke or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['In multivariate models, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction were not associated with bendopnea.'], ['RESULTS: Since Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) has emerged as a central hub in temporal comorbidity networks, we developed a systematic integrative data-driven framework to identify shared disease-associated genes and pathways, as a proxy for the underlying generative mechanisms inducing comorbidity.', 'Using rank-based statistics we not only recovered known comorbidities but also discovered a novel association between COPD and digestive diseases.', 'Furthermore, our analysis provides the first set of COPD co-morbidity candidate biomarkers, including IL15, TNF and JUP, and characterizes their association to aging and life-style conditions, such as smoking and physical activity.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The developed framework provides novel insights in COPD and especially COPD co-morbidity associated mechanisms.'], ['BACKGROUND: COPD is among the major causes of death, and it is associated with several comorbid conditions.', "Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently diagnosed in older people living in Western societies and could impact COPD patients' mortality.", 'We evaluated the relationship between burden of comorbidities, CKD, and mortality in a population-based cohort of patients discharged with a diagnosis of COPD.', 'METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study was conducted evaluating 27,272 COPD patients.', 'Recruitment of COPD subjects and identification of CKD and other comorbidities summarized by the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) were based on claims data coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM).', 'Severity of COPD was classified by hospital diagnosis or exemption from medical charges due to respiratory failure or previous hospitalizations for COPD.', 'After adjustment for age, gender, and severity score of COPD, CKD (hazard ratio =1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.30-1.42) independently from comorbidities summarized by the CCI was a significant risk factor for mortality.', 'CONCLUSION: In spite of limitations due to the use of claims data, long-term survival of COPD patients was heavily affected by the presence of CKD and other comorbidities.'], ['In addition, elderly patients often suffer from comorbidities including hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, COPD, and/or heart failure, which necessitate the use of multiple concomitant medications, increasing the risk of drug/drug interactions.'], ['IL-33 has also been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'This study investigated the clinical significance and usefulness of plasma IL-33 level in patients with COPD.', 'METHODS: A total of 307 patients with stable COPD from 15 centers, who were in the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease cohort, were enrolled in this study.', 'We analyzed the association between IL-33 level and other clinical characteristics related to COPD.', 'We also examined the features of patients with COPD who exhibited high IL-33 levels.', 'CONCLUSION: Plasma IL-33 level in patients with stable COPD was related to eosinophil count and chronic bronchitis phenotype.', 'Further studies are needed to identify the precise mechanisms of IL-33/ST2 pathway in patients with COPD.'], ['Asthma can be diagnosed when increased airflow variability is identified in a symptomatic patient, and if the patient does not have a history of exposure, primarily smoking, known to cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the diagnosis is asthma even if the patient does not have fully reversible airflow obstruction.'], ['BACKGROUND: To avoid symptoms, patients with COPD may reduce the amount of activities of daily living (ADL).', 'Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a standardized protocol to evaluate ADL performance in subjects with COPD (Londrina ADL protocol) and to assess the validity and reliability of the protocol in this population.', 'Twenty subjects with COPD (12 men, 70 +- 7 y old, FEV1 = 54 +- 15% predicted) wore 2 motion sensors while performing the protocol 4 times, 2 of them wearing a portable gas analyzer.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The Londrina ADL protocol was a valid and reliable protocol to evaluate ADL performance in subjects with COPD.'], ['Compared with the imipenem-nonresistant group, more patients with imipenem-resistant infection had the following characteristics: use of an intubation, use of a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and coronary artery disease (CHD).', 'Among the four risk factors, COPD and CHD remained independent risk factors in the multivariate analysis.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with the accelerated aging of the lung.', 'Therefore, we aimed to examine whether the clinical condition of COPD patients is reflected in plasma klotho concentration.', 'Blood samples were taken from 31 stable COPD patients.', 'Plasma klotho concentration can be reliably measured in stable COPD; however, its levels are not correlated with clinical parameters of patients.'], ['PARTICIPANTS: Non-traumatic patients were matched through 1:8 propensity-score matching according to age, sex, and comorbidities (namely diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) with the comparison cohort.', 'Furthermore, old age (>=65 years; aHR=5.60, 95% CI 1.97 to 15.89, p<0.001) and COPD (aHR=5.41, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.59, p<0.001) were risk factors for pneumonia following IMRFs.', 'Physicians should focus on this complication, particularly in elderly patients and those with COPD.'], ['In interpreting this interaction, we showed that the genetic risk of falling below the FEV /FVC threshold used to diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is higher among ever smokers than among never smokers.'], ['This study aimed to identify factors associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) among non-institutionalized elderly people.', 'People diagnosed with COPD were compared with those with normal spirometry, through bivariate analysis, followed by multivariate regression analysis.', 'We identified 53 elderly people were identified with COPD.', 'After multivariate analysis, the following factors associated with COPD were identified: past or current smoking (OR: 3.74; 95% CI: 1.65-8.46), presence of chronic sputum (OR: 4.92; 95% CI: 2.03-11.95), pulse oximetry at rest <= 90% (OR: 8.74; 95%CI: 1.27-60.07), self-reported asthma (OR: 3.41; 95% CI: 1.01-11.57).', 'The results reveal associated factors that highlight the need to review the selection criteria for patients at risk of COPD among the elderly.'], ['BACKGROUND: The four main diagnostic groups for palliative care provision are cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure and dementia.', 'AIM: Our aim is to compare the care and expenditures in their last year of life for Dutch patients with cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure or dementia.', 'For patients who died of cancer ( n = 8658), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( n = 1637), heart failure ( n = 1505) or dementia ( n = 3586), frequencies and means were calculated, Lorenz curves were drawn up and logistic regression was used to compare patients with high versus low expenditures.', 'RESULTS: For decedents with cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the highest costs were for hospital admissions.'], ['BACKGROUND: For patients with COPD, physical activity (PA) is recommended as the core component of pulmonary rehabilitation, but there is lack of a validated questionnaire for assessing the PA effectively.', 'AIM: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE-C) in patients with COPD.', 'METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 167 outpatients aged 60 years or older with COPD.', 'For construct validity, PASE-C had correlations with SES6 (r=0.396), HADS for depression (r=-0.234), seven subscales of SF-36 (r=0.182-0.525), grip strength (r=0.341), and disease characteristics including the duration of COPD (r=-0.215), modified British Medical Research Council scale (r=-0.354), forced expiratory volume in one second as percentage of predicted (r=0.307), and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grade (r=-0.264), with a good construct validity (all P<0.05).', "CONCLUSION: The PASE-C has acceptable reliability and validity for patients aged 60 years or older with COPD, and it can be used as a valid tool to measure the PA of patients with COPD in the People's Republic of China."], ['Risk of mortality was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CKD stage, serum albumin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid, hemoglobin, body mass index, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, smoking, alcohol consumption, and history of cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cerebral vascular disease), history of cancer, and history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Impaired cognitive function is increasingly recognized in COPD.', 'Yet, the prevalence of cognitive impairment in specific cognitive domains in COPD has been poorly studied.', 'The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to compare the prevalence of domain-specific cognitive impairment between patients with COPD and non-COPD controls.', 'A neuropsychological assessment was administered in 90 stable COPD patients and 90 non-COPD controls with comparable smoking status, age, and level of education.', 'General cognitive impairment and domain-specific cognitive impairment were compared between COPD patients and controls after correction for comorbidities using multivariate linear and logistic regression models.', 'General cognitive impairment was found in 56.7% of patients with COPD and in 13.3% of controls.', 'Deficits in the following domains were more often present in patients with COPD after correction for comorbidities: psychomotor speed (17.8% vs 3.3%; P<0.001), planning (17.8% vs 1.1%; P<0.001), and cognitive flexibility (43.3% vs 12.2%; P<0.001).', 'General cognitive impairment and impairments in the domains psychomotor speed, planning, and cognitive flexibility affect the COPD patients more than their matched controls.'], ['BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are systemic features of COPD.', 'The present study investigated the association between sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis and the factors associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) in men with COPD.', 'METHODS: Data from 777 men with COPD who underwent both pulmonary function test and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were extracted from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey database between 2008 and 2011.', 'Sarcopenia was independently associated with an increased risk of low BMD in men with COPD (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.53-3.46; P < .001).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia is closely correlated with osteopenia/osteoporosis in men with COPD.'], ['The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has been studied in the context of an impressive number of biological processes and disease states, including major diseases of the lung such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as the rare condition lymphangioleiomyomatosis.'], ['Many of the changes that occur in the lungs with normal aging, such as decline in lung function, increased gas trapping, loss of lung elastic recoil, and enlargement of the distal air spaces, also are present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The prevalence of COPD is two to three times higher in people over the age of 60 years than in younger age groups.', 'Indeed, COPD has been considered a condition of accelerated lung aging.', 'Several mechanisms associated with aging are present in the lungs of patients with COPD.', 'Cell senescence is present in emphysematous lungs and is associated with shortened telomeres and decreased antiaging molecules, suggesting accelerated aging in the lungs of patients with COPD.', 'These changes are similar to those that occur in COPD and may enhance the activity of the disease as well as increase susceptibility to exacerbations in patients with COPD.', 'Understanding the mechanism of age-related changes in COPD may identify novel therapies for this condition.'], ['They also increase at greater than expected numbers, compared with age-matched controls, at sites of age-related pathologies such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and emphysema.'], ['This difference cannot be explained by risk factors for atherosclerosis (old age, male gender, hypertension, hypercholesteremia, obesity, diabetes or smoking) or comorbidities (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney insufficiency or arrhythmia).'], ['The beneficial effects of physical activity (PA) in patients with COPD, as well as the methods of their assessment, are well known and described.', 'In this review, we systematically identified original studies involving COPD patients and at least one parameter of self-reported and objective exercise testing, and analyzed every article for coherence between the objectively and self-reported measured PA.', 'Self-reported assessments were found to generally overestimate the level of PA compared to measurements made objectively by activity monitors; however, more studies are needed to rely solely on the use of PA questionnaires in COPD patients.'], ['No association was observed for other comorbidities such as chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) or heart conditions in the adjusted model.'], ['Models were adjusted for age, race or ethnicity, smoking, hepatitis C virus infection, alcohol use disorders, drug use disorders, and history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and occupational lung disease.'], ['OBJECTIVE: We conduct this study to investigate the expression level of miR-210 in elderly patients with COPD combined with ischemic stroke and analyzed its application value as a sensitive diagnostic indicator.', 'PATIENTS AND METHODS: 50 cases of elderly patients with COPD combined with ischemic stroke were selected as group A, 50 cases of elderly patients with COPD were selected as group B, 50 cases of elderly patients with ischemic stroke were selected as group C, and 50 cases of healthy volunteers as group D. Real-time PCR assay for quantification was used to detect the expression level of miR-210 in peripheral blood and receiver operating curve (ROC) was used to analyze the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy.', 'After miR-210 diagnosis, COPD sensitivity was 85.6%, the specificity was 72.6%, accuracy (AUC) was 0.821, and 95% CI 0.632-0.924.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The down-regulation of MiR-210 expression in the COPD combined with ischemic stroke can be regarded as a sensitive index in diagnosis of COPD and ischemic stroke.'], ['There were significantly more COPD (p = 0.046) and low percent of predicted FEV1 (p = 0.034) in sublobectomy patients compared to the lobectomy group.'], ['BACKGROUND: Respiratory muscle strength has been used as a tool for evaluating respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Cellular senescence has been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a disease of accelerated lung aging, presumably by impairing cell repopulation and by aberrant cytokine secretion in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype.', 'The possible participation of autophagy in the pathogenic sequence of COPD has been extensively explored.', 'Although it has been reported that increased autophagy may induce epithelial cell death, an insufficient reserve of autophagy can induce cellular senescence in bronchial epithelial cells of COPD.', 'Herein, we review the molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence and autophagy and summarize the role of cellular senescence and autophagy in both COPD and IPF.'], ['MEASUREMENTS: Poor health outcome at 10 years of follow-up was defined as having died or having clinical cardiovascular disease, depression, cognitive impairment, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cancer other than non-melanoma skin cancer.'], ['The tobacco usage in smoking form was highly significantly associated with the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p<0.0001), elucidating a significant impact on their pulmonary health.'], ['BACKGROUND: Vitamin C, as an antioxidant, has recently been suggested to provide protection against COPD; however, only few national cohort studies have investigated these effects.', 'We aimed to confirm the protective effects of vitamin C against COPD in Korean patients.', 'RESULTS: Among all the subjects, 512 (representing 3,459,679 subjects; 15.6%) were diagnosed as having COPD based on pulmonary function test results.', 'Male gender, old age, residence in suburban/rural regions, low household income, low educational level, an occupation in agriculture or fisheries, and heavy smoking were significantly associated with COPD.', 'Low intake of nutrients, including potassium, vitamin A, carotene, retinol, and vitamin C, was significantly associated with COPD.', 'The prevalence of COPD in heavy smokers with the lowest quartile (Q1, <48.50 mg; 63.0%) and low-middle quartile (Q2, 48.50-84.38 mg; 56.4%) of vitamin C intake was significantly higher than that in subjects with the high-middle quartile (Q3, 84.38-141.63 mg; 29.5%) and highest quartile (Q4, >141.63 mg; 32.6%) of vitamin C intake (P=0.015).', 'In multivariate analysis, male gender, old age, heavy smoking, and a low intake of vitamin C were significant independent risk factors for COPD.', 'A significant reduction of 76.7% in COPD risk was observed with a Q3 vitamin C intake compared to Q1 vitamin C intake (odds ratio, 0.233; 95% confidence interval, 0.094-0.576) in heavy smokers.', 'CONCLUSION: This large-scale national study suggests that dietary vitamin C provides protection against COPD, independent of smoking history, in the general Korean population.'], ['Phenotypes of asthma in the elderly have not been clearly delineated, but it is likely that age of onset and overlap with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease impact disease characteristics.'], ['Aging strongly correlates with the development and incidence of chronic respiratory diseases, including cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, but is most strongly linked with development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Current guidelines recommend inhaled pharmacologic therapy as the preferred route of administration for treating COPD.', 'Bronchodilators (beta2-agonists and antimuscarinics) are the mainstay of pharmacologic therapy in patients with COPD, with long-acting agents recommended for patients with moderate to severe symptoms or those who are at a higher risk for COPD exacerbations.', 'As more drugs become available in solution formulations, patients with COPD and their caregivers are becoming increasingly satisfied with nebulized drug delivery, which provides benefits similar to drugs delivered by handheld inhalers in both symptom relief and improved quality of life.', 'This article reviews recent innovations in nebulized drug delivery and the important role of nebulized therapy in the treatment of COPD.'], ['Purpose of the Study: Hospital readmission is prevalent among older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'This study aimed to explore the lived experience of hospital readmissions of Chinese older people with COPD.', 'Unstructured interviews were conducted with 22 Chinese older people readmitted to a hospital for COPD.', '"Refraining from unnecessary readmissions" describes how older people manage COPD in relation to hospital readmissions.', 'The findings of this study offer implications for promoting wellness among Chinese older people with COPD.'], ['This molecule has been implicated in a huge number of biological processes, from anticonvulsant properties in children to protective effects on the lung in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and SIRT6, NAD+-dependent Class III protein deacetylases, are putative anti-aging enzymes, down-regulated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by the accelerated ageing of the lung and associated with increased oxidative stress.', 'Here, we show that oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide) selectively elevates microRNA-34a (miR-34a) but not the related miR-34b/c, with concomitant reduction of SIRT1/-6 in bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS2B), which was also observed in peripheral lung samples from patients with COPD.', 'Importantly, miR-34a antagomirs increased SIRT1/-6 mRNA levels, whilst decreasing markers of cellular senescence in airway epithelial cells from COPD patients, suggesting that this process is reversible.', 'Our data indicate that miR-34a is induced by oxidative stress via PI3K signaling, and orchestrates ageing responses under oxidative stress, therefore highlighting miR-34a as a new therapeutic target and biomarker in COPD and other oxidative stress-driven aging diseases.'], ['Novel modalities to differentiate between EA and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are necessary.', 'A multifaceted approach, including clinical history, smoking habits, atopy, and measurement of lung function, is mandatory to differentiate asthma from COPD.', 'There are a variety of co-morbidities with EA, of which COPD, upper airway diseases, depression, obesity, and hypertension are the most common, and these co-morbidities can affect the control status of EA.'], ['The risk of complications was associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and difficult cannulation.'], ['Medical history, that is medication, neurological conditions, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/asthma, dementia and mental illness, was obtained from the patient files.'], ['BACKGROUND: Due to the continuing increase of the elderly population in the western countries, the prevalence of the main chronic diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders, arterial hypertension, vascular damage due to atherosclerotic process, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic kidney disease, immune-mediated diseases) is increasing.'], ['Inhaled, long-acting anticholinergic medication (LAA), commonly used for moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has been shown to decrease COPD hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and acute exacerbations but has also been associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) in a prior meta-analysis.', 'The objective of this study was to verify if there was an association between LAA and UTI in older individuals with COPD.', 'Incidence of UTI was compared between older people with physician-diagnosed COPD, who were new users of inhaled long-acting anticholinergics and new users of inhaled corticosteroids-a reference medication used in similar clinical settings that has no known association with UTI.', 'In conclusion, older men with COPD newly started on LAA are at increased risk of UTI.'], ['Most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) share many risk factors and similar aetiological agents with erectile dysfunction (ED).', 'This observational study included 66 male patients referred to our centre with different grades of COPD.', 'We studied the different correlations between COPD and ED.', 'In this group, COPD was diagnosed in 78.8% and ED was present in 83.3% with increased severity in presence of LUTS and nicotinism.'], ['Diabetes (OR = 4.562) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 2.300) had statistically significant negative impacts on the flap survival rate (p < 0.05).'], ['BACKGROUND: The trends of COPD mortality and prevalence over the past 2 decades across all provinces remain unknown in China.', 'We used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) to estimate the mortality and prevalence of COPD during 1990 to 2013 at a provincial level.', 'METHODS: Following the general analytic strategy used in GBD 2013, we analyzed the age- sex- and province-specific mortality and prevalence of COPD in China.', 'Levels of and trends in COPD mortality and prevalence were assessed for 33 province-level administrative units during 1990 to 2013.', 'RESULTS: In 2013, there were 910,809 deaths from COPD in China, accounting for 31.1% of the total deaths from COPD in the world.', 'From 1990 to 2013, the age-standardized COPD mortality rate decreased in all provinces, with the highest reduction in Heilongjiang (70.2%) and Jilin (70.0%) and the lowest reduction in Guizhou (26.8%).', 'The number of COPD cases increased dramatically from 32.4 million in 1990 to 54.8 million in 2013.', 'The age-standardized prevalence rate of COPD remained stable overall and varied little for all provinces.', 'CONCLUSIONS: COPD remains a huge health burden in many western provinces in China.', 'The substantial increase in COPD cases represents an ongoing challenge given the rapidly aging Chinese population.', 'A targeted control and prevention strategy should be developed at a provincial level to reduce the burden caused by COPD.'], ['On univariate analysis, diabetics were more likely to have other comorbid illnesses: obesity (P < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (P = 0.003), hypertension (P < 0.001), coronary artery disease (P < 0.001), peripheral vascular disease (PVD, P = 0.31), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.002).', 'On multivariate analysis, however, old age was the only characteristic associated with perforation [odds ratio: 1.05 (1.02-1.06), P < 0.001], whereas diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and older age predicted longer LOS (P <= 0.001).'], ['This is the case of a man, 78 years old, with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who presented with respiratory distress following oral intake of tablets.'], ['The incidence and prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with increasing age.', 'An increasing number of COPD patients are receiving TKR, but few studies have examined the complications and outcomes after TKR in COPD patients.', 'The purpose of this study was to investigate the complications, including mortality, wound infections, hospitalization readmission, pneumonia (PN), and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) in patients with COPD after receiving TKR.The National Health Insurance operated by the government is a nationwide health care program with universal coverage in Taiwan.', 'We separated patients into COPD and non-COPD groups.', 'Five study outcomes and complications were measured after TKR, including mortality for 1 and 3 years, wound infections for 1 and 2 years, hospitalization readmission for 30 and 90 days, PN for 30 and 90 days, and CVAs.A total of 3431 patients who underwent TKR surgery were identified, including 358 patients with COPD and 3073 patients without COPD.', 'The COPD group had a higher percentage of 90-day PN (3.7% vs. 1.1%), 30-day readmission (7.0% vs. 4.0%), 30-day CVA (1.7% vs. 0.6%), 90-day CVA (3.9% vs. 2.1%), and 3-year mortality (3.9% vs. 2.1%) than the non-COPD group.', 'COPD was associated with 90-day PN (adjusted hazard ratio[HR)] = 2.12, P = 0.030) after adjusting for sex, cardiovascular disease, and CVA occurrence.Patients with COPD had a higher risk of PN after TKR than patients without COPD, but no significant differences were found for CVAs and mortality.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity in the elderly population.', 'COPD leads to a reduced health-related quality of life (HRQL), but the factors which contribute to this are not well understood.', 'METHODS: A total of 180 consecutive COPD patients were enrolled into the study.', "HRQL was assessed by the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).", 'The forward stepwise regression analysis shows that the BODE index, the Charlson index, and the rate of exacerbations are important predictors of deterioration of HRQL in elderly COPD patients, which explains 29% of the total SGRQ score.', 'In the younger COPD patients, the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.27, but the predictors were the BODE index and the rate of exacerbations.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The BODE index, the Charlson index, and the rate of exacerbations were found to be the major determinants of HRQL in elderly COPD patients, while in younger COPD patients, the BODE index and the rate of exacerbations were influential factors.'], ['However, the impact of comorbid depression in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma has not been fully explored.', 'This narrative review examines the impact of comorbid depression and its management in COPD and asthma in older adults.', 'The causes of depression in patients with COPD and asthma are multifactorial and include physical, physiological and behavioural factors.', 'Depression is associated with hospital readmission in older adults with asthma and COPD.', 'We focus on the most current literature that has examined the efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and antidepressant drug therapy for patients with depression in the context of COPD and asthma.', 'To date, the efficacy of antidepressant drug therapy for depression in patients with COPD and asthma is inconclusive.', 'In addition, there has been no clear evidence that antidepressants can induce remission of depression or ameliorate dyspnoea or physiological indices of COPD.', "Factors that contribute to 'inadequate' assessment and treatment of depression in patients with COPD and asthma may include misconception of the disease by patients and their caregivers and stigma attached to depression."], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health issue with high social and economic costs.', 'Concomitant chronic cardiac disorders are frequent in patients with COPD, likely owing to shared risk factors (e.g., aging, cigarette smoke, inactivity, persistent low-grade pulmonary and systemic inflammation) and add to the overall morbidity and mortality of patients with COPD.', 'The prevalence and incidence of cardiac comorbidities are higher in patients with COPD than in matched control subjects, although estimates of prevalence vary widely.', 'Furthermore, cardiac diseases contribute to disease severity in patients with COPD, being a common cause of hospitalization and a frequent cause of death.', 'The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence of the relationship between COPD and the three most frequent and important cardiac comorbidities in patients with COPD: ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation.', 'We have chosen a practical approach, first summarizing relevant epidemiological and clinical data, then discussing the diagnostic and screening procedures, and finally evaluating the impact of lung-heart comorbidities on the therapeutic management of patients with COPD and heart diseases.'], ['Teaching patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) appropriate therapeutic breathing techniques and encouraging them to practice regularly has been recognized as an effective care strategy.', 'The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using a tablet computer with the Breathing Easier Support Toolkit (BEST), a supplemental software application we developed that instructs and assists COPD patients during the process of respiratory retraining.', 'CONCLUSION: Our tablet computer-assisted educational aid did not provide an improvement over the traditional method for teaching breathing techniques to elderly patients with COPD.'], ['Using adjusted linear regression models, we analyzed associations between PRMFSA and age in subjects with or without airflow obstruction.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by fixed airflow obstruction and accelerated decline of forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1).', 'Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic cause of COPD and associated with more rapid decline in lung function, even in some never smokers (NS) but the potential for individualized assessment to reveal differences when compared to group analyses has rarely been considered.', 'FINDINGS: There was a marked variation in individual rates of FEV1 decline from levels consistent with normal aging (observed in 23.5% of patients with established COPD, 57.5% of those without) to those of rapidly declining COPD.', 'Gas transfer did not decline in 12.8% of NS and 20.7% of ex-smokers with established COPD (33.3% and 25.0%, respectively, for those without COPD).', 'There was no correlation between decline in gas transfer and FEV1 for those with COPD, although a weak relationship existed for those without (r=0.218; P<0.025).'], ['The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with osteoporosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taiwan.', 'INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming an increasingly serious and prevalent issue worldwide.', 'The treatment of COPD with long-term steroid use may cause osteoporosis and have significant influences on disability and mortality.', 'However, few studies have evaluated the association between steroid use and osteoporosis in patients with COPD.', 'The present study aimed to identify the factors, including demographic characteristics and steroid use (oral corticosteroids [OCSs], inhaled corticosteroids, and injected steroids), associated with osteoporosis in patients with COPD in Taiwan.', 'RESULTS: The incidence of osteoporosis in the patients with COPD was 1343.0 per 100,000 person-years, the majority of patients were women (63.6 %), and the mean age of the patients was 72.5 years.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Female sex, old age, and use of a high OCS dose with a cumulative DDD >56 are associated with osteoporosis in patients with COPD.'], ['Garlic has shown versatile medicinal activities in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'However, no individual garlic bioactive components have yet been determined in the COPD treatment effects.', 'In this work, S-allylmercapto-l-cysteine (SAMC) identified in the aged garlic was selected as a model compound to determine its COPD therapeutic potential.', 'The COPD model was established by using lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to stimulate the human airway submucosal gland cell line SPC-A1.', 'Previous studies show that both MUC5AC up-regulation and AQP5 down-regulation play an important role in viscous COPD mucus secretions.', 'These results suggest that SAMC could be a promising candidate in the prevention and treatment of MUC5AC-associated disorders such as COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis have been hypothesized to represent premature aging phenotypes.'], ['Independent predictors of the PE in patients aged >=65 years were as follows: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), systolic blood pressure (SBP), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, beta-blocker use; in patients aged 65-74 years: coronary revascularization, NYHA class, sodium, and creatinine; in patients aged >=75 years: NYHA class and SBP.', 'Independent predictors of the SE in patients aged >=65 years were as follows: COPD, NYHA class, potassium, SBP, and physical activity; in patients aged <65 years: chronic kidney disease (CKD), NYHA, and SBP; in patients aged 65-74 years: NYHA and creatinine; and in patients aged >=75 years, previous HF hospitalization, coronary artery disease, CKD, COPD, alcohol consumption, smoking, NYHA, and SBP.'], ['A suggestion of effect modification was seen in 85+-year-olds (3.10%; p-interaction 0.043), as well as in those with a pre-existing arrhythmia (3.26%; p-interaction 0.014) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3.52%; p-interaction 0.042).', 'However, an effect modification of NO2 is probable in the elderly and in those suffering from arrhythmias and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Aspiration of oropharyngeal (including periodontal) bacteria causes pneumonia, especially in hospitalized patients and the elderly, and may influence the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Covariates included age, sex, number of medications, serum calcium, haemoglobin level, renal function, and the presence of previous myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic heart failure, COPD and diabetes.'], ['Coexistent chronic conditions included hypertension (72.3%), diabetes (49.5%), coronary heart disease (33%), arthritis (23.6%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (17.6%).'], ['Physical activity is difficult to measure in individuals with COPD.', 'Study objectives were to translate, culturally adapt the CHAMPS into French, and reexamine its test-retest reliability and construct validity in French and English Canadians with COPD.', 'The CHAMPS was only in English; thus, a cross-cultural adaptation was needed to translate the CHAMPS into French for use in French Canadians with COPD.', 'Five French participants with COPD completed the finalized Canadian French CHAMPS and participated in cognitive debriefing; no problematic items were identified.', 'A structured and stepwise, cross-cultural adaptation process produced the Canadian French CHAMPS, with items of equivalent meaning to the English version, for use in French Canadians with COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence is rising to epidemic proportions due to historical smoking trends, the aging of the population, and air pollution.', 'Although blaming the victims has been common in COPD, the majority of COPD worldwide is now thought to be nonsmoking related, that is, caused by air pollution and cookstove exposure.', 'It is increasingly appreciated that subjective and objective sleep disturbances are common in COPD, although strong epidemiological data are lacking.', 'People with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) plus COPD (the so-called overlap syndrome) have a high risk of cardiovascular death, although again mechanisms are unknown and untested.', 'This review aims to draw attention to the problem of sleep in COPD, to encourage clinicians to ask their patients about symptoms, and to stimulate further research in this area given the large burden of the disease.'], ['Dyspnea and COPD predicted higher mortality and complications with emergency surgery in the elderly (age 65-79 OR 15.3 and 14.9, respectively, age >80 OR 56.5 and 14.9, respectively).'], ['The genetic and non-genetic factors that contribute to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are still poorly understood.', "We investigated the potential role of genetic variants of xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase M1, GSTM1; glutathione-S-transferase T1, GSTT1; microsomal epoxide hydrolase, mEH), oxidative stress (assessed by urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-oxodG/creatinine), sex, ageing and smoking habits on susceptibility to development of COPD and its severity in Serbian population.", 'The investigated population consisted of 153 healthy subjects (85 males and 68 females) and 71 patients with COPD (33 males and 38 females).', 'We revealed that increased urinary 8-oxodG/creatinine and leucocytosis are the strongest independent predictors for COPD development.', 'Increased level of oxidative stress increased the risk for COPD in males [odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.42, 2.26-31.28], more than in females (OR, 95% CI: 3.60, 1.37-9.45).', 'Additionally, independent predictors for COPD were ageing in males (OR, 95% CI: 1.29, 1.12-1.48), while in females they were at least one GSTM1 or GSTT1 gene deletion in combination (OR, 95% CI: 23.67, 2.62-213.46), and increased cumulative cigarette consumption (OR, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.01-1.16).', 'Severity of COPD was associated with the combined effect of low mEH activity phenotype, high level of oxidative stress and heavy smoking.'], ['Several similarities have reported between patients suboptimal level of vitamin D and patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): both conditions are more prevalent after the 6th decade and are associated with impaired defense mechanisms, with skeletal muscles dysfunction and with an early ageing process.', 'We have reviewed the literature concerning the interrelationship between the main pathophysiological processes of both conditions, in order to emphasize the influence of vitamin D deficit on COPD development and evolution.', 'We concluded that the identification of common pathophysiological mechanisms for the vitamin D deficiency and COPD substantiates the hypothesis of the involvement of this hormone in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Cigarette-smoke (CS) exposure and aging are the leading causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-emphysema development, although the molecular mechanism that mediates disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood.'], ['BACKGROUND: Although many studies examined determinants of physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), most were cross-sectional and focused on single determinants only.', "OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine how COPD patients' physical activity changes over time and to identify the determinants of physical activity using multivariable and longitudinal methods.", 'METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 409 primary care patients with COPD in the Netherlands and Switzerland were followed for up to 5 years.', 'CONCLUSIONS: We found that physical activity of COPD patients may decline more than reported in the healthy elderly.'], ['METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization database to evaluate the impact of age in different age groups (<65, 65-79, and >=80 yr), comorbidities (malignant disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal and liver disease, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure, and diabetes mellitus), severity of illness at admission, and etiology on the mortality of patients admitted to the hospital with CAP.'], ['Compared with non-AF-associated deaths, the strongest associations were observed between AF and hypertensive diseases (prevalence ratio 1.62, 95% CI 1.57 to 1.67), cardiac valve disorders (2.43, 2.25 to 2.61), cardiomyopathies (1.93, 1.70 to 2.19), cerebrovascular diseases (1.55, 1.50 to 1.60), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.49, 1.42 to 1.57).'], ['BACKGROUND: COPD is a highly incapacitating disease, particularly among older people, implying significant burden for family caregivers.', 'This study is a secondary analysis aiming to analyze the effects of a family-based pulmonary rehabilitation program on close family caregivers of older subjects with COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide valuable evidence to recommend the inclusion of COPD family caregivers in comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation.'], ["METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the clinical data of 158 patients with overlap syndrome (OS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), treated in the Critical Care Medicine Department of the People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China from May 2014 to March 2015."], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with chronic inflammation affecting predominantly the lung parenchyma and peripheral airways that results in largely irreversible and progressive airflow limitation.', 'Although most patients with COPD have a predominantly neutrophilic inflammation, some have an increase in eosinophil counts, which might be orchestrated by TH2 cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells though release of IL-33 from epithelial cells.', 'Oxidative stress plays a key role in driving COPD-related inflammation, even in ex-smokers, and might result in activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), impaired antiprotease defenses, DNA damage, cellular senescence, autoantibody generation, and corticosteroid resistance though inactivation of histone deacetylase 2.', 'Systemic inflammation is also found in patients with COPD and can worsen comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and osteoporosis.', 'Accelerated aging in the lungs of patients with COPD can also generate inflammatory protein release from senescent cells in the lung.'], ['The most common pre-existing medical conditions were hypertension (71.9%), diabetes mellitus (29.3%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (19.5%), and dementia (18.8%).'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of frailty among patients with stable COPD and examine whether frailty affects completion and outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation.', 'METHODS: 816 outpatients with COPD (mean (SD) age 70 (10) years, FEV1% predicted 48.9 (21.0)) were recruited between November 2011 and January 2015.', 'Prevalence of frailty increased with age, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage, Medical Research Council (MRC) score and age-adjusted comorbidity burden (all p<=0.01).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Frailty affects one in four patients with COPD referred for pulmonary rehabilitation and is an independent predictor of programme non-completion.'], ['There were no between-group differences in body mass index or history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, or more than 1 previous abdominal surgical procedure.'], ['METHODS: The clinical symptoms of 202 elderly patients were assessed with the asthma module of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood test, which had been modified for the elderly patients, and the diagnostic routine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which was based on the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria.', 'RESULTS: Of the 202 elderly patients, 34 had asthma (23 definite and eleven probable), 20 met COPD criteria, 13 presented with an overlap of asthma and COPD, and 135 did not fit the criteria for obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The effect of Tai Chi on balance and muscle strength in the elderly population has been reported; however, the effect of Tai Chi on dyspnoea, exercise capacity, pulmonary function and psychosocial status among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear.', 'OBJECTIVES: To explore the effectiveness of Tai Chi in reducing dyspnoea and improving exercise capacity in people with COPD.', 'To determine the influence of Tai Chi on physiological and psychosocial functions among people with COPD.', 'SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Tai Chi (Tai Chi alone or Tai Chi in addition to another intervention) versus control (usual care or another intervention identical to that used in the Tai Chi group) in people with COPD.', 'Data are currently insufficient for evaluating the impact of Tai Chi on maximal exercise capacity, balance and muscle strength in people with COPD.', "AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No adverse events were reported, implying that Tai Chi is safe to practise in people with COPD.", 'When Tai Chi in addition to other interventions was compared with other interventions alone, Tai Chi did not show superiority and showed no additional effects on symptoms nor on physical and psychosocial function improvement in people with COPD.'], ['EMA reviews risk of pneumonia with inhaled corticosteroids for COPD Updated USA guidance on opioids for chronic pain Tackling high-risk prescribing Influencing antibiotic prescribing in primary care Commuting, BMI and obesity Cardiovascular effects of antidepressants PPI use and dementia Older people and risk of drug interactions.'], ['Nowadays, as the elderly population is on the rise, more and more trauma victims are being admitted with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a comorbidity in trauma centre intensive care units.', 'However, there are hardly any studies describing the outcome of such patients with chest trauma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, both being respiratory problems.', 'The aim was to study the outcomes and various complications in patients of chest trauma with COPD admitted to our ICU over a given time period.', 'METHODS: A detailed review of charts of patients with chest trauma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted over one and a half years was performed and various parameters noted, including as follows: demographic data; various scores; the number of days on a ventilator and in the ICU.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Chest trauma patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are prone to develop ventilator-associated pneumonia which may be the source of increased mortality among such patients.'], ['In men, HU was significantly related with knee osteoarthritis (OR = 1.72; 95%CI: 1.06-2.79) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 1.60; 95%CI: 1.04-2.45).'], ['Within a care home setting there should be a particular emphasis on the importance of palliative care, particularly for those residents who, because of their advancing age, are likely to live with non-malignant diseases such as dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or heart failure to name a few.'], ['The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and eye problems (except for those aged 60-69 years) was higher in the HIV-positive participants and increased with age.'], ['Increased accumulation of AGEs in human tissue has now been associated with end stage renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and, recently, skin aging.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common in older people.', 'Inhaled medications are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment of COPD, and are typically administered by handheld inhalers, such as pressurised metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers, or by nebulisers.', 'Despite this, however, there is limited guidance available in published guidelines on the choice of inhalers, and still less consideration is given to elderly patients with COPD.', 'The aim of this article is to provide a guide for healthcare professionals on device selection and factors to be considered for effective inhaled drug delivery in elderly COPD patients, including device factors (device type and complexity of use), patient factors (inspiratory capabilities, manual dexterity and hand strength, cognitive ability, co-morbidities) and considerations for healthcare professionals (proper education of patients in device use).'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are particularly vulnerable to influenza, with evidence for increased incidence and severity of infection.', 'Influenza vaccination and in particular the use of the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) is recommended for patients with COPD.', 'Available data suggest that immunogenicity is variable in COPD but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood.', 'Overall the mortality benefit of TIV in COPD is suggested by a number studies but the impact on exacerbation prevention is less clear.', 'Influenza vaccination currently plays an important role in disease prevention in COPD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence is increasing among aging HIV-infected individuals.', 'We determined the association between COPD and self-reported measures of frailty [adapted frailty-related phenotype (aFRP)] and physical limitation, and a clinical biomarker of physiologic frailty [Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index] in HIV-infected compared with uninfected individuals.', 'We used regression models to test for associations between COPD and outcomes in models stratified by HIV status.', 'RESULTS: The sample included 3538 HIV-infected and 3606 uninfected participants; 67 and 63% were black (P = 0.0003), 97 and 92% were men (P < 0.0001) and 4 and 5% had COPD (P = 0.2).', 'In unadjusted analyses, COPD was associated with all three outcomes (P < 0.0001).', 'In adjusted analyses, COPD was associated with increased prefrail and aFRP in HIV-infected and uninfected participants (P <= 0.01 for all comparisons).', 'COPD was associated with physical limitation in both groups (P < 0.0001).', 'There was an interaction between COPD and physical limitation by HIV status with increased physical limitation among HIV-infected participants (P = 0.04).', 'COPD was not associated with VACS index.', 'CONCLUSION: COPD was strongly associated with aFRP and physical limitations.', 'COPD management may mediate frailty through functional limitations rather than physiologic biomarkers, especially in HIV-infected individuals.'], ['After adjusting for age and comorbidities of coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, depression, stroke, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, the patients with COM had a 2.82-fold risk of ED (95% confidence interval=1.44-5.56).'], ['Bivariate analysis showed that patients who survived were predominantly female (P=0.02), and they showed a significantly better baseline functional status for both basic (P<0.001) and instrumental (P<0.001) activities of daily living (Barthel and Lawton index), better cognitive performance (Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination) (P<0.001), lower comorbidity conditions (Charlson) (P<0.001), lower nutritional risk (Mini Nutritional Assessment) (P<0.001), lower risk of falls (Tinetti gait scale) (P<0.001), less percentage of heart failure (P=0.03) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P=0.03), and took less chronic prescription drugs (P=0.002) than nonsurvivors.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to present a profile of comorbidities in elderly patients with and without asthma and COPD.', 'RESULTS: The study population consisted of 1023 asthmatic patients, 1084 patients with COPD and 1076 control subjects without any signs of bronchoconstriction and with correct spirometry.', 'Coronary disease (OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.97-2.33), cor pulmonale (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 2.87-3.22) and heart failure (OR = 2.71; 95% CI: 2.64-3.11) were predominantly observed in patients with COPD.', 'Patients with COPD have a more exaggerated profile of coexisting diseases, specifically cardiovascular problems.'], ['BACKGROUND: During the 80s and 90s the mortality and number of hospitalisations due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the country of Denmark almost doubled.', 'OBJECTIVE: To analyse age, period, and cohort effects on rates of deaths and first-time hospitalisations with COPD in Denmark during the period from 1994 to 2012 and to make a forecast of these parameters.', 'METHODS: By use of national registers, two separate age-period-cohort analyses were made, one on COPD-specific mortality rates and the other on incidence rates of first-time hospitalisations with COPD.', 'RESULTS: Both analyses found that high risk of developing severe COPD is associated with being born for women around year 1930 and for men around year 1925.', 'The model has solid predictive ability and projections of future death- and hospitalisation rates due to COPD were made.', 'CONCLUSION: Long-term cohort effects rather than present exposure and treatment explain the recent rise and fall in the epidemic of COPD in Denmark.', 'In the near future ageing of birth cohorts with lower COPD-specific mortality and hospitalisation rates will most likely lead to a substantial decrease in severe COPD in Denmark.'], ['Five factors were independently and positively correlated with poor nutrition, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), gastrointestinal disease, depression, cognitive impairment, and comorbidity (>= 2).'], ['IPF can often be difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms--cough, dyspnoea and fatigue--are non-specific and can often be attributed to co-morbidities such as heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Advanced age, male, the use of corticosteroids 5 mg/day, and the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease were risk factors for developing TB.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory systemic diseases with common risk factors (smoking and aging).', 'In COPD, poor periodontal health could result in inadequate nutrition, potentially causing loss of muscle volume.', 'The purpose of this case-control study was to examine our hypothesis that COPD patients have poorer periodontal health and poorer nutritional status than non-COPD patients.', 'The COPD group ( n = 60) had fewer remaining teeth, greater BOP, greater PD, and lower serum albumin levels compared with smokers without COPD ( n = 41) and nonsmokers ( n = 35; p < 0.001).', 'COPD was an independent risk factor for poor periodontal health, demonstrated by fewer remaining teeth (relative risk (RR), 5.48; p = 0.0024), BOP (RR, 12.8; p = 0.0009), and having >30% of remaining teeth with a PD >= 4 mm (RR, 4.82; p = 0.011).', 'We demonstrated that poor periodontal health was associated with hypoalbuminemia, suggesting poor nutritional status and inflammation in COPD.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Some frequent comorbidities, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic sinusitis, obesity, and depression, are associated with uncontrolled asthma in elderly asthmatic patients.'], ['However, an inverse association between BMI and mortality has been reported in patients with many disease states and in several clinical settings: hemodialysis, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, surgery, etc.'], ['The objective of this study was to evaluate skeletal muscle and circulating Klotho protein in smokers and COPD patients and to relate Klotho levels to relevant skeletal muscle parameters.', "METHODS: Fat free mass, quadriceps strength and spirometry were measured in 87 participants (61 COPD, 13 'healthy smokers' and 13 never smoking controls) in whom serum and quadriceps Klotho protein levels were also measured.", 'RESULTS: Quadriceps Klotho levels were lower in those currently smoking (p = 0.01), irrespective of spirometry, but were not lower in patients with COPD.', 'Despite this, quadriceps Klotho protein expression in those with established disease appears complex as levels were paradoxically elevated in COPD patients with established muscle wasting.', 'Whilst serum Klotho levels were not reduced in smokers or COPD patients and were not associated with quadriceps Klotho protein, they did relate to quadriceps strength.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most important and prevalent diseases suffered by the elderly.', 'The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between antioxidant status and COPD in institutionalised elderly people.', 'In all, 183 elderly people aged >65 years (twenty-one had COPD and 160 healthy controls) were studied.', 'Subjects with COPD ate less fruits than healthy controls (117 (sd 52) v. 192 (sd 161) g/d), their coverage of the recommended intake of vitamin C was smaller (150 (sd 45) v. 191 (sd 88) %; note that both exceeded 100 %) and their diets had a lower antioxidant capacity (6558 (sd 2381) v. 9328 (sd 5367) mmol trolox equivalent/d).', 'Those with COPD had lower serum vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol concentrations than healthy controls (32 4 (sd 15 3) v. 41 5 (sd 14 8) micromol/l and 12 1 (sd 3 2) v. 13 9 (sd 2 8) micromol/l, respectively).', 'In addition, subjects with alpha-tocopherol <14 1micromol/l (50th percentile) were at 6 43 times greater risk of having COPD than those subjects with >=14 1micromol/l (OR 6 43; 95 % CI 1 17, 35 24; P<0 05), taking sex, age, use of tobacco, body fat and vitamin E intake as covariables.', 'Subjects with COPD had diets of poorer antioxidant quality, especially with respect to vitamins C and E, compared with healthy controls.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is highly prevalent in the elderly, and both COPD and age per se are associated with cardiovascular morbidity.', 'AIMS: We tested the hypothesis that in elderly COPD patients airflow limitation is associated with arterial stiffness and the relationship, if any, is related to endothelial function and systemic inflammation.', 'RESULTS: Participants with COPD (N = 41) and controls (N = 35) did not differ in terms of AIx (30 vs 28.2 %, P = 0.30) and FMD (14.2 vs 12.3 %, P = 0.10).', 'Among COPD participants there was an inverse correlation between AIx and Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (r = -0.349, P = 0.02).', 'DISCUSSION: According to the results of this study, among COPD patients, bronchial patency and AIx are inversely related, and the relationship is explained neither by endothelial function nor by systemic inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In elderly COPD people, increased arterial stiffness is related to reduced pulmonary function and it seems worth testing as a potential marker of higher cardiovascular risk.'], ['BACKGROUND: The association between short-term exposure to air pollution and morbidity of COPD and asthma has been observed in many studies.', 'RESULTS: Based on results from 26 studies, statistically significant pooled RRs of different pollutants and age groups ranged from 1.007 (SO2 in all ages) to 1.028 (O3 in all ages) for COPD general hospital admissions, 1.011 (SO2 in all ages) to 1.028 (O3 in all ages) for COPD emergency hospital admissions, 1.013 (PM10 in all ages) to 1.141 (CO in children) for all-type asthma hospital utilization, 1.010 (PM10 in all ages) to 1.141 (CO in children) for asthma general hospital admissions, and 1.009 (SO2 in all ages) to 1.040 (NO2 in children) for asthma emergency hospital admissions.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Evidence was found that short-term exposure to air pollution was associated with increasing risk of hospital utilization for COPD and asthma in the whole population, the elderly and children, but not in people aged 15-64.'], ['Modified Cox proportional hazards ratios accounting for the competing risk of fatal coronary heart disease were calculated for new diagnoses of cancer, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, hip fracture, and dementia.', 'RESULTS: Compared with those with CAC = 0, those with CAC >400 had an increased hazard of cancer (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18 to 1.99), CKD (HR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.21 to 2.39), pneumonia (HR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.37 to 2.82), COPD (HR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.60 to 4.57), and hip fracture (HR: 4.29; 95% CI: 1.47 to 12.50).', 'Those with CAC = 0 had decreased risk of cancer (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63 to 0.92), CKD (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.98), COPD (HR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.91), and hip fracture (HR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.70) compared to those with CAC >0.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Participants with elevated CAC were at increased risk of cancer, CKD, COPD, and hip fractures.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common disease within the elderly population, has also been found to be related to cognitive decline.', 'However, whether COPD is a risk factor of cognitive dysfunction is not well established.', 'The purpose of this meta-analysis is to investigate the role COPD plays in cognitive dysfunction.', 'According to our results, COPD patients had a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction than controls (OR [odds ratio]: 1.72; 95% CI, 1.12-2.65; p = 0.01).', 'The exacerbation of COPD was strongly correlated with cognitive decline.', 'COPD patients performed worse than controls on the Mini- Mental State Examination test, but the results were not statistically significant (OR: -0.79; 95% CI, [-1.78, 0.19]; p = 0.11).', 'Thus, more attention should be given to the occurrence of cognitive decline in COPD patients.', 'The prevention and control of COPD exacerbation are critical.'], ['BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested an association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cognitive impairment, mostly in developed countries.', 'COPD was measured by self-report and the Medical Research Council respiratory questionnaire was used to assess respiratory symptoms.', 'A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to examine the association between COPD and cognitive impairment with adjustment for potential confounding factors.', 'Chronic respiratory symptoms and self-reported COPD were strongly related to cognitive impairment in urban areas.', 'CONCLUSION: There was strong association between COPD and cognitive impairment in urban Chinese elderly population.'], ['This article presents the case of a patient who had been admitted to hospital as an emergency for a suspected exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and subsequently developed a severe episode of delirium.'], ['The prevalence of circulatory and pulmonary disorders includes heart failure (20.5%), stroke (20.1%), and asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (20.2%).'], ['The target population included adults aged over 65 years and patients at high risk of pneumonia due to chronic lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or living in a nursing home.'], ['Protein-based vaccines to prevent NTHi infections are needed to alleviate these infections in children and vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with higher mortality in the general population.', 'We studied the associations between COPD and death among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients along with reporting cause-specific death data.', 'Associations between COPD and all-cause mortality and various causes of death (respiratory deaths, cardiovascular deaths, malignancy-related deaths and deaths due to other reasons) were studied using the Cox proportional hazards and competing risk models.', 'RESULTS: Out of 56,960 CKD patients, 4.7% (n = 2,667) had underlying COPD.', 'Old age, presence of diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and smoking were associated with higher risk for COPD.', 'After covariate adjustment, COPD was associated with a 41% increased risk (95% CI 1.31-1.52) for all-cause mortality, and fourfold increased risk (sub-hazard ratio 4.36, 95% CI 3.54-5.37) for respiratory-related deaths.', 'In a sensitivity analysis that was performed by defining COPD as the use of relevant International Classification of Diseases-9 codes and medications used to treat COPD, similar results were noted.', 'CONCLUSIONS: COPD is associated with higher risk for death among those with CKD, and an underlying lung disease accounts for significant proportion of deaths.'], ['In this study, such a screening rule was developed based on an existing rule for detecting heart failure in older persons with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Dementia, ageing and circulatory failure were more common as cause of death 2007, while stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia were less common, compared with 2000.', 'In 2007, maintaining BMI, irrespective of gender, and autoimmune disease and COPD in women significantly increased survival, while malnutrition, influenza vaccination, dependency in ADL and medication with sedatives/tranquillisers or paracetamol severely reduced survival.'], ['METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of participants with COPD, any Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grade of airflow limitation, and >= 50 years old in two cohorts: the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study and the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS).'], ['OBJECTIVES: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease, and the burden of COPD is expected to increase in the rapidly aging nation of South Korea.', 'This study aims to examine the factors contributing to health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in COPD patients.', 'COPD was diagnosed in 2,734 survey participants and the severity was graded according to the criteria set by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.', 'RESULTS: The EQ-5D index scores for COPD patients and the general population were 0.915+-0.003 and 0.943+-0.001, respectively.', 'Comorbidities (excluding cancer and hypertension) appeared to negatively influence HRQOL among COPD patients.', 'CONCLUSION: In this study, we found that the higher the severity of COPD, the lower the quality of life.'], ['The notion that elastase inhibition should benefit patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may also merit re-evaluation.'], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two of the most common chronic lung diseases worldwide.', 'In contrast, COPD is usually caused by years of smoking.', 'Paroxysmal dyspnea, which occurs in asthma, is characterized by shortness of breath, while in COPD it occurs during physical exertion in early stages and at rest in later stages of the disease.', 'Asthma often begins in childhood or adolescence, whereas COPD occurs mainly in smokers in later life.', 'It is possible to live with asthma into old age, whereas the life expectancy of patients with COPD is significantly limited.'], ["It could also serve as a method of rehabilitation that improves fitness, the performance and the exercise capacity of aged persons with diseases associated with an advanced age: cardiovascular diseases due to atherosclerosis; metabolic syndrome without diabetes; early stage Parkinson's disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lowering depression in women with Sjogren's Syndrome."], ['Education level, ethnicity, age, low vaccination coverage sample, urbanisation rate, and asthma/COPD were associated with pneumococcal antibodies in elderly.'], ['Associations of demographic and clinical features were evaluated in relation to asthma control and forced expiratory volume in the first second less than 80% in the total population and in the subgroup with features resembling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'RESULTS: Of 368 elderly subjects with asthma, 101 had features resembling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'However, HDM sensitization was greater in subjects with asthma with features resembling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (39% vs 28%).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) commonly coexist in clinical practice.', 'The prevalence of COPD among HFrEF patients ranges from 20 to 32 %.', 'On the other hand; HFrEF is prevalent in more than 20 % of COPD patients.', 'With an aging population, the number of patients with coexisting COPD and HFrEF is on rise.', 'Coexisting COPD and HFrEF presents a unique diagnostic and therapeutic clinical conundrum.', 'Beta blockers (BB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and aldosterone antagonists have been shown to reduce hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality in HFrEF while long-acting inhaled bronchodilators (beta-2-agonists and anticholinergics) and corticosteroids have been endorsed for COPD treatment.', 'The opposing pharmacotherapy of BBs and beta-2-agonists highlight the conflict in prescribing BBs in COPD and beta-2-agonists in HFrEF.', 'This has resulted in underutilization of evidence-based therapy for HFrEF in COPD patients owing to fear of adverse effects.', 'This review aims to provide an update and current perspective on diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with coexisting COPD and HFrEF.'], ['Specific somatic comorbidity (number of chronic diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis) or inflammation influenced the odds ratio.'], ['Mortality hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) in the low and high bicarbonate groups compared with the reference group were determined using Cox models adjusted for demographics, eGFR, albuminuria, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, and systemic pH.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between HIV infection and other risk factors for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).', 'METHODS: AECOPD was defined as an inpatient or outpatient COPD ICD-9 diagnosis accompanied by steroid and/or antibiotic prescription within 5 days.'], ['Logistic regression identified chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.02-3.11), moderate cognitive impairment (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.09-3.90), previous ED visit (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.43-3.12) and ATS 4 (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.10-4.99) as independent risk factors for re-presentation.'], ['SUBJECTS: the participants included 263,746 people, aged 65 years and above, who were acutely admitted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia or hip fracture.'], ['INTRODUCTION: The elderly, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are at a higher risk of hospitalisation due to acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD).'], ['The aim of this review is to examine the current literature for the most recent updates on health effects of specific air pollutants and their impact on asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and respiratory infection.', 'Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and respiratory infections all seem to be exacerbated because of exposure to a variety of environmental air pollutants with the greatest effects because of particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen oxides.'], ['As the population ages, the incidence of age-related comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, renal disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease increases.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Breathlessness is common in patients with advanced cancer and almost universal in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but studies suggest their experiences of breathlessness vary.', 'Independent samples Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to identify significant differences in median scores for the four CRQ domains (mastery, dyspnoea, emotional function, fatigue) in patients with advanced COPD (n=73) or advanced cancer (n=67).', 'RESULTS: Patients with advanced COPD scored lower across all four CRQ domains.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Patients with breathlessness due to advanced COPD have worse respiratory HRQoL than those with advanced cancer.', 'This may result from greater burden of breathlessness in COPD due to condition longevity, lesser burden of breathlessness in cancer due to its episodic nature, or variance in palliative referral thresholds by disease group.', 'Our results suggest that greater access to palliative care is needed in advanced COPD, and that formal psychometric testing of the CRQ may be warranted in cancer.'], ['Common pulmonary issues in the elderly (eg, obstructive sleep apnea and COPD) increase the risk of an oxygen desaturation event, while gastrointestinal issues (eg, achalasia and gastroesophageal reflux disease) increase the risk of aspiration.'], ["OBJECTIVE: To study the risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Li population in Hainan province, People's Republic of China.", 'Patients with airflow limitation (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]/forced vital capacity [FVC] <0.70) were further examined by postbronchodilator spirometry, and those with a postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.70 was diagnosed with COPD.', 'The information of physical condition and history, smoking intensity, smoking duration, second-hand smoking, education, job category, monthly household income, working years, residential environment, primary fuel for cooking and heating (biomass fuel including wood, crop residues, dung, and charcoal, or modern fuel such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, electricity, and solar energy), ventilated kitchen, heating methods, air pollution, recurrent respiratory infections, family history of respiratory diseases, cough incentives, and allergies of COPD and non-COPD subjects was analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to identify correlated risk factors for COPD.', 'RESULTS: Out of the 5,463 Li participants, a total of 277 COPD cases were identified by spirometry, and 307 healthy subjects were randomly selected as controls.', 'Univariate logistic regression analyses showed that older people (65 years and above), low body mass index (BMI), biomass smoke, 11-20 and >20 cigarettes/day, smoking for 40 years or more, second-hand smoking, recurrent respiratory infections, and induced cough were risk factors for COPD, whereas high BMI, high education level, and presence of ventilated kitchen were protective factors.', 'Subsequent multivariate logistic regression model further demonstrated that aging, low BMI, biomass smoke, >20 cigarettes/day, and recurrent respiratory tract infections were high-risk factors for COPD in the Li population.', 'CONCLUSION: The incidence of COPD has a strong correlation with age, BMI, biomass smoke, >20 cigarettes/day, and recurrent respiratory infections, suggesting they were high-risk factors for COPD in Li population.'], ['The prevalence of lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been found to increase considerably with age.'], ['AIM: Although the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) have been well defined for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it remains controversial whether PR improves physical activity (PA).', 'The purpose of the present study was to identify factors associated with the effect of PR on PA. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 29 patients with COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: A PR program for COPD patients improved results of the 6MWD, but not PAL.', 'Treating the depression and anxiety of patients with COPD might not only reduce emotional distress, but also improve their PAL.'], ['Old age (adjusted HR 2.40, 95% CI 1.92-2.99, P < 0.001), male sex (adjusted HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.76-2.57, P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (adjusted HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05-1.56, P = 0.013), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (adjusted HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.19-1.75, P < 0.001) were identified as independent risk factors for TB in gastric cancer patients.', 'Dyslipidemia was an independent protective factor for both TB (adjusted HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.73-2.62, P < 0.001) and mortality (adjusted HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08-1.15, P < 0.001) in gastric cancer patients.Old age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, and COPD were independent risk factors for TB in gastric cancer.'], ['Current epidemiologic practice evaluates COPD based on self-reported symptoms of chronic bronchitis, self-reported physician-diagnosed COPD, spirometry confirmed airflow obstruction, or emphysema diagnosed by volumetric computed chest tomography (CT).', 'Because the highest risk population for having COPD includes a predominance of middle-aged or older persons, aging related changes must also be considered, including: 1) increased multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and severe deconditioning, as these identify mechanisms that underlie respiratory symptoms and can impart a complex differential diagnosis; 2) increased airflow limitation, as this impacts the interpretation of spirometry confirmed airflow obstruction; and 3) "senile" emphysema, as this impacts the specificity of CT-diagnosed emphysema.', 'Accordingly, in an era of rapidly aging populations worldwide, the use of epidemiologic criteria that do not rigorously consider aging related changes will result in increased misidentification of COPD and may, in turn, misinform public health policy and patient care.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered as a major health problem, associated with mortality and morbidities.', 'Poor adherence to medication is common among COPD patients and is affected by number of factors like number of medicines, delivery devices and patient-related factors.', 'OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the adherence pattern in the management of COPD and factors affecting patient adherence to the prescribed treatment.', 'Those patients suffering from COPD of all age were enrolled in this study and prior informed consent was obtained from patients.', 'CONCLUSION: Majority of COPD patients were elderly (mean age= 68.4 years).', 'Polypharmacy is one of the major factors associated with non-adherence to medication in COPD.'], ['Viral infections are important contributors to exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; however, the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is less clear.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a multisystemic disease has a measurable and biologically explainable impact on the auditory function detectable in the laboratory.', 'This study tries to clarify if COPD is also a significant and clinically relevant risk factor for hearing impairment detectable in the general practice setting.', 'DESIGN: Retrospective matched cohort study with selection of patients diagnosed with COPD.', 'PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients >35 years with a diagnosis of COPD who consulted 1 of 12 single-handed GPs in 2009 and 2010 were asked to participate.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that there is an association between COPD and hearing impairment which, if found, would have allowed better management of patients with COPD.'], ['When compared with those patients <75, this subgroup presented more co-morbid conditions, including hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , and renal failure, and more previous hospitalizations due to heart failure (HF).'], ['Living with a spouse or other family member, use of private health care services, diagnosed asthma/COPD or excessive polypharmacy was associated with having discrepancies.'], ['RATIONALE: The Global Lung Initiative (GLI) provides age-appropriate criteria for establishing spirometric impairment, including mild, moderate, and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and restrictive pattern, but its association with respiratory-related phenotypes has not been evaluated.', 'MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: GLI established normal spirometry in 5,100 patients (50.3%), mild COPD in 669 (6.6%), moderate COPD in 865 (8.5%), severe COPD in 2,522 (24.9%), and restrictive pattern in 975 (9.6%).', 'Relative to normal spirometry, graded associations with respiratory-related phenotypes were found for mild, moderate, and severe COPD, with respective adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) as follows: dyspnea-1.31 (1.10-1.56), 2.20 (1.81-2.68), and 10.73 (8.04-14.33); poor respiratory health-related quality of life-1.49 (1.28-1.75), 2.69 (2.08-3.47), and 14.61 (10.09-21.17); poor exercise performance-1.11 (0.94-1.31), 1.58 (1.33-1.88), and 4.58 (3.42-6.12); bronchodilator reversibility-2.76 (2.24-3.40), 5.18 (4.29-6.27), and 6.21 (5.06-7.62); emphysema-4.86 (3.16-7.47), 6.41 (4.09-10.05), and 17.79 (10.79-29.32); and gas trapping-3.92 (3.12-4.93), 5.20 (3.82-7.07), and 16.28 (9.71-27.30).', 'Restrictive pattern was also associated with multiple respiratory-related phenotypes at a level similar to moderate COPD, but it was otherwise not associated with emphysema (0.89 [0.60-1.32]) or gas trapping (1.15 [0.92-1.42]).'], ['Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) frequently suffer from various comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, depression, malnutrition, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and lung cancer.', 'In fact, guidelines from both the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and the Japanese Respiratory Society recommend that physicians take comorbidities into account when they evaluate COPD severity.', 'These guidelines also emphasize the importance of managing comorbidities alongside airway obstruction in COPD.', 'The mechanisms by which the many COPD-related comorbidities develop are still unclear.', 'Having developed from the classical theory to differentiate COPD patients into "pink puffers" and "blue bloaters", COPD is now generally considered as a heterogeneous condition.', 'On this point, we have noticed that the characteristics of Japanese COPD patients tend to differ from those of Westerners.', 'The comorbidity spectrum of Japanese COPD patients also seems to differ from that of Westerners.', 'In order to treat Japanese COPD patients optimally, we must pay particular attention to their unique demographics and comorbidity spectrum, which contrast with those of Western COPD patients.'], ["Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the commonest causes of death in the world and poses a substantial burden on healthcare systems and patients' quality of life.", 'The evidence that might support the effectiveness of the telemonitoring interventions in COPD is limited partially due to the lack of useful predictors for the early detection of AECOPD.', 'In a 6-month pilot study, 16 patients with COPD were equipped with a home base-station and a sensor to daily record their respiratory sounds.'], ['Comorbidities were present in over 50% of cases, principally a history of acute coronary syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, valvular heart disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: Dietary antioxidants have been suggested to have protective role against chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but few prospective studies examined this relationship.', 'The prospective study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary antioxidants on COPD risk and lung function in the Korean population.', 'To diagnose COPD, forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured by spirometry.', 'For the analysis, 325 COPD patients and 6,781 at risk subjects were selected from the cohort of 10,038 subjects.', 'RESULTS: The risk of COPD was positively associated with aging, low education, low household income, lower body mass index, and cigarette smoking.', 'The risk of COPD decreased with increase in the dietary vitamin C (ORQ1 vs Q5=0.66, P trend=0.03) and vitamin E (ORQ1 vs Q5=0.56, P trend=0.05) intake, predominantly, in men (P trend=0.01 and 0.05 for vitamins C and E, respectively).', 'No statistically significant interactions were observed between smoking and vitamin C or E intake in relation to COPD risk among men.', 'CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the independent beneficial effect of antioxidants, particularly vitamins C and E, on COPD risk and lung function in men.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Many prevalent clinical conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary, and cardiovascular disease associate with features of premature ageing, such as muscle wasting, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, and arteriosclerosis.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of disability, morbidity and mortality in old age, representing a significant burden for family carers.', 'However, knowledge regarding the specific issues faced by men in the COPD caregiving role is nonexistent.', 'This study explored the experience of husbands and sons providing care to a family member with moderate-to-severe COPD.'], ['However, most previous studies compared patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with healthy controls, and only a small number examined this relationship in population-based cohorts.'], ['Here we aimed to compare 6-min walk distance (6MWD) between high and low GNRI groups for patients with COPD.', 'METHODS: We enrolled 63 elderly men with COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The GNRI has a more close relation with exercise tolerance and may be a useful nutritional assessment scale for elderly patients with COPD.'], ['This study explored the effects of milkvetch root on the immune function of patients with a definitive diagnosis of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'These results indicate that milkvetch root can improve the immune function of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD.'], ['Patients who were undergoing steroid treatment, had an active malignancy, or suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were at risk for rhinovirus, hMPV, or parainfluenza infections, respectively.', 'Overall, immunocompromised patients, patients with COPD, and patients receiving dialysis were at risk for noninfluenza respiratory virus infection.'], ['Cellular senescence has been associated with the structural and functional decline observed during physiological lung aging and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense in the lungs and are important to COPD pathogenesis.', 'We aimed to investigate telomere dysfunction in airway epithelial cells from patients with COPD, in the aging murine lung and following cigarette smoke exposure.', 'We evaluated colocalization of gamma-histone protein 2A.X and telomeres and telomere length in small airway epithelial cells from patients with COPD, during murine lung aging, and following cigarette smoke exposure in vivo and in vitro.', 'We found that telomere-associated DNA damage foci increase in small airway epithelial cells from patients with COPD, without significant telomere shortening detected.', 'We propose that telomeres are highly sensitive to cigarette smoke-induced damage, and telomere dysfunction may underlie decline of lung function observed during aging and in COPD.'], ['Abnormal inflammation and accelerated decline in lung function occur in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'However, the role of Klotho has never been investigated in COPD.', 'The aim of this study is to investigate the possible role of Klotho by alveolar macrophages in airway inflammation in COPD.', 'Klotho levels were assessed in the lung samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of non-smokers, smokers, and patients with COPD.', 'Klotho expression was reduced in alveolar macrophages in the lungs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of COPD patients.', 'Our findings suggest that Klotho plays a role in sustained inflammation of the lungs, which in turn may have therapeutic implications in COPD.'], ['Novel developments from research into the aging process will, therefore, have relevance for understanding complications of organ diseases, such as chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'In this review, we argue that all of these hallmarks are relevant for the pathogenesis of premature aging processes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease.'], ['This study investigated the role of HPI in increasing the subsequent risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a nationwide population.', 'Both cohorts were followed up from the index date to the end of 2011 to measure the incidence of COPD.', 'Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to assess the hazard ratio (HR) of COPD between the HPI cohort and non-HPI cohorts.', 'RESULTS: The overall HR of COPD was 1.84 (95% confidence intervals = 1.57-2.17) for the HPI cohort, compared with the non-HPI cohort, after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities.', 'Although the incidence of COPD was substantially higher in the elderly participants (age, >= 65 years) than that in younger participants, the highest HR (4.05, 95% confidence intervals = 1.39-11.8) of COPD was observed in the youngest (age, 20-49 years) participants.', 'CONCLUSION: In this study, the patients with HPI exhibited a significantly higher risk of COPD than those without HPI did.'], ['At that time, the group of researchers under the visionary guidance of Professor N. G. M. Orie put forward that both genetic and environmental factors can determine whether one would have airway obstructive diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', "Orie and colleagues' call to carefully phenotype patients with obstructive airways diseases has been adopted by many current researchers in an attempt to determine the heterogeneity of both asthma and COPD to better define these diseases and optimize their treatment.", 'We should fully characterize all patients in our clinical practice and not just state that they have asthma, COPD, or asthma and COPD overlap syndrome.'], ['Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease among elderly.', 'The quality of life and prognosis of patients with COPD is greatly determined by the presence of comorbidities including stroke and cognitive impairment.', 'Despite the clinical relevance of cerebral small vessel disease, stroke and (vascular) cognitive impairment in patients with COPD, literature is scarce and underlying mechanisms are unknown.', 'The aim of the present review is therefore to summarize current scientific knowledge, to provide a better understanding of the interplay between COPD and the aging brain and to define remaining knowledge gaps.', 'This narrative review article 1) overviews the epidemiology of cerebral small vessel disease, stroke and cognitive impairment in patients with COPD; 2) discusses potential underlying mechanisms including aging, smoking, systemic inflammation, vasculopathy, hypoxia and genetic susceptibility; and 3) highlights areas requiring further research.'], ['BACKGROUND: Despite apparent unmet needs, people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) rarely ask for help.'], ['Immunosuppression (steroid therapy, chronic lymphoid leukaemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and/or old age were characteristic for all cases.'], ['The most recent international documents on the management and therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) recommend inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in addition to long-acting bronchodilators as maintenance treatment for patients at high risk of exacerbations, namely patients with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of <50% predicted and/or more than one exacerbation per year.', 'However, ICS are widely used in up to 70% of COPD patients, including those at low risk of exacerbations.', 'In recent years, concerns about the potential adverse effects of this drug category have been raised, and both observational and clinical studies have shown that elderly subjects with COPD treated with ICS are at high risk of developing cataracts and diabetes and more severe and life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia and osteoporotic fractures.', 'Thus, regular use of ICS in more elderly patients with COPD should follow guideline recommendations, be considered with caution, and be based upon carefully weighing up expected benefits with the risk of undesired, adverse effects.'], ['In contrast to central sleep apnea, according to the published data from previous studies, an association exists between obstructive sleep apnea and various comorbidities, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['AIM: To evaluate the influence of comorbidities and aging on pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) efficacy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with COPD attending an outpatient PR program.', 'Comorbidity information was collected with the Charlson Index, BODE index and COPD-specific comorbidity test, and also included other common conditions not included in these indexes.', 'CONCLUSIONS: PR is equally effective in elderly and younger patients with COPD, with efficacy influenced by body mass index and anxiety.'], ['Muscle mass loss is prevalent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a result of both the disease and aging.', 'METHODS: Fifty-seven stable subjects with COPD were evaluated for anthropometric characteristics, lung function, functional exercise capacity, body composition, and peripheral muscle strength.', 'CONCLUSION: Knee-extension dynamometry was able to infer muscle mass loss in patients with COPD.'], ['COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is associated with sustained inflammation, excessive injury, and accelerated lung aging.', 'In the present study, we quantified KL expression in the lungs of COPD patients and in an ozone-induced mouse model of COPD, and investigated the mechanisms that control KL expression and function in the airways.', 'KL expression was decreased in the lungs of smokers and further reduced in patients with COPD.', 'Reduced KL expression in COPD airway epithelial cells was associated with increased oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.', 'These data provide new insights into the mechanisms associated with the accelerated lung aging in COPD development.'], ['The present study was designed to observe the effects of resveratrol on the dysfunction of dendritic cells (DCs) from COPD patients and its possible mechanism and use in the treatment for COPD.', 'RESULTS: The results showed that there was remarkable upregulation of CD80 and CD86 and secretion of cytokines IFN-alpha in DCs from COPD patients.', 'CONCLUSION: These proofs suggest that resveratrol inhibited dysfunction of DCs from COPD patients through promoting miR-34.'], ['We sought to determine whether chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an independent risk factor for different pulmonary infections requiring hospitalization among HIV+ patients.', 'Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, we identified baseline comorbid conditions, including COPD, and incident community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) requiring hospitalization within 2 years after baseline.', 'We used multivariable Poisson regression to determine incidence rate ratios (IRRs) associated with COPD for each type of pulmonary infection, adjusting for comorbidities, CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, smoking status, substance use, vaccinations, and calendar year at baseline.', 'RESULTS: Unadjusted incidence rates of CAP, TB, and PCP requiring hospitalization were significantly higher among persons with COPD compared to those without COPD (CAP: 53.9 vs. 19.4 per 1000 person-years; TB: 8.7 vs. 2.8; PCP: 15.5 vs. 9.2; P <= 0.001).', 'In multivariable Poisson regression models, COPD was independently associated with increased risk of CAP, TB, and PCP (IRR: 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64 to 2.30; IRR: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.70 to 3.97; and IRR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.01, respectively).', 'CONCLUSIONS: COPD is an independent risk factor for CAP, TB, and PCP requiring hospitalization among HIV+ individuals.', 'As the HIV+ population ages, the growing burden of COPD may confer substantial risk for pulmonary infections.'], ['The most common comorbid disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was congestive heart failure (32.9%), and it was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (49.4%) in patients with pneumonia.'], ['BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and has also been linked to comorbidities often present in COPD.', 'AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency was related specifically to airflow limitation or whether vitamin D deficiency was determined by conditions that frequently coexist with COPD: insulin resistance, hypertension, anaemia, obesity and hypercholesterolaemia.'], ['Understanding their interactions and that with clinical variables could be important for disease screening and management.In a cohort of 1969 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and 316 non-COPD controls, we applied a network-based analysis to explore the associations between multiple comorbidities.', 'Using network visualisation software, we represented each clinical variable and comorbidity as a node with linkages representing statistically significant associations.The resulting COPD comorbidity network had 428, 357 or 265 linkages depending on the statistical threshold used (p<=0.01, p<=0.001 or p<=0.0001).', 'There were more nodes and links in COPD compared with controls after adjusting for age, sex and number of subjects.', 'In COPD, a subset of nodes had a larger number of linkages representing hubs.', 'Four sub-networks or modules were identified using an inter-linkage affinity algorithm and their display provided meaningful interactions not discernible by univariate analysis.COPD patients are affected by larger number of multiple interlinked morbidities which clustering pattern may suggest common pathobiological processes or be utilised for screening and/or therapeutic interventions.'], ['Diabetes was associated with the development of onychomycosis; hypercholesterolemia promoted the incidence of xanthomas and drug-induced skin reactions; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with senile purpura; and hypothyroidism favored the occurrence of varicose veins in the lower legs and telogen effluvium.'], ['Multivariable analysis after adjusting for age, sex, vocal fold disease, and all variables that were identified in the univariate analysis revealed that urban residence (odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.11-3.04), underweight (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.45-5.38) or normal weight (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.03-2.59), poor (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.19-3.34) or intermediate (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.15-3.78) subjective health status, asthma (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.12-3.86), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.10-5.62), thyroid disease (OR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.50-6.34), and vocal fold disease (OR = 3.72, 95% CI = 2.16-6.42) were independently associated with dysphonia in elderly adults.'], ['Additionally, co-morbidities including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds 1.98, p=0.034) and anaemia (odds 1.17 (per 1.0 g/dl decrease), p=0.006) were strongly associated with in-hospital non-cardiac death.'], ['RATIONALE: In aging populations, the commonly used Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) may misclassify normal spirometry as respiratory impairment (airflow obstruction and restrictive pattern), including the presumption of respiratory disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]).', 'MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among 5,100 participants with GLI-defined normal spirometry, GOLD identified respiratory impairment in 1,146 (22.5%), including a restrictive pattern in 464 (9.1%), mild COPD in 380 (7.5%), moderate COPD in 302 (5.9%), and severe COPD in none.'], ["After the exclusion of patients with confounders (more than mild aortic or mitral regurgitation, severe renal dysfunction, obesity or severe COPD) the septal E/e' (r = 0,584, r(2) = 0,34, P <0,0001), lateral E/e' (r = 0,377, r(2) = 0,14, P <0,0001), and the average E/e' (r = 0,487, r(2) = 0,24, P <0,0001) were all significantly better correlated to NT-proBNP."], ['Prevalence was higher in older participants compared to younger ones (8.3% in those over 85 years versus 0.8% in those between 65 and 70), and in those with underlying disorders versus those without (5.9% in subjects with COPD versus 2.3%; 9.2% in those with left ventricular systolic dysfunction versus 2.3%; 23.1% in stages 3 or 4 left ventricular diastolic dysfunction versus 1.9% in normal or stage 1).', 'Factors independently associated with higher ePASP were older age, higher BMI, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, COPD and systemic hypertension.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the third leading cause of death in the US and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response to cigarette smoke (CS).', 'Our results suggest that increasing Klotho level in pulmonary epithelial cells may be a promising strategy to reduce cellular senescence and mitigate the risk for the development of COPD.'], ['It is unknown if these responses are impacted with normal aging, or in patients with enhanced oxidative stress, such as (COPD).', 'The purpose of the study was to 1) investigate the effects of aging and COPD on the cerebrovascular and ventilatory responses to acute hypoxia, and 2) to assess the effect of vitamin C on these responses during hypoxia.', 'In 12 Younger, 14 Older, and 12 COPD, we measured peak cerebral blood flow velocity (Vp; index of CBF), and Ve during two 5-min periods of acute isocapnic hypoxia, under conditions of 1) saline-sham; and 2) intravenous vitamin C. Antioxidants [vitamin C, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase], oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced protein oxidation product], and nitric oxide metabolism end products (NOx) were measured in plasma.', 'COPD patients exhibited similar Vp and Ve responses to Older (P > 0.05).'], ['Sarcopenia and cachexia are muscle wasting syndromes associated with aging and with many chronic diseases, such as congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD).'], ['BACKGROUND: Accelerated aging has been proposed as a pathologic mechanism of various chronic diseases, including COPD.', 'We investigated whether COPD is associated with accelerated aging using a panel of markers representing various interconnected aspects of the aging process.', 'METHODS: Lung function, leukocyte telomere length, lymphocyte gene expression of anti-aging (sirtuin 1, total klotho, and soluble klotho [Sklotho]), senescence (p16/21), and DNA repair (Ku70/80 and TERF2) proteins, and markers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress were determined in 160 patients with COPD, 82 smoking subjects, and 38 never-smoking control subjects.', 'Among them, different markers were altered in COPD, but only telomere length was consistently associated with lung function, and seems a useful marker for expressing accelerated aging in COPD.'], ['OUTCOMES: Survival postdischarge was modeled using Cox regression analyses, unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, morbidities (ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, diabetes, and heart failure), Barthel score and eGFR category on discharge, and serum calcium, hemoglobin, and albumin levels.'], ['As the first generations of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) survivors have not yet reached retirement age, there are currently no reliable data addressing the association between BPD and pulmonary diseases of the elderly such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['AIMS: We piloted a novel nurse-led intervention, HELPing older people with very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HELP-COPD), undertaken 4 weeks after discharge from hospital, which sought to identify and address the holistic care needs of people with severe COPD.', 'METHODS: This 6-month mixed-method feasibility pilot trial randomised (ratio 3:1) patients to HELP-COPD or usual care.', 'We assessed the feasibility of using validated questionnaires as outcome measures and analysed the needs/actions recorded in the HELP-COPD records.', 'Semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of patients, carers and professionals explored the perceptions of HELP-COPD.', 'RESULTS: We randomised 32 patients (24 to HELP-COPD); 19 completed the study (death=3, ill-health=4, declined=6).', 'The HELP-COPD record noted a mean of 1.6 actions/assessment, mostly provision of information or self-help actions: only five referrals were made.', 'Most patients were positive about HELP-COPD, discussing their concerns and coping strategies in all domains, but the questionnaires were burdensome for some patients.', 'Professionals perceived HELP-COPD as addressing an important aspect of care, although timing overlapped with discharge planning.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The HELP-COPD intervention was well received by patients and the concept resonated with professionals, although delivery post discharge overlapped with existing services.', 'Integration of brief holistic care assessments in the routine primary care management of COPD may be more appropriate.'], ['Subjects with CRS had an increased prevalence of allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gout than subjects without CRS.'], ['In comparison with the general male population, a higher proportion of HIV-infected patients used antibiotics (42 vs 30%, P = 0.018), antiepileptics (16 vs 5%, P = 0.000), psycholeptics (35 vs 17%, P = 0.000) and COPD medications (14 vs 7%, P = 0.008).'], ['Although more subjects in group 3 had chest wall deformities, COPD or bronchiectasis, this group had the lowest number of subjects with neuromuscular disease.'], ['There was a statistically significant relationship between frailty and older age, lower education level, lower economic level, co-morbidities, polypharmacy, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastric disease, arthritis, generalized pain, benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary incontinence, auditory impairment, impaired oral care, caregiver burden, impaired cognitive function, depression, or a lack of social support (social isolation).'], ['AIMS: Both sudden cardiac death (SCD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common conditions in the elderly.', 'Previous studies have identified an association between COPD and cardiovascular disease, and with SCD in specific patient groups.', 'Our aim was to investigate whether there is an association between COPD and SCD in the general population.', 'Of the 13 471 persons included in the analysis; 1615 had a diagnosis of COPD and there were 551 cases of SCD.', 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with an increased risk of SCD (age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio, HR, 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.70).', 'The risk particularly increased in the period 2000 days (5.48 years) after the diagnosis of COPD (age- and sex-adjusted HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.60-2.82) and increased further to a more than three-fold higher risk in COPD subjects with frequent exacerbations during this period (age- and sex-adjusted HR 3.58, 95% CI 2.35-5.44).', 'CONCLUSION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with an increased risk for SCD.', 'The risk especially increases in persons with frequent exacerbations 5 years after the diagnosis of COPD.'], ['Comorbidities included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, tobacco use, obesity, and nutrition and functional status.', 'RESULTS: Six variables increased the risk for INT or PNA: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, low albumin, assisted status, tube thoracostomy, Injury Severity Score, and RFx (p < 0.05).'], ['Glucocorticoids are often required for adequate control of inflammation in many serious inflammatory diseases; common indications for long-term treatment include polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Smoking is strongly associated with diseases such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['However, this has resulted in greater awareness of age-associated diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Accelerated cellular senescence may be responsible, but its magnitude as measured by leukocyte telomere length is unknown and its relationship to HIV-associated COPD has not yet been established.'], ['METHODS: This descriptive study was carried out with 107 nurses working an integrated network of healthcare services in Quebec in four different care pathways: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, autonomy support for the elderly, palliative oncology care, and mental health.'], ['A comprehensive profile of the sarcopenic phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not yet available.', 'The aim of the present study was to characterise prevalence, functional implications and predictive value of sarcopenia with or without abdominal obesity in Dutch COPD patients eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation.505 COPD patients (aged 37-87 years; 57% male) underwent assessment of lung function, body composition and physical functioning, before entering pulmonary rehabilitation.'], ['When we consider the 50% slower, we can add the variables handgrip strength, and the presence of COPD.'], ['This, for instance, is the case with the concurrent presence of COPD and heart failure in one patient that is often combined with other comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation, renal failure, or diabetes.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are associated with declining lung function and health-related quality of life, and increased hospitalization and mortality.', 'OBJECTIVE: To compare exacerbations, COPD-related health care utilization (HCU), and costs in a predominantly elderly Medicare COPD population initiated on roflumilast versus those not initiated on roflumilast.', 'Medicare patients aged 40-89 years with at least one COPD diagnosis from May 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012 were included.', 'Subjects with at least one pre-index COPD exacerbation had to be continuously enrolled for >=365 days pre-index and post-index.', 'Unadjusted DID favored roflumilast for all exacerbations, with greater pre-index to post-index reductions in mean per 30-day COPD-related hospitalizations (-0.0182 versus -0.0013, P=0.009), outpatient visits (-0.2500 versus -0.0606, P<0.0001), and COPD-related inpatient costs (-US$141 versus -US$11, P=0.0346) and outpatient costs (-US$31 versus -US$4, P<0.0001).', 'Multivariate analyses identified significantly improved pre-index to post-index COPD-related total costs (P=0.0005) and total exacerbations (P<0.0001) for the roflumilast group versus non-roflumilast group.', 'CONCLUSION: In a predominantly elderly Medicare COPD population, newly initiated roflumilast patients displayed similar or significantly better unadjusted reductions in all exacerbation-related, COPD-related HCU-related, and COPD-related costs outcomes compared with non-roflumilast patients.', 'These analyses also suggest better adjusted COPD-related costs and total exacerbations for roflumilast-initiated patients.'], ['We compared the end-of-life experiences of people dying from cancer (lung, glioma, and colorectal cancer), organ failure (heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and liver failure), and physical frailty and those of their family and professional caregivers in socioeconomically and ethnically diverse populations in Scotland.'], ['Hilltown interviewees (n=8) received outpatient care for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, an important cause of emergency admission.'], ['Among patients with M. intracellulare lung diseases, the percentages of patients aged >64 years and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were significantly higher than among patients with M. avium (P=0.008 for age and P=0.001 for COPD).', 'In addition, clinical cases of M. intracellulare lung diseases were more likely to be found in the aged population and among patients with COPD co-morbidity.'], ['RATIONALE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often associated with age-related systemic abnormalities that adversely affect the prognosis.', 'OBJECTIVES: To look for aging-related systemic manifestations and telomere shortening in COPD patients and smokers with minor lung destruction responsible for a decline in the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) corrected for alveolar volume (KCO).', 'METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 301 individuals (100 with COPD, 100 smokers without COPD, and 101 nonsmokers without COPD).', 'MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Compared to control smokers, patients with COPD had higher aortic pulse-wave velocity (PWV), lower bone mineral density (BMD) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI), and shorter telomere length (TL).', 'Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were similar between control smokers and COPD patients.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Aging-related abnormalities in patients with COPD are also found in smokers with minor lung dysfunction manifesting as a KCO decrease.'], ['MAIN MESSAGE: Frailty is common, particularly in elderly persons with complex chronic conditions such as heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Excess risks for wheeze in the past year were found with PM0.1 (aOR 2.82, 95% CI 1.15-7.02) and for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exhaled carbon monoxide with formaldehyde (aOR 3.49 (95% CI 1.17-10.3) and aOR 1.25 (95% CI 1.02-1.55), respectively).'], ['Risk factors for sepsis include age, gender, the presence of invasive devices (eg, urinary catheters), and chronic medical conditions (eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).'], ['After classifying COPD status according to Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage criteria, serum levels of delta-tocopherol were lower in participants with more severe COPD (p = 0.01).'], ['BACKGROUND: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) in serum is a useful marker of acute myocardial injury, yet information is limited in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'METHODS: We examined community-dwelling adults with/without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with a life-long smoking history, current symptoms of dyspnea during exertion, prolonged coughing, and/or sputum.'], ['Preliminary evidence suggests that individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may have an increased FOF.', 'This study aims to compare the level of FOF in people with COPD with healthy controls, and to determine the associations between FOF and measures of physical function, physical activity and fall risk in COPD.', 'METHODS: FOF was assessed in 40 participants with COPD and 25 age- and gender-matched controls using the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I).', 'RESULTS: Individuals with COPD (mean +- SD; age: 71 +- 8 years, FEV1: 45 +- 16 %pred) had higher FOF compared to controls (FES-I: 25.0 +- 7.9 vs 20.2 +- 5.2, p=0.01).', 'Reduced levels of physical activity (p=0.01) and a higher fall risk (p < 0.01) were associated with an increased FOF in COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: People with COPD have a higher FOF compared to the healthy peers, which is related to lower quadriceps muscle strength, impaired balance, lower levels of physical activity and an increased fall risk.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 9.106, CI 2.275 - 36.450) was the unique independent predictor of mortality.'], ['16 0% were current smokers, 14 1% reported a history of asthma and 2 7% reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['In the elderly group comorbidities are more frequent (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart disease, osteoarthritis and chronic obstructive lung).'], ['Better understanding of the signalling pathways and cellular events involved in ageing shows that these are characteristic of many chronic degenerative diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and neurodegeneration.', 'Thus, COPD should be considered as a component of multimorbidity and common disease pathways, particularly accelerated ageing, should be targeted.'], ['Studies have indicated that there may be a smoking-dependent association between skin wrinkling and airflow obstruction of the lung.', 'Our purpose was to confirm the association between skin wrinkling and airflow obstruction and to identify genetic polymorphisms indicative of an underlying susceptibility.', 'In 697 elderly women, we assessed skin wrinkles by SCINEXA (SCore for INtrinsic and EXtrinsic skin Aging) and airflow obstruction by spirometry, using the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) to forced volume capacity (FVC).'], ['Diseases (ie, diabetes, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) explained an additional 1.9% of the variance in walking speed; impairments (ie, FEV1, upper leg pain, and lower extremity strength and range of motion) contributed an additional 5.5%.'], ['Long-term mortality was associated with low hemoglobin concentration (SHR 0.94), airway disease (SHR 2.23), and malignancy (SHR hematological 1.11, nonhematological 2.31) regardless of age and with comorbidities especially among the nonelderly.', 'In the long-term, comorbidities (age-related), anemia, airway disease, and malignancy were significantly associated with mortality.'], ['Lung AAT amount is inversely correlated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a serious and often deadly condition, with increasing frequency in the aging population.', 'Exposure to cigarette smoke and products of fossil fuel combustion aggravates AAT deficiency and COPD according to mechanisms that are not fully understood.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has significant systemic effects beyond the lungs amongst which muscle wasting is a prominent contributor to exercise limitation and an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality.', 'We aim at identifying genes and molecular pathways involved in skeletal muscle wasting in COPD.', 'METHODS: We assessed and compared the vastus lateralis transcriptome of COPD patients with low fat free mass index (FFMI) as a surrogate of muscle mass (COPDL) (FEV1 30 +- 3.6%pred, FFMI 15 +- 0.2 Kg.m(-2)) with patients with COPD and normal FFMI (COPDN) (FEV1 44 +- 5.8%pred, FFMI 19 +- 0.5 Kg.m(-2)) and a group of age and sex matched healthy controls (C) (FEV1 95 +- 3.9%pred, FFMI 20 +- 0.8 Kg.m(-2)) using Agilent Human Whole Genome 4x44K microarrays.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of differentially expressed genes in peripheral muscle in COPD patients corresponding to relevant biological processes associated with skeletal muscle wasting and provides potential targets for future therapeutic interventions to prevent loss of muscle function and mass in COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease with high global morbidity and mortality.', 'COPD is characterized by poorly reversible airway obstruction, which is confirmed by spirometry, and includes obstruction of the small airways (chronic obstructive bronchiolitis) and emphysema, which lead to air trapping and shortness of breath in response to physical exertion.', 'The most common risk factor for the development of COPD is cigarette smoking, but other environmental factors, such as exposure to indoor air pollutants - especially in developing countries - might influence COPD risk.', 'Not all smokers develop COPD and the reasons for disease susceptibility in these individuals have not been fully elucidated.', 'Although the mechanisms underlying COPD remain poorly understood, the disease is associated with chronic inflammation that is usually corticosteroid resistant.', 'In addition, COPD involves accelerated ageing of the lungs and an abnormal repair mechanism that might be driven by oxidative stress.'], ['Both are common in COPD but are usually studied in isolation and in the lower limbs.', 'OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in COPD, its impact on function and health status, its relationship with quadriceps strength and its response to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR).', 'METHODS: EWGSOP criteria were applied to 622 outpatients with stable COPD.', 'RESULTS: Prevalence of sarcopenia was 14.5% (95% CI 11.8% to 17.4%), which increased with age and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) stage, but did not differ by gender or the presence of quadriceps weakness (14.9 vs 13.8%, p=0.40).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia affects 15% of patients with stable COPD and impairs function and health status.'], ['Several factors increased poor nutrition independently including self-rated health, comorbidity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disease and cognitive impairment.'], ['It is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with heart disease, COPD, and the elderly.', 'Studies using naloxone to block opioid-receptor signaling demonstrate that endogenous opioids modulate dyspnea in patients with COPD.', 'The 2013 GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) executive summary recommended a treatment paradigm for patients with COPD based on the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea score.', 'The intensity and quality of dyspnea during exercise in patients with COPD is influenced by the time to onset of critical mechanical volume constraints that are ultimately dictated by the magnitude of resting inspiratory capacity.', 'Long-acting bronchodilators, either singly or in combination, provide sustained bronchodilation and lung deflation that contribute to relief of dyspnea in those with COPD.', 'Acupuncture, bronchoscopic volume reduction, and noninvasive open ventilation are experimental approaches shown to ameliorate dyspnea in patients with COPD, but require confirmatory evidence before clinical use.'], ['In COPD, this integrated approach has been effective in reducing exacerbations, improving quality of life, and even reducing costs.', 'However, the wide variety of management strategies, not only in COPD but also in asthma and other respiratory diseases, makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions.'], ['OBJECTIVE: to examine the effects of nurse-led, problem-solving therapy (PST) on coping, self-efficacy and depressive symptoms for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using a randomised controlled trial.', 'SUBJECTS: a total of 254 patients with COPD were recruited, screened and randomly allocated into the intervention group with nurse-led PST or the comparison group with usual care.', 'However, despite the lack of group differences, the nurse-led PST was effective for clinically depressed patients with COPD, who experienced decreased depressive symptoms (mean difference = 6.8, P = 0.009) and increased self-efficacy (mean difference = -0.6, P = 0.041) in the intervention group (n = 12).', 'CONCLUSION: the nurse-led PST offered to patients with COPD did not demonstrate any different effects compared with usual care over 6 months; however, a subgroup analysis with clinically depressed subjects showed improved self-efficacy and decreased depressive symptoms in the intervention group.'], ['A wide range of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease products are soon to be released onto the inhaled therapies market and differentiation between these devices will help them to gain market share over their competitors.'], ['The incidence of pneumothorax was 0.6%, with an increased risk in individuals who had chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and cardiac resynchronized therapy (CRT).', 'Furthermore, COPD patients or those who accept CRTs should be monitored closely.'], ['Many chronic medical conditions typically associated with increased incident pneumonia-such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neurological disease (resulting in dysphagia or silent aspiration), and heart failure-were not associated with increased risk of recurrent pneumonia.'], ['Of the 11 patients, 9 (81.81%) had >=3 comorbidities (i.e., hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).'], ['BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Heterogeneity in clinical manifestations and disease progression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) lead to consequences for patient health risk assessment, stratification and management.'], ['This objective is especially important for the most age-dependent disorders (ie, dementia, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and vision impairment), for which the burden of disease arises more from disability than from mortality, and for which long-term care costs outweigh health expenditure.'], ['We aimed at exploring whether the prevalence of co-morbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increases with COPD severity.', 'Analysis of medical records of outpatients with established diagnosis of COPD was retrospectively performed.', 'A total of 326 (M/F: 256/70) consecutive outpatients with COPD (stage GOLD I to IV), aging 71.8 +- 9.2 years, were included in the analysis.', 'None of the analyzed co-morbidities showed a trend towards increasing prevalence with COPD severity, except for nutritional problems.', 'The current findings suggest that the occurrence and prevalence of co-morbidities is independent from the COPD severity, and encourage to assess co-morbidities even in the early stages of the COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health problem, with increasing morbidity and mortality.', 'There is a growing literature regarding the extra-pulmonary manifestations of COPD, which can have a significant impact on symptom burden and disease progression.', 'Systemic inflammation seems to be an important factor for its establishment and repeated bursts of inflammatory mediators during COPD exacerbations could further inhibit erythropoiesis.', 'The present review evaluates the published literature on the prevalence and significance of anaemia in COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Reduced exercise tolerance and dyspnea are common in older people, and heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the main causes.', 'We want to determine the prevalence of previously unrecognized HF, COPD, and other chronic diseases in frail older people using a near-home targeted screening strategy.', 'Of these, 389 underwent the screening program: 127 (33.5%, 95% confidence interval, 28.9-38.4%) were newly diagnosed with HF (mainly HF with a preserved ejection fraction [23.5%]), and previously unrecognized COPD was detected in 16.8% (95% confidence interval, 13.4-20.9%).', 'In total, 165 patients (43.9%) received a new diagnosis of either HF, COPD, or both.'], ['Old age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the mode of mechanical ventilation, the prevalence of tracheal tubes, and behavioral "learned nonuse" may all be contributing factors for the development of dysphagia in critical illness polyneuropathy.'], ['With the number of elderly people increasing each year, the potential problems of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in elderly patients is likely to become more prevalent.', 'Mental and dexterity decline can lead to increased difficulty operating the inhalers that are a staple of COPD treatment.'], ['Among those referred for a post mortem examination, the cause of death was verified as tuberculosis in 0.3%, lung cancer in 8.1%, acute pneumonia in 2.0% and chronic obstructive lung diseases in 4.9%.'], ['Airflow limitation was assessed according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) spirometric criteria (FEV1/FVC <70%).'], ['All patients were Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages I-IV and were aged 70.1+-9.1 years.', 'CONCLUSION: This moderated mediation result based on concurrent data suggests, but does not prove, a causal role of systemic inflammatory syndrome on progression from functional impairment to "frailty" status and substantial disability in aging chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is associated with chronic inflammatory response to noxious particles or gases.', 'Sirtuins, a group of class III deacetylases, have gained considerable attention for their positive effects on aging-related disease, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and COPD.', 'Among the seven mammalian sirtuins, SIRT1-SIRT7, SIRT1 and SIRT6 are considered to have protective effects against COPD.', 'In addition to SIRT1, SIRT6 have also been shown to improve or slow down COPD.', 'Therefore, activation of SIRT1 and SIRT6 might be an attractive approach for novel therapeutic targets for COPD.', 'The present review describes the protective effects of SIRT1 and SIRT6 against COPD and their target proteins involved in the pathophysiology of COPD.'], ['Recently, GHK has been found to reset genes of diseased cells from patients with cancer or COPD to a more healthy state.', "Cancer cells reset their programmed cell death system while COPD patients' cells shut down tissue destructive genes and stimulate repair and remodeling activities."], ['AIM: Fibroblast growth factor 23 knockout mice develop premature aging and emphysema, indicating that dysregulation of the normal aging process is involved in the pathobiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'Thus, we explored the association among a coding single-nucleotide polymorphism of fibroblast growth factor 23, its protein concentration in serum and telomere length in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'METHODS: The study involved 361 smokers; among whom, 244 were patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'Telomere shortening in peripheral blood leukocytes was not associated with emphysema, but with airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through an independent mechanism.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an age-related disease, is a major public health problem with high morbidity and mortality and can be a long-term burden for family members; however, little attention has been given to the differences in COPD care between elder caregivers and other caregivers.', 'This study aimed to investigate the differences between elder family caregivers and non-elder family caregivers caring for COPD patients in Taiwan, including caring behavior, caregiver response, and caring knowledge.', 'METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2007 and January 2008; 406 primary family caregivers of COPD patients from the thoracic outpatient departments of 6 hospitals in north-central Taiwan were recruited to answer questionnaires measuring COPD characteristics, care behavior, caregiver response, and COPD knowledge.', 'The COPD-related knowledge scale results were positively correlated with the family caregiver caring behavior scale, suggesting that better COPD-related knowledge among family caregivers may result in improved caring behavior.', 'After adjusting for all possible confounding factors, the elder caregivers had significantly lower COPD-related knowledge than the non-elder caregivers (P<0.001).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Elder family caregivers require increased education regarding medications and preventive care in COPD patient care.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive lung disease frequently leads to disability.', 'In the adjusted analyses, airflow obstruction predicted the development of IADL, but not ADL impairment.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Disability is common in older people, especially in those with severe airflow obstruction.'], ["Those with SWDs were older, more often female, and more frequently had Parkinson's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic/ recurrent infections than those without SWDs."], ['This study evaluated the risk of outpatient visits for respiratory diseases, asthma, and chronic airway obstruction not elsewhere classified (CAO) associated with ambient temperatures and extreme temperature events from 2000 to 2008 in Taiwan.'], ['Increasing numbers of medications were associated with greater number of comorbid conditions, a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dizziness, and dyspnea and increased frailty.'], ['Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are widely used in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.', 'Taken together, these observations suggest that physicians should use ICSs appropriately for those patients in whom the benefit will outweigh the risk, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with previous frequent exacerbations.'], ['Co-location was also associated with the provision of disease management programs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and asthma; the equipment available in the centre; and the extent of nursing services.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease and an important health care problem in older adults.', 'The impact of age and specific geriatric issues on COPD in elderly patients has not been well established.', 'METHODS: A cross-sectional study of elderly COPD patients was conducted in Japan by using a regional COPD registry database.', 'We compared indices of disease severity (pulmonary function, exercise tolerance, quality of life, and frequency of exacerbations), presence of comorbidities, geriatric conditions (cognitive function, mental status, and activities of daily living [ADL]), and adherence to prescribed drug regimens between elderly and younger patients with COPD.', 'RESULTS: In total, 279 patients with stable COPD (median age, 74 years) were identified; 86% of these patients were elderly (65 years of age or older).', 'Elderly COPD patients, especially those who were 75 years of age or older, had significantly more cases of dyspnea, lower exercise tolerance, and poorer ADL and a higher incidence of severe exacerbations than younger patients (all P<0.05).', 'In addition, the prevalence of comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, was significantly higher in elderly COPD patients.', 'Elderly COPD patients had specific geriatric conditions, including cognitive impairment.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Age and specific geriatric conditions have a great negative impact on COPD in elderly patients.', 'Geriatric conditions should be addressed in the management of elderly COPD patients.'], ['This is important because a number of age-related clinical circumstances trigger acute and chronic muscle loss including cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hospitalization, acute and chronic illness, and diseases in which systemic inflammation occurs.'], ['Overall, the effect estimates for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions were equivocal.'], ['METHODS: The study was undertaken in five European countries, recommendations for a different chronic condition being addressed in each country: Germany (polypharmacy in multimorbid patients); the Netherlands (cardiovascular risk management); Norway (depression in the elderly); Poland (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease--COPD); and the United Kingdom (UK) (obesity).'], ['Balance impairment is a common manifestation in older people with COPD and may contribute to overall functional decline; however, the relationship between balance and global functioning has not been studied.', 'This study aimed to explore the global functioning of COPD patients with and without functional balance impairment.'], ['Pathological obstruction in lungs leads to severe decreases in muscle strength and mobility in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The pathobiology of ageing, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and concomitant disorders is complex.', 'It offers, therefore, great potential to decipher the relationship between ageing, COPD and comorbidities/multimorbidities.'], ['However, despite the presence of large numbers of neutrophils in the middle ear cavity and lungs of patients with otitis media or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respectively, the bacterium nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is often not effectively cleared from these locations by these immune cells.'], ['Given the high rate of smoking among HIV-infected patients, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is another important cause of morbidity and mortality.'], ['BACKGROUND: Telehealth shows promise for supporting patients in managing their long-term health conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', "AIM: To explore patients' expectations and experiences of using a mobile telehealth-based (mHealth) application and to determine how such a system may impact on their perceived wellbeing and ability to manage their COPD.", 'DESIGN AND SETTING: Embedded qualitative study using interviews with patients with COPD from various community NHS services: respiratory community nursing service, general practice, and pulmonary rehabilitation.'], ['Heart failure and COPD are very common in the elderly.', 'Because of the similar clinical presentation, diagnoses of COPD in the presence of heart failure may be difficult.', 'If spirometry is performed, caution should be taken in the interpretation of the data, as heart failure by itself (in the absence of true COPD) may exert restrictive as well as obstructive alterations in pulmonary function testing.', 'Once COPD is established, concurrent heart failure may impact on the accurate management of these patients as severity grading of COPD could easily be overrated, and thus there is a risk of overuse of pulmonary medication, with the risk of causing cardiac side-effects.', 'The present review focuses on the pathophysiological interrelation of comorbid COPD and heart failure, and provides practical help on how to deal with both diseases in daily practice.'], ['The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the promoter single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2227744G>A in modulating PAR-1/F2R gene expression in the context of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COPD exacerbations.', 'The rs2227744G>A SNP was genotyped in a carefully phenotyped cohort of 203 COPD cases and matched controls.', 'The results were further replicated in two different COPD cohorts.', 'The rs2227744G>A SNP was not significantly associated with COPD, or with lung function, in all cohorts.', 'The minor allele of the SNP was found to be associated with protection from frequent exacerbations (P = 0.04) in the cohort of COPD patients for which exacerbation frequency was available.', 'Considering exacerbations as a continuous variable, the presence of the minor allele was associated with a significantly lower COPD exacerbation rate (3.03 vs. 1.98 exacerbations/year, Mann-Whitney U-test P = 0.04).', 'Taken together, these data do not support a role for the rs2227744G>A F2R polymorphism in the development of COPD but suggest a protective role for this polymorphism from frequent exacerbations.'], ['The most frequent chronic illnesses were heart disease (64.5%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (32.5%), and type 2 diabetes (21%).'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is among the leading causes of death globally, accounting for about 3 million deaths worldwide in 2011.', 'We aimed to estimate the prevalence of COPD in Africa in the year 2010 to provide the information that could assist health policy in the region.', 'METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of Medline, EMBASE and Global Health for studies on COPD published between 1990 and 2012.', 'We included original population based studies providing estimates of the prevalence of COPD.', 'RESULTS from two different types of studies, i.e., based on spirometric and non-spirometric diagnosis of COPD, were further compared.', "The United Nation Population Division's population figures were used to estimate the number of COPD cases in the year 2010.", 'The difference in the median prevalence of COPD in persons aged 40 years or older based on spirometry data (13.4%; IQR: 9.4%-22.1%) and non-spirometry data (4.0%; IQR: 2.1%-8.9%) was statistically significant (p = 0.001).', 'There was no significant effect of the gender or the year of the study on the reported prevalence of COPD in either set of studies.', 'The prevalence of COPD increased with age in spirometry-based studies (p = 0.017), which is a plausible finding suggesting internal consistency of spirometry-based estimates, while this trend was not observed in studies using other case definitions.', 'When applied to the appropriate age group (40 years or more), which accounted for 196.4 million people in Africa in 2010, the estimated prevalence translates into 26.3 million (18.5-43.4 million) cases of COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that COPD is likely to already represent a very large public health problem in Africa.', 'Moreover, rapidly ageing African population should expect a steady increase in the number of COPD cases in the next decade and beyond.', 'There is a need for more research on COPD prevalence, but also incidence, mortality and risk factors in Africa.', 'We hope this study will raise awareness of COPD in Africa and encourage further research.'], ["The epidemiology and evidence base for the treatment of depression in a number of chronic health problems common in an older adults population are then discussed, specifically cardiac disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Parkinson's disease."], ['Loss of skeletal muscle strength is a well-recognized feature of ageing and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'We hypothesized that reductions in skeletal muscle strength, as measured in the ankle dorsiflexor muscles, would be reduced with ageing and COPD as a result of changes in both size and composition of the tibialis anterior muscle.', 'Twenty healthy young subjects, 18 healthy elderly subjects and 17 patients with COPD were studied.', 'Despite a lack of differences in TACSA between groups, ADMVC and 100 HzAD were significantly reduced in COPD patients compared with both healthy elderly and healthy young subjects, when expressed as absolute values and when normalized to TACSA (P < 0.01).', 'The TAEI was, however, higher in COPD patients compared with healthy elderly (P = 0.025) and healthy young subjects (P = 0.0008), suggesting increased levels of non-contractile tissue.', 'The variance in 100 HzAD was best explained with a regression model incorporating TACSA, TAEI, age and COPD status (r(2) = 0.822, P = 0.001).', 'These data demonstrate that the loss of skeletal muscle strength in COPD is related to changes in muscle composition, with infiltration of non-contractile tissue beyond that seen during normal ageing.'], ['The objective of Integrated Care Pathways for Airway Diseases (AIRWAYS-ICPs) is to launch a collaboration to develop multi-sectoral care pathways for chronic respiratory diseases in European countries and regions.'], ['These basic principles, and the evidence supporting chemoreceptor and ventilatory control system plasticity during and following constant and intermittent hypoxaemia and stagnant hypoxia, are applied to: 1) the pathogenesis, consequences and treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea; and 2) exercise hyperpnoea and its control and limitations with ageing, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure.'], ['Comorbidity increased the risk of RF in both cohorts, particularly in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Shorter telomere length in leukocytes was associated cross-sectionally with cardiovascular disorders and its risk factors, including pulse pressure and vascular aging, obesity, vascular dementia, diabetes, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (although not in all studies), cellular turnover and exposure to oxidative and inflammatory damage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Release of NO seems to be linked to H+ and CO2 concentration and to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common medical condition in the elderly.', 'We investigated the effects of hypercapnia and acid-base imbalance on endothelial-dependent vasodilation by measurement of FMD in 96 elderly patients with acute exacerbation of COPD.', 'Patients underwent complete arterial blood gas analysis and FMD measurement before (phase 1) and after (phase 2) standard therapy for acute exacerbation of COPD and recovery.', 'In conclusion, endothelium-dependent vasodilation as evaluated by FMD was elevated during hypercapnia, and varied significantly according to pCO2 changes in patients with higher baseline levels, suggesting that vascular reactivity in acute COPD exacerbations in the elderly depends on integrity of the vascular endothelium.'], ['Shorter telomere length in leukocytes was associated crosssectionally with cardiovascular disorders and their risk factors, including pulse pressure and vascular aging, obesity, vascular dementia, diabetes, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (although not in all studies), cellular turnover and exposure to oxidative and inflammatory damage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['METHODS: One hundred fifty consecutive patients with one or more chronic condition (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart/vascular disease, heart failure and/or diabetes), one or more hospital admission in previous year, and consecutively recruited from hospital discharge, out-of-hour care and GP practices comprised the study sample.'], ['Recommendations addressed rehabilitation interventions across eight health conditions: bone and joint disorders, cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease, mental health challenges, cognitive impairments, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes.'], ['INTRODUCTION: The impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the mortality of patients with lung cancer has not been studied extensively.', 'The objective of this study is to compare the mortality and clinical characteristics of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to the presence of COPD.', 'Eligible patients were dichotomized into the COPD group (n = 111) and the non-COPD group (n = 110).', 'RESULTS: COPD was present in 50.2% of all patients with NSCLC, and most of the patients (92.8%) with COPD were unaware of the disease before the diagnosis of lung cancer.', 'Patients in the COPD group were older and had a lower body mass index, higher pack-years smoking history, higher frequency of dyspnea, and higher incidence of previous malignancy.', 'CONCLUSION: COPD frequently and subliminally coexists with NSCLC.', 'Although differences in clinical characteristic did exist, there was no impact of COPD on the mortality of patients with NSCLC with a positive smoking history in this study.'], ['The elderly are beset with chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular, COPD, diabetes, renal complications and depression.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequent in older subjects due to deterioration of pulmonary function and lifelong exposure to risk factors.', 'Furthermore, COPD is often underreported because of the gradual onset of symptoms and reduced perception of symptoms in the elderly.', 'There is thus a risk of undertreatment of COPD in older subjects.', 'METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed dossiers of 229 hospitalized geriatric patients with COPD, complete assessment datasets and successful lung function tests.', 'Absence of treatment was associated with severity of disease: mild COPD was less likely to be treated.', 'CONCLUSION: Undertreatment of COPD is frequent among hospitalized geriatric patients.'], ['At multivariate analysis, older age, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure, diabetes, complex ventricular arrhythmias, and left ventricular ejection fraction were significant predictors of all-cause mortality.'], ['BACKGROUND: Obstructive lung disease (OLD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma) is an important cause of death in older people.'], ['Sarcopenic obesity and sarcopenia with normal/increased BMI are observed in rheumatoid arthritis, breast cancer patients with adjuvant chemotherapy and in most of patients with COPD or chronic kidney disease.'], ['By Cox regression analysis, age (HR 1.195; p <0.012) proved to be a negative predictor of late survival, whereas the absence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 0.129; p <0.014) was a positive predictor.'], ['However, logistic regression analysis revealed higher depression rates in the elderly with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psychiatric disease, cerebrovascular disease, low income and being dependent.'], ['The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance in the 6-minute walk test (6 MWT) of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by comparing to a group of healthy elderly patients, performed with and without verbal encouragement.', 'This cross-sectional study compared 40 patients with COPD (forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1%) = 53.7 +- 23.8%; forced vital capacity (FVC%) = 65.5 +- 20.8%; and the FEV1/FVC ratio = 55.4 +- 12.4) and 40 healthy elderly patients (control).', 'No differences were observed in patients with COPD when the tests were performed with and without verbal encouragement for the 6 MWD, TW and PEI, the same occurring in the control group for the 6 MWD, TW and PEI, respectively.', 'The use of verbal encouragement was not sufficient to promote improvement in the performance of the 6 MWT (6 MWD, TW and PEI) of patients with COPD and healthy elderly patients.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and, in contrast to the trend for cardiovascular diseases, mortality rates still continue to climb.', 'COPD is characterized by irreversible chronic airflow limitation that is caused by emphysematous destruction of lung elastic tissue and/or obstruction in the small airways due to occlusion of their lumen by inflammatory mucus exudates, narrowing and obliteration.', 'This review focuses on: 1--novel inflammatory and remodeling factors that are altered in COPD; 2--in vitro and in vivo models to understand the mechanism whereby the extra cellular matrix environment in altered in COPD; and 3--COPD in the context of wound-repair tissue responses, with a focus on the regulation of mesenchymal cell fate and phenotype.'], ['Previous epidemiologic analyses have demonstrated an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as a significant burden of respiratory symptoms in HIV-infected patients.'], ['Depression andnxiety are psychiatric conditions often associated with poor survival rate and impaired social functioning in chronic illnesses, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'COPD is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality, being nowadays the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide and the burden of this disease is increasing as the population is ageing and it is continuously exposed to risk factors.', 'Common mechanisms for explaining the association of anxiety, depression and COPD include cigarette smoke exposure, physical inactivity, social isolation, multiple episodes of dyspnea and chronic hypoxia.', 'BODE index and MMRC dyspnea score could be associated with anxiety and depression in COPD patients and the screening usually implies administration of simple questionnaires.'], ['Therefore, we developed and implemented a postacute GR program for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (the GR-COPD program).', 'The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of the GR-COPD program and to present clinical data on patient characteristics and course of functional capacity and health status.', 'This is a naturalistic prospective cohort study of patients with advanced COPD.', 'A total of 61 patients entered the GR-COPD program and were eligible to participate in this study.', 'All patients suffered from advanced COPD, and comorbidities were frequent.', 'On admission, functional capacity and health status were severely limited but showed significant and clinically relevant improvement during the GR-COPD program.', 'Patients with advanced COPD admitted to hospital for an acute exacerbation suffer from severely impaired functional capacity and poor health status.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs, which progresses very slowly and the majority of patients are therefore elderly.', 'COPD is a major and increasing global health problem with enormous amount of expenditure of indirect/direct health care costs, and therefore, there is urgent need to clarify the molecular mechanism of COPD and develop novel treatments.', 'We here hypothesize that environmental gases, such as cigarette smoke and kitchen pollutants, may accelerate the aging of lung or worsen aging-related events in the lung, leading to defective resolution of inflammation, reduced anti-oxidant capacity and defective disposal of abnormal proteins, and this consequently induces progression of COPD.', 'Recent studies identified some anti-aging small molecules (geroprotectors) that may open up new avenues for the treatment of COPD.'], ['Elderly COPD patients are characterized by a complexity due to an increasing prevalence of comorbidities related to the age that suggest peculiar care in prescribing the therapy in those patients, also considering other disabilities that are not related with respiratory disorders as physical and mental limitations.', 'Nowadays a therapy that allows modifying the long-term decline in lung function of patients suffering from COPD does not yet exist and, therefore, the treatment of this disease is mainly focused on the administration of bronchodilators and the use of inhaled glucocorticoids.', 'As for younger subjects, also in elderly patients the main classes of bronchodilators used in the treatment of COPD include beta2-agonists, anticholinergics and methylxanthines.', 'The inflammatory response suppression represents another mechanistic approach for treating COPD in the elderly, although the use of inhaled corticosteroids is limited to specific indications.', 'Indeed, nowadays there is a strong medical need for novel treatments of COPD in the elderly.', 'The therapeutic approach of COPD in elderly patients remains a topic of increasing interest, however the development of novel compounds for preventing the COPD progression in the elderly, other than bronchodilators and corticosteroids, remains a challenge.'], ['IMPORTANCE: Previous studies suggest cross-sectional associations between a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).', 'However, few studies have assessed whether COPD, a potentially modifiable factor, is associated with an increased risk for MCI and whether the relation is specific to the type of MCI.', 'OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a diagnosis of COPD and duration of COPD are associated with an increased risk for incident MCI and MCI subtypes (amnestic MCI [A-MCI] and nonamnestic MCI [NA-MCI]).', 'A diagnosis of COPD was confirmed via medical record review.', 'A baseline diagnosis of COPD and duration of COPD were examined as risk factors for MCI and MCI subtypes using Cox proportional hazards models and adjusting for demographic variables and medical comorbidities, with age as the time scale.', 'EXPOSURE: A baseline diagnosis of COPD and duration of COPD.', 'A diagnosis of COPD significantly increased the risk for NA-MCI by 83% (hazard ratio, 1.83 [95% CI, 1.04-3.23]), but not of any MCI or A-MCI in multivariate analyses.', 'We found a dose-response relationship such that individuals with COPD duration of longer than 5 years at baseline had the greatest risk for any MCI (hazard ratio, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.04-2.40]) and NA-MCI (2.58 [1.32-5.06]).', 'CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A diagnosis of COPD is associated with an increased risk for MCI, particularly NA-MCI.', 'We have found a dose-response relationship between COPD duration and risk for MCI.', 'These findings highlight the importance of COPD as a risk factor for MCI and may provide a substrate for early intervention to prevent or delay the onset and progression of MCI, particularly NA-MCI.'], ['Of the cases, 6 had hypertension, 4 COPD, 10 tobacco use and 5 alcohol use.'], ['BACKGROUND: FEV1 is universally used as a measure of severity in COPD.', 'OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify the best FEV1 (% predicted) and dyspnea (mMRC) thresholds to predict 5-yr survival in COPD patients.', 'DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a patient-based pooled analysis of eleven COPD Spanish cohorts (COCOMICS).', 'The best thresholds that spirometrically split the COPD population were: mild >= 70%, moderate 56-69%, severe 36-55%, and very severe <= 35%.'], ['Patients with severe COPD are known to have comorbidities such as emaciation, cor pulmonale and right heart failure, muscle weakness, hyperlipemia, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, arterial sclerosis, hypertension, and depression.', 'Therefore, treatment for COPD needs to focus on these comorbidities as well as the lungs.', 'We previously reported a new mouse model of COPD utilizing the human surfactant protein C promoter SP-C to drive the expression of mature mouse IL-18 cDNA; constitutive IL-18 overproduction in the lungs of transgenic (Tg) mice induces severe emphysematous change, dilatation of the right ventricle, and mild pulmonary hypertension with aging.', 'In the present study, we evaluated the progression of comorbidity in our COPD model.', 'IL-18 and IL-13 may play important roles in the pathogenesis of comorbidity in COPD patients.'], ['Previously validated case definitions were used to identify persons with mental health disorders and any of the following physical chronic diseases: diabetes, congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, peripheral vascular disease and end-stage renal failure.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that PM(2.5) exposure was associated with hospital admissions for all respiratory, cardio vascular disease, stroke, ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions.'], ['However, Nrf2 signalling is impaired in several aging-related diseases, such as chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD), cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.'], ['Muscle loss and wasting occurs with aging and in multiple disease states including cancer, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage liver disease, end-stage renal disease and HIV.'], ['We look specifically at the time use of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'A total of 681 responses were received (22.0% response rate), 611 of which were from people with COPD.', 'Almost all people with COPD report spending some time each day on personal or home-based health-related tasks, with a median time of 15 minutes per day spent on these activities.'], ['PURPOSE: To assess associations among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), disability as measured by activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL), engagement in social activities, and death among elderly noninstitutionalized US residents.', 'Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the risk of all-cause mortality in participants with COPD after accounting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking status.', 'RESULTS: At baseline, approximately 9.6% of study participants reported having COPD.', 'Compared with participants without COPD, those with COPD were significantly more likely (P<0.05) to have difficulty with at least one ADL (44.3% versus [vs] 27.5%) and with at least one IADL (59.9% vs 40.2%), significantly less likely to be engaged in social activities (32.6% vs 26.3%), and significantly more likely to die by 2006 (70.7% vs 60.4%; adjusted risk ratio 1.15, P<0.05).', 'The association between COPD and risk for death was moderately attenuated by disability status.', 'CONCLUSION: COPD is positively associated with disability and mortality risk among US adults aged >=70 years.', 'The significant relationship between COPD and mortality risk was moderately attenuated, but was not completely explained by stages of ADL and IADL limitations and social activities.'], ['After multivariate adjustments, older age, female sex, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, presence of stroke, lower physical activity levels, presence of instrumental activities of daily living impairments, and lower body mass index were associated with incident sarcopenia, whereas younger age, female sex, higher body mass index and absence of instrumental activities of daily living impairments, but not physical activity,were associated with its reversibility.'], ['In clinical practice, asthma that occurs in the most advanced ages is often diagnosed as COPD, thus leading to undertreatment or improper treatment.'], ['We used data on asthma onset, asthma persistence, atopy, airway hyper-responsiveness, incompletely reversible airflow obstruction, and asthma-related school and work absenteeism and hospital admissions obtained during nine prospective assessments spanning the ages of 9 to 38 years.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common in older people, with an estimated prevalence of 10% in the US population aged >=75 years.', 'Inhaled medications are the cornerstone of treatment for COPD and are typically administered by one of three types of devices, ie, pressurized metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers.', 'In addition, physical and cognitive impairment, which are common in elderly patients with COPD, pose special challenges to the use of handheld inhalers in the elderly.', 'What follows is a review of issues associated with COPD and its treatment in the elderly patient.'], ['INTRODUCTION: We investigated the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in various population subgroups in South Carolina and examined associations between COPD and 4 core measures of health-related quality of life (HRQOL).', 'COPD prevalence rates were age-adjusted to the 2000 standard US population.', 'RESULTS: The overall age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported diagnosis of COPD among community-dwelling adults in South Carolina in 2011 was 7.1% (standard error [SE] +-0.3).', 'Prevalence of self-reported diagnosis of COPD was highest among women (8.9%; SE, +-0.5), those aged 65 years or older (12.9%; SE, +-0.5), current smokers (15.9%; SE, +-0.7), and those with low levels of education and income.', 'Compared with community-dwelling adults without COPD, those with COPD were more likely to report fair or poor general health status (AOR, 3.97; 95% CI, 3.13-5.03), 14 or more physically unhealthy days (AOR, 2.10, 95% CI, 1.57-2.81), 14 or more mentally unhealthy days (AOR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.21-2.43), and 14 or more days of activity limitation (AOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.53-3.22) within the previous 30 days.', 'CONCLUSION: COPD is a highly prevalent disease in South Carolina, especially among older people and smokers, and it is associated with poor HRQOL.', 'Future work aimed at reducing risk factors may decrease the disease prevalence, and increasing early detection and improving access to appropriate medical treatments can improve HRQOL for those living with COPD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: We aimed at investigating the associations of body composition to gait speed and nutritional status of older people in different stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Cross-sectional analysis of data from Pulmonary Rehabilitation Geriatric Unit at INRCA in Casatenovo, Italy including 132 consecutively admitted COPD patients (mean age: 75 years) with data on body composition, walking speed and respiratory parameters.', 'RESULTS: Walking speed deteriorated with increasing severity of COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Excess body fat may be harmful for physical functioning among elders with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: a multidimensional approach-the BODE index-has been proposed for prognostic purposes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and theoretically seems to be well suited for elderly people, but there is a lack of data in this population, especially with respect to long-term survival.', 'The objective of this study is to evaluate whether the BODE index can predict both long (5 years) and very-long (10 and 15 years)-term mortality in an unselected population of elderly people with COPD better than a set of variables commonly taken into account in a geriatric multidimensional assessment (MDA).', 'We used data from the SaRA study, which included 563 elderly people with COPD whose vital status was ascertained for up to 15 years after enrolment.', "CONCLUSIONS: : Both the 'classic' MDA and the BODE index are comparably associated with mortality, even at very long term, in elderly people with COPD."], ['We postulate that the pathophysiology of anemia in HIV, especially that which persists in the face of combination antiretroviral therapy, is a reflection of underlying proinflammatory pathways that are also thought to contribute to anemia in the elderly, as well as other age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Several clinical studies suggest the involvement of premature ageing processes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Using an epidemiological approach, we studied whether accelerated ageing indicated by telomere length, a marker of biological age, is associated with COPD and asthma, and whether intrinsic age-related processes contribute to the interindividual variability of lung function.', 'Our meta-analysis of 14 studies included 934 COPD cases with 15 846 controls defined according to the Global Lungs Initiative (GLI) criteria (or 1189 COPD cases according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria), 2834 asthma cases with 28 195 controls, and spirometric parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC) of 12 595 individuals.', 'We observed negative associations between telomere length and asthma (beta= -0.0452, p=0.024) as well as COPD (beta= -0.0982, p=0.001), with associations being stronger and more significant when using GLI criteria than those of GOLD.', 'The effect was somewhat weaker in apparently healthy subjects than in COPD or asthma patients.', 'Our results provide indirect evidence for the hypothesis that cellular senescence may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD and asthma, and that lung function may reflect biological ageing primarily due to intrinsic processes, which are likely to be aggravated in lung diseases.'], ['Low lung function is a feature of several pulmonary disorders, such as uncontrolled asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'The objective of this study is to investigate the association of polymorphisms in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease candidate genes with rates of lung function decline in a general population sample of aging men.', 'The cohort was randomly divided into two groups, and we tested a total of 940 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 44 asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease candidate genes in the first group (testing cohort, n = 545) for association with change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second over time.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our findings that genetic variants of genes involved in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with lung function decline in normal aging participants suggest that similar genetic mechanisms may underlie lung function decline in both disease and normal aging processes.'], ['After 30 days, ten patients were alive, whereas one patient succumbed to pneumonia complicating advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The increased oxidative stress in patients with smoking-associated disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is the result of an increased burden of inhaled oxidants as well as increased amounts of reactive oxygen species generated by various inflammatory, immune and epithelial cells of the airways.'], ['In the logistic regression analysis, obesity [odds ratio (OR) = 4.24], prolonged hospital stay (>12 days) (OR = 1.59), arterial hypertension (OR = 1.50), and age (OR = 1.06) were significant variables independently associated with lacunar stoke in women, whereas peripheral vascular disease (OR = 0.51), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 0.46), renal dysfunction (OR = 0.13), and heavy smoking (OR = 0.04) were independent variables for lacunar stroke in men.'], ['Spontaneous pneumothorax in the elderly commonly occurs due to underlying pulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, lung cancer, etc.'], ['The prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) dramatically increases with age, and COPD complicated by chronic respiratory failure may be considered a geriatric condition.', 'This is expected to impact noticeably the health status of unrecognized COPD patients because a timely therapy could mitigate the distinctive and important effects of COPD on the health status.', 'Comorbidity also plays a pivotal role in conditioning both the health status and the therapy of COPD besides having major prognostic implication.', 'Several problems affect the overall quality of the therapy for the elderly with COPD, and current guidelines as well as results from pharmacological trials only to some extent apply to this patient.', "Finally, physicians of different specialties care for the elderly COPD patient: physician's specialty largely determines the kind of approach.", 'In conclusion, COPD, in itself a complex disease, becomes difficult to identify and to manage in the elderly.', 'Interdisciplinary efforts are desirable to provide the practicing physician with a multidisciplinary guide to the identification and treatment of COPD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and MCI subtype: amnestic MCI and nonamnestic MCI, in a population-based study of elderly patients.', 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was identified by the review of medical records.', 'The associations of COPD and disease duration with MCI and its subtypes were evaluated by using logistic regression models adjusted for potential covariates.', 'RESULTS: Of 1927 participants, 288 had COPD (men vs women: 18% vs 12%; P<.001).', 'As compared with patients without COPD, patients with COPD had a higher prevalence of MCI (27% vs 15%; P<.001).', 'The odds ratio (OR) for MCI was almost 2 times higher in patients with COPD than in those without (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.34-2.61), with a similar effect in men and women.', 'The OR for MCI increased from 1.60 (95% CI, 0.97-2.57) in patients with a COPD duration of 5 years or less to 2.10 (95% CI, 1.38-3.14) in patients with a COPD duration of more than 5 years.', 'CONCLUSION: This population-based study suggests that COPD is associated with increased odds of having MCI and its subtypes.', 'There was a dose-response relationship with the duration of COPD after controlling for the potential covariates.'], ['Muscle dysfunction is a common systemic manifestation in highly prevalent conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer cachexia, and sepsis.', 'The review summarizes the effects of protein carbonylation on muscles in several models and conditions such as COPD, disuse muscle atrophy, cancer cachexia, sepsis, and aging.'], ['BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiologic studies have linked the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to coronary artery disease (CAD).', 'METHODS: Articles targeting CAD in patients with COPD were identified from the searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases in July 2013.', 'The development of CAD in patients with COPD potentiates the morbidity of COPD, leading to increased hospitalizations, mortality and health costs.'], ['Independent risk factors for 1-year mortality were active pressure sores (P=0.0037), enteral feeding (P=0.008), having a urinary catheter (P=0.0036), and suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P=0.011).'], ['With aging, not only do age-related, morphological and physiological cardiovascular changes predispose to HF, there is also increased prevalence of comorbid conditions that compound cardiac limitations (e.g., renal insufficiency and chronic obstructive lung disease) and others that tend to overwhelm limited cardiovascular reserves (e.g., infections and ischemia).'], ['The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of disease-related undernutrition among adults in Croatia in the year 2012, as well as the cost of undernutrition associated with tumour cachexia, chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatic encephalopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal insufficiency requiring dialysis, cerebrovascular insult, pressure ulcers, and femoral fractures in the elderly.'], ['RESULTS: In multiple regression models that controlled simultaneously for gender, age, height, smoking, occupational exposure and history of asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BMI, physical activity, and in the presence of other nutrient variables, daily supplementary vitamins A/C/E (b = 0 044, SE = 0 022, P = 0 04), dietary fish intake at least thrice weekly (b = 0 058, SE = 0 016, P < 0 0001) and daily supplementary n-3 PUFA (b = 0 068, SE = 0 032, P = 0 034) were individually associated with forced expiratory volume in the first second.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is known to be associated with systemic inflammation.'], ['cancer, HIV, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and 6 in elderly subjects.'], ['Available evidence seems to suggest that testosterone replacement therapy is able to improve central obesity (subjects with MetS) and glycometabolic control (patients with MetS and T2DM), as well as to increase lean body mass (HIV, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), along with insulin resistance (MetS) and peripheral oxygenation (chronic kidney diseases).'], ['OBJECTIVES: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of disability, morbidity and mortality in old age, representing a significant burden for families.', "However, information on the impacts of caring for relatives with COPD on carers' psychological health is limited.", 'This study aimed to analyse the subjective burden of family carers of people with early and advanced COPD and its predictor variables.', 'RESULTS: A total of 167 family carers participated: 113 were caring for people with early and 54 with advanced COPD.', 'Those caring for people with advanced COPD reported higher subjective burden, more depression symptoms and poorer self-rated mental health than those caring for early COPD.', "Advanced COPD (coefficient 6.7), depression (coefficient 6.3), anxiety (coefficient 5.6), care-giving hours per week (coefficient 3.2) and self-rated mental health (coefficient 2.8) were significant predictors of carers' subjective burden.", 'CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the gradual course of COPD imposes an increasing physical and emotional burden on carers, with negative impacts on their psychological health.', "The study highlights the relevance of early interventions in the context of COPD to prevent carers' burden."], ['PARTICIPANTS: Patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 1016).'], ['BACKGROUND: The progression of obstructive airway diseases (OADs) including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome in older adults is not well understood.', 'Clinical outcomes were compared between basal and final visits, and changes in clinical outcomes were compared among asthma, COPD and asthma-COPD overlap groups.', 'Participants with COPD had a significant decline in FEV1 (p = 0.003), SGRQ (p = 0.030) and 6MWD [decline of 75.5 (93.4) m, p = 0.024].', 'The change in 6MWD was lower in the asthma-COPD overlap group.', 'CONCLUSION: COPD patients had a poor prognosis compared with asthma and asthma-COPD overlap patients.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a major smoking-associated lung disorder characterized by progressive irreversible airflow limitation, affects >200 million people worldwide.', 'Individuals with COPD have increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, resulting in exacerbations of the disease.', 'A growing body of evidence indicates that multiple host defense mechanisms, such as those provided by the airway epithelial barrier and innate immune cells, including alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and natural killer cells, are broadly suppressed in COPD in a smoking-dependent manner.', 'Inactivation of the innate immune system observed in COPD smokers is remarkably similar to the immunosenescence phenotype associated with aging.', 'As a consequence of defective innate immune defense, the lungs of COPD smokers are frequently colonized with pathogens and commonly develop bacterial and viral infections, which cause secondary inflammation, a major driver of the disease progression.', 'In this review, we summarize the evidence from human studies related to disordering of the innate immune system in COPD, discuss possible relationships between those changes and aging, and provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies aimed at the prevention of COPD progression via normalization of the disordered innate immune mechanisms.'], ['Gait speed measurements may improve clinical care in patients with COPD.', 'However, there is a knowledge gap about the reliability and variability of gait speed testing protocols in COPD.', 'We evaluated established techniques of measuring gait speed in patients with COPD and assessed feasibility of implementing gait speed as a routine vital sign in an out-patient clinic.', 'METHODS: The usual 4-meter gait speed (4MGS) ("walk at a comfortable/natural pace"), maximal 4MGS ("walk as fast as you can safely"), usual 10-meter gait speed (10MGS), and maximal 10MGS of subjects with stable COPD were measured.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Gait speed is a reliable measure in COPD, regardless of instructed pace, distance, or timing mechanism; however, adhering to one protocol is suggested.'], ['The incidence of chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) and interstitial lung diseases (e.g., pneumonia and lung fibrosis) increases with age.', 'In the last couple of years, detailed studies have identified the presence of senescent cells in the aging lung and in diseased lungs of patients with COPD and lung fibrosis.', 'The present findings indicate the importance of cellular senescence in normal lung aging and in premature aging of the lung in patients with COPD, lung fibrosis, and probably other respiratory diseases.'], ['RESULTS: Multivariate analysis demonstrated chronic kidney disease (odds ratio [OR] = 5.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-18.6, P = 0.008), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 5.3, 95% CI: 2.0-14.2, P < 0.001), ischemic heart disease (OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 2.0-8.4, P < 0.001), an open anterior approach (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.4-9.3, P = 0.010), diabetes (OR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.4-6.4, P = 0.004), previous spinal surgery at the same site (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.3-4.9, P = 0.005), age (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.13, P = 0.019), and the number of motion segments fused (P = 0.049) to be predictive of perioperative events.'], ['BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common causes of chronic cough and a potential risk factor for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of GERD in patients with COPD and association between GERD and COPD exacerbation.', 'The subjects were 40 years old and older, who had COPD as primary or secondary diagnosis codes and utilized health care resource to receive prescriptions of COPD medication at least twice in 2009.', 'Univariate logistic regression was performed to understand the relationship between COPD and GERD, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with adjustment for several confounding factors.', 'RESULTS: The prevalence of GERD in COPD patients was 28% (39,987/141,057).', 'Most of COPD medications except inhaled muscarinic antagonists were associated with GERD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of GERD in patients with COPD was high.', 'Old age, female gender, medical aid insurance type, and many COPD medications except inhaled muscarinic antagonists were associated with GERD.', 'The presence of GERD was associated with COPD exacerbation.'], ['The algorithms pertained to diabetes mellitus type 2, parkinsonism, chronic airflow obstruction (CAO), hand osteoarthritis (OA), hip OA, knee OA, and ischemic heart disease.', 'Diabetes cases and controls underwent fasting glucose testing; CAO cases and controls underwent spirometry testing.'], ['RATIONALE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, complex multisystem disease in the elderly with multiple comorbidities that significantly impact morbidity and mortality.', 'Although cerebral small-vessel disease is an important cause of cognitive decline and age-related disability, it is a poorly investigated potential systemic manifestation of patients with COPD.', 'OBJECTIVES: To examine whether COPD relates to the development and location of cerebral microbleeds, a novel marker of cerebral small-vessel disease.', 'Diagnosis of COPD was confirmed by spirometry.', 'MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Subjects with COPD (n = 165) had a higher prevalence of cerebral microbleeds compared with subjects with normal lung function (n = 645) independent of age, sex, smoking status, atherosclerotic macroangiopathy, antithrombotic use, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum creatinin (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-2.47; P = 0.007).', 'Regarding the specific microbleed location, subjects with COPD had a significantly higher prevalence of microbleeds in deep or infratentorial locations (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.97-5.53; P < 0.001), which increased with severity of airflow limitation and are suggestive of hypertensive or arteriolosclerotic microangiopathy.', 'Furthermore, in longitudinal analysis restricted to subjects without microbleed at baseline, COPD was an independent predictor of incident cerebral microbleeds in deep or infratentorial locations (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 2.1-24.5; P = 0.002).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are compatible with COPD causing an increased risk of the development of cerebral microbleeds in deep or infratentorial locations.'], ['Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) occurs in both asthma and COPD.', 'In older people with asthma, AHR is associated with increased acinar ventilation heterogeneity, but it is unknown if this association exists in COPD.', 'Thirty one COPD and 19 age-matched asthmatic subjects had measures of spirometry, lung volumes, exhaled nitric oxide, ventilation heterogeneity, and methacholine challenge.', 'In COPD, AHR was predicted by lower Sacin and lower FVC (model r(2)=0.35, p=0.001).', 'These findings suggest that airway responsiveness in COPD and asthma is determined by underlying disease-specific processes, rather than a common pattern of physiological abnormality.'], ['Univariate analysis revealed that factors such as age, gender, fracture-type, number of co-existing diseases, complications such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or sequelae of stroke, American society of Anesthesiology (ASA) scores, anesthesia methods, pre-injury activity, and post-operative complications were significantly different between survival versus mortality groups (P < 0.05).', 'Multivariate regression analysis revealed that age, ASA score, pre-injury mobility and combined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were independent risk factors for death.'], ['METHODS: A non-randomised prospective pragmatic study in ED patients aged 65 and over diagnosed with one or more of six conditions (cerebrovascular insufficiency; fractured neck of femur; cardiac failure; myocardial ischaemia; exacerbation of chronic airways disease; respiratory tract infection).'], ['OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of atopy and to evaluate clinical, laboratory, and radiological profiles in patients with COPD.', 'METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving outpatients with stable COPD (defined by the clinical history and a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 70% of the predicted value).', 'Correspondence analysis confirmed these findings, showing two distinct patterns of disease expression: atopy in patients with COPD that was less severe; and no evidence of atopy in those with COPD that was more severe (reduced FEV1 and hyperinflation).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Using simple and reproducible methods, we were able to show that there is a high frequency of atopy in patients with COPD.', 'Monitoring inflammation in the upper airways can be a useful tool for evaluating respiratory diseases in the elderly and in those with concomitant asthma and COPD, a clinical entity not yet fully understood.'], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are highly prevalent chronic diseases in the general population.', 'Airway obstruction is typically intermittent and reversible in asthma but is progressive and largely irreversible in COPD.', 'However, there is a considerable pathologic and functional overlap between these 2 heterogeneous disorders, particularly among the elderly, who may have components of both diseases (asthma-COPD overlap syndrome).', 'The definitions for asthma and COPD recommended by current guidelines are useful but limited because they do not illustrate the full spectrum of obstructive airway diseases that is encountered in clinical practice.', 'Defining asthma and COPD as separate entities neglects a considerable proportion of patients with overlapping features and is largely based on expert opinion rather than on the best current evidence.'], ['Different anatomic and physiological changes occur in the lung of aging people that can affect pulmonary functions, and different pulmonary diseases, including deadly diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), can be related to an acceleration of the aging process.', 'According to recently proposed pathogenic models in COPD and IPF, premature cellular senescence likely affects distinct progenitors cells (mesenchymal stem cells in COPD, alveolar epithelial precursors in IPF), leading to stem cell exhaustion.'], ['There was a greater relative increase in the prevalence of senile dementia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older age groups.'], ['Chronic inflammation is associated with ageing and its related diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).', 'Many studies demonstrate that SIRT1 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in vitro (e.g., fatty acid-induced inflammation), in vivo (e.g., atherosclerosis, sustainment of normal immune function in knock-out mice) and in clinical studies (e.g., patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).', 'Because of a significant reduction of SIRT1 in rodent lungs exposed to cigarette smoke and in lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), activation of SIRT1 may be a potential target for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease therapy.', 'We review the inflammatory mechanisms involved in COPD-CVD coexistence and the potential role of SIRT1 in the regulation of these systems.'], ['RESULTS: Compared with baseline, post-test scores showed a statistically significant improvement in the areas that were assessed-osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and inappropriate medication use in the elderly.'], ['FINDINGS: The leading causes of death in China in 2010 were stroke (1 7 million deaths, 95% UI 1 5-1 8 million), ischaemic heart disease (948,700 deaths, 774,500-1,024,600), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (934,000 deaths, 846,600-1,032,300).'], ['AIM: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.', 'The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and the associated risk factors for patients with COPD.', 'METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 427 COPD patients (mean age: 70.0 years) without PAD symptoms consecutively.'], ['PURPOSE: This study assessed effects of a brief self-care support intervention (SCSI) to promote health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and self-care adherence among elderly patients with COPD in Korea.', 'DESIGN: A single-blinded, randomized pre-/posttest design METHODS: A total of 40 participants were consecutively recruited from eligible patients admitted with an exacerbation of COPD to a department of pulmonology at a university hospital.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the short-tem effectiveness of a nurse-led self-management intervention for pulmonary rehabilitation on quality of life and self-care adherence among elderly patients with COPD.', 'CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings suggest a brief intervention for rehabilitation nursing with more retainable, feasible, and cost-effective strategies to enhance self-management among the elderly patients with COPD.'], ['Chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH), are unusually prevalent among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).', 'This article describes how HIV-associated COPD and PH may fit into a paradigm of immunosenescence, and outlines the hypothesized associations among chronic HIV infection, immune dysfunction and senescence, and cardiopulmonary outcomes.'], ['Antioxidant enzymes play an important role in the defense against oxidative stress in the lung and in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Sequence variation in genes encoding antioxidant enzymes may alter susceptibility to COPD by affecting longitudinal change in lung function in adults.', 'These findings suggest novel mechanisms and molecular targets for future research and advance the understanding of genetic determinants of lung function and COPD risk.'], ['BACKGROUND: Levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-creative protein (CRP) indicating systemic inflammation are known to be elevated in chronic diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and depression.', 'Comorbid depression is common in patients with COPD, but no studies have investigated whether proinflammatory cytokines mediate the association between pulmonary function and depressive symptoms in healthy individuals with no known history of obstructive pulmonary diseases.', 'Further studies should be conducted to investigate proinflammatory immune markers and depressive symptoms as potential phenotypic indicators for chronic obstructive airway disorders in older adults.'], ['The authors developed and implemented a post-acute geriatric rehabilitation programme in a skilled nursing facility for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-the GR-COPD programme.', 'The case studies show that integration of rehabilitation and palliative care components is essential, as patients with advanced COPD admitted to hospital for an acute exacerbation often suffer from high symptom burden, deteriorating quality of life, and poor prognosis.', 'Development and implementation of a post-acute GR-COPD programme is feasible and can offer substantial benefits for patients with advanced COPD admitted to hospital for an acute exacerbation.'], ['Old age, female gender, reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, prior myocardial infarction, prior stroke and reduced left ventricular function were associated with need for dialysis.'], ["OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore older peoples' experiences of asthma or COPD with reference to their journey in the healthcare system.", 'METHODS: We recruited older patients with a confirmed diagnosis of asthma or COPD and invited them to participate in a qualitative interview.', 'The findings of these interviews provide an important understanding of the behaviors and healthcare needs of older people with asthma and COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide an important understanding of the behaviors and healthcare needs of older people with asthma and COPD, an area that has not been well defined.'], ['Patients at especially high risk of cardiovascular events from analgesic use include the elderly, and those with heart failure, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic renal disease, chronic obstructive airway disease and previous myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease or peripheral vascular disease.'], ['Pulmonary ossification is a rare phenomenon which has been observed in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and tuberculosis.'], ['We included data on cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, heart attack, and stroke), cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema and chronic bronchitis), diabetes, and arthritis.'], ["The sample included community-dwelling, fee-for-service beneficiaries 65 years and older with one or more of seven chronic conditions (Alzheimer's disease and other senile dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and stroke; n = 7,422)."], ['Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has appeared only in the second half of the 20th century and, like lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, may be a direct consequence of the cigarette smoking epidemic.'], ['Bronchial asthma is a common chronic airway inflammatory disease.'], ['Long-term effects of BPD are still unknown, but given reports of a more rapid decline in lung function and their suspectibility to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotype with aging, it is imperative that lung function of survivors of BPD be closely monitored.'], ['The elderly patient (65 years and older) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be a challenge to the clinician.', 'Comprehensive management of COPD in the elderly patient should improve health-related quality of life, lung function, reduce exacerbations, and promote patient compliance with treatment plans.', 'Only smoking cessation and oxygen therapy in COPD patients with hypoxemia reduce mortality.', 'Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, methylxanthines, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, macrolide antibiotics, mucolytics, and pulmonary rehabilitation improve some outcome measures such as spirometry measures and the frequency of COPD exacerbations without improving mortality.'], ['BACKGROUND: Previous research indicates that persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma may have more cognitive impairment compared to persons without these diseases.', 'We examined the association between midlife and late-life self-reported COPD and asthma and the lifelong risk of cognitive impairment (MCI/dementia) in a population-based study with a follow-up of over 25 years.', 'RESULTS: Midlife COPD (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.05 - 3.28), asthma (HR 1.88, 95% CI 0.77 - 4.63) and both pulmonary diseases combined (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.16 - 3.27) increased the later risk of cognitive impairment even after full adjustments.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based study, with more than 25 years of follow-up, midlife COPD and asthma were associated with an almost two-fold risk of MCI and dementia later in life.'], ['Sampling was undertaken through three bodies; the Lung Foundation Australia (COPD sub-sample), National Diabetes Services Scheme (Diabetes sub-sample) and National Seniors Australia (Seniors sub-sample).', 'The mean number of chronic conditions was 3.7 in the COPD sub-sample, 3.4 in the Diabetes sub-sample and 2.0 in the NSA sub-sample.'], ['BACKGROUND: Arterial rigidity and endothelial dysfunction are systemic manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'We tested the hypothesis that COPD patients, even in those with mild-to-moderate airflow obstruction, are affected by systemic inflammation associated with abnormal renal functional reserve.', 'RESULTS: The smokers were stratified into 3 groups (Group 1: smokers with normal spirometry, Group 2: mild COPD, Group 3: moderate COPD); nonsmokers as Group 4.', 'CONCLUSIONS: A greater impairment in renal functional reserve of COPD patients was correlated with more severe airway obstruction and inflammation.'], ['In some patients with chronic asthma clinical and physiological similarities with COPD may exist, such as partial reversibility to bronchodilators and persistent expiratory airflow obstruction.', 'We compared large and small airway dimensions in 12 younger (mean age 32 yrs) and 15 older (mean age 65 yrs) non-smoker adult fatal asthma patients with 14 chronic smokers with severe, fatal COPD (mean age 71 yrs).', 'Younger adult fatal asthma patients had thicker BM, smooth muscle, and outer wall areas in both small and large airways when compared to COPD patients.', 'In conclusion, there are airway histological structural similarities between fatal asthma and fatal COPD.', 'Older fatal asthmatics present overlapping airway structural features with younger adult fatal asthmatics and severe COPD patients.'], ['Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a very effective technique for severe acute exacerbations of COPD/COLD and acute pulmonary edema, but its interest is still a matter of debate for severe asthma attacks.'], ['The most common comorbidity was pneumonia (6.4%, n = 2051), followed by urinary tract infection (6.4%, n = 2049), diabetes mellitus (6.2%, n = 1985), electrolyte imbalance (4.8%, n = 1551), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4.5%, n = 1428).'], ['A clinical classification system identified that chronic obstructive disease, pneumonia, epilepsy/seizures and congestive heart failure had more presentations in the winter.'], ['Participants (N = 87) were 44 to 82 years of age, and diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'We encourage nurses and other practitioners, and researchers in pulmonary rehabilitation setting, to use this theory to better understand how people with COPD adapt to aging.'], ['People with COPD report the highest expenditure of time.'], ['BACKGROUND: Severe COPD can lead to cor pulmonale and emphysema and is associated with impaired left ventricular (LV) filling.', 'We evaluated whether emphysema and airflow obstruction would be associated with changes in right ventricular (RV) structure and function and whether these associations would differ by smoking status.'], ['Participants are eligible for enrollment into the study if they are inactive (i.e., not participating in regular physical activity), non-smokers, have a body mass index <35.0 kg/m(2), are free of significant cognitive impairment (defined as a Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of 24 or more), and do not have clinically significant cardiovascular, cerebrovascular disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary airway disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is of increasing importance with about one in four people estimated to be diagnosed with COPD during their lifetime.', 'None of the existing medications for COPD has been shown to have much effect on the long-term decline in lung function and there have been few recent pharmacotherapeutic advances.', 'The Warm Homes for Elder New Zealanders study is a community-based trial, designed to test whether a NZ$500 electricity voucher paid into the electricity account of older people with COPD, with the expressed aim of enabling them to keep their homes warm, results in reduced exacerbations and hospitalisation rates.', 'METHODS: Participants had a clinician diagnosis of COPD and had either been hospitalised or taken steroids or antibiotics for COPD in the previous three years; their median age was 71 years.', 'DISCUSSION: This community trial has successfully enrolled 522 older people with COPD.'], ['AIM: Age-associated changes of the lung might increase pathogenetic susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHODS: Symptomatic patients with or without COPD and healthy normal subjects without COPD were recruited (COPD, n = 182; smoking controls, n = 73; normal, n = 26).', 'When the correlation between age and TGF-beta1 was analyzed in each group, a significant inverse correlation was found in COPD patients and smoking controls (P = 0.0095 and 0.0132, respectively), whereas no correlation was observed in healthy older adults.', 'Among COPD patients with severe emphysema, LAA% was inversely correlated with TGF-beta1 (n = 89, P = 0.0104), whereas WA% and pulmonary function test parameters were not.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Although no correlation was found between TGF-beta1 and the severity of COPD, TGF-beta1 significantly decreased as emphysema became more severe.', 'Age-related decrease of TGF-beta1 in COPD might be associated with emphysematous alterations of the lungs in elderly subjects.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Compared with common diseases, such as diabetes or COPD, the economic burden of CLL is considerably lower.'], ['Hypertension among older people occurred twice as often among smokers than nonsmokers, like coronary heart disease, and 31% of smokers in the elderly suffered from COPD, compared to 2% of non-smokers (p<0.001).'], ['Cox regression analysis revealed that older age, the comorbidities of diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, history of uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease, chronic kidney disease (hazard ratio 5.17), hemodialysis (hazard ratio 9.43), and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were independent risk factors for nonpeptic ulcer, nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding in all study patients.', 'Old age, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, history of uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were independent risk factors in hemodialysis patients.'], ['Inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is thought to originate from the activation of innate immunity by a danger signal (first hit), although this mechanism does not readily explain why the inflammation becomes chronic.', 'Here, we propose a two-hit hypothesis explaining why inflammation becomes chronic in patients with COPD.', 'A more severe degree of inflammation exists in the lungs of patients who develop COPD than in the lungs of healthy smokers, and the large amounts of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species released from inflammatory cells are likely to induce DNA double-strand breaks (second hit) in the airways and pulmonary alveolar cells, causing apoptosis and cell senescence.', 'This vicious cycle, characterised by mutually reinforcing inflammation and DNA damage, may cause the inflammation in COPD patients to become chronic.', 'Our hypothesis helps explain why COPD tends to occur in the elderly, why the inflammation worsens progressively, why inflammation continues even after smoking cessation, and why COPD is associated with lung cancer.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between self-reported disease burden (stroke, congestive heart failure, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis, or cancer) and functional improvement during and after inpatient rehabilitation among older adults with hip fractures.'], ['Several diseases were included in similar clusters in the two waves, such as malignancy and liver cirrhosis; anemia, gastric and intestinal diseases; diabetes and coronary heart disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and prostate hypertrophy.'], ['Comparing the responses to a T-tube trial and PS-6, the patients with old age, poor pulmonary compliance (<=40 ml/cmH2O) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had a higher heart rate (difference [95% CI]: 4 [0,8], 5 [2,9], 5 [0,10] beats/minute, respectively) and systolic blood pressure (10 [4,16], 11 [5,16], 7 [0,13] mmHg, respectively) after the T-tube trial.'], ['The aim of this study was to assess the association between poor fetal growth, preterm birth, sex and risk of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in adulthood.', 'Cases of asthma and COPD were identified through the Swedish Patient Register and we considered cohort subjects as cases if they had a main or additional discharge diagnosis of asthma or COPD.'], ['After adjusting for potential confounders including age, gender, education, activities of daily living (ADL) impairment, body mass index, hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, number of diseases, TNF-alpha, participants with sarcopenia had a higher risk of death for all causes compared with non-sarcopenic subjects (HR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.01-5.43).'], ['RESULTS: Compared with matched non-ADRD subjects, Medicare beneficiaries with ADRD were significantly more likely to have PAHs for diabetes short-term complications (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.31-1.57), diabetes long-term complications (OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.02-1.14), and hypertension (OR = 1.22; 95% CI 1.08-1.38), but less likely to have PAHs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/asthma (OR = 0.85; 95% CI 0.82-0.87) and heart failure (OR = 0.89; 95% CI 0.86-0.92).'], ['RESULTS: Curry intake (at least once monthly) was significantly associated with better FEV(1) (b = 0.045+-0.018, p = 0.011) and FEV(1)/FVC (b = 1.14+-0.52, p = 0.029) in multivariate analyses that controlled simultaneously for gender, age, height, height-squared, smoking, occupational exposure and asthma/COPD history and other dietary or supplementary intakes.'], ['Prediction of clinical outcomes, including mortality and length of hospital stay, was examined in six studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a study with multiple patient groups.'], ['Earlier diagnosis of COPD is a major public health challenge as symptoms may be attributed to the normal consequences of aging.', 'The optimum strategy for identifying patients with COPD remains to be determined.', 'Airflow obstruction was more common in those screened opportunistically.'], ['Both men and COPD patients have worse mortality and complications but this may be due to more co-morbid disease.', "We assessed mortality and complications in a large cohort (n = 12,646) of men undergoing hip fracture surgery within the Veteran's Health Affairs (VHA) to define the association of COPD to these outcomes after adjusting for other key factors.", 'We looked for opportunities to improve outcomes for COPD patients.', 'METHODS: Using the VA Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP), and administrative databases, we determined COPD status, types of co-morbid conditions and surgical factors, and compared these to outcomes of surgical complications, 30-day and one-year mortality for patients who underwent hip fracture repair during 1998 to 2005.', 'RESULTS: COPD was noted in 47% of the hip fracture patients studied.', 'In 3,261 (26%) cases, the COPD was "severe: (indicated by functional disability, previous hospitalization for exacerbation, chronic drug treatment or record of FEV(1) <75% predicted), and in 2,736 (21%) cases it was considered "mild" (any previous outpatient visit or hospitalization with a coded diagnosis of COPD).', 'Severe COPD patients had one year mortality of 40.2% compared to 31.0% in mild COPD and 28.8% in non-COPD subjects.', 'CONCLUSIONS: COPD was very common in male veterans with hip fractures and was associated with increased risk of death and complications.', 'Increased use of regional anesthesia and urgent scheduling of hip fracture surgery may improve outcomes for patients with COPD.', 'Improving diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in COPD patients could reduce the incidence of hip fractures.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a public health problem that results in high morbidity, disability and mortality.', 'Comorbidities are highly prevalent in COPD patients because of aging, common risk factors and pathways, rising mortality, and disability.', 'In this review article we present the most prevalent co-morbidities in COPD patients, we face the issue of multimorbidity and discuss the practical management approach relevant to chest physicians and general practitioners.', 'Issues on comorbidities management according to general guidelines as well as their implications for COPD are raised.', 'The implications of several medications used for comorbidities in COPD in terms of benefits, concerns, medication preference, medication avoidance and contraindications are also discussed.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been recently characterized as a disease of accelerated lung aging.', 'The prevalence of COPD is age-dependent suggesting an intimate relationship between the pathogenesis of COPD and aging.', 'Lung function decline, the hallmark feature of COPD evolution, is more prominent with increasing age and this decline is greater in smoking individuals.', 'One of the major goals of COPD pharmacotherapy is the development of drugs that would be able to result in a decrease of the decline in lung function over years.', 'Several mechanisms of aging, including oxidative stress, inflammation and telomere shortening have been shown to be implicated in COPD.', 'Furthermore, numerous anti-aging molecules, including sirtuins and Nrf-2 are reduced, and pathways such as mTOR and genes such as Klotho have also been shown to be abnormal in the lungs of COPD patients.', 'The above mechanisms have been associated with the accelerated lung aging in COPD patients.', 'The aim of the present review is to summarize the mechanisms associated with the accelerated lung aging in COPD and to provide information about the possible therapeutic implications targeting those mechanisms.'], ['The leading specific causes of YLDs were much the same in 2010 as they were in 1990: low back pain, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anaemia, neck pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety disorders, migraine, diabetes, and falls.'], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common obstructive airway diseases, especially among older people.', 'The diagnosis and management of asthma and COPD in older populations are complex, and consequently clinicians are faced with many therapeutic and diagnostic challenges.', 'In practice, management of asthma and COPD is informed by disease-specific clinical practice guidelines; however, most older people with these conditions are excluded from clinical trials that are designed to inform practice, creating major evidence gaps.'], ['Validated case definitions were used to identify persons with at least one of the following nine chronic diseases: diabetes, congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, peripheral vascular disease and end stage renal failure.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming a major cause of death worldwide.', 'COPD is characterized by a progressive and not fully reversible airflow limitation caused by chronic small airway disease and lung parenchymal destruction.', 'Slowing the progressive lung destruction or rebuilding the destroyed lung structure is a promising strategy to cure COPD.', 'In contrast to small animal models, pharmacological lung regeneration is difficult in human COPD.', 'Maturation, aging, and senescence in COPD lung cells, including endogenous stem cells, may affect the regenerative capacity following pharmacological therapy.', 'The lung is a complex organ composed of more than 40 different cell types; therefore, detailed analyses, such as epigenetic modification analysis, in each specific cell type have not been performed in lungs with COPD.', 'Recently, a method for the direct isolation of individual cell types from human lung has been developed, and fingerprints of each cell type in COPD lungs can be analyzed.', 'Research using this technique combined with the recently discovered lung endogenous stem-progenitor populations will give a better understanding about the fate of COPD lung cells and provide a future for cell-based therapy to treat this intractable disease.'], ['The lowest reported vaccination rate (5.9%) was in the elderly >=65 years of age and the highest (27.3%) in patients with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is defined by post-bronchodilator spirometry.'], ['Objectively measured severe physical inactivity (SPI) has been reported as the strongest independent predictor of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Activity monitoring is not feasible in routine clinical practice; therefore, we set out to determine the utility of simple clinical measures for predicting SPI in patients with COPD.', 'A total of 165 patients with COPD wore an activity monitor for 5 days to define the presence or absence of SPI.', 'Logistic models were generated including the modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea grade, spirometry and the age-dyspnea-airflow obstruction (ADO) index.', 'MMRC dyspnea grade >=3 may be the best triage tool for SPI in patients with COPD.', 'Our results may have significant practical applicability for clinicians caring for patients with COPD.'], ['RATIONALE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and the risk increases with severity of airflow limitation.', 'Even though vulnerable carotid artery plaque components, such as intraplaque hemorrhage and lipid core, place persons at high risk for ischemic events, the plaque composition in patients with COPD has never been explored.', 'OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of carotid wall thickening, the different carotid artery plaque components, and their relationship with severity of airflow limitation in elderly patients with COPD.', 'Diagnosis of COPD was confirmed by spirometry.', 'MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: COPD cases (n = 253) had a twofold increased risk (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-2.85; P < 0.0001) of presentation with carotid wall thickening on ultrasonography compared with control subjects with a normal lung function (n = 920).', 'On magnetic resonance imaging, vulnerable lipid core plaques were more frequent in COPD cases than in control subjects (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-3.69; P = 0.0058).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Carotid artery wall thickening is more prevalent in patients with COPD than in control subjects.', 'In elderly subjects with carotid wall thickening, COPD is an independent predictor for the presence of a lipid core, and therefore of vulnerable plaques.'], ['In addition to VACS Index score, Hispanic ethnicity, current smoking, hazardous alcohol use, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes, and prior AIDS-defining event predicted hospitalization.'], ['Also in other chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis, meals with specific dietary proteins and specific combinations of dietary essential amino acids are able to stimulate anabolism.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension are becoming common comorbidities of HIV infection, and these diseases may develop as a result of HIV-related risk factors, such as antiretroviral drug toxicities, colonization by infectious organisms, HIV viremia, immune activation, or immune dysfunction.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) progresses very slowly and the majority of patients are therefore elderly.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common disease in elderly patients, is characterized by high symptom burden, health care utilization, mortality, and unmet needs of patients and caregivers.', 'Randomized controlled trials, which provide the strongest evidence for guideline recommendations, may underestimate the risk of adverse effects of interventions for older patients with COPD.', "Meeting the many needs of older patients with COPD and their families requires that clinicians supplement guideline-recommended care with treatment decision making that takes into account older persons' comorbid conditions, recognizes the trade-offs engendered by the increased risk of adverse events, focuses on symptom relief and function, and prepares patients and their loved ones for further declines in the patient's health and their end-of-life care.", 'A case of COPD in an 81-year-old man hospitalized with severe dyspnea and respiratory failure highlights both the challenges in managing COPD in the elderly and the limitations in applying guidelines to geriatric patients.'], ['This case discusses the pharmacotherapeutic management of asthma in the geriatric patient and differentiates the clinical features of asthma from that of chronic obstructive lung disease.'], ['SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predominantly a tobacco smoke-triggered disease with features of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and aging (inflammaging) of the lung associated with steroid resistance induced by cigarette smoke (CS)-mediated oxidative stress.', 'Chromatin modifications occur in lungs of patients with COPD.', 'CRITICAL ISSUES: Histone modifications are associated with DNA damage/repair and epigenomic instability as well as premature lung aging, which have implications in the pathogenesis of COPD.', 'This will lead to identification of novel epigenetic-based therapies against COPD and other smoking-related lung diseases.', 'Pharmacological activation of HDAC2/SIRT1 or reversal of their oxidative post-translational modifications may offer therapies for treatment of COPD and CS-related diseases based on epigenetic histone modifications.'], ['PURPOSE: We investigated deficits in postural control and fall risk in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHOD: Twenty people with moderate to severe COPD (mean age 72.3 years, standard deviation [SD] 6.7 years) with a mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) of 46.7% (SD 13%) and 20 people (mean age 68.2 years, SD 8.1) who served as a comparison group were tested for postural control using the Sensory Organization Test (SOT).', 'RESULTS: People with COPD showed a 10.8% lower score on the SOT (p=0.016) and experienced more falls (40) than the comparison group (12).', 'The proportion of frequent fallers and fallers during the SOT was greater (p=0.021) in the COPD group (four of 10) than in the comparison group (two of seven).', 'People with COPD showed deficits in knee extensors muscle strength (p=0.01) and a modest trend toward reduced physical activity level.', 'However, neither of these factors explained the deficits in postural control observed in the COPD group.', 'CONCLUSIONS: People with COPD show deficits in postural control and increased risk of falls as measured by the SOT.', 'Postural control interventions and fall risk strategies in the pulmonary rehabilitation of COPD are recommended.'], ['Obesity, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depressive symptoms, low self-efficacy, mobility disability, and low energy were associated with sedentary behavior and/or a fast decline in activity.'], ['Pneumonia was the main clinical syndrome, while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus and cancer were the main underlying diseases.'], ['After adjusting for potential confounders including age, gender, functional and cognitive impairment, physical activity, urinary incontinence, comorbidity, congestive heart failure, COPD, depression, anti-cholinergic drugs, and TNF-alpha plasmatic levels, participants with anorexia had a higher risk of sarcopenia compared with non-anorexic subjects (HR 1.88, 95 % CI 1.01-3.51).'], ['Health care utilization and costs associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continue to increase, notwithstanding evidence-based management strategies described by major respiratory societies.', 'Cardiovascular diseases, asthma, diabetes and its precursors (obesity and metabolic syndrome), depression, cognitive impairment, and osteoporosis are examples of common comorbidities that can affect or be affected by COPD.', 'Appropriate diagnosis and management (from a pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic perspective) of COPD and its associated comorbidities are important to ensure optimal patient care.', 'An evolving understanding of COPD as a multimorbid disease that affects an aging population, rather than just a lung-specific disease, necessitates an integrated, tailored disease-management approach to improve prognoses and reduce costs.'], ['The aim of our study was to determine if EIT was able to assess spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ventilation during pulmonary function testing in 14 young (37 +- 10 yr, mean age +- SD) and 12 elderly (71 +- 9 yr) subjects without lung disease and in 33 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (71 +- 9 yr).'], ["We report patients, family members and health professionals' experiences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Barnsley, northern England.", 'People with COPD, and their families, link its cause to the areas industrial past and are sceptical of a medical orthodoxy that attributes cause to smoking.'], ['Sustained bronchodilation using inhaled medications in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) grades 2 and 3 (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines) has been shown to have clinical benefits on long-term symptom control and quality of life, with possible additional benefits on disease progression and longevity.', 'Aggressive diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic COPD is an integral and pivotal part of COPD management, which usually begins with primary care physicians.', 'The current standard of care involves the use of one or more inhaled bronchodilators, and depending on COPD severity and phenotype, inhaled corticosteroids.', 'Ensuring proper inhaler technique can maximize drug effectiveness and aid clinical management at all grades of COPD.'], ['RESULTS: Increased depressive symptoms were positively associated with increased anxiety symptoms, number of life events during the past year and chronic diseases (heart failure, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus and malignity in the previous 5 years) and negatively with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) abilities.'], ['Young-specific predictors were chronic renal failure, diastolic dysfunction, malignancy, and tricuspid regurgitation, whereas elderly-specific predictors were HF with reduced ejection fraction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, and mitral regurgitation.'], ['Fifty-five participants (15%) had FEV(1)/FVC < 0.70 and would have been inappropriately classified as obstructed according to the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease, American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society, and Canadian guidelines on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['These phenomena are observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'HDAC2 is posttranslationally modified by oxidative/carbonyl stress imposed by cigarette smoke and oxidants, leading to its reduction via an ubiquitination-proteasome dependent degradation in lungs of patients with COPD.', 'In this perspective, we have discussed the role of HDAC2 posttranslational modifications and its role in regulation of inflammation, histone/DNA epigenetic modifications, DNA damage response, and cellular senescence, particularly in inflammaging, and during the development of COPD.'], ['Participants were recruited from the four trial groups (with diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, or social care needs); and all came from the three trial areas (Cornwall, Kent, east London).'], ['BACKGROUND: Low-grade systemic inflammation, particularly elevated IL-6, predicts mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Although altered body composition, especially increased visceral fat (VF) mass, could be a significant contributor to low-grade systemic inflammation, this remains unexplored in COPD.', 'OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate COPD-specific effects on VF and plasma adipocytokines and their predictive value for mortality.'], ['AIMS: To investigate the feasibility, acceptance and potential effectiveness of delivering a telecare service on the health outcomes and hospital service utilization of community-dwelling patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'METHODS: Eligible participants were older people, with moderate or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and who had been admitted to hospital at least once for exacerbation during the previous year.', 'CONCLUSION: The high level of user satisfaction indicated the feasibility of conducting a large-scale randomized control trial to evaluate the effects of a telecare service on health outcomes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Asthma is often underestimated in the elderly because it can be confused with other diseases such as heart failure and, frequently, with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are middle-aged or older, and by definition all have a chronic illness.', 'To date, researchers have not simultaneously explored prevalence, risk factors, and impact of sexual dysfunctions on quality of life and survival in men with COPD.', 'We tested three hypotheses: First, sexual dysfunctions, including erectile dysfunction, are highly prevalent and impact negatively the quality of life of those with COPD.', 'Third, erectile dysfunction, a potential maker of systemic atherosclerosis, is a risk factor for mortality in men with COPD.', 'METHODS: In this prospective study, sexuality was assessed in 90 men with moderate-to-severe COPD (40 hypogonadal) by questionnaire.', 'Severity of COPD was equivalent in patients with and without erectile dysfunction.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Sexual dysfunctions, including erectile dysfunction, were highly prevalent and had a negative impact on quality of life in men with COPD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Symptoms, mortality, and costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) concentrate among patients who have been hospitalised with the disease.', 'This study aimed to investigate age- and sex-specific trends in the prevalence of hospitalisation-required COPD.', 'Subjects were classified as prevalent in the period between first COPD hospitalisation and either death, migration, or the end of an individual 8-year period with no COPD hospitalisations.', 'RESULTS: In 2009 in Denmark the prevalence of hospitalisation-required COPD was: For males 45-59 years 0.36%, 60-74 years 1.37%, 75-84 years 4.13%, 85+ years 4.33%, and for females: 45-59 years: 0.49%, 60-74 years: 1.74%, 75-84 years: 3.96%, 85+ years: 2.99%.', 'CONCLUSION: Some 4% of the Danish population aged above 75 years have been hospitalised with COPD.', 'During the period from 2002 to 2009 the overall prevalence of hospitalisation-required COPD remained constant.', 'However, significant age-specific trends indicate that within a few years, ageing of birth cohorts with low COPD prevalence will lead to a substantial decrease in the prevalence of hospitalisation-required COPD.'], ['RATIONALE: The discovery that retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (Rora)-alpha is highly expressed in lungs of patients with COPD led us to hypothesize that Rora may contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema.', 'Finally, lungs of patients with COPD showed evidence of increased DNA damage even in the absence of active smoking.'], ['However, clinicians may hesitate to use SBRT in patients with severe COPD because of potential negative effects on pulmonary function.', 'Among groups with normal function, or mild to moderate or severe COPD, the median values for DeltaFEV(1)/preFEV(1) were 7.9%, 7.9%, and 7.4%, respectively, and for DeltaFVC/preFVC, 5.1%, 3.4%, and 0.5%, respectively.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Declines in FEV(1) and FVC were small, but statistically significant in patients with normal function or mild to moderate COPD, but nonsignificant in patients with severe COPD.', 'SBRT had a limited effect on decline in long-term pulmonary function and may be an acceptable alternative to surgery for patients with comorbid lung cancer and COPD.'], ['The main reasons for admission were COPD exacerbation and heart failure.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIMS: We previously observed in elderly subjects with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) an enhanced anabolic response to milk protein sip feeding, associated with reduced splanchnic extraction (SPE) of phenylalanine.', 'Milk proteins are known for their high Branched-chain Amino Acids (BCAA) content, but no information is present about splanchnic extraction and metabolism of the individual BCAA in COPD.', 'OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether BCAA metabolism and SPE of the individual BCAA are altered in COPD during milk protein sip feeding.', 'DESIGN: In elderly subjects with COPD and in healthy age-matched elderly SPE, endogenous rate of appearance (Raendo) of the leucine (LEU), isoleucine (ILE) and valine (VAL) were measured before and during sip feeding of a Whey protein meal.', 'RESULTS: SPE of all BCAA, TYR, and PHE (p < 0.01) were lower in the COPD group, and the increase in netPS during feeding was higher in the COPD group (P < 0.01) due to higher values for PS (P < 0.001).', 'Raendo of all BCAA, PHE and TYR were higher in the COPD than the healthy elderly group (P < 0.05) before and during feeding (P < 0.001).', 'CONCLUSION: The enhanced anabolic response to milk protein sip feeding in normal-weight COPD patients is associated with a reduced splanchnic extraction of multiple amino acids including all branched-chain amino acids.'], ['Compared to URVNA patients, unscheduled return visit admissions had higher prevalence rates for old age, non-ambulatory status, high-grade triage, and underlying diseases (e.g., malignancy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).'], ['Multivariate predictors of late mortality were age 75-79 years, age > or = 80 years, peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Other important predictors of mortality in elderly patients undergoing AVR are operative status, previous interventions, renal failure, mitral regurgitation, male gender, PVD, and COPD.'], ['Heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common underlying causes, but can be difficult to disentangle due to overlap in symptomatology.', 'In addition, other potential causes such as obesity, anaemia, renal dysfunction and thyroid disorders may be involved.We aim to assess whether screening of frail elderly with reduced exercise tolerance leads to high detection rates of HF, COPD, or alternative diagnoses, and whether detection of these diseases would result in changes in patient management and increase in both functionality and quality of life.', 'DISCUSSION: This study will generate information on the yield of screening for previously unrecognized HF, COPD and other chronic diseases in frail elderly with reduced exercise tolerance and/or exercise induced dyspnoea.'], ["With regard to single diseases entities the best predictors of both the number of drugs and the number of physician contacts were asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/chronic bronchitis and chronic neurological diseases (mostly Parkinson's disease)."], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma may overlap and converge in older people (overlap syndrome).', 'METHODS: Sixty-three patients with stable COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV(1)] <=80%) underwent pulmonary function tests, including reversibility of airflow limitation, arterial blood gas analysis, analysis of inflammatory cells in induced sputum, and chest high-resolution computed tomography.', 'The inclusion criteria for COPD patients with asthmatic symptoms included having asthmatic symptoms such as episodic breathlessness, wheezing, cough, and chest tightness worsening at night or in the early morning (COPD with asthma group).', 'The clinical features of COPD patients with asthmatic symptoms were compared with those of COPD patients without asthmatic symptoms (COPD without asthma group).', 'RESULTS: The increases in FEV(1) in response to treatment with ICS were significantly higher in the COPD with asthma group.', 'Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed 82.4% sensitivity and 84.8% specificity of sputum eosinophil count for detecting COPD with asthma, using 2.5% as the cutoff value.', 'CONCLUSION: COPD patients with asthmatic symptoms had some clinical features.'], ['The incidence of two common chronic respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [IPF]) increases with advanced age.', 'It is plausible, therefore, that abnormal regulation of the mechanisms of normal aging may contribute to the pathobiology of both COPD and IPF.', 'This review discusses the available evidence supporting a number of aging mechanisms, including oxidative stress, telomere length regulation, cellular and immunosenescence, as well as changes in a number of antiaging molecules and the extracellular matrix, which are abnormal in COPD and/or IPF.'], ['Some have suggested that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease of accelerated aging.', 'The relationship of telomere length to important clinical outcomes such as mortality, disease progression and cancer in COPD is unknown.', 'Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we measured telomere length of peripheral leukocytes in 4,271 subjects with mild to moderate COPD who participated in the Lung Health Study (LHS).', 'We also measured telomere length in healthy "mid-life" volunteers and patients with more severe COPD.', 'In conclusion, COPD patients have short leukocyte telomeres, which are in turn associated increased risk of total and cancer mortality.', 'Accelerated aging is of particular relevance to cancer mortality in COPD.'], ['But it therefore should be diagnosed properly by taking of all differential situations especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease into consideration since the appropriate management of the disease will alter the morbidity and mortality.'], ['INTRODUCTION: This study was designed to identify the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on activities of daily living, life styles and needs in patients.', 'PATIENTS AND METHODS: Participants of this national, multi-centered, cross-sectional observational study included 497 stable COPD patients from 41 centers.', 'Sociodemographic and COPD-related data were gathered at enrollment and during the 1-month telephone follow-up.', 'RESULTS: The mean (SD) COPD duration was 7.3 (6.5) years in the overall population while 5.4 (4.6) years for patients who recieved COPD diagnosis at least one year after the onset of symptoms.', 'Majority of the patients were aware of COPD as a chronic disease (63.4%), requiring ongoing treatment (79.7%), mainly caused by smoking (63.5%).', 'The top three COPD treatment expectations of the patients were being able to breathe (24.1%), walking (17.1%), and walking up stairs (11.7%), while shortness of breath (43.3%) was the first priority treatment need.', 'CONCLUSION: In contrast to the common view that COPD prevalance is higher in old age population, this study showed that the rate of the disease is higher among younger patients than expected; indispensability of out of the house activities in majority of patients; and use of regular medication device to be independent of educational level and the age of COPD patients.', 'Our findings indicate that the likelihood of COPD patient population to be composed of younger and active individuals who do not spend majority of their time at home/in bed as opposed to popular belief.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema (COPD/emphysema) is characterized by chronic inflammation and premature lung aging.', 'Anti-aging sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD+-dependent protein/histone deacetylase, is reduced in lungs of patients with COPD.', 'Here, we showed increased cellular senescence in lungs of COPD patients.', 'Activation of SIRT1 may be an attractive therapeutic strategy in COPD/emphysema.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To investigate the relationship between disease-related factors and balance, and a history of falls in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHODS: Thirty-six patients with COPD and twenty healthy individuals were studied.', 'BBS scores, frequency of falls and tripping were correlated in COPD patients (p <= 0.01).', 'BBS score and frequency of falls were correlated with dyspnea and peripheral oxygen saturation measured after the 6MWT, partial arterial oxygen pressure, and arterial oxygen saturation values in COPD patients (p<0.05).', 'CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, hypoxemia, dyspnea and fatigue are disease- related factors, which are related with balance impairment and falls in COPD patients.', 'For this reason, we suggest that assessment of and training to improve balance impairment among the elderly with COPD should be a component of pulmonary rehabilitation programs in clinical practice.'], ['In stepwise logistic regression analysis, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction and admission to cardiology ward were positively associated with beta-blocker and ACE-I (or ARB) therapy, while older age and pulmonary diseases (COPD or asthma) were related to their non-prescription.'], ['CT is an important diagnostic advancement in the field of COPD.'], ['RESULTS: Myocardial infarction has the highest impact on self-reported health status across studies with a pooled OR of 3.9, followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (pooled OR: 3.1).'], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic inflammatory airway diseases in which innate and adaptive immunity play an important role.'], ['We assessed serum anti-Hib IgG levels and bactericidal activity in 59 patients with chronic renal failure, 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 28 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 20 patients with multiple myeloma compared to 32 healthy controls of similar age.', 'Considering antibody at >0.15 mug/ml as the protective correlate in unvaccinated individuals, we detected subprotective Hib antibody levels in 29% of chronic renal failure, 20% of diabetes, 14% of COPD, and 55% of myeloma patients compared to 3% of healthy controls.'], ['Of interest, T cells are closely involved in the development of inflammatory airway and lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are prevalent in the elderly people.'], ['Not all cigarette smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and discovering susceptibility factors is an important research priority.'], ['Common diseases of the elderly were separated into disease groups including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, gastric ulcer, previous stroke, reflux esophagitis, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, osteoporosis, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, and depression.', 'The number of drugs and prevalence of polypharmacy were hypertension, 5.2 (3.9 [51%]); hyperlipidemia, 5.6 (3.8 [58%]); gastric ulcer, 5.4 (3.8 [53%]); previous stroke, 5.8 (3.2 [61%]); reflux esophagitis, 5.6 (3.8 [40%]), diabetes mellitus, 5.6 (3.1 [54%]); malignancy, 4.1 (3.1 [37%]); osteoporosis, 5.4 (3.4 [45%]); angina pectoris, 5.7 (3.6 [42%]); congestive heart failure, 6.1 (4.0 [60%]); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 5.0 (3.5 [53%]); dementia, 5.1 (3.2 [52%]); and depression, 7.0 (4.2 [73%]).'], ['We used Poisson regression to determine incidence rate ratios (IRRs), adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking prevalence, previous bacterial pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasing public health problem worldwide.', 'Although epidemiologic data on COPD are important to raise awareness of the burden of disease, there are no actual spirometry-based data on the prevalence of COPD in the Netherlands.', 'COPD was defined as post-bronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC ratio < 0,7 (GOLD) or < the lower limit of normal (LLN) (95th percentile) of the population distribution for FEV(1)/FVC.', 'RESULTS: Overall prevalence of COPD was 24%, and was higher for men (28.5%) than for women (195%).', '(unweighted p = 0.002) The prevalence of GOLD stage 2 or higher COPD was 10%.', 'The prevalence of LLN-defined COPD was 19% and 10% for stage 2 or higher.', 'The prevalence of COPD increased with age and amount of pack-years, although 14% of never smokers fulfilled spirometric criteria for COPD.', 'The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed COPD was only 8.8%.', 'CONCLUSION: Almost one quarter of the Maastricht population aged >= 40 years had COPD.'], ['Quality of care metrics were calculated for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, and new episode depression.', 'The proportion of patients filling acceptable medication was suboptimal for most conditions, ranging from 40% to 96% across conditions and cohorts, with COPD the lowest and heart failure (HF) the highest.', 'Percentages persistent and compliant with acceptable therapies were lowest for asthma and COPD, and highest for HF; percentages were generally higher among LI/DE patients.'], ['This results in a natural fall in the FEV(1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio which may result in overdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hence the need to ensure the FEV(1) is less than 80% before confirming the diagnosis.'], ['The most common causes of death among women above the age of 60 years are stroke, ischemic heart disease and COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Whereas nutrition deficits are recognized as an expression of systemic inflammation in the elderly with diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), if they occur in symptomatic elderly smokers, unfulfilled COPD criteria are not confirmed.', 'METHODS: Respiratory function, anthropometry assessment, and diet intake evaluation of 13 COPD patients (COPD group), ten symptomatic elderly smokers (SYSM group), and 27 healthy volunteers (control group) were compared.', 'RESULTS: The SYSM group had lower body weight, body mass index, percentage ideal body weight, body fat percentage, arm muscle circumference, tricep skin fold thickness, serum albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin than the control group and were similar to the COPD group (P < 0.05 each and nonsignificant each).', 'Intake of energy, vitamins (A, B1, B2, and C), calcium, iron, fiber, and sodium was also lower in the SYSM group than in the control group (P < 0.05 all) and was similar to the COPD group.', 'CONCLUSION: Elderly smokers who are symptomatic but who do not fulfill the COPD diagnostic criteria have nutritional deficits related to insufficient energy intake that are similar to those seen in COPD patients.'], ['Although work has focused on sex differences and sex hormones in cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neuronal systems, there is now increasing clinical evidence for sex differences in incidence, morbidity, and mortality of lung diseases including allergic diseases (such as asthma), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, as well as pulmonary hypertension.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized with limitation of airflow that is not completely reversible, progressive deterioration of airways and systemic inflammation.', 'A total of 514 patients with COPD from 25 centers were included in this national, multicenter, cross-sectional observational study.', 'Data regarding demographic features, concomitant diseases, history and treatment of COPD and expectations of patients and physicians were all obtained in a single visit.', 'Mean (SD) duration of having COPD was 5.4 (4.6) years.', 'The majority of patients were at moderate (43.2%) and severe (35.0%) COPD stages and one or more exacerbations per year was determined in 71%.', 'Most commonly affected morning activity was climbing up/down the stairs (point of effect: 6.7), followed by wearing socks/shoes (point of effect: 4.3) and showering/bathing (point of effect: 4.2) by COPD.', 'Consequently, our results demonstrate that COPD is not a disease of only the elderly, is an important healthcare issue that often disrupt daily living of the patients due to inadequate disease awareness leading to overlooking of the symptoms by patient and physicians, and that a patient-centered approach based on the living standards, life expectancies and preferences of patients was crucial in patient management.'], ['Professional societies have encouraged primary care providers to conduct spirometry testing for the detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ECOPDs) have numerous causes and are associated with increased mortality and hospitalization, especially in older patients.', 'The aging process is a consistent determinant for ECOPD events and is associated with worsening of COPD stages.', 'The incidence of ECOPD rises across the worsening stages of COPD.', 'SUMMARY: ECOPDs are extremely dangerous events for older patients with severe stages of COPD.', 'There is an urgent need to identify risk factors, identify tolerable treatment guidelines and manage acute exacerbations in older patients with COPD.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a high prevalence condition with a significant clinical and economic burden.', 'In elderly people, COPD is often associated with other chronic comorbidities (i.e.', 'The aim of this article is to review the economic studies evaluating costs and healthcare resource utilization in elderly (>= 65 years) COPD patients.', 'RECENT FINDINGS: Sixteen of the initial 359 articles retrieved through our research strategy were found to include relevant cost information on elderly COPD patients or to evaluate the effect of older age on healthcare expenditure.', 'However, we found a trend of direct cost growth in the elderly population, which can be explained by a more frequent use of acute healthcare services, especially for managing COPD exacerbations.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent and increasing health problems in the elderly on a worldwide scale.', 'The management of COPD in older patients presents practical diagnostic and treatment issues, which are reviewed with reference to the stable stage of the disease.', 'RECENT FINDINGS: In the diagnostic approach of COPD in the elderly the use of spirometry is recommended, but both patient conditions (such as inability to correctly perform it due to fatigue, lack of coordination, and cognitive impairment) and metrics characteristics should be taken into account for the test performance.', 'It has been demonstrated in population studies that the use of the fixed ratio determines a substantial overdiagnosis of COPD in the oldest patients.', 'Effective management of COPD in older adults should always consider the ability of patients to properly use inhalers and the involvement of caregivers or family members as a useful support to care, especially when treating cognitively impaired patients.', 'SUMMARY: The Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease has recommended criteria for diagnosis and management of COPD in the general population.', 'On the contrary, available evidence suggests practical limitations in diagnostic approach and intervention strategies in older patients with stable COPD that need to be further studied for a translation into clinical practice guidelines.'], ['Quantification of daily physical activity is of clinical interest in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', '43 COPD patients wore the SWA for 7 days.', 'While the PAR did not measure physical activity sufficiently accurately to make individual recommendations, it was able to identify COPD patients at extremes of the physical activity spectrum, potentially reducing the number of patients requiring direct measurement.'], ['Our goal was to evaluate how this amendment affected the nationwide mortality rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHODS: The number of monthly COPD deaths by gender and age was obtained from the Monthly Vital Statistics Reports of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.', 'The COPD mortality rate for each month was calculated separately for the two age groups: age <65 years and age >= 65 years.', 'Changes in the COPD mortality rates after amendment were evaluated each month using the Poisson regression analysis to calculate risk ratios (RRs) and to compute 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusting for gender, age, trend and seasonal variations.', 'RESULTS: After amendments to the law, a statistically significant reduction in the COPD mortality rates were observed in January (RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.81-0.88), February (RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.81-0.89) and March (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.88-0.96) among the population aged >= 65 years.', 'However, in the population aged <65 years, statistically no significant changes in the COPD mortality rate were found in any month after the amendments were made.', 'CONCLUSION: A legal approach to improving influenza vaccine coverage for the elderly population would contribute to the risk reduction of COPD deaths during the influenza season.'], ['Women who spend many hours cooking food in poorly ventilated homes develop chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), asthma, respiratory tract infections, including tuberculosis and lung cancer.', 'It has been argued that exposure to biomass fuel smoke is a bigger risk factor for COPD than tobacco smoking.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and metabolic syndrome represent common causes of morbidity and mortality in ageing populations.', 'The effect of the co-existence of COPD and metabolic syndrome on adipose tissue hormones and insulin resistance as well as the differences between COPD patients with and without metabolic syndrome have not been adequately studied.', 'The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, based on Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria, was evaluated in 114 male patients with COPD without significant co-morbidities.', 'The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 21%, being more prevalent in earlier stages of COPD.', 'Patients with COPD and metabolic syndrome were younger with higher body-mass index (BMI), had better pulmonary function, less static hyperinflation and air-trapping, better diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and BODE index.', 'Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in younger patients with less severe COPD.', 'These patients may constitute a specific COPD phenotype with greater leptin to adiponectin imbalance and insulin resistance, despite smaller impairment in PFTs.', 'The prognosis and differences of these patients compared with other COPD phenotypes needs to be determined in prospective studies.'], ['To date, clinico-physiologic indices have not been compared with quantitative CT imaging indices in determining the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation.', 'We therefore compared clinico-physiologic and CT imaging indices as risk factors for COPD exacerbation in patients with COPD.', 'We retrospectively analyzed 260 COPD patients from pulmonary clinics at 11 hospitals in Korea from June 2005 to November 2009 and followed-up for at least one year.', 'At the time of enrollment, none of these patients had COPD exacerbations for at least 2 months.', 'All underwent clinico-physiologic and radiological evaluation for risk factors of COPD exacerbation.', 'After 1 yr, 106 of the 260 patients had at least one exacerbation of COPD.', 'Combinations of clinico-physiologic risk factors may be better than those of imaging risk factors in predicting COPD exacerbation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Although balance deficits are increasingly recognized in COPD, little is known regarding the disordered subcomponents underlying the control of balance.', 'We aimed to determine the specific components of balance that are impaired in COPD and to investigate the association among balance, peripheral muscle strength, and physical activity.', 'METHODS: Balance, physical activity, and lower extremity muscle strength were assessed in 37 patients with COPD and 20 age-matched healthy control subjects using the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, and an isokinetic dynamometer, respectively.', 'A subset of subjects (20 patients with COPD and 20 control subjects) underwent a second testing session in which postural perturbations were delivered using a lean-and-release system.', 'RESULTS: Subjects with COPD (age, 71 +- 7 years; FEV(1), 39% +- 16% predicted) exhibited significantly lower scores than did control subjects (age, 67 +- 9 years) on all of the BESTest subscales (all P < .001).', 'In response to anterior perturbations, subjects with COPD showed a longer time to foot-off (P = .027) and foot contact (P = .018), and a longer duration anticipatory phase (P = .008) compared with control subjects.', 'Muscle strength (P = .008) and self-reported physical activity (P = .033) explained 35% of the variance in balance in subjects with COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with COPD exhibit impairments in all balance subcomponents and demonstrate slower reaction times in response to perturbations.'], ['Risk factors of in-hospital mortality, including myocardial infarction, shock, previous history of stroke, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, septicemia and the use of invasive coronary procedures, were explored using a logistic regression model.'], ['Independent risk factors for severity (APACHE II score >= 10) were old age, diabetes mellitus, serum osteopontin > 100 ng/mL, and a group of underlying diseases (congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, chronic liver disease, bronchial asthma, and chronic obstructive lung diseases).'], ['Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify that chronic obstructive lung disease, ASA score and age were independent predictive factors for perioperative complications.'], ['LRTI are among the most common diseases in developed countries, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), one of the most frequent conditions.', 'To date there are no official guidelines for empirical ABT of COPD exacerbations, but only heterogeneous and often conflicting recommendations exist.', '), admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia, COPD exacerbation or pneumonia with respiratory failure.'], ['RESULTS: In the first review, only 2 out of 581 references pertaining to physical activity in the defined populations provided a conceptual framework of physical activity in COPD patients.'], ['We analyzed seasonal flu vaccination rates among the Italian population suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in order to identify socio-demographic and clinical determinants for vaccination.', 'We used data from the survey "Health and health care use in Italy", which interviewed 5,935 persons (age 15 - 102 years) suffering from COPD in the period 2004-2005.', 'Vaccine coverage among adults with COPD in Italy remains low, especially among those with no comorbidities, and aged less than 44 years.', 'We found several risk factors for non vaccination, such as smoking, single marital status, and not having contacts with GPs, which should be considered in developing strategies to increase the coverage of influenza vaccine among people with COPD in Italy.'], ['Individuals over 65 years old with HRV presented with signs, symptoms and underlying conditions and were admitted to hospital as often as the other enrolled patients, mainly for dyspnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease acute exacerbation.'], ['We analyzed the lung mRNA expression profiles of a murine model of COPD developed using a lung-specific IL-18-transgenic mouse.', 'Based on our murine model gene expression data, we analyzed the protein level of YKL-40, the human homolog of Chi3l1, in sera of smokers and COPD patients.', 'Sixteen COPD patients had undergone high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) examination.', 'We observed significantly higher serum levels in samples from 28 smokers and 45 COPD patients compared to 30 non-smokers.', 'In COPD patients, there was a significant negative correlation between serum level of YKL-40 and %FEV(1).', 'Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the serum levels of YKL-40 and LAA% in COPD patients.', 'Thus our results suggest that chitinase-related genes may play an important role in establishing pulmonary inflammation and emphysematous changes in smokers and COPD patients.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic pulmonary disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fibrosing lung diseases, and atrial fibrillation (AF), are prevalent in elderly people.', 'Furthermore, AF prevalence was higher in those subjects with severe airflow obstruction (FEV(1) %predicted < 50) than in those who had mild or moderate airflow obstruction (FEV(1) %predicted >= 50), although there was no difference between the prevalence of AF in subjects with 70<= FVC %predicted <80 lung restriction and those with FVC %predicted <70.'], ['NO(2) levels were associated with risk for asthma hospitalisation in the full cohort (HR and 95% CI per IQR, 5.8 mug/m(3): 1.12; 1.04-1.22), and for first-ever admissions (1.10; 1.01-1.20), with the highest risk in people with a history of asthma (1.41; 1.15-2.07) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (1.30; 1.07-1.52) hospitalisation.', 'People with previous asthma or COPD hospitalisations are most susceptible.'], ['MEASUREMENTS: Diseases included heart failure (HF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), osteoarthritis, and cognitive impairment.', 'Disease-related symptoms and impairments included HF symptoms and ejection fraction (EF) for HF, Dyspnea Scale and forced expiratory volume in 1 second for COPD, joint pain for osteoarthritis, and executive function for cognitive impairment.'], ['Inflammation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Inflammation is also present in the pulmonary artery wall and at the systemic level in COPD patients, and may be involved in COPD-associated comorbidities.', 'Inhaled corticosteroids are much less effective in COPD than in asthma, which relates to the intrinsically poor reversibility of COPD-related airflow obstruction and to molecular mechanisms of resistance relating to oxidative stress.', 'Ongoing research aims at developing new drugs targeting more intimately COPD-specific mechanisms of inflammation, hypersecretion and tissue destruction and repair.'], ['Irreversible airway obstruction is the defining feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Thus, an FEV(1)/FVC ratio <70% is used to diagnose COPD, and the severity is thereafter based on the level of FEV(1).', 'The three main reasons are the following: (1) fixed airflow obstruction may be the result of specific diagnoses such as cystic fibrosis; (2) FEV(1)/FVC ratio changes with ageing, and it is therefore inappropriate to use the same ratio at 40 and 90 years, leaving aside gender differences; (3) even when specific diagnoses are excluded, fixed airflow obstruction may be the end-stage of many different underlying processes.', 'The authors believe that they have strong arguments that a COPD diagnosis based solely on spirometric values is nonsense.', 'Therefore, the authors throw down the gauntlet: spirometry is an essential tool in patient evaluation but dangerous for disease diagnosis, and the term COPD should only be used in the appropriate clinical (diagnostic) context.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit dominant features of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and/or asthma, with a common phenotype of airflow obstruction.', 'COPD pulmonary physiology reflects the sum of pathological changes in COPD, which can occur in large central airways, small peripheral airways, and the lung parenchyma.', 'Different biological or molecular markers have been reported that reflect the mechanistic or pathogenic triad of inflammation, proteases, and oxidants and correspond to the different aspects of COPD histopathology.', 'Similar to the pathogenic triad markers, genetic variations or polymorphisms have also been linked to COPD-associated inflammation, protease-antiprotease imbalance, and oxidative stress.', 'Furthermore, in recent years, there have been reports identifying aging-associated mechanistic markers as downstream consequences of the pathogenic triad in the lungs from COPD patients.', 'For this review, the authors have limited their discussion to a review of mechanistic markers and genetic variations and their association with COPD histopathology and disease status.'], ['After adjusting for age, gender, cerebrovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, activity of daily living impairment, and body mass index, residents with sarcopenia were more likely to die compared with those without sarcopenia (adjusted hazard ratio 2.34; 95% confidence interval 1.04-5.24).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular accident were more common underlying conditions of the elderly group.'], ["Each patient should meet at least one of the following comorbidty criteria: Charlson index >= 3, dependence in >= 2 activities of daily living, treatment with >= 5 drugs, active treatment for >= 3 diseases, recent emergency hospitalization, severe visual or hearing loss, cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), anaemia, or constitutional syndrome.", 'The DMP consists of an educational programme for patients and caregivers on the management of HF, COPD (knowledge of the disease, smoking cessation, immunizations, use of inhaled medication, recognition of exacerbations), diabetes (knowledge of the disease, symptoms of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia, self-adjustment of insulin, foot care) and depression (knowledge of the disease, diagnosis and treatment).'], ['Furthermore, co-morbid conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are common in the elderly and cloud the interpretation of symptoms.'], ['BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depression are prevalent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'This study evaluates the sensitivity and specificity of two self-administered anxiety rating scales in older people with COPD.', 'METHODS: Older people with COPD completed the GAI and the HADS along with a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).', 'CONCLUSION: Our results support the use of the GAI and HADS as screening instruments for anxiety disorders in older people with COPD.', 'The results of this study should be replicated before these cut points can be recommended for general use in older people with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Dementia may influence as a co-morbid condition the management of chronic obstructive airway disease.', 'However, the frequency and the consequences of dementia in older people with chronic obstructive airway disease are largely unknown.', 'Furthermore, the risk of undertreatment for chronic obstructive airway disease increased.'], ['BACKGROUND: More than 10% of elderly people suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Drug treatment for COPD involves inhalants.', 'Manual strength should be measured in all geriatric patients with COPD and should be taken into account when deciding whether or not to initiate differential treatment.'], ['DESIGN: Content analysis of published Canadian CPGs for the following chronic diseases: diabetes, dyslipidemia, dementia, congestive heart failure, depression, osteoporosis, hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and osteoarthritis.'], ['We then estimated whether the potential effect of population aging and changes in prevalence of HIV infection, solid organ transplant, COPD, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibition have contributed to the observed increase in pMAC disease.', 'The increase in self-reported COPD prevalence could potentially explain 11 (95% CI, 0-42) additional cases (increase of 0.09 per 100,000 [95% CI, 0-0.34 per 100,000]).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Although population aging appears to be a major risk factor, the increase in pMAC disease in Ontario could be only partly explained by aging, increases in COPD, HIV, solid organ transplantation, and TNF-alpha inhibition therapy.'], ['The conditions identified as being of greatest concern, based on their prevalence and potential for treatment conflict, were chronic airways disease, depression, chronic pain/inflammatory disease, glaucoma, diabetes mellitus and diseases treatable with corticosteroids.'], ['Infection with Pneumocystis (Pc) has been shown to be associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in human subjects with and without HIV infection and in non-human primate models of HIV infection.', 'In human studies and in a primate model of HIV/Pc co-infection, we have shown that antibody response to the Pc protein, kexin (KEX1), correlates with protection from colonization, Pc pneumonia, and COPD.', 'These findings support the hypothesis that immunity to KEX1 may be critical to controlling Pc colonization and preventing or slowing development of COPD.'], ['Eligible patients either suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure or any combination.'], ['This article considers the place of palliative and end of life care in the management of people with end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Many nurses working with older people will encounter patients with advancing COPD which may be their main problem or part of multiple comorbidities.'], ['BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in cardiovascular co-morbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'We postulated that these methods can help assess the integrity of cardiac control in hypoxic COPD.', 'METHODS: Eight hypoxic stable COPD patients, nine healthy age-matched older adults and eight healthy young adults underwent ECG monitoring for 24 h. Patients with COPD were also monitored following 4 weeks of standardized oxygen therapy.', 'RESULTS: There were between-group differences for variables TS, DC and AC (P<0 0005, eta(2) = 0 54-0 65), attributable solely to differences between healthy young and COPD subjects.', "A significant interaction 'trend' effect for HR (F(9,87) = 2 52, P = 0 015, eta(2) = 0 21) reflected the strong influence of COPD on HR circadian variation (afternoon and night values being different to those in healthy subjects).", 'CONCLUSIONS: As expected, heart rate dynamics were substantially diminished in older (healthy and COPD) groups compared with healthy young controls.', 'Patients with COPD showed similar heart rate dynamics compared with age-matched controls, both before and after hypoxia correction.', 'However, there was a suggestion of diminished DC in COPD compared with age-matched controls (P = 0 059) that was absent following oxygen therapy.'], ['Smoking-related diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are of particular concern in the HIV-infected population.', 'Before the era of combination antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected persons were noted to have an accelerated form of COPD, with significant emphysematous disease seen in individuals less than 40 years old.', 'Unlike many of the AIDS-defining opportunistic infections, HIV-associated COPD may be more common in the current era of HIV because it is frequently reported in patients without a history of AIDS-related pulmonary complications and because many aging HIV-infected individuals have had a longer exposure to smoking and HIV.', 'In this review, we document the epidemiology of HIV-associated COPD before and after the institution of combination antiretroviral therapy, review data suggesting that COPD is accelerated in those with HIV, and discuss possible mechanisms of HIV-associated COPD, including an increased susceptibility to chronic, latent infections; an aberrant inflammatory response; altered oxidant-antioxidant balance; increased apoptosis associated with HIV; and the effects of antiretroviral therapy.'], ["We report here on a case of primary hypothyroidism that was diagnosed late because the correlated signs and symptoms (asthenia, bradycardia, pleural effusions, hyponatremia, worsening renal and respiratory insufficiency, hoarseness) had previously been attributed to the normal aging process and to the patient's other health conditions (Parkinson's disease, PD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)."], ['Hypertension is the most common disease, followed by coronary artery disease, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in old age is an increasing problem.', 'Understanding the features of COPD in older patients is important in order to introduce effective interventions and to inform efforts for health resource allocation.', 'Features of importance to old age include increased prevalence of COPD in non-smokers and rise in the rate of systemic comorbidities.'], ['Moreover, there is emerging evidence that these epigenetic marks affect gene expression in the lung and are associated with benign lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial lung disease.'], ['It was hypothesized that KL-6 could be detectable in the circulating blood and especially in airway secretions in lung diseases associated with mucus production such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHODS: The concentrations of KL-6 in plasma and induced sputum supernatants from young and/or middle aged/elderly non-smokers, smokers and patients with COPD were assayed by ELISA (n = 201).', 'The subjects were classified into five groups according to age, smoking status and presence of COPD.', 'samples from patients with COPD (n = 28), were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis.', 'Among middle aged/elderly subjects, plasma KL-6 levels in all smokers regardless of COPD were significantly higher than in non-smokers, whereas sputum levels of KL-6 were significantly higher in COPD compared not only to non-smokers but also to smokers.', 'KL-6 was more prominently expressed in the bronchiolar/alveolar epithelium in COPD than in the control lungs.', 'CONCLUSIONS: KL-6 increases with ageing and chronic smoking history, but prospective studies will be needed to elucidate the significance of KL-6 in chronic airway diseases.'], ['BACKGROUND: Although high-intensity noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (HI-NPPV) is superior to low-intensity noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (LI-NPPV) in controlling nocturnal hypoventilation in stable hypercapnic patients with COPD, it produces higher amounts of air leakage, which, in turn, could impair sleep quality.', 'METHODS: A randomized, controlled, crossover trial comparing sleep quality during HI-NPPV (mean inspiratory positive airway pressure 29 +- 4 mbar) and LI-NPPV (mean inspiratory positive airway pressure 14 mbar) was performed in 17 stable hypercapnic patients with COPD who were already familiar with HI-NPPV.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In patients with COPD, high inspiratory pressures used with long-term HI-NPPV produce acceptable sleep quality that is no worse than that produced by lower inspiratory pressures, which are more traditionally applied in conjunction with LI-NPPV.'], ['It is a common problem that affects specific groups of patients, such as, those suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and interstitial lung disease, and in healthy humans during aging, pregnancy, and obesity.'], ['The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological basis for sex-differences in exercise-induced dyspnea in patients with mild COPD.', 'We compared operating lung volumes, breathing pattern and dyspnea during incremental cycling in 32 men (FEV(1)=86+-10% predicted) and women (FEV(1)=86+-12% predicted) with mild COPD and 32 age-matched controls.', 'Women with COPD had significantly greater dyspnea than men at 60 and 80 W. At 80 W, dyspnea ratings were 5.7+-2.3 and 3.3+-2.5 Borg units (P<0.05) and the V(E) to maximal ventilatory capacity ratio was 72% and 55% in women and men, respectively (P<0.05).', 'Comparable increases in dynamic hyperinflation were seen in both male and female COPD groups at symptom limitation but women reached tidal volume constraints at a lower work rate and V(E) than men.', 'Superimposing mild COPD on the normal aging effects had greater sensory consequences in women because of their naturally reduced ventilatory reserve.'], ['Surfactant proteins (SP) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) have been linked to cigarette smoke induced lung remodelling and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['Serum levels of SP-A and SP-D have also been found to be elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their significance has not been evaluated or compared in induced sputum samples obtained directly from the airways.', 'OBJECTIVE: A sequential sputum analysis was conducted to assess the value of SP-A, SP-D and KL-6 levels in COPD.', 'METHODS: The study material consisted of induced sputum samples from 61 subjects, 28 with COPD and 33 with prolonged cough (cough lasting >3 weeks and normal spirometry).', 'RESULTS: The levels of SP-A, SP-D and KL-6 were higher in patients with COPD than in those with prolonged cough in each of the fractions.', 'CONCLUSION: Sequential sputum analysis from 3 consecutive fractions indicated a significant difference in the levels of SP-A, SP-D and KL-6 between COPD and prolonged cough.'], ['BACKGROUND: Airflow obstruction is the most important pathophysiologic factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Although the prevalence of airflow obstruction has been increasing worldwide, airflow obstruction is often under-recognized in clinical practice because of insufficient use of spirometry.', 'Airflow obstruction was defined according to the criteria established by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD).', 'The prevalence of airflow obstruction in patients with atherosclerosis (29.3%) was greater than that in patients with dyslipidemia (24.3%), diabetes mellitus (23.1%) or hypertension (27.1%).', 'Only 14% of patients with airflow obstruction had a previous diagnosis of COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Latent COPD patients with airflow obstruction are highly prevalent, not only in those over 70 years of age with lifestyle-related diseases, but also in middle-aged patients.', 'Spirometry should be widely used for patients with lifestyle-related diseases and a history of smoking, to effectively detect undiagnosed COPD.'], ['Severity of acute critical illness, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure, a high number of drugs being taken, functional dependence and advanced age were independently associated with hospital admission.'], ['BACKGROUND: COPD and asthma in older people are complex conditions associated with multiple clinical problems.', 'METHODS: Older people with asthma and COPD underwent a multidimensional assessment to characterise the prevalence of clinical problems.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In asthma and COPD, patients and their physicians agree about the importance of managing activity limitation, dyspnoea, and airway inflammation.', 'Eliciting problems and addressing their importance to treatment goals may improve care in COPD and asthma.'], ['RESEARCH DESIGN: Patients were assigned to 1 of 4 condition groups: diabetes-concordant (hypertension, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia), and/or diabetes-discordant (arthritis, depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) conditions, or neither.'], ['In the elderly, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia and one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in cases of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).', 'In patients with pneumonia, COPD as an underlying disease was not associated with more-drug-resistant pneumococci.', "The same pneumococcus was involved in 25.7% (9/35 patients) of patients with two consecutive AECOPD episodes but in only 6.3% (2/32 patients) of COPD patients with pneumonia and exacerbation (Fisher's exact test; P = 0.047)."], ['Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the independent risk factors for MTB infection in ESRD patients are old age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.17 per 10 years, p <0.001), male gender (HR 1.37, p <0.001), silicosis (HR 5.82, p <0.001), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.68, p 0.012).'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent research suggests that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be a disease of accelerated aging.', 'The senescence hypothesis of COPD pathogenesis is supported by in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical studies.', 'The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the senescence hypothesis of COPD and summarize methods that are used to assess cellular aging.', 'RECENT FINDINGS: Accelerated aging due to exposure to cigarette smoke is hypothesized to induce rapid progression of COPD.', 'Recent studies have shown that COPD patients have enhanced expression of senescence-associated proteins in the lung and in the peripheral circulation compared to healthy controls.', 'Murine models of accelerated aging demonstrate spontaneous emphysematous changes in the lungs, while lungs of COPD patients demonstrate enhanced markers of senescence in fibroblasts and alveolar cells.', 'More recently, studies of telomeres, which shorten with cellular aging, have shown that COPD patients may experience accelerated telomere attrition compared with healthy controls.', 'SUMMARY: The evidence for the role of accelerated aging in COPD progression is growing and senescence is one possible molecular pathway by which COPD occurs.'], ['It was hypothesised that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and this mutation have accelerated lung function decline.', 'OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the 11478G A polymorphism is associated with attenuated alpha(1)-antitrypsin responses at COPD exacerbation, and therefore accelerated lung function decline.', '204 patients with COPD were genotyped in the London cohort and serum alpha(1)-antitrypsin concentration was measured at baseline and (n=92) exacerbation.', 'RESULTS: The 11478G A genotype frequencies did not vary between COPD cases and controls, or between COPD frequent and infrequent exacerbators.', 'CONCLUSION: The 11478G A alpha(1)-antitrypsin polymorphism is not associated with increased risk of developing COPD, nor accelerated lung function decline.', 'Serum alpha(1)-antitrypsin may not be upregulated early at COPD exacerbation.'], ['RATIONALE: Chromosome 12p has been linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study (BEOCOPD), but a susceptibility gene in that region has not been identified.', 'OBJECTIVES: We used high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping to implicate a COPD susceptibility gene and an animal model to determine the potential role of SOX5 in lung development and COPD.', 'METHODS: On chromosome 12p, we genotyped 1,387 SNPs in 386 COPD cases from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial and 424 control smokers from the Normative Aging Study.', 'SNPs with significant associations were then tested in the BEOCOPD study and the International COPD Genetics Network.', 'Association with rs11046966 was not replicated in the International COPD Genetics Network.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variation in the transcription factor SOX5 is associated with COPD susceptibility.'], ['There have been no population-based COPD studies that collected pulmonary function data in Portugal, a country in transition between phases 2 and 3 of the smoking epidemic.'], ['Common, noncentral nervous system medical conditions linked with cognitive impairment in adults and the elderly include: acute respiratory distress syndrome; cancer; chronic kidney disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; coronary heart disease; hypertension; obesity (bariatric surgical candidates); obstructive sleep apnea; and type 2 diabetes.'], ['Antibodies to P. jirovecii also tended to be lower with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hazardous alcohol use, injection drug use, and HIV infection, although these results were not statistically significant.'], ['Lung cancer, COPD and cardiovascular diseases are highlighted as some of the most common disease that cause mortality, and for that reason are the most active areas for drug development.', 'The next generation of personalized drugs for targeted and stratified patient treatment will soon be available in major disease areas such as, lifestyle-related cancers, especially lung cancers with the highest mortality including a predisposing disorder chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases.'], ['BB are not contraindicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); in fact, these patients also benefit because of their high cardiovascular risk.', 'In patients with COPD, as in the elderly, BB should be started at a low dose and uptitrated slowly.'], ['Ageing, female sex, diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nephropathy, infection and ischaemic heart disease were significantly associated with heart failure hospitalization.'], ['Subjects were divided into those with COPD and controls.', 'RESULTS: Subjects with COPD and controls were similar in age and smoking history but FEV(1)% predicted was lower for COPD than controls.', 'Intensity of staining for AGEs was greater in the airways (p = 0.025) and alveolar walls (p = 0.004) in COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The increased staining for both AGEs and RAGE in COPD lung raises the possibility that the RAGE-AGEs interaction may have a role in the pathogenesis of COPD.'], ['Factors independently associated with lower BMD at the hip were inability to stand from sitting, a history of kidney stones, thyroxine use, and Asian birth and at the spine, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, paternal fracture history, and thyroxine use.'], ['BACKGROUND: the diagnosis and management of obstructive airway diseases (OADs) such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be challenging in older people.', 'The number and type of issues were similar irrespective of a diagnosis of asthma or COPD (P = 0.2).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ageing may contribute to malnutrition.', 'We aimed to explore whether COPD and ageing determine malnutrition in different manners.', '460 stable COPD outpatients (376 males and 84 females) from the Extrapulmonary Consequences of COPD in the Elderly (ECCE) study database were investigated (age 75.0+-5.9 yrs; forced expiratory volume in 1 s 54.7+-18.3% predicted).', "Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages were negatively correlated with five MNA items exploring mobility, patient's perception of own nutrition and health status, and arm and calf circumferences (lowest Spearman's rho (rs)=-0.011; highest p=0.039).", 'Severe COPD and ageing are independent and probably concurrent conditions leading to malnutrition.'], ['The study reported here tested the predictive power of selected components of the Health Belief Model for air-conditioning (AC) use among 238 non-institutionalized middle-aged and older adults with chronic heart failure and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease living in Montreal, Canada.'], ['This study compared measures of muscle strength, mass, IF, and mobility in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy subjects.', 'RESULTS: Patients with COPD (n = 21, age 71.3 +- 8.1 years, and a percentage predicted force expiratory volume in 1 second of 47.2 +- 12.9) and 21 healthy subjects matched for age (67.4 +- 8.6 years), gender, and body mass participated in the study.', 'Patients with COPD showed reduced average knee extensor strength (29%, P = .016) cross-sectional area of the thigh muscles (17%, P = .007) and mobility measures (~23%, P <= .001).', 'Knee extensor and flexor IF was 2-folds greater in people with COPD (P <= .005).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Compared with healthy controls, patients with moderate to severe COPD show marked deficits in muscle strength, mass, quality, and mobility.', 'More studies with larger sample size are required to elucidate whether any of these muscle deficits can explain mobility impairments in COPD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to compare the results of the SCPT in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and people who were healthy and to explore associations of the SCPT with muscle strength (force-generating capacity) and functional performance.', 'METHODS: Twenty-one people with COPD and a predicted mean (SD) percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 47.2 (12.9) and 21 people who were healthy and matched for age, sex, and body mass were tested with the SCPT.', 'RESULTS: People with COPD showed lower values on the SCPT (28%) and all torque measures (~ 32%), except for eccentric knee flexor muscle torque.', 'In people with COPD, performance on the TUG and 6MWT was lower by 23% and 28%, respectively.', 'In people with COPD, the SCPT was moderately associated with knee extensor muscle isometric and eccentric torque (r >=.46) and strongly associated (r=.68) with the 6MWT.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The SCPT is a simple and safe test associated with measures of functional performance in people with COPD.', 'People with COPD show deficits on the SCPT.', 'However, the SCPT is only moderately associated with muscle torque and thus cannot be used as a simple surrogate for muscle strength in people with COPD.'], ['As the size of the elderly population grows, an increased number of elderly patients with multifactorial respiratory failure will undoubtedly require episodic or sustained ventilatory assistance, and noninvasive ventilation can be provided for various forms of acute and chronic respiratory failure, including advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, other parenchymal lung disease, and chest wall deformities.'], ['The elderly are especially prone to the adverse health effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is a common disorder in that population.', 'While the prevalence and morbidity of COPD in the elderly are high, it is often undiagnosed and thus undertreated.', 'The diagnosis of COPD is primarily based on the physiological documentation of airflow limitation using spirometry.', 'However, several controversies exist as to the range of predicted normal values for these measurements in the elderly population, and the clinical presentation of COPD in the elderly may be complicated by the presence of several comorbidities.', 'Many non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions are available for managing COPD.', 'However, management of COPD in the elderly population may be challenged by the "polypharmacy" of medications that these patients often take, which can interfere with compliance with therapy.', 'Lastly, adverse effects from medications prescribed for treatment of COPD may be more pervasive in elderly patients.'], ['Although frequency of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients with CHF is about 30%, it is hard to find similar data in the elderly population.', 'COPD is defined as a spirometrically assessed ratio of a post-dilatory forced expiratory volume in the first second, divided by forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) <70%.', "The aims of our study were to assess the prevalence of previously undiagnosed COPD in outpatients (>= 65 yrs) with stable CHF and to determine the effect of the combination of COPD and CHF on patients' functional capacity as measured by a 6-minute walking test.", 'In 48 patients (27.6%) we found previously unrecognized COPD.', 'Patients with COPD had significantly shorter 6-min walking distance (275.5 +- 112.9 vs 291.3 +- 96.7 m, p<0.05).', "Only patient's age had a positive prognostic association with unrecognized COPD (OR=1.16; 95% CI 1.01- 1.34, p<0.01).", 'Patients with COPD showed a significant correlation between actual/predicted FEV1 and the 6-min walking distance (r=0.39, p<0.01).', 'CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of unrecognized COPD in elderly patients with CHF and central obesity.', 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease influenced functional capacity in CHF patients, as determined by the 6-minute walking test.'], ['Loss of muscle mass can be the consequence of pathological changes, as observed in muscular dystrophies; or it can be secondary to cachexia-inducing diseases that cause muscle atrophy, such as cancer, heart disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; or it can be a consequence of aging or simple disuse.'], ['STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate incidence, risk factors and impact of falls on health related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COPD have a high susceptibility to falls, which is associated with a worsening of dyspnea perception as related to HRQoL.', 'Fall prevention programs in COPD are recommended.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease in the elderly population and is characterized by airway inflammation.', 'OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of allergic inflammation in the pathogenesis of elderly COPD.', 'METHODS: A total of 63 elderly adults (21 mite-allergic COPD patients, 29 non-allergic COPD patients, and 13 normal controls) were recruited in this study.', 'RESULTS: The serum levels of GRO-alpha in patients with COPD were higher in comparison to normal controls (105.8 +- 32.7 vs. 7.5 +- 7.5 pg/mL, p= .021).', 'Compared to patients with non-allergic COPD, patients with mite allergies had a higher serum level of IL-8 (63.2 +- 12.6 vs. 35.0 +- 8.2 pg/mL, p= .022).', 'Although both IL-5 and RANTES levels were increased in COPD patients, there were no significant differences between allergic and non-allergic COPD.', 'There were also no differences in serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, vitamin E, and GSH between COPD patients and normal controls.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The increased serum levels of GRO-alpha indicate that it may have potential as a candidate biomarker for elderly COPD patients.', 'There was no difference of eosinophils-related chemokines in allergic and non-allergic COPD.', 'These results indicated that both adipokines and eosinophil-related chemokines only play trivial roles in the pathogenesis of COPD.'], ['MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as pulmonary infections, were significantly more likely among HIV-infected patients compared with uninfected patients in adjusted analyses, although rates of asthma did not differ by HIV status.', 'Bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the two most common incident pulmonary diseases, whereas opportunistic pneumonias were less common.', 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, as well as pulmonary infections, were less likely in those with lower HIV RNA levels and use of ART at baseline.'], ['A group of patients who did not have an effect of either programmes were characterised by higher age, living alone and having COPD.'], ['In this age group, the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increased during the study period.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The increasing NTM notification in the Netherlands is unlikely to have been a result of laboratory improvements alone: the ageing population with an increasing prevalence of COPD is likely as important.'], ['In particular, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) both overlap and converge in older people.'], ['A parallel literature describes an elevated list of chronic degenerative disease as common in such patients including neurodegenerative conditions, atherosclerosis, nephrosclerosis, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, chronic obstructive and fibrotic lung disease, osteoporosis, chronic periodontitis, various cancers, hair greying, and stem cell suppression.'], ['Patients with PMCs of cirrhosis, active cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hematologic disorders, anticoagulation drugs, dementia or mental retardation, or other conditions had higher in-hospital mortality.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the most common chronic diseases throughout the world affecting prevalently older people.', 'Despite the increasing burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older people, underdiagnosis and undertreatment in this age group are still common problems.', 'There are few studies that specifically examine age as a factor influencing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled therapies, the cornerstone of treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'This review provides a summary of age-related physiological changes and their impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, with particular regard to the drugs implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment, in order to optimize drug therapy.'], ['METHODS: We used data from the SALIA cohort study in Germany (Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Aging) to assess the association between the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic respiratory symptoms and the decline in air pollution exposure.', 'Prevalence of chronic cough with phlegm production and mild COPD at baseline investigation compared to follow-up was 9.5% vs. 13.3% and 8.6% vs. 18.2%, respectively.', 'A steeper decline of PM10 was observed in the industrialized areas in comparison to the rural area, this was associated with a weaker increase in prevalence of respiratory symptoms and COPD.', 'Among women who never smoked, the prevalence of chronic cough with phlegm and mild COPD was estimated at 21.4% and 39.5%, respectively, if no air pollution reduction was assumed, and at 13.3% and 17.5%, respectively, if air pollution reduction was assumed.'], ['PURPOSE: Cigarette smoking and advanced age are well known as risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and nutritional abnormalities are important in patients with COPD.', 'However, little is known about the nutritional status in non-COPD aging men with smoking history.', 'SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This association was examined in a cross-sectional study of 65 Japanese male current or former smokers aged 50 to 80 years: 48 without COPD (non-COPD group), divided into tertiles according to forced expiratory volume in one second as percent of forced vital capacity (FEV(1)/FVC), and 17 with COPD (COPD group).', 'The difference in adjusted RBCc and TP among the non-COPD group tertiles was greater than that between the bottom tertile in the non-COPD group and the COPD group.', 'CONCLUSION: In non-COPD aging men with smoking history, trends toward reduced nutritional status and anemia may independently emerge in blood components along with decreased lung function even before COPD onset.'], ['Patient 2 was a 66-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gout, hypertension, and chronic neck and low back pain.'], ['These include fatty buildups in arteries, several types of cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (lung problems).'], ['For people who live with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the ability to access specialist health services facilitates improved health outcomes, however many barriers to accessing specialist health care have been identified.', 'This paper reports on the challenges people living with COPD in rural New Zealand (NZ) face in accessing specialist health care services.', 'METHODS: Nine people living with COPD in a small NZ rural town were interviewed in 2007.', 'CONCLUSION: The findings raise questions about the model of care needed to improve health care for rural people with COPD.'], ['Many patients have irreversible airway obstruction, which is due to severe airway remodeling, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or bronchiectasis.'], ['Within the one-year observation after discharge, pneumonia was also the most frequent diagnosis in subsequent hospitalizations; besides, 178 (6.5%) patients died in the hospital and the common causes of death were respiratory failure (n = 34), septicemia (n = 23), pneumonia (n = 16), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 9).'], ['Multimorbidity (1.08; 95% CI, 1.02-1.15), frailty (1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.26), high Mini-Mental State Examination score (1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05), congestive heart failure (CHF) (1.39; 95% CI, 1.23-1.58), angina (1.27; 95% CI, 1.12-1.44), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (1.20; 95% CI, 1.05-1.37), diabetes mellitus (DM) (1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43), difficulty with shopping for personal items such as medicines and toiletries (1.20; 95% CI, 1.06-1.35), and possession of health insurance (1.21; 95% CI, 1.04-1.40) or a prescription plan (1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.29) were independently associated with increased use of prescription drugs.', 'Those with multimorbidity, frailty, CHF, angina, DM, COPD, cancer, and difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living are target subpopulations for polypharmacy intervention.'], ['RESULTS: Octogenarians were significantly more likely to have a history of diabetes mellitus (51% vs 23%; P < .001), coronary artery disease (45% vs 32%; P = .0165), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (44% vs 30%; P = .0113), and renal insufficiency (57% vs 31%; P < .0001).'], ['AIM: Body mass index (BMI) is closely associated with mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Systemic inflammation has been suggested as one of the mechanisms of malnutrition in COPD.', 'This study investigated the relationships of clinical variables and inflammatory biomarkers with BMI in COPD in an aging population.', 'METHODS: Baseline levels of serum biomarkers were determined for 69 patients with stable male COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects independence and survival in the general population, but it is unknown to which extent this conclusion applies to elderly people with mild disease.', 'The aim of this study was to verify whether mild COPD, defined according to different classification systems (ATS/ERS, BTS, GOLD) impacts independence and survival in elderly (aged 65 to 74 years) or very elderly (aged 75 years or older) patients.', "METHODS: We used data coming from the Respiratory Health in the Elderly (Salute Respiratoria nell'Anziano, SaRA) study and compared the differences between the classification systems with regards to personal capabilities and 5-years survival, focusing on the mild stage of COPD.", 'Mild COPD, whichever was its definition, was not associated with worse personal capabilities or increased mortality after adjustment for potential confounders in both age groups.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Mild COPD may not affect survival or personal independence of patients over 65 years of age if the reference group consists of patients with a comparable burden of non respiratory diseases.'], ['Stepwise logistic regression analysis found patients aged 75+ years, male, non-Chinese ethnic groups, Sunday and Monday, time of the attendance from 16:00 to midnight, distance to ED, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure and acute respiratory infections to be significantly associated with frequent attendances.'], ['As for morbidity, the predictors were: pre-operative renal dysfunction (RR 2.22, 95%: 1.25-3.95), atrial fibrillation (RR 1.74, 95%: 1.16-2.61), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (RR 1.93, 95%: 1.25-2.97).', 'CONCLUSION: Aortic valve surgery in the elderly is related to a slightly higher mortality rate than in younger patients, and its main risk factors were associated procedures, renal failure, atrial fibrillation, COPD, and sepsis.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disorder with a high prevalence among elderly men and women and an increasing mortality rate.', 'It is important to remember that COPD is a systemic disorder with several extrapulmonary manifestations.', 'Elderly patients with COPD are at an increased risk of cardiovascular events, osteoporosis, fractures, peripheral muscle wasting, depression and anxiety.', 'Traditionally, FEV(1) has been used as a marker of COPD severity.', 'Although bronchodilators and corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of pharmaceutical management of COPD, their efficacy relies on correct medication administration.', 'Assessment and management of extrapulmonary co-morbidities of COPD should also be undertaken.', 'Careful attention to the mental health of elderly patients with COPD is also vital, as they have high rates of depression and anxiety.', 'Furthermore, elderly patients with severe COPD receive inadequate palliative care despite the elevated mortality risk associated with this illness.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by alveolar destruction and abnormal inflammatory responses to noxious stimuli.', 'We hypothesized that polymorphisms in SFTPD could influence the susceptibility to COPD.', 'We genotyped six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in surfactant protein D in 389 patients with COPD in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) and 472 smoking control subjects from the Normative Aging Study (NAS).', 'The replication of significant associations was attempted in the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study, the Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) Study, and the Bergen Cohort.', 'In the NETT-NAS case-control analysis, four SFTPD SNPs were associated with susceptibility to COPD: rs2245121 (P = 0.01), rs911887 (P = 0.006), rs6413520 (P = 0.004), and rs721917 (P = 0.006).', 'In the family-based analysis of the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study, rs911887 was associated with prebronchodilator and postbronchodilator FEV(1) (P = 0.003 and P = 0.02, respectively).', 'An intronic SNP in SFTPD, rs7078012, was associated with COPD in the ECLIPSE Study and the Bergen Cohort.', 'We demonstrated an association of polymorphisms in SFTPD with COPD in multiple populations.', 'The SNPs associated with COPD and SP-D concentrations differed, suggesting distinct genetic influences on susceptibility to COPD and SP-D concentrations.'], ['This includes the frequency of medical comorbidities, the presence in many patients of fixed airflow obstruction that resembles chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the lack of perception of dyspnea that may delay effective medical care.'], ['The syndrome of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) consists of chronic bronchitis (CB), bronchiectasis, emphysema, and reversible airway disease that combine uniquely in an individual patient.', 'Older patients are at risk for COPD and its components--emphysema, CB, and bronchiectasis.', 'Bacterial and viral infections play a role in acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) and in acute exacerbations of CB (AECB) without features of COPD.'], ['This preliminary pilot study explores sustained benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) attending a 12-month home-based pulmonary maintenance program.', 'The incidence of COPD is high and ageing populations will see this continue and possibly increase.', 'Results suggest that in light of likely decline in benefits 6-12 months after PR, the maintenance program contributed to sustained benefits for COPD individuals and also provide information to aid investigators planning the design of similar larger research with this population.'], ['Major chronic disorders associated with smoking include cardiovascular diseases, several types of cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (lung problems).'], ['Hypertension, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer were the most common illnesses among the patients.'], ['Among the elderly subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 45.8% (11/24) were Tp sensitive.', 'CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Tp sensitization was higher in elderly subjects, especially in patients with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: In 2003, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) accounted for 46% of the burden of chronic respiratory disease in the Australian community.', 'In the 65-74-year-old age group, COPD was the sixth leading cause of disability for men and the seventh for women.', 'AIMS: To measure the influence of disease severity, COPD phenotype and comorbidities on acute health service utilization and direct acute care costs in patients admitted with COPD.', 'METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 80 patients admitted to the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 2001-2002 for an exacerbation of COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: This model has identified a number of patient factors that predict higher acute care costs and awareness of these can be used for service planning to meet the needs of patients admitted with COPD.'], ['Positive findings related to dementia, specific disorders (osteoarthritis pain, post-operative delirium, sleep difficulties, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and older people living at home.'], ['Heart failure (p=0.009), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p=0.015), depression (p=0.015), and osteoarthritis (p=0.032) were significantly associated with low SOC scores, as were high scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) (p=0.002).'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with many comorbidities, but the percentage of COPD patients who develop comorbidities has not been clearly defined.', 'OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the relationship between COPD and comorbidities using information obtained from the Health Search Database (HSD) owned by the Italian College of General Practitioners (SIMG), which stores information on about 1.5% of the total Italian population served by general practitioners.', 'RESULTS: Compared to the non-COPD people, COPD patients were at increased risk for cardiovascular events [ischemic heart disease (6.9% in the general population vs. 13.6% in COPD patients), cardiac arrhythmia (6.6% in the general population vs. 15.9% in COPD patients), heart failure (2.0% in the general population vs. 7.9% in COPD patients), and other forms of heart disease (10.7% in the general population vs. 23.1% in COPD patients); with a higher impact of COPD in the elderly]; non-psychotic mental disorders, including depressive disorders (29.1% in the general population vs. 41.6% in COPD patients; with a higher impact of COPD on women aged <75 years); diabetes mellitus (10.5% in the general population vs. 18.7% in COPD patients); osteoporosis (10.8% in the general population vs. 14.8% in COPD patients), with a higher impact of COPD on women aged <75 years, and malignant pulmonary neoplasms (0.4% in the general population vs. 1.9% in COPD patients).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that COPD is a risk factor for these comorbid conditions.'], ['Congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and hypertension are common causes of hospitalization in the elderly.'], ['Of six selected co-morbidities, about 50% in men and 40% in women with HF had a coexisting disease of CHD, followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, and pneumonia.'], ['These patients were often treated less aggressively, especially in case COPD or diabetes was also present.'], ['The results of this study confirmed that hypertension, cardiopathic disease, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common pathologies, and that pain is present in 67.3% of those recovered in geriatric departments.'], ['BACKGROUND: Genetic variants influencing lung function in children and adults may ultimately lead to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly in high-risk groups.', 'Within the Normative Aging Study (NAS), a cohort of initially healthy adult men, we tested for an association between SNPs that were associated with FEV(1) and the time to the onset of COPD.', 'We then examined the relationship between MMP12 SNPs and COPD in two cohorts of adults with COPD or at risk for COPD.', 'This allele was also associated with a reduced risk of the onset of COPD in the NAS cohort (hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 0.92; P=0.02) and with a reduced risk of COPD in a cohort of smokers (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.88; P=0.005) and among participants in a family-based study of early-onset COPD (P=0.006).', 'This allele is also associated with a reduced risk of COPD in adult smokers.'], ['METHODS: From the hospital registries in four Italian cities (Turin, Milan, Bologna, Rome), we identified 9384 hospital admissions for six chronic conditions (diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma) among 20-64 year-olds in 2000.', 'The association was particularly strong for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (level V low income vs. level I high income RR = 4.23 95%CI 3.37-5.31) and for congestive heart failure (RR = 3.78, 95% CI = 3.09-4.62).'], ['AIMS: To ascertain whether chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) mortality in the elderly subjects from general population.', 'Multivariate stepwise proportional hazard Cox regression was therefore used to identify the prognostic role of COPD on CV mortality in hypertensive (HT) and normotensive (NT) subjects.', 'The hazard ratio (HR) of COPD with 95% confidence interval (CI) for mortality was adjusted for confounders in both genders.', 'RESULTS: COPD resulted to be an independent predictor of CV mortality (HR 1.34, CI 1.13-1.61) in HT but not in NT subjects.', 'This was evident both in men (HR 1.44, 1.25-1.95) and women (HR 1.32, CI 1.14-1.53); pulse pressure (PP) was directly related and anti-hypertensive therapy inversely related to risk of CV mortality, an association that was greater in subjects with than without COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: COPD should be included in the computation of global risk in HT subjects.', 'PP is the main BP component in increasing CV risk in subjects with COPD.', 'Controlled trials should be performed to evaluate the pressor targets to be reached in HT subjects with COPD, with the aim of decreasing their CV risk.'], ['This paper proposes the augmented RIC+I(p)(aRIC+I(p)) model and compares it to five other well-known models (the RIC, extended RIC, augmented RIC, DuBois and Mead models) in fitting the IOS data from adult COPD patients and healthy subjects.', 'Hence, the aRIC+(p) model appears to be the most reasonable one for use, at this point in time, in studying IOS-based computer-aided detection and diagnosis of COPD.'], ['The median Charlson comorbidity score was 4, and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Class III or greater) was present in 25% of patients.'], ['To advance our ability to effect earlier diagnosis, prevent, and possibly restore healthy lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may require novel thinking.', 'One avenue to explore is the concept of COPD as a trans-generational disease.', 'Early development and COPD may be related first by failure of normal growth development leading to an increased risk of disease, and second by recapitulation of some developmental pathways that may be key to lung repair after injury.', 'While we should be mindful that "aging" may not be only thought of as "late" development in a COPD context, the aging process in the lung is probably fundamentally different from emphysema.', 'Finally, taking a more holistic view of COPD, aging and development in extrapulmonary contexts (e.g., musculoskeletal or immune systems) may also impact on COPD initiation and progression.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.', 'COPD is especially prevalent in the elderly, affecting 25% of those aged>or=75 years.', 'Exacerbations of COPD increase rates of hospitalization and mortality and decrease quality of life.', 'Approximately 50% of acute exacerbations of symptoms in COPD are caused by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.', 'Stratification of exacerbations based on severity of symptoms and signs, and severity of underlying COPD, is useful in selecting patients likely to benefit from antibacterial therapy.', 'Patients who are hospitalized with exacerbations, those who have all three symptoms (increased dyspnoea, sputum volume and sputum purulence), and those with severe underlying COPD and exacerbations benefit most from antibacterials.', 'The goals of antibacterial therapy for exacerbations of COPD are the prevention of complications such as respiratory failure and death, and the reduction of treatment failures.', 'The role of pathogenic bacteria in progression of stable COPD and the use of prophylactic antibacterials in stable COPD are under investigation.', 'Currently available evidence does not support routine clinical use of prophylactic antibacterials in stable COPD.', 'In conclusion, pathogenic bacteria cause a significant proportion of acute exacerbations of COPD.', 'Use of antibacterials, based on current susceptibility patterns, is beneficial in patients with severe COPD experiencing exacerbations and in patients with severe exacerbations.'], ["PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim was to determine the effects of long-term inhaled corticosteroid use on pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) via systematic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI, regulatory documents and manufacturers' trial registries.", 'RECENT FINDINGS: Our updated meta-analysis of 24 long-term randomized controlled trials involving 23 096 participants shows a significantly increased risk of pneumonia with the use of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD (relative risk 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.41-1.75, P < 0.0001).', 'The trials of currently available inhaled corticosteroids have included participants with varying duration of inhaled corticosteroid exposure and COPD severity, with apparent differences in the proportion of pneumonia ascertained among these trials.', 'SUMMARY: Clinicians should consider the long-term risks of pneumonia with the use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD.'], ['46% had gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, 25% depression, 20% chronic airways disease or chronic pain and 15% also had heart failure or inflammation-pain.'], ['BACKGROUND: To the best of our knowledge, the association between COPD and chronic renal failure (CRF) has never been assessed.', 'Lean mass is frequently reduced in COPD, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) might be depressed in spite of normal serum creatinine (concealed CRF).', 'We investigated the prevalence and correlates of both concealed and overt CRF in elderly patients with COPD.', 'METHODS: We evaluated 356 consecutive elderly outpatients with COPD enrolled in the Extrapulmonary Consequences of COPD in the Elderly Study and 290 age-matched outpatients free from COPD.', 'RESULTS: The prevalence of concealed and overt CRF in patients with COPD was 20.8% and 22.2%, respectively.', 'COPD and age were significantly associated with both concealed CRF (COPD: odds ratio [OR] = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.17-4.12; age: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.04-1.09) and overt CRF (COPD: OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.01-4.66; age: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.04-1.10).', 'CONCLUSIONS: CRF is highly prevalent in patients with COPD, even with normal serum creatinine, and might contribute to explaining selected conditions such as anemia that are frequent complications of COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is also more prevalent in the elderly, and thus, the likelihood of having elderly patients with osteoarthritis and COPD in clinical settings is significant.', 'COPD may preclude the optimum use of opioids, thus the potential to provide pain control with nonpharmacological treatment modalities becomes a valuable option.', 'We present the case of an elderly woman with severe degenerative joint disease of the shoulder and severe COPD in whom spinal cord stimulation was used to provide pain control.'], ['Vaccinating elderly patients helps prevent influenza-related mortality, avoids debilitating complications, and even averts exacerbation of certain comorbidities including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes.'], ['Longitudinal studies on children with BPD identified, at all ages, a greater need to use inhaled asthma medication and a significant airflow obstruction.', 'Whether survivors of BPD and prematurity have a risk of developing a COPD-like phenotype with aging is a question that only lung function studies extended to middle-age and beyond will answer.'], ['A substantial minority of respondents (range 15-21%) reported they would screen a 75 year old with an active malignancy, severe CHF, or severe COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating disease of the elderly that causes significant morbidity and mortality.', 'COPD is associated with enormous healthcare costs.', 'Depression, anxiety and malnutrition are also common in elderly COPD patients.', 'Spirometry is essential for the diagnosis of COPD, but the criteria defining airflow limitation are not clear cut for elderly patients and could result in over-diagnosis.', 'However, older patients perceive their symptoms differently, and COPD could also be under-diagnosed in this population.', 'The management of elderly patients with COPD should encompass a multidisciplinary approach.', 'Specific therapy for COPD should start with cessation of exposure to the most important risk factor, tobacco smoke.', 'Unlike oxygen therapy in hypoxaemic patients, bronchodilators and corticosteroids do not decrease mortality in COPD patients and they are primarily directed towards symptom relief.', 'End-of-life issues should be adequately addressed in the elderly with COPD, and an approach integrating curative and palliative interventions is recommended.'], ['The present study investigates the influence of COPD on attention functions, learning, and logical thinking.', 'Therefore, 60 COPD patients and 60 healthy controls were recruited into a cross-sectional study and underwent extensive neuropsychological testing.', 'In addition overall reaction time was significantly slower in the COPD group (p=0.001).', 'Results are indicating a global impairment in cognitive functions of COPD patients which is negatively influenced by accelerated aging and increasing with disease severity.'], ['The burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is rising, incurring a major health care burden worldwide.', 'However alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency represents a human model of all the components of COPD (especially emphysema), and the genetic nature allows family studies of subjects who are well or in the early stages of disease progression.', 'The condition also emphasizes the role of the neutrophil in the inflammatory cascade in both deficiency and usual COPD.', 'Deregulation and resistance of the inflammatory cytokine cascade appears to be a regular feature of usual COPD, and may represent a premature ageing phenotype.'], ['Cardiovascular (CV) disease represents a considerable risk factor in terms of both morbidity and mortality in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'At present, the emerging evidence suggests that hypoxia, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress may cause an early sub-clinical cardiovascular involvement in patients with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aim of the study was to assess the results of surgery for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) in the elderly with COPD at Shanghai Pulmonary Disease Hospital.', 'METHODS: From 1 January 1993 to 30 June 2007, the operation for SSP was performed in 107 elderly patients (> or = 60y) with COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Surgical intervention is recommended in selected elderly COPD patients with SSP, with hypercapnia known as an operative contraindication.'], ['Independent factors associated with recurrent CAP were greater age, lack of pneumococcal vaccination, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and corticosteroid therapy.', 'Recurrence of CAP is not a rare clinical problem and it occurs mainly in the elderly, patients with COPD, and those receiving corticosteroids.'], ['The Global Initiative of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in subjects with FEV(1)/FVC <0.7.', 'However, the use of this fixed ratio may result in over-diagnosis of COPD in the elderly, especially with mild degree of COPD.', 'The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different definitions of airflow obstruction (LLN or fixed ratio of FEV(1)/FVC) on the estimated prevalence of COPD in a population-based sample.', 'We compared the prevalence of COPD and its difference diagnosed by different methods using either fixed ratio (FEV(1)/FVC <0.7) or LLN criterion (FEV(1)/FVC below LLN).', 'The prevalence of COPD was 10.9% (14.7% in men, 7.2% in women) by LLN criterion and 15.5% (21.8% in men, 9.1% in women) by fixed ratio of FEV(1)/FVC among subjects older than 45 yr.', 'In conclusion, the prevalence of COPD by LLN criterion was significantly lower in elderly compared to fixed ratio of FEV(1)/FVC.', 'Implementing LLN criterion instead of fixed ratio of FEV(1)/FVC may reduce the risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in elderly people.'], ['Smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have lower riboflavin status (high EGRAC values) compared with nonsmokers and those without COPD.'], ['There is a need to re-evaluate the concept of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as separate conditions, and to consider situations when they may coexist, or when one condition may evolve into the other.', 'Epidemiological studies show that in older people with obstructive airway disease, as many as half or more may have overlapping diagnoses of asthma and COPD (overlap syndrome).', 'Studying overlap syndrome may shed light on the mechanisms of COPD development.', 'Patients typically have inflammatory features that resemble COPD, with increased airway neutrophilia, as well as features of airway wall remodelling.'], ['An enhanced or abnormal inflammatory response to the lungs to inhaled particles and gases, usually from cigarette smoke, is considered to be a general pathogenic mechanism in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).', 'The mechanisms involved in the perpetuation of the inflammatory response in the lungs in patients who develop COPD, even after smoking cessation, are not fully established and are key to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms in COPD and may be important for the development of new therapies.', 'There is a relationship between chronic inflammatory diseases and aging, and the processes involved in aging may provide a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of COPD.', 'There is good evidence linking aging and COPD.', 'These features are accelerated in COPD.', 'Emphysema is associated with markers of accelerated aging in the lungs, and COPD is also associated with features of accelerated aging in other organs, such as the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems.', 'There is also evidence that anti-aging molecules such as histone deacetylases and sirtuins are decreased in the lungs of COPD patients, compared with smokers without COPD, resulting in enhanced inflammation and further progression of COPD.', 'The processes involved in accelerated aging may provide novel targets for therapy in COPD.', 'The present article reviews the evidence for accelerated aging as a mechanism in the pathogenesis of COPD.'], ['The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to rise in association with an aging Western society.', 'While barriers to receiving optimal healthcare exist for aging patients, pharmacotherapy of COPD in the elderly is important because the treatment benefits in this group are comparable to those seen in the younger COPD population.', 'The frequent presence of co-morbidities and reduced clearance capacity make selection of pharmacotherapy in elderly patients with stable COPD challenging.', 'The adverse effects of standard therapy for COPD may also be more pronounced in elderly patients.', 'A careful risk-versus-benefit assessment should always be carried out when prescribing long-term inhaled bronchodilator and corticosteroid therapy to an elderly COPD patient, and when prescribing beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists and methylxanthines, in particular, to those with cardiovascular co-morbidities.', 'The present review focuses on the special considerations regarding initiation and maintenance of pharmacotherapy in elderly patients with stable COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIMS: We described dietary habits in a Spanish sample of COPD patients and assessed its adequacy according to dietary recommendations, which so far have never been published.', 'METHODS: 275 patients hospitalized for the first time for a COPD exacerbation in Spain answered a 122-item food frequency questionnaire on their last 2 years dietary habits.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Moderate-to-severe Spanish COPD patients report an adequate intake of the main food groups and macro- and micro-nutrients according to local recommendations, excepting vitamin D.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Cardiovascular diseases are often combined with severe comorbidities such as renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonal hypertension and cerebrovascular damage.'], ['heart failure, coronary heart disease, asthma/COPD, stroke, diabetes mellitus Type 2, degenerative diseases of the joints, depression and others.'], ['BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can have recurrent disease exacerbations triggered by several factors, including air pollution.', 'The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the daily number of COPD emergency department visits and the daily environmental air concentrations of PM(10), SO(2), NO(2), CO and O(3) in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil.', 'RESULTS: PM(10) and SO(2) readings showed both acute and lagged effects on COPD emergency department visits.', 'Interquartile range increases in their concentration (28.3 microg/m(3) and 7.8 microg/m(3), respectively) were associated with a cumulative 6-day increase of 19% and 16% in COPD admissions, respectively.', 'CONCLUSION: These results indicate that air pollution affects health in a gender- and age-specific manner and should be considered a relevant risk factor that exacerbates COPD in urban environments.'], ['Comorbidities were similar except for a higher incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes in segmentectomy patients.'], ['We hypothesized that candidate genes selected for a study of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) are associated with markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in an aging population.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that genes thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD may influence levels of serum markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction via novel SNP associations which have not previously been associated with cardiovascular disease.'], ['Limitations of these prognostic tools include their variable utility in the elderly, and their failure to include certain comorbidities (COPD, immune suppression) and social factors, in their calculations.'], ['Longevity of the transplant recipients, lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a history of smoking, and the increasing age of the lung donors make lung cancer more likely.'], ['UI was significantly associated with advanced age (p < 0.05), lower education level (p < or = 0.001), recurrent urinary tract infection (p < 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p < or = 0.001), a history of nocturnal enuresis in childhood (p < 0.001), taking diuretics (p < 0.05) and body mass index (p < 0.001).'], ['Several risk factors are known to be associated with increases in mortality, the most important of which are age > 65 years, male gender, and comorbidities such as chronic heart failure, advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neurological diseases, and liver cirrhosis.'], ['DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: An observational sample comparing physical performance in renal transplant candidates over age 60 (Renal Failure) to older people with diastolic heart failure (Heart Failure), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or at high risk for cardiovascular disease (High CV Risk) was studied.'], ['Nine co-existing condition categories (musculoskeletal; diabetes; heart; hypertension; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma; hearing impairment; stroke; cancer; gastrointestinal conditions) and six patient characteristics (age; gender; visual acuity; social status; independent living; rehabilitation type) were tested in a linear regression model to determine the risk profile.', 'Patients who reported diabetes, COPD or asthma, consequences of stroke, musculoskeletal conditions, cancer, gastrointestinal conditions or higher logMAR Visual Acuity values, experienced a lower QOL.', 'After five months, visual acuity, musculoskeletal conditions, COPD/asthma and stroke predicted a decline in QOL (R2 = 0.20).', 'CONCLUSION: In visually impaired older patients, visual acuity, musculoskeletal conditions, COPD/asthma and stroke predicted a relatively rapid decline in health-related QOL.'], ['Co-morbidity was recorded in 25 (73.5%), coronary artery disease (CAD) in 17 (50%), diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic renal insufficiency in four (11.7%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in three patients (8.8%).'], ['CONTEXT: High cortisol level is known to be associated with osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), susceptibility to infections and depression and may protect against chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: COPD is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world.', 'Although the prevalence of COPD is already well documented, there are only few studies regarding the incidence of COPD.', 'METHODS: In a prospective population-based cohort study among subjects aged >or= 55 years, COPD was diagnosed with an algorithm based on the validation of hospital discharge letters, files from the general practitioner, and spirometry reports.', 'RESULTS: In this study cohort of 7,983 participants, 648 cases were identified with incident COPD after a median follow-up time of 11 years (interquartile range, 7.8 years).', 'The IR of COPD was higher among men (14.4/1,000 PY; 95% CI, 13.0 to 16.0) than among women (6.2/1,000 PY; 95% CI, 5.5 to 7.0), and higher in smokers than in never-smokers (12.8/1,000 PY; 95% CI, 11.7 to 13.9 and 3.9/1,000 PY; 95% CI, 3.2 to 4.7, respectively).', 'For a 55-year-old man and woman still free of COPD at cohort entry, the risk for the development of COPD over the coming 40 years was 24% and 16%, respectively.', 'CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of COPD in an elderly population is 9.2/1,000 PY, with a remarkably high incidence in the youngest women, suggesting a further shift toward the female sex in the gender distribution of COPD.', 'During their further lives, one of four men and one of six women free of COPD at the age of 55 years will have COPD develop.'], ['southern Chinese, to provide an assessment of the specific impact of moderate alcohol use on mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).', 'METHODS: In a population-based case-control study of all adult deaths in Hong Kong Chinese in 1998, we used adjusted logistic regression to compare alcohol use in decedents aged > or = 60 years from IHD (2270) and COPD (1441) with 10,320 living and 9043 dead controls (all non-alcohol related deaths).', 'We also examined whether the association of alcohol use with death from IHD or COPD varied with sex or smoking status.', 'RESULTS: Using living controls and adjusted for age, socio-economic status and lifestyle, occasional and moderate alcohol use were generally associated with lower mortality from IHD and COPD.', 'However, using dead controls the protection of occasional and moderate alcohol use appeared to be limited to ever-smokers for IHD (odds ratio (OR) 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46 to 0.73 for moderate compared to never-use in ever-smokers, but OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.50 in never-smokers), and possibly to men for COPD.', 'High alcohol use was associated with lower IHD mortality and possibly with lower COPD mortality.', 'Alcohol use was associated with lower COPD mortality particularly in men, either due to some yet to be clarified properties of alcohol or as the artefactual result of genetic selection into alcohol use in a Chinese population.'], ['HF patients had more chronic conditions-specifically diabetes and asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be associated with premature aging.', 'OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that patients with COPD experience accelerated telomere shortening and that inflammation is linked to this process.', 'METHODS: We measured telomere length, using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based method, and plasma levels of various cytokines in 136 patients with COPD, 113 age- and sex-matched smokers, and 42 nonsmokers with normal lung function.', 'MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Median (range) telomere length ratio was significantly lower in patients with COPD (0.57 [0.23-1.18]) than in control smokers (0.79 [0.34-1.58]) or nonsmokers (0.85 [0.38-1.55]) (P < 0.001).', 'Both females and males with COPD had shorter telomere length than same-sex control subjects.', 'In patients with COPD, telomere length was related to PaO2 (P < 0.001) and PaCO2 (P < 0.001) but not to lung function parameters or the BODE Index.', 'Patients with COPD also had elevated plasma levels of various cytokines, interleukin-6 correlating negatively with telomere length (P < 0.001).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Given that in vivo telomere length reflects cellular turnover and exposure to oxidative and inflammatory damage, our data support accelerated aging in COPD.'], ['COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs, which progresses very slowly and the majority of patients are therefore elderly.', 'We here review the evidence that accelerating aging of lung in response to oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of COPD, particularly emphysema.', 'Environmental gases, such as cigarette smoke or other pollutants, may accelerate the aging of lung or worsen aging-related events in lung by defective resolution of inflammation, for example, by reducing antiaging molecules, such as histone deacetylases and sirtuins, and this consequently induces accelerated progression of COPD.', 'Recent studies of the signal transduction mechanisms, such as protein acetylation pathways involved in aging, have identified novel antiaging molecules that may provide a new therapeutic approach to COPD.'], ['To determine whether folliculin sequence variants are risk factors for severe COPD, we genotyped seven previously reported Birt-Hogg-Dube or familial spontaneous pneumothorax associated folliculin mutations in 152 severe COPD probands participating in the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study.', 'We performed bidirectional resequencing of all 14 folliculin exons in a subset of 41 probands and subsequently genotyped four identified variants in an independent sample of345 COPD subjects from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (cases) and 420 male smokers with normal lung function from the Normative Aging Study (controls).', 'RESULTS: None of the seven previously reported Birt-Hogg-Dube or familial spontaneous pneumothorax mutations were observed in the 152 severe, early-onset COPD probands.', 'No significant association was observed for any of these four variants with presence of COPD or emphysema-related phenotypes.', 'CONCLUSION: Genetic variation in folliculin does not appear to be a major risk factor for severe COPD.', 'These data suggest that familial spontaneous pneumothorax and COPD have distinct genetic causes, despite some overlap in radiographic characteristics.'], ['Multivariable analysis identified cancer, stroke, diabetes, prior myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic atrial fibrillation, age, and hyponatraemia as independent predictors of 7-year mortality.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was a significant risk factor for lower respiratory tract infection (odds ratio=16.5; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-81.2).'], ['History of congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dementia, tumor, and malignancy increased adjusted 1-year mortality from 50% to 3-fold among persons with hip fracture.'], ['While chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still characterized and diagnosed by lung function measurements, there is increasing evidence that the chronic diseases that frequently develop with COPD in response to the common risk factors (smoking, aging, obesity) may contribute significantly to its clinical manifestations and severity.', 'Considering that pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments of COPD, such as pulmonary rehabilitation, are primarily symptomatic, it is reasonable to hope that a more comprehensive management of COPD that takes into account its comorbidities may improve the response to treatment and reduce mortality in patients with COPD.', 'Thus, as comorbidities are often underdiagnosed and undertreated, it is important to search for their coexistence in COPD and in all chronic diseases, possibly by adopting recommendations for diagnosis of single diseases.', 'This means that while careful cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrinologic examinations should be increasingly used in assessing patients with COPD, lung function measurements may become useful in patients with chronic cardiovalscular, metabolic, and endocrinologic diseases.', 'The increasing evidence that active treatment of comorbidities (by, e.g., statins and beta-blockers) may reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD suggests the urgent need for randomized clinical trials that hopefully will provide the evidence for more comprehensive clinical guidelines for these patients.'], ['The recognition that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may have systemic manifestations and often suffer from comorbid conditions has important implications for therapy that require further research.', 'The most likely link between COPD and extrapulmonary effects is that inflammation in the lung periphery "spills over" into the systemic circulation and effects on other organs that may also be affected by the systemic effects of cigarette smoking.', 'The peripheral lung inflammation of COPD and systemic inflammatory effects could be treated by systemic antiinflammatory treatments, but this may have a high risk of systemic side effects, or by inhaled administration of antiinflammatory treatments that suppress inflammation in the lung and prevent the spillover of inflammatory mediators into the systemic circulation.', 'Current therapies for COPD, including inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta(2)-agonists, and theophylline, have the potential to reduce systemic features of COPD and comorbid diseases.', 'Treatments for comorbid diseases, such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated agonist agonists, may also have beneficial effects on COPD inflammation.', 'Novel antiinflammatory treatments, such as phosphodiesterase-4, nuclear factor-kappaB, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors, may provide benefits in both COPD and comorbidities, but have a high risk of adverse effects when given systemically, and may need to be given by inhalation.', 'Increased oxidative stress may be an important mechanism linking COPD inflammation, systemic effects, and comorbid disease, so the development of antioxidants, including nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 activators, is a priority.', 'Accelerated aging may be associates in common to COPD and several comorbidities, prompting the development of antiaging molecules, such as sirtuin 1 agonists, which may also be effective in reducing the risk of lung cancer.'], ['Multivariable analysis showed that older patients presented with a significant higher Lee-Index, a higher incidence of cardiac arrhythmias (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-3.3) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.7-4.7).'], ['Separate multivariable analyses of root/ascending aorta procedures and arch procedures revealed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and age to be significant risk factors for death after either procedure.'], ['Infectious disease includes the ones at the respiratory tract (pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), urinary tract infection (UTI), digestive tract infection (gastroenteritis, typhoid fever), and tetanus.'], ['In addition, 6-12% of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been associated with hMPV and underlying lung disease is common in patients hospitalized with hMPV.'], ['The findings were unchanged after controlling for cognitive function, parkinsonian signs, physical frailty, balance, physical activity, possible COPD, use of pulmonary medications, vascular risk factors including smoking, chronic vascular diseases, musculoskeletal joint pain, and history of falls.'], ['Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive, irreversible airflow limitation coupled with an abnormal inflammatory process.', 'Leukotriene modifiers, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as treatment for asthma and allergic rhinitis, may also alleviate the abnormal inflammatory response seen in patients with COPD.', 'We found no published studies that provided conclusive evidence that the available leukotriene modifiers benefit patients with COPD.', 'However, data do suggest that leukotriene modifiers may offer benefits to patients with COPD, including effects that pertain to airflow limitation, neutrophil and lymphocyte chemotaxis, and neutrophil longevity.', 'Further studies are needed to determine the precise role of leukotriene modifiers in the treatment of COPD.'], ['Predictors of late death (>30 days) included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.001) and mechanical valve replacement (p = 0.001).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a very common lung disease most often related to a history of smoking.', 'The Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) programme has been instrumental in providing standard diagnostic criteria as well as recommendations for prevention and management of COPD.', 'GOLD recommendations define COPD as a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1))/forced vital capacity (FVC) of <70%, with the severity based on the value of FEV(1).', 'While the use of a 70% ratio may be simpler, it may result in under-diagnosis of airflow obstruction in younger people and over-diagnosis in the elderly.', 'This is particularly important as the elderly may be most sensitive to many of the adverse effects of medications used in the treatment of COPD, including corticosteroids and anticholinergic bronchodilators.Most of the studies comparing the LLN and a fixed ratio of 70% have not been performed with post-bronchodilator testing as recommended by GOLD.', 'One recent study examined patients admitted to hospitals who had an FEV(1)/FVC ratio of <70% but above the LLN, and found they were at increased risk of death and COPD complications.', 'Further studies examining this population are needed.In addition to the uncertainties about what diagnostic criteria should be utilized for diagnosis of airflow obstruction, different organizations make different recommendations on screening spirometry.', 'It is important to remember that while COPD is under-diagnosed in the elderly, this group is also at a higher risk of being falsely classified as having airflow obstruction using the 70% ratio recommended by GOLD.'], ["Diseases associated with Saint's triad (incorporating any hernia) included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 4.3), hypertension (OR = 3.1), aortic aneurysm (OR = 2.2), and diabetes (OR = 1.8)."], ['BACKGROUND: The association between bronchial obstruction severity and mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is well established, but it is unknown whether disease-specific health status measures and multidimensional assessment (MDA) have comparable prognostic value.', 'CONCLUSION: In elderly outpatients with mild-moderate COPD, a disease-specific health status index seems to be a better predictor of death compared to a MDA.'], ['Co-morbid conditions were identified in 53.17% (n = 92) patients and included hypertension in 38 patients (21.96%), Diabetes Mellitus in 23 patients (13.29%), COPD in 19 (10.98%) patients, Coronary artery disease in 9 (5.20%) and cardiac arrhythmias in 3 (1.73%) patients.'], ['When compared with non-fatal elderly patients with DHF, a significant higher frequency in men (P = 0.019), those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.008), those with dengue shock syndrome (DSS; P < 0.001), and those with acute renal failure (P < 0.001) was found in the elderly counterparts that died.'], ['PURPOSE: COPD remains under-recognized and under-treated.', 'Much of early COPD care is given by primary care physicians but only when COPD is recognized.', 'This survey explores the attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge related to COPD recognition, diagnosis, and treatment from family physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) working in primary care.', 'METHODS: We completed a survey of family physicians, and NPs/PAs attending one of three CME programs on five common chronic conditions including COPD.', 'Fewer than half of the respondents reported knowledge of or use of COPD guidelines.', 'The barriers to recognition and diagnosis of COPD they reported included the multiple morbidities of most COPD patients, failure of patients to report COPD symptoms, as well as lack of knowledge and inadequate training in COPD diagnosis and management.', 'Three quarters (74%) of respondents reported use of spirometry to diagnose COPD but only 32% said they included reversibility assessment.', 'COPD was incorrectly assessed as a disease primarily of men (78% ofrespondents) that appeared after age 60 (61%).', 'Few respondents reported that they believed COPD treatment was useful or very useful for improving symptoms (15%) or decreasing exacerbations (3%) or that pulmonary rehabilitation was helpful (3%), but 13% reported they thought COPD treatment could extend longevity.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians and NPs/PAs working in primary care continue to report lack of awareness and use of COPD guidelines, as well as correct information related to COPD epidemiology or potential benefits of available treatments including pulmonary rehabilitation.', 'It is unlikely that diagnosis and management of COPD will improve in primary care until these knowledge gaps and discrepancies with published efficacy of therapy issues are addressed.'], ['It is common practice to use a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1))/ forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio of <70% as evidence of airflow obstruction.', 'As the FEV(1)/FVC ratio falls with age, the lower limit of normal range (LLN), defined as the bottom 5% in a health reference population, of FEV(1)/FVC ratio has been suggested as a better index to reduce over-diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly in the elderly.', 'However, there are no large scale studies that focus on the diagnosis of COPD in the elderly based on these definitions.', 'Moderate COPD, at least, was found in 14.0% of patients according to the post-bronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC ratio of <70% and in 8.5% of patients according to LLN of FEV(1)/FVC ratio.', 'In the present elderly Chinese population (mostly females, with low education level and previous exposure to biomass during formative years), the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease varied markedly depending on definitions adopted.', 'Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine the precise definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Multiple regression analysis showed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio, 11.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.45 to 28.55), repeat operation (odds ratio, 12.7; 95% CI, 3.25 to 49.56), and diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent: odds ratio, 4.64; 95% CI, 1.85 to 11.59; insulin dependent: odds ratio, 6.9; 95% CI, 1.35 to 35.27) to be associated with increased risk of sternal infection.', 'Use of skeletonized bilateral ITA is appropriate for the elderly and most patients with diabetes; however, it is not recommended for repeat operations or for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['In contrast, the elderly population had higher frequencies of chronic obstructive lung disease, heart failure, stroke, dyspnea, lower lung field involvement, pleural effusion and mortality.'], ['Classically, the development of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is believed to involve inflammation induced by cigarette smoke and leukocyte activation, including oxidant-antioxidant and protease-antiprotease imbalances.'], ['Elderly patients were more likely to have prior recent hospitalization (49.2% vs 44.7%, P = .03), congestive heart failure (20.5% vs 9.9%, P < .0001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (18.2% vs 11.7%, P < .0001), and recent immobilization (50.5% vs 39.6%, P < .0001) than the nonelderly patients.'], ['Although Nrf2 deficiency reportedly induces severe emphysema in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), no reports have studied Nrf2 regulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Furthermore, the Nrf2 mRNA level was decreased in laser capture microdissection-retrieved macrophages obtained from subjects with COPD (n = 10) compared with control subjects (n = 10) (P = 0.001).', 'In conclusion, CS induces Nrf2 activation in macrophages, and Nrf2 expression is decreased in the macrophages of older current smokers and patients with COPD.'], ['The most important independent risk factor was the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; OR 4.0; 95% CI = 1.4 to 11.4), other chronic disease (OR 2.9; 95% CI = 1.2 to 7.0), or both (OR 6.7; 95% CI = 2.4 to 18.4).', 'The most important was the presence of long-term medical conditions (especially COPD), being housebound, and having received two or more courses of oral steroid treatment in the previous year.', 'Clinicians should ensure that patients with COPD are better supported to manage their condition.'], ['BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) walk less than healthy older people and their self-reported activity predicts exacerbation risk.'], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common disorders that are associated with increasing morbidity and mortality in older people.'], ['Recent reports focus on clinical, immunological, and/or radiographic characterizations of respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults, particularly in hospitalized patients and those with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and therapeutic and prophylactic use of antiviral agents in immunocompromised adults.'], ['After multivariate analysis, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smoking, oral glucocorticosteroid use, severe cognitive impairment, history of stroke and declined functional status remained independently associated with the occurrence of lower respiratory tract infections.', 'CONCLUSION: In the very old, smoking, COPD, stroke and declined functional status were associated with the occurrence of lower respiratory tract infections and provide a means of targeting patients at risk of severe health complications.'], ['We should consider non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in elderly patients hospitalised with CHF or acidotic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who do not improve with medical treatment.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a serious global health problem that affects the aged.', 'This State of the Art article summarises previous studies on oxidative-antioxidative imbalance in patients with stable COPD or in acute exacerbations.', 'The primary defence against oxidants is endogenous antioxidants, which are altered in COPD.', 'A few studies have shown higher erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in COPD patients and healthy smokers than those in healthy non-smokers.', 'In contrast, we found no differences in erythrocyte SOD activity and elevated erythrocyte catalase activity in Chinese patients with COPD compared with healthy smokers matched for age and pack-years smoked.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To describe the recent findings concerning the relationship between smoking, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mortality.', 'Chronic bronchitis is associated with an accelerated decline in lung function - a risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mortality.', 'Approximately one-quarter of smokers can be affected by clinically significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'The incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is also substantial in young adults.', 'Smokers may reduce their risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by physical activity and increase their survival by smoking reduction.', 'In adults and the elderly population, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with the most rapid decline in lung function, which is, in turn, associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related hospitalization and mortality.', 'Using a fixed forced expiratory volume in 1 s/force vital capacity ratio (0.7) to define obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at old age is acceptable.', 'In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, the disease is still underreported on death certificates.', 'Chronic mucus production and being a female are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mentioned on death certificates.', 'With respect to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mortality, interventions to promote smoking cessation are important to reduce these risks.'], ['Secreted in the body in a latent form, upon activation MMP-9 (gelatinase B) acts on many inflammatory substrates, and thus is suspected of contributing to the progression of cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and the subjects of this review, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).', 'COPD is the fourth most common cause of death in the United States.', 'In COPD, increased expression of MMP-9 by inflammatory cells e.g.', 'These observations lead to the hypothesis that MMP-9 is a potential drug target for both COPD and MS and further development of highly potent and specific MMP-9 inhibitors is warranted.'], ['In asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in the lung is increased.'], ['AIM: To evaluate the telecare service offered by Home Care teams to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'In the redesign of managed care for people with COPD using telecare, an evaluation of the implementation process is necessary.', 'FINDINGS: The experience and expectation in telecare, the usability of equipment, and changes in practice can impact on COPD care.'], ['There is significant evidence supporting an increased prevalence of depression in patients with COPD, but that depression is not a homogenous entity because there are multiple contributing etiologies for the depressive symptoms.', 'Additionally the relationship between COPD and depression is neither exclusively linear, nor unidirectional.', '"Early onset" depression is defined as depression that develops prior to the diagnosis of COPD, often during an individual\'s youth.', "This is often reflective of a genetic vulnerability to depression which increases adolescents' risk for developing addiction to nicotine, setting up a life-long exposure to tobacco--the single greatest risk factor for the development of COPD.", 'When COPD does develop it brings with it attendant losses, particularly in level of independent function and self image that contribute to a "reactive" depression that is not distinct from the losses experienced by those suffering with other chronic illnesses.', 'Lastly there is increasing evidence through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biochemical markers that systemic, physiologic changes associated with COPD have direct effects on the brain\'s vasculature that have also been associated with depression in the elderly, termed "late onset" depression.', 'The conclusion is that the presence of depression in a COPD patient does not reflect a single pathologic pathway.'], ['The participants were stratified by sex and age at onset (age <85 years [termed survivors] and age >or=85 years [termed delayers]) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, Parkinson disease, and stroke.'], ['BACKGROUND: There is little previous information of the effects of size fractioned particulate air pollution and source specific fine particles (PM(2.5); <2.5 microm) on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among children, adults and the elderly.', 'OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of daily variation in levels of different particle size fractions and gaseous pollutants on asthma and COPD by age group.', 'Associations between daily pollution levels and hospital emergency room visits were evaluated for asthma (ICD10: J45+J46) in children <15 years old, and for asthma and COPD (ICD10: J41+J44) in adults (15-64 years) and the elderly (>or=65 years).', 'Pooled asthma-COPD visits among the elderly were associated with lag 0 of PM(2.5), coarse particles, gaseous pollutants and long range transported and traffic related PM(2.5) (3.9% (95% CI 0.28 to 7.7) at lag 0).', 'Only accumulation mode and coarse particles were associated with asthma and COPD among adults.'], ['Putative risk factors for OC in the elderly include old age itself, malignant disease, antibacterial and corticosteroid use, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acid suppression treatment, oesophageal dysmotility and other local factors, diabetes mellitus and HIV/AIDS.'], ['The incidence of and mortality from both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) increase with age.', 'In addition, the average age of patients with COPD and CVD is also increasing as a result of improvements in both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments.', 'beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists have been proven to improve cardiovascular morbidity and mortality but have been under-utilized in patients with COPD with concomitant CVD because of a fear of bronchoconstriction and adverse effects, particularly in the elderly.', 'The advanced age of patients with COPD and CVD, along with the sheer number of patients with these diseases, necessitates that clinicians understand the treatment of these co-morbidities using seemingly conflicting therapy in the form of beta-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists.', 'We review changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in the elderly, the role of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in CVD and the literature regarding the safety and mortality benefits of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in elderly patients with COPD and concomitant CVD.', 'We conclude that cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists appear to be safe to use in elderly male patients with mild-to-moderate COPD who have a compelling indication for beta-adrenoceptor antagonist therapy.', 'beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists have been shown to improve mortality in older patients with coexisting CVD and COPD.'], ['Impaired renal function, complexity of surgical procedure, CHF, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and catastrophic state were significant factors affecting morbidity in the study group.', 'CHF, COPD and catastrophic event contributed to prolonged ICU stay in the study group.'], ['Successful aging was defined as remaining free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and having intact physical and cognitive functioning.', 'A total of 873 participants reached a first event in follow-up, 138 because of cognitive disability, 238 because of physical disability, 34 because of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 146 because of cancer, and 317 because of cardiovascular disease.'], ['The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic heart failure (CHF) increases substantially with age.', 'The coexistence of COPD and CHF is common but often unrecognized in elderly patients.', 'To avoid overlooking COPD in elderly patients with known CHF pulmonary function tests should be routinely obtained.', 'Likewise, to avoid overlooking CHF in elderly patients with known COPD left ventricular (LV) function should be routinely assessed.', 'Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels are useful to differentiate COPD exacerbation from CHF decompensation in patients presenting with acute dyspnea.', 'Aging exacerbates skeletal muscle alterations that occur in patients with CHF and COPD.', 'Skeletal muscle metabolic alterations and atrophy and the resulting deterioration of functional capacity progress rapidly in elderly patients with COPD and CHF.', 'Physical conditioning is clearly an essential component of the management of elderly patients with COPD and CHF.', 'The pharmacological management of patients with coexistent COPD and CHF should focus on not depriving these patients from long-term beta adrenergic blockade.', 'Long-term beta adrenergic blockade has been repeatedly shown to improve survival in elderly patients with CHF due to LV systolic dysfunction and, contrary to conventional belief, is well tolerated by patients with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: It has been shown previously that mortality from acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is higher at small hospitals than at large teaching hospitals.', 'METHODS: Data on all periods of treatment for patients over 44 years of age with a principal or subsidiary diagnosis of COPD beginning and ending in 1995-2004 were extracted from the Finnish hospital discharge register.', 'Particular attention was paid to acute-stage treatment periods managed by a general practitioner, pulmonary specialist, or specialist in internal medicine that had begun as emergency admissions and had a principal diagnosis of COPD, and to any further treatment immediately following these.', 'CONCLUSION: It is quite possible to treat acute exacerbations of COPD efficiently and safely in a health centre hospital ward.', 'New treatment modalities and health service structures seem to have led to a decrease in acute exacerbations of COPD since the year 2000, even though the number of patients with this disease has increased as a consequence of ageing of the population.'], ['A 74-year old man presented with recurrent attacks of altered sensorium, sometimes with abrupt falls, against the background of a long history of chronic obstructive airways disease and ischaemic heart disease.'], ['Respiratory problems in older adults are frequently labelled as being due to chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD).', 'We describe a case of an older lady labelled for many years as COAD but who was a lifelong non-smoker and had Pseudomonas in her sputum.'], ['Stroke (p = .02), esophageal reflux (p = .003), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = .05), and chronic pain (p = .03) were medical conditions associated with a history of dysphagia.'], ['The virus causes particular problems in infants, the elderly and patients with chronic obstructive airways disease (COPD).'], ['Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections that in patients with underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with exacerbations and excess morbidity and mortality.', 'Currently, the effectiveness of antiviral drugs specifically in patients with COPD has not been proven.'], ['In addition, many common chronic conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, dementia, chronic pain, and cancer, that are more common in the elderly, can also have significant effects on sleep and increase the prevalence of insomnia as compared with the general population.'], ['BACKGROUND: Mucus plugging and hypersecretion have been associated with an increased relative risk of death in patients with bronchiectasis who may or may not have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is of prognostic relevance in the elderly.', 'However, chest physiotherapy and/or the use of mucoactive agents is considered to be an effective therapeutic model in treating patients with COPD and bronchiectasis.'], ['In the development cohort, eight independent risk factors of mortality were identified and weighted, using Cox regression, to create a risk score: male sex, 2 points; age (75-79, 2 points; 80-84, 2 points; > or = 85, 3 points); dependence in toileting, 1 point; dependence in dressing (partial dependence, 1 point; full dependence, 3 points); malignant neoplasm, 2 points; congestive heart failure, 3 points; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1 point; and renal insufficiency, 3 points.'], ['Multivariate analyses demonstrated that significant prognostic indicators for mortality are increasing age, New York Heart Association functional class and presence of comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal failure.'], ['In a multivariate model controlling for age, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, osteoarthritis, and dementia, diabetes remained significantly associated with mobility limitation (odds ratio 2.1, P < 0.001).'], ['OBJECTIVE: The objective was to survey prescription refill adherence for preventive asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) medication dispensed to patients 60 years and older over a 10-year period.', 'Therefore, it is likely that elderly patients on long-term therapy have a non-optimal drug use of their preventive asthma/COPD medication.'], ['Three different criteria (fixed 70% [Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and British Thoracic Society], fixed 75%, and European Respiratory Society [ERS]) were applied to define a lower limit of normal (LLN) of the FEV(1)/FVC ratio to compare with the Hong Kong Chinese reference equation (criterion 1), which had used a distribution-free method to obtain the lower fifth percentile of FEV(1)/FVC ratio as the LLN.'], ['When used for up to 2 years, abatacept appears to be safe and remains efficacious, although there is a trend toward increased infection rates when used in combination with other biologic therapies, as well as a trend toward more adverse events when used in a background of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['His co-morbid conditions were chronic obstructive airways disease and ischaemic heart disease.'], ['The physiological and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) and underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were independently associated with major complications.'], ['The proportional mortality of cancer, vascular disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) were 39.71%, 28.10% and 16.90% respectively.', 'CONCLUSION: The three leading causes of diseases were cancer, CHD and stroke, and COPD.'], ['Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are increasingly replacing metered dose inhalers in elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.', 'Using the in-check dial method, the present study compared peak inspiratory flow (PIF) rates in 26 elderly COPD patients and 14 matched control subjects, at a pre-set resistance level of the Aeroliser, Diskus and Turbuhaler inhalers.', 'PIF derived from spirometry and age were independent variables which determined PIF across the device, whereas the presence or absence of COPD was not related.', 'When comparing elderly COPD patients with matched elderly controls no difference could be found in PIF at the different resistances.', 'In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that, in elderly patients, the ability to generate sufficient inspiratory flow across a dry powder inhaler is compromised, irrespective of the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The purpose of this study was to document the influence of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) on stage at diagnosis, treatment strategy, and survival for unselected cancer patients (35 years and older) diagnosed between 1995 and 2004 in the Eindhoven Cancer Registry.', 'Twelve percent of all cancer patients had COPD at the time of cancer diagnosis, being about 15% in elderly patients (65+) and up to 30% among lung cancer patients, middle-aged males and all females with oesophageal and laryngeal cancer, and middle-aged women with renal cancer.', 'Stage at diagnoses was not significantly different between cancer patients with or without COPD, except for lung cancer patients who were diagnosed at an earlier stage.', 'Nevertheless, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with COPD less frequently underwent surgery, and chemotherapy, and more often radiotherapy.', 'In the presence of COPD, women with oesophageal cancer underwent surgery less often, and patients with laryngeal cancer received radiotherapy more often.', 'The effect of COPD on the type of oncological treatment was not different for middle-aged (35-64 years) and elderly cancer patients.', 'In a multivariate Cox-regression model, COPD was associated with a significantly worse survival, especially for elderly patients with colon, rectum, larynx, prostate or urinary bladder cancer.', 'In conclusion, not surprisingly, COPD is related with age and smoking-associated tumours.', 'Therapy of cancer patients with COPD was different for head and neck tumours and primary tumours in the chest organs (above the diaphragm), for whom radiotherapy, as an alternative treatment option, was available.', 'As COPD, especially at older age, is frequently associated with a worse prognosis, further prospective investigation of interactions seems warranted.', 'Further, closer involvement of pulmonologists and COPD nurses in elderly cancer patients might be warranted.'], ['Patients with acute symptomatic seizures, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, frequent seizures and advanced age were less likely to be independent.'], ['The CRP value increased with increasing age in men, but not in women, which may be partly explained by a greater impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) morbidity on the CRP level in men than in women.', 'Measuring CRP may show to be a useful part of the diagnostic work-up in COPD patients.'], ["In 2005, CLTC clients were significantly more likely to have chronic conditions, including hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes, and renal failure (all p < 0.05)."], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and accurate estimates of the prevalence of this disease are needed to anticipate the future burden of COPD, target key risk factors, and plan for providing COPD-related health services.', 'We aimed to measure the prevalence of COPD and its risk factors and investigate variation across countries by age, sex, and smoking status.', 'METHODS: Participants from 12 sites (n=9425) completed postbronchodilator spirometry testing plus questionnaires about respiratory symptoms, health status, and exposure to COPD risk factors.', 'COPD prevalence estimates based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease staging criteria were adjusted for the target population.', 'Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for COPD associated with 10-year age increments and 10-pack-year (defined as the number of cigarettes smoked per day divided by 20 and multiplied by the number of years that the participant smoked) increments.', 'FINDINGS: The prevalence of stage II or higher COPD was 10.1% (SE 4.8) overall, 11.8% (7.9) for men, and 8.5% (5.8) for women.', 'INTERPRETATION: This worldwide study showed higher levels and more advanced staging of spirometrically confirmed COPD than have typically been reported.', 'However, although age and smoking are strong contributors to COPD, they do not fully explain variations in disease prevalence-other factors also seem to be important.', 'Although smoking cessation is becoming an increasingly urgent objective for an ageing worldwide population, a better understanding of other factors that contribute to COPD is crucial to assist local public-health officials in developing the best possible primary and secondary prevention policies for their regions.'], ['AIM: To explore the smoking-related health beliefs of older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'BACKGROUND: Globally, smoking is a major cause of COPD and symptoms present typically mid to later life.', 'Substantial numbers of people with COPD continue to smoke even though smoking cessation is known to slow the rate of disease progression and prevent further deterioration in lung function.', 'There is evidence to suggest that, although older long-term smokers can successfully quit smoking with the help of specialist structured programmes, those with COPD find it more difficult to achieve sustained cessation.', 'An understanding of the health beliefs of people with COPD will assist professionals to provide the most appropriate support with cessation attempts.', 'METHODS: Twenty-two current and former smokers with COPD who used the outreach service of an inner city hospital in Scotland were interviewed in their own homes using semi-structured interviews which were transcribed verbatim.', 'RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Findings emphasize the need for frontline health professionals to reflect on their current practice with a view to providing sustained encouragement and support towards smoking cessation and relapse prevention for people with COPD.'], ['SETTING: Underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in asthmatics attending specialty care in Trinidad, West Indies.', 'OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of COPD in diagnosed asthmatics receiving specialty respiratory care.', 'DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study, 258 asthmatics were screened for lung function measures to examine forced expiratory volume after 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (COPD was defined as FEV1/FVC < 70%).', 'RESULTS: Of 165 patients evaluated (response rate 64.0%), 53 (32.1%, 95%CI 25.0-39.2) had a study diagnosis of COPD and a mean FEV1/FVC of 60.12 +/- 1.2.', 'Proportionally, more males had COPD (50.9%) than asthma (24.1%, P < 0.001).', 'Patients with COPD were 10 years older than asthmatics (P < 0.001).', 'Persons with asthma who smoked were more likely to have COPD (56.0%) (OR 3.26, 95%CI 1.36-7.80, P = 0.006).', 'CONCLUSIONS: One third of diagnosed asthmatics in specialty care also have COPD.', 'Early spirometric evaluation of elderly asthmatics who smoke can determine the presence of COPD and facilitate appropriate management.'], ['This review focuses on the relationship between lung development and pathogenesis of several lung diseases including COPD, cystic fibrosis (CF), and asthma.', 'COPD with emphysema has been considered to be an accelerated involutional disease of aging smokers.', 'However, since only a proportion (approximately 15%) of smokers get COPD with emphysema, clearly genetic susceptibility must play a significant part in determining both the age of onset and the rapidity of decline in lung function.'], ['PURPOSE: To determine the extent to which younger COPD patients improve their cardiorespiratory function during exercise in comparison with older COPD patients, as a result of exercise training.', 'METHODS: Thirty-nine COPD patients underwent an exercise program.', 'RESULTS: After training, VO2 symptom-limited significantly improved by 10.3% and 8.4% for the younger and older COPD patients, respectively (P<0.05).', 'At submaximal exercise, ventilation and heart rate significantly decreased after training in the younger COPD patients (P<0.05) with no significant modification in the older COPD patients.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that all patients with COPD benefit from exercise rehabilitation at maximal exercise workload, however, according to their age, submaximal cardiorespiratory adaptations were greater in younger patients.'], ['This disorder is called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when airflow obstruction is present.', 'The majority of patients with COPD, which often goes undiagnosed or inadequately treated in the elderly, have symptoms consistent with CB.', 'In elderly individuals with COPD, co-morbidities play a vital role as determinants of health status and prognosis.', 'Fluoroquinolones may provide the best therapeutic option for elderly patients with COPD who have complicated underlying CB but who are sufficiently stable to be treated in the outpatient setting.'], ['BACKGROUND: It has been shown that the beta2-integrin molecule is up-regulated in circulating neutrophils in COPD subjects.', 'The aim of the present study was to investigate the surface expression of molecules in circulating neutrophils and to clarify their possible role in the airflow limitation of COPD.', 'METHODS: The surface expression of Mac-1 cells (ie, CD-11b and CD-18 cells) and CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 1 and CXCR2 of circulating neutrophils obtained from COPD patients and healthy subjects (HSs) was measured by flow cytometry analysis.', 'RESULTS: Both CD-11b and CXCR1 expression were significantly higher in COPD patients than in HSs (mean [+/- SE] CD-11b concentration: HSs, 9.7 +/- 1.0; COPD patients, 14.2 +/- 1.8 [p < 0.05]; mean CXCR1 concentration: HSs, 9.6 +/- 0.5; COPD patients, 11.9 +/- 0.4 [p < 0.01]).', 'Although serum IL-8 levels were higher in patients with COPD than in HSs, no significant correlation between serum IL-8 levels and the expression of any molecule was seen.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The overexpression of CD-11b and CXCR1 in circulating neutrophils may be associated with the development of airflow limitation in COPD patients.'], ['Chronic hypoxia is related to many pathological conditions: aging, heart and respiratory failure, sleep apneas, smoke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis, all characterized by reductions of sleep-related erections (SREs) and by erectile dysfunction (ED).'], ['PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred twenty-six community-dwelling persons with advanced cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or congestive heart failure, interviewed at least every 4 months for up to 2 years.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating disease with rising worldwide prevalence.', 'Exacerbations of COPD cause significant morbidity and become more common with advancing age.', 'Healthcare providers caring for elderly patients should therefore be familiar with effective treatments for exacerbations of COPD.', 'Other effective therapies for the treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD include oxygen and non-invasive ventilation.', 'Strategies to prevent COPD exacerbations include smoking cessation, long-acting inhaled beta-adrenoceptor agonists, inhaled long-acting anticholinergics, inhaled corticosteroids and vaccination.'], ['The results showed that age, functional and cognitive impairment were predictors of mortality irrespective of gender, while poor nutritional status in women and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease and medication with sedatives in men were gender-specific predictors.', 'ADL correlated positively with dementia and negatively with S-albumin irrespective of gender, while malnutrition correlated positively with ADL in women and positively with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in men.'], ['BACKGROUND: Accurately evaluating a risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requires a large-scale longitudinal study using a standard criterion for diagnosing COPD.', 'We estimated the incidence rate and incidence rate ratio (IRR) of age and smoking for COPD in a Japanese population using the diagnosis criterion of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines.', 'RESULTS: We identified 466 incidence cases of COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: These results indicated that the COPD risk gradually increased with aging, and that there was a dose-response relationship between smoking and COPD risk.'], ['RECENT FINDING: Repeated administration of ghrelin to patients with congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improved appetite, body composition, muscle wasting and functional capacity in open-label pilot studies.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of disability, morbidity and mortality in old age.', 'Patients with advanced stage COPD are most likely to be admitted three to four times per year with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) which are costly to manage.', 'Currently there is a lack of palliative care provision for patients with advanced stage COPD compared with cancer patients despite having poor prognosis, intolerable dyspnoea, lower levels of self efficacy, greater disability, poor quality of life and higher levels of anxiety and depression.', 'The reasons why COPD patients do not receive palliative care are complex.', "This partly may relate to prognostic accuracy of patients' survival which poses a challenge for healthcare professionals, including general practitioners for patients with advanced stage COPD, as they are less likely to engage in end-of-life care planning in contrast with terminal disease like cancer.", 'COPD is a chronic incurable disease; those in an advanced stage of the disease pursuing intensive medical treatment may also benefit from the simultaneous holistic care approach of palliative care services, medical services and social services to improve quality of end of life care.'], ['RESULTS: Patients admitted with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure and falls had significantly lower anthropometric measurements compared with all study populations than for example those admitted with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), chest infections and for elective hip surgery.', 'Nutritional status has deteriorated between admission and 6 weeks among those with COPD, heart failure and falls compared with all study populations.', 'Over 6-months 33 (52%) COPD patients and 14 (39%) heart failure patients were readmitted to hospital compared with 137 (35%) patients of all study populations.'], ['RESULTS: The therapeutics textbooks contained less than half of the critical points for 3 disease states: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus (31%, 33%, and 46%, respectively).'], ['Co-morbid conditions were present in 17 patients, some having more than one, hypertension (11), diabetes mellitus (5), chronic obstructive airway disease (6), interstitial lung disease (2) and coronary artery disease (2).'], ['OBJECTIVE: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence steadily increases with age.', 'However, the effectiveness of inhaled therapy in the elderly COPD population has rarely been formally evaluated.', 'We studied a group of elderly patients with COPD with a range of severity, selected from one General Practice register to measure peak inspiratory flow (PIF) and assess patient perceived benefit.', 'METHODS: we recruited 53 randomly selected elderly patients with COPD (36 males) with a mean age of 73.5 years (range 65-89 years).', 'RESULTS: thirty-five were classified as mild, 17 moderate and 1 severe COPD.', "Most patients were unable to generate sufficient inspiratory flow to use the higher resistance DPI's and patients with COPD who were able to generate adequate PIF were invariably mild.", 'CONCLUSIONS: elderly patients with COPD, even when in a stable clinical condition, may be unable to gain optimum benefit from their inhaler.'], ['RSV was detected in 22% hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the detection rate was only next to that of parvovirus and influenza virus respectively.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be diagnosed when the FEV(1)/FVC ratio is below 70%, according to global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD).', 'COPD is known as a disease which is frequently under-diagnosed.', 'AIMS: To contribute to the discussion about the criteria for diagnosing COPD, by describing lung function and pulmonary symptoms in a population aged 60 years or more, and in particular the changes in the mean and 5% percentile of the FEV(1)/FVC ratio by increasing age.', 'CONCLUSION: Adjustments of the GOLD criteria for diagnosing COPD are needed, and FEV(1)/FVC ratios down to 65% should be regarded as normal when aged 70 years and older.'], ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma) and/or decreased EELV (e.g.'], ['BACKGROUND: Exacerbations requiring hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contribute to a decline in health status and are costly to the community.', 'Long-term trends in admissions and associated outcomes are difficult to establish because of frequent readmissions, high case fatality and potential diagnostic transfer between COPD and asthma.', 'The Western Australian Data Linkage System provides a unique opportunity to examine admissions for patients with COPD over the long term.', 'METHOD: Nineteen years of hospital morbidity data, based on International Classification of Diseases-9 criteria were extracted from the Western Australian Data Linkage System (1980-1998) and merged with mortality records to examine trends in hospital admissions for COPD.', 'RESULTS: The rate of hospital admissions for COPD has declined overall and the rate of first presentation declined in men and remained constant in women.', 'For patients with multiple admissions, the likelihood of cross-over between COPD and asthma was high and increased with the total number of admissions.', 'CONCLUSION: The rate of admission for COPD has declined in Western Australia; however, the resource burden will continue to increase because of the ageing population.', 'This has policy implications for the development of acute care treatment programmes for COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death, affecting 14 millions adults in the United States.', 'Symptoms related to sleep disturbances are common in individuals with moderate to severe COPD, particularly in the elderly, which is commonly manifested as morning fatigue and early awakenings.', 'Sleep has profound adverse effects on respiration and gas exchange in patients with COPD.', 'Smoking cessation, bronchodilation, inhaled steroids in those with a reversible component and pulmonary rehabilitation are corner stones of treatment of COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), old age, and low body weight were possible contributing factors.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease characterised by not fully reversible airflow limitation.', 'The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) committee decided to diagnose COPD using post-bronchodilator spirometry values.', 'We aimed to examine the prevalence and risk factors of COPD in Ansan, an industrialised city of Korea, by using the post-bronchodilator GOLD criteria.', 'We then investigated the implications of brenchodilation on the prevalence of COPD.', 'RESULTS: COPD prevalence by post-bronchodilator spirometry was 3.7% (134/3642), which was significantly different from that estimated using pre-bronchodilator criteria (7.7%, 282/3642).', 'Exclusion of subjects with significant bronchodilator response (BDR) significantly lowered the prevalence of COPD to 3.3% (117/3572), compared with including subjects with post-bronchodilatory residual obstruction with significant BDR.', 'CONCLUSION: COPD prevalence by post-bronchodilator GOLD criteria was 3.7%, which was much lower than that of pre-bronchodilator criteria.', 'The bronchodilator reversibility test substantially affects estimations of COPD prevalence.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Early diagnosis is central to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'In time-constrained clinical situations, a pre-interview questionnaire can be a useful method for alerting both clinicians and patients with COPD, particularly for elderly patients.', 'To screen subjects who might have COPD, we have developed an efficient pre-interview questionnaire.', 'METHODS: In study I, we developed an 11-item questionnaire (11-Q) to alert primary care providers to the possibility of COPD, and the validity of this questionnaire was investigated.', 'Study II showed that the 11-Q in COPD patients with more than moderate severity was significantly higher than that in bronchial asthma or non-cardiopulmonary subjects (both, p<0.0001).', 'Among the COPD patients, the total score significantly distinguished the severity of COPD as mild or more than moderate.', 'CONCLUSION: The pre-interview questionnaire, 11-Q, was found to be a useful tool to alert primary care providers to subjects with COPD and could also be used to distinguish COPD with a more than moderate severity from bronchial asthma.', 'The 11-Q can be used as a simple and inexpensive method of predicting COPD, thus being a useful tool to alert primary care providers to patients with suspected COPD, particularly among the elderly.'], ['An effect of all indicators on cardiovascular causes, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was also found in both age groups and sexes.', 'The effects were particularly strong for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which appeared to have linear effects, whereas cardiovascular causes and lung cancer seemed to have threshold effects.', 'Results show that vulnerable persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the elderly seem to be susceptible to air pollution at lower levels than the general population.'], ['BACKGROUND: Limited data prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suggested the possibility of an increased risk of COPD among those persons with HIV infection.', 'We sought to determine whether HIV infection is associated with increased prevalence of COPD in the era of HAART.', 'COPD was determined by patient self-report and International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9), diagnostic codes.', 'RESULTS: The prevalence of COPD as determined by ICD-9 codes was 10% in HIV-positive subjects and 9% in HIV-negative subjects (p = 0.4), and as determined by patient self-report was 15% and 12%, respectively (p = 0.04).', 'After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, pack-years of smoking, IDU, and alcohol abuse, HIV infection was an independent risk factor for COPD.', 'HIV-infected subjects were approximately 50 to 60% more likely to have COPD than HIV-negative subjects (by ICD-9 codes: odds ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 2.13; p = 0.04 ; by patient self-report: OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.18; p = 0.005).', 'CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection was an independent risk factor for COPD, when determined either by ICD-9 codes or patient self-report.', 'Health-care providers should be aware of the increased likelihood of COPD among their HIV-positive patients.', 'The possibility that HIV infection increases susceptibility to and/or accelerates COPD deserves further investigation and has implications regarding the pathogenesis of COPD.'], ['They included; coronary artery disease 46 (49.46%), cerebrovascular disease 20 (21.50%), osteoarthritis 13 (13.97%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6 (6.45%), dilated cardiomyopathy 5 (5.37%), and malignancy in 3 (3.22%) patients.'], ['All patients met the following exclusion criteria: age <65 yr, heart failure, and chronic obstructive lung disease.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with emphysema has been considered to be an accelerated involutional disease of aging smokers.', 'However, because only a proportion ( approximately 15%) of smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with emphysema, clearly genetic susceptibility must play a significant part in determining both the age of onset and the rapidity of decline in lung function.'], ["BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), commonly prescribed in Alzheimer's disease, may trigger complications of chronic airways disorders.", 'The aim of this study was to determine whether initiation of therapy with AChEIs contributes to complications of chronic airways disorders in an elderly population.', 'One cohort of 922 patients initiated treatment with an AChEI; the other cohort of 2819 patients initiated treatment with a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (beta-blocker), a comparator drug also contraindicated in chronic airways disorders.', 'The occurrence of the following four outcomes in claims data was assessed: (i) emergency room visits for complications of chronic airways disorders; (ii) hospitalisations for complications of chronic airways disorders; (iii) physician visits for complications of chronic airways disorders; and (iv) dispensing of an antibacterial and an oral corticosteroid on the same day.', 'RESULTS: Initiators of AChEIs had no detectable increased rate of complications of chronic airways disorders.', 'CONCLUSION: These results suggest that, in current clinical practice, physicians can prescribe AChEIs safely to elderly patients with chronic airways disorders, while beta-blocker prescribing continues to result in adverse health outcomes.'], ["AIM: This paper is a report of a study of nurses' perceptions of caring for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", 'BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a global health problem and the number of patients being treated with this disease in primary healthcare settings is increasing.', 'Data were generated between February and May 2003 from 20 interviews with district nurses and general nurses who cared for patients in primary healthcare settings with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'FINDINGS: In most cases, nurses cared for older people with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['METHODS: Our cohort includes 1,671 study participants with a diagnosis of asthma or COPD (mean age, 80.6 years).'], ['In the elderly group, the mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the morbidity rate was significantly higher in patients with ASA 3 than in patients with ASA 1-2, in whom a pancreaticoduodenectomy or total pancreatectomy had been performed.'], ['A positive family history of osteoporosis, treatment for neoplasia, smoking, and chronic obstructive airway disease (1% each) were the least common reasons for referral.'], ['BACKGROUND: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a high rate of mortality which gets worse with advancing age.', 'A study was undertaken in patients with COPD exacerbations admitted to UK hospitals to assess whether there were age related differences in the process of care that might affect outcome, and whether different models of care affected process and outcome.', 'METHODS: 247 hospital units audited activity and outcomes (inpatient death, death within 90 days, length of stay (LOS), readmission within 90 days) for 40 consecutive COPD exacerbation admissions in autumn 2003.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Management of COPD exacerbations varies with age in UK hospitals.', 'Inpatient and 90 day mortality is approximately three times higher in very elderly patients with a COPD exacerbation than in younger patients.', 'Recommended standards of care should be applied equally to elderly patients with an exacerbation of COPD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in the numbers of inpatient episodes and inpatient days and length of stay in acute exacerbations of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) by specialization and by age group and sex distribution relative to the total population in the years 1995-2001.', 'SUBJECTS: Data on inpatient episodes for patients aged 45 years or over with a principal diagnosis of COPD beginning in 1995-2001 and lasting less than 90 days were extracted from the hospital discharge register of the Finnish National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The greater increase in inpatient episodes for exacerbations of COPD in relation to the total population among women than among men may be attributed to differences in smoking habits and ageing between the sexes.', 'Responsibility for COPD cases is clearly shifting to general practitioners.'], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, yet the classes of drug licensed to treat these conditions have not changed appreciably over the last 20 years.'], ['RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is age-dependent, suggesting an intimate relationship between the pathogenesis of COPD and aging.'], ['The following data were collected: patient demographics, history of cigarette smoking, presence of bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; and anesthetic technique, including: preanesthetic anxiolytic medication, prior use of atropine, epidural lidocaine, a priming dose of vecuronium, and the dose of i.v.', 'Fentanyl-induced cough was unaffected by gender, the presence of either bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or prior use of atropine.'], ['Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are appropriate in patients with hypertension but are contraindicated in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease.'], ['In 294 patients (mean age 74.1+/-6.4 years, 153 men), consecutively admitted to four surgery units of a university-teaching hospital to receive elective surgery (ES, 56.5%) or urgent surgery (US, 43.5%), the following variables were evaluated: demographics, clinical history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure (HF), cerebrovascular accidents, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), active neoplasm, cognitive impairment, immobilization, pressure ulcers), physiopathology (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, APACHE, II), cognition/function (Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, SPMSQ; activity of daily living, ADL; instrumental activity of daily living, IADL), comorbidity (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, CIRS, 1 and 2) and anesthesiology (American Score Anesthesiologist, ASA).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, and cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for COPD.', 'Recent studies have demonstrated a reduced growth rate for lung fibroblasts in patients with COPD.'], ['In addition to the usual cardiac and pulmonary causes such as congestive heart failure, asthma exacerbation, COPD, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism, there are less common causes of dyspnea, which if not diagnosed and managed expeditiously may have dire consequences for both the patient and physician.'], ['A history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and peripheral vascular disease also predicted a higher mortality among older recipients.'], ['Chronic diseases studied included diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive lung disease, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, depression/anxiety, cancer, osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis and chronic back/neck pain.'], ['METHODS: Frequencies of secondary aging diseases (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic myocardiopathy, chronic obstructive lung diseases, arterial hypertension, and PES) were investigated in 162 patients with age-related cataract and 55 age- and sex-matched control subjects, and analyzed by a logistic regression.'], ['DESIGN: With respect to the difference in magnitude of their disabling effect, diseases were classified into 2 groups: "more disabling" diseases (COPD, heart failure, peripheral artery diseases, diabetes, and not life-threatening cancer) and "less disabling" diseases (anemia, kidney, gastrointestinal, and liver diseases).', 'CONCLUSION: Our study adds a new perspective about the role of COPD, heart failure, peripheral artery diseases, diabetes and not life-threatening cancer on functional recovery, emphasizing their combined impact in elderly people.'], ['METHODS: A diagnostic strategy including a CDR, DD test and s-CT was evaluated in patients with malignancy, previous venous thromboembolism (VTE), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or heart failure and in older patients.'], ['Hispanics, including Mexican Americans (MAs), consistently report less tobacco exposure than European Americans (EAs), but limited data are available regarding differences in the clinical characteristics, severity of airflow obstruction, and functional status between MAs and EAs with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Participants with spirometry values consistent with COPD by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria are described here.', 'RESULTS: Thirty-four percent (248/721) of the participants who underwent spirometry had evidence of GOLD Stages 1-4 COPD.', 'Significantly more MAs with COPD reported being never smokers compared to EAs with COPD.', 'Among those with COPD who also smoked, MAs reported significantly less tobacco exposure than EAs (15.7 vs. 32.4 pack-years, respectively), but both groups had surprisingly similar severities of airflow obstruction.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Despite significantly less exposure to tobacco smoke, MAs with COPD had a similar degree of obstruction to airflow compared with EAs with COPD.', 'Healthcare providers should have a high index of suspicion for COPD in MAs who are exposed to even small amounts of cigarette smoke.'], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction.'], ['After adjustment for age, race, sex, site, education, smoking, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, all adiposity variables (body mass index (BMI), adipose tissue mass, percentage body fat, waist-to-thigh ratio, waist circumference, and visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue) were significant predictors of the development of CHF.'], ['In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of SSI included obesity (odds ratio (OR)=1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.34-2.32), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR=1.66, 95% CI=1.17-2.34), and a wound class classified as contaminated or dirty (OR=1.65, 95% CI=1.01-2.72).', 'CONCLUSION: This study identified several independent predictors of SSI in older people, including comorbid conditions (COPD and obesity), perioperative variables (wound class), and socioeconomic factors (private insurance, which was associated with lower risk).'], ['Further data from clinical trials have emerged to support similar benefits in terms of mortality and morbidity, a good safety record, and tolerability in patients at extremes of age (children and adults >70 years of age) and in specific clinical circumstances (including diabetes, chronic obstructive airways disease, renal failure, and atrial fibrillation).'], ['This finding was confirmed after correction for dose of digitalis, age, physical and cognitive impairment, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, glomerular filtration rate, and use of amiodarone, beta-blockers, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and potassium-sparing diuretics (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.01-2.48).'], ['In this study, we therefore compared cellular senescence markers and expression of respective genes between lung fibroblasts from patients with emphysema and control patients without COPD.'], ['A matched nested case-control analysis was performed in a population-based cohort of elderly people who had been dispensed medications for airway disease, as identified through a universal drug benefit plan.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To report a case of acute respiratory failure after a single dose of quetiapine fumarate in an elderly patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'CASE SUMMARY: A 92-year-old woman with a history of COPD was admitted to the hospital with pneumonia.'], ['With an ageing population and treatment improvements, many of these travellers will have lung disease, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'SUMMARY: Commercial air travel is generally safe for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease when their disease is stable.'], ['They were positive for prostate cancer, breast cancer, COPD (women), and lung cancer (women).'], ['OBJECTIVE: Although it has been suggested that depression is common in patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), few studies on the association between chronic respiratory diseases and depression have been conducted in the community.'], ['Both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are often underdiagnosed and undertreated among the elderly.'], ['RESULTS: Current smokers had increased respiratory symptoms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bacterial pneumonia.', 'CONCLUSIONS: HIV-positive patients who currently smoke have increased mortality and decreased quality of life, as well as increased respiratory symptoms, COPD, and bacterial pneumonia.'], ['When spirometry shows airway obstruction post-bronchodilator, a normal diffusing capacity (DLCO) test will rule out COPD in current and former smokers.'], ['RESULTS: Causes of mortality included infectious diseases (41.1%, n = 915) such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diarrhea/dysentery, hepatitis B, and inflammatory brain infections as the commonest causes of death in the urban population of North India.'], ['Tobacco use (24%) was the most common risk factor identified, followed by hypertension (HTN, 17%), coronary artery disease (9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/reactive airway disease (4%), non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) (4%), insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) (3.2%), cancer (3%), liver disease (2%), and HIV/AIDS (1.4%).', 'In addition, COPD/reactive airway disease was found to be an independent predictor of ventilator days, infection, and ICU days (P < 0.05).', 'Thus, increased age, IDDM, COPD, and HTN are most predictive of outcome in critically ill trauma patients.'], ['The 5 major causes of death were heart disease (32.6%), cancer (18.0%), stroke (9.0%), infection (6.7%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (5.6%).'], ['The differential diagnosis commonly includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, malignancy, aspiration and infections.', 'Distinguishing asthma from COPD is important to allow appropriate management of disease based on aetiology, accurate prediction of treatment response, correct prognosis and appropriate management of the chest condition and co-morbidities.', 'Full lung function tests may not necessarily help in differentiating the two entities, although gas transfer factor is characteristically reduced in COPD and usually normal or high in asthma.', 'On meta-analysis, beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (both short acting and long acting) are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in asthma and COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex human disease likely influenced by multiple genes, cigarette smoking, and gene-by-smoking interactions, but only severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency is a proven genetic risk factor for COPD.', 'Prior linkage analyses in the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study have demonstrated significant linkage to a key intermediate phenotype of COPD on chromosome 2q.', 'We integrated results from murine lung development and human COPD gene-expression microarray studies with human COPD linkage results on chromosome 2q to prioritize candidate-gene selection, thus identifying SERPINE2 as a positional candidate susceptibility gene for COPD.', 'In family-based association testing of 127 severe, early-onset COPD pedigrees from the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study, we observed significant association with COPD phenotypes and 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SERPINE2 gene.', 'Association of five of these SNPs with COPD was replicated in a case-control analysis, with cases from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial and controls from the Normative Aging Study.', 'After the integration of murine and human microarray data to inform candidate-gene selection, we observed significant family-based association and independent replication of association in a case-control study, suggesting that SERPINE2 is a COPD-susceptibility gene and is likely influenced by gene-by-smoking interaction.'], ['COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe.', 'The purpose of this literature review was to critically evaluate published data on COPD prevalence and the cost of COPD interventions in European countries.', 'In the selected literature, COPD prevalence ranged from 3% among Finnish women to 57% among Italian men and women, 45 years and older.', 'Results from the final cost-of-illness studies indicated that hospital care and medication represented the major portion of costs associated with COPD.', 'In a survey conducted in 1998/99, annual direct expenditures for COPD treatment per patient in Europe ranged from Euro 530 in France to Euro 3238 in Spain.', 'There was a differential increase in COPD prevalence predominantly related to an aging patient population, with a high incidence of exposure to cigarette smoke.', 'Data also showed differences in the economic impact of COPD in Europe based on the proportion of patients with severe COPD, frequency of exacerbations, and number of hospitalizations.', 'Overall, results of this review demonstrated the need for global epidemiologic and economic studies to allow for more uniform guidelines for the prevention and cost-effective treatment of patients with COPD.'], ['Its objectives are to study the relation of SEIQoL scores and life areas to functional status in an older population and in a group of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Older people selected their health most frequently as one of the most important areas in their life (9.9%, vs. 8.6% for people with COPD) and were more satisfied with it (U = 2,512, p = 0.007).'], ['Thereafter, the human lung, from infancy through to old age, can be subjected to deleterious oxidative events as a consequence of inhaling environmental pollutants or irritants, succumbing to several pulmonary diseases (including infant and adult respiratory distress syndromes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis and cancer) and receiving treatment for these diseases.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Depression is common in both young adults and elderly people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHODS: We compared the prevalence of depressive symptomatology in elderly outpatients with stable disabling COPD with that in healthy controls and age-matched patients with other disabilities, and also assessed the relation between degree of disability, quality of life and depressive symptoms.', 'The subjects were 96 older people with COPD [56 men; aged 70-93 (mean 78) years], 55 normal controls [23 men; aged 70-90 (mean 78) years] and 53 disabled controls [27 men; aged 70-92 (mean 78) years].', 'RESULTS: Mean (and SD) values for 1-s forced expiratory volume (FEV1) were 51 (20) % in COPD subjects, 107 (24) % in normal controls and 82 (13)% in disabled controls.', "Forty-four subjects with COPD (46%), six normal controls (11%) and 14 disabled controls (26%) scored in the 'caseness' range for depressive ideation on the Brief Assessment Schedule Depression Cards (BASDEC) screening questionnaire.", 'A multiple regression analysis was performed for the COPD group to identify factors predictive of BASDEC score.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms are common in elderly patients with COPD; prevalence and/or severity of depressive symptoms may be greater in those who are most disabled.'], ['Other AF predictors included age (adjusted OR=1.52 [95% CI 1.46 to 1.58] per 10 years), mitral valve surgery (adjusted OR=2.42 [95% CI 1.92 to 3.06]), aortic valve surgery (adjusted OR=1.79 [95% CI 1.45 to 2.22]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (adjusted OR=1.28 [95% CI 1.12 to 1.46]), male gender (adjusted OR=1.24 [95% CI 1.10 to 1.40]), preoperative beta-blocker use (adjusted OR=1.17 [95% CI 1.05 to 1.32]), vascular disease (adjusted OR=1.18 [95% CI 1.05 to 1.32]), white race (adjusted OR=1.33 [95% CI 1.07 to 1.66]), history of arrhythmia other than AF/flutter (adjusted OR=0.80 [95% CI 0.68 to 0.96]), ejection fraction <40% (adjusted OR=1.16 [95% CI 1.03 to 1.31]), left main disease (adjusted OR=1.15 [95% CI 1.00 to 1.32]), and off-pump surgery (adjusted OR=0.61 [95% CI 0.44 to 0.83]).'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammatory markers are increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are hypothesised to play an important part in muscle dysfunction and exercise intolerance.'], ['Factors which at least doubled odds of mobility disability in the middle-aged were chronic obstructive lung disease, angina, stroke, recently treated cancer, comorbidity, lower limb and back pain.'], ['Ageing is associated with important anatomical, physiological and psychosocial changes that may have an impact on the management of obstructive airway diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) and on their optimal therapy.', 'Furthermore, the physiological involution of organs and the frequent comorbidity, often interfere with pharmacokinetics of bronchodilator drugs used in asthma and COPD.'], ['The molecular and pathophysiological changes observed in these organ systems are not always specific to the underlying CHF but rather represent a common pathway that is activated in several chronic disease processes, including severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and in the normal aging process.'], ['All patients met the following exclusion criteria: age below 65, heart failure, chronic obstructive lung disease.'], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common conditions that have substantial effects on daily functioning and medical resource utilisation.', 'In elderly populations, the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as a mainstay of treatment in asthma has long been accepted whereas the appropriateness and extent of use of ICS in COPD is not as clear.', 'Studies examining the use of ICS in asthma and COPD have generally found that ICS may be underused compared with guideline recommendations or that there are substantial differences between patients who receive ICS and those who do not.', 'Among elderly asthma or COPD patients who receive ICS, there are lower rates of hospitalisation among those who adhere to their treatment plan.', 'There may be an interaction effect between oral corticosteroids and ICS among elderly COPD patients, although important differences may be present in the clinical characteristics of patients who receive one versus both forms of corticosteroids.', 'A dose-response relationship between ICS and both all-cause and pulmonary-specific mortality has been shown among older COPD patients.', 'Future research should also clearly delineate asthma and COPD populations in order to identify different benefits from ICS.'], ['Of 493 patients included in the study, 223 (45.2%) were aged > or = 65 years, and 265 (53.7%) had one or more underlying diseases, mostly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus or dementia.'], ['Decreased plasma and muscle glutamate concentrations have been observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), suggesting disturbances in glutamate metabolism.', 'The present study was conducted to further examine glutamate metabolism in 8 male COPD patients (68 +/- 4 y) by measurement of whole-body (WB) glutamate production and splanchnic glutamate extraction in the postabsorptive state as well as in response to feeding.', 'Because COPD is particularly prevalent in the elderly and aging per se may also affect glutamate metabolism, 2 male control groups were included: 8 healthy elderly (63 +/- 3 y) and 8 young (22 +/- 1 y) subjects.', 'Postabsorptive WB glutamate production and splanchnic glutamate extraction were significantly lower in the elderly and COPD patients than in the young (P < 0.01).', 'Feeding further decreased WB endogenous glutamate production in the elderly and COPD patients, with COPD patients tending (P = 0.07) to have a greater decrease.', 'Splanchnic glutamate extraction increased during feeding in the elderly (P < 0.05) but did not change in COPD patients.', 'COPD does not affect postabsorptive WB glutamate metabolism but may influence splanchnic glutamate metabolism during feeding.'], ['Our series consisted of three groups of patients with non-neoplastic chronic disease (congestive heart failure, CHF, N = 832; diabetes mellitus, N = 939; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, N = 399), and three groups of patients with cancer (solid tumors without metastasis, N = 813; solid tumors with metastasis, N = 259; leukemia/lymphoma, N = 326).', 'RESULTS: Cognitive impairment was more prevalent in patients with CHF (28.0%) or COPD (25.8%) than in those with cancer (solid tumors = 22.9%; leukemia/lymphoma = 19.6%; metastatic cancer = 22.8%).'], ['Variables examined included LTPA measured as kilocalories of energy expended per week, contextual variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), acculturation/structural assimilation), psychosocial measures (self-esteem, mastery, perceived health control), lifestyle variables (fat avoidance, current alcohol drinker, years smoking, body mass index (BMI)), and presence of chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, mild cognitive impairment).'], ['Risk factors included older age, male sex, current and past smoking, poor physical and lung function, and history of cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['SETTING: The incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has not previously been examined.', 'OBJECTIVE: To estimate cumulative 9-year GOLD-defined COPD incidence in a general adult Norwegian population, to analyse sex, age, smoking habits and residential area as predictors, and to assess the level of underdiagnosis.', 'Associations between risk factors and COPD incidence were examined with logistic regression analyses.', 'RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of COPD among persons at risk in 1987-1988 was 6.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.0-8.1).', 'Risk for COPD incidence further increased with pack years.', 'Sex and residential area were not significantly associated with COPD incidence.', 'Only 43% of the incident cases had physician-diagnosed asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and/or COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: Approximately 6% developed COPD over 9 years.', 'Our study suggests a substantial underdiagnosis of COPD among adults in this community.'], ['Malnutrition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by many factors.', 'The relationship between COPD and low values of body mass index (BMI) is a known independent risk for mortality.', 'shopping for food, cooking and eating) of COPD patients.', 'The sample included eight women and five men with COPD recruited from five primary health clinics.', "Findings showed consistency between informants' COPD, nutritional status and descriptions of experiences in meal-related situations.", 'To our knowledge, no study has reported the positive and negative feelings that arise when eating in persons with COPD.', 'Malnutrition for persons with COPD is not only caused by eating difficulties: eating is an integral part of social situations as shown in this study.'], ['Pulmonary function testing is used in the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the staging of COPD severity.', 'The current diagnostic criterion for airflow obstruction is a ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV (1)) to forced vital capacity (FVC) < 70%.', 'Spirometry should be complemented by measurement of lung volumes using body plethysmography in those with evidence of airflow obstruction.'], ['The purpose of this study was to show evidence to recommend spirometry routinely on medical check-up for the early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'COPD was defined as a ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to slow vital capacity of 70% or less.', 'We investigated the prevalence and its characteristics of COPD in people on medical check-up.', 'The prevalence of COPD was 3.6% in all subjects, 4.5% in males, and 1.8% in females.', 'In the comparison between males and females, the prevalence of COPD in males of most age groups was higher than that of females, and this difference was greater with aging.', 'Occupations associated with a high smoking rate such as transportation-related occupations showed a higher prevalence of COPD.', 'These results suggest that spirometry for all persons in medical check-ups can identify many COPD patients not aware of this disease.'], ['UNLABELLED: Inspiratory muscles training in COPD is controversial not only in relation to the load level required to produce muscular conditioning effects but also in relation to the group of patients benefiting from the training.', 'The objective of this study was to evaluate the participation of the diaphragm and the sternocleidomastoid (SMM) muscle to overcome with a 30% Threshold load using surface electromyography (sEMG) and to analyze the correlation between SMM activation, maximum strength level of inspiratory muscles (MIP) and obstruction degree in COPD patients (FEV1).', 'We studied seven healthy elderly subjects, mean age of 68+/-4 years and seven COPD patients, FEV1 45+/-17% of the predicted value, with mean age 66+/-8 years.', 'RESULTS: In the COPD group, the RMS of the SMM increased 28% during load (p<0.05) while the RMS of the diaphragm remained constant.', 'CONCLUSION: To overcome the load required by Threshold therapy, COPD patients demonstrated an increase of accessory muscles activity, represented by SMM.'], ['Also, concerns about the use of beta-blockers in diabetes, chronic obstructive lung disease, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) have limited their use in populations with these diseases.', 'There is strong support in the literature for the use of selective beta-blockers in patients with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and encouraging data on their use in patients with mild to moderate PVD.'], ['64.4% of patients had concomitant diseases, mainly systemic arterial hypertension and COPD.'], ['What is the basis of the "overlap syndrome" with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older people with asthma, in whom smoking contributes to airway disease?'], ['WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW: What is an agreed definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for epidemiological research?', 'What is the prevalence of asthma and COPD in people over the age of 70?', 'How does the prevalence of asthma and COPD in Australia compare with that in other countries?'], ['WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW: What are the essential differences in the inflammatory process that lead to different pathological outcomes in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?', 'What factors cause some patients with asthma to have clinical features indistinguishable from COPD, and should these patients be treated differently from those with early-onset, atopic asthma?', 'What should be added to FEV(1) improvement after bronchodilator to enhance the ability of spirometry to distinguish between asthma and COPD?', 'Why is disturbed gas exchange characteristic of stable COPD but rare in asthma?', 'Why and when does COPD become a systemic disease with multiorgan dysfunction, while asthma generally does not?', 'Does the response to bronchodilators in asthma and COPD predict prognosis and response to other interventions?', 'Do people with asthma (airway obstruction, hyper-responsiveness and atopy) and COPD (fixed airflow limitation) have different natural histories, responses to treatment and prognoses?', 'WHAT WE NEED TO DO: Evaluate new diagnostic tools (eg, indirect markers of inflammation) for asthma and COPD.', 'Initiate community awareness programs to help older people with dyspnoea recognise they may have symptoms of asthma or COPD that should be assessed by a doctor.', 'Define the clinical and physiological features of asthma and COPD in older people that indicate when and which treatments will achieve maximum benefit with least harm.', 'Maintain research into new drugs and targets for preventing progressive loss of lung function in asthma and COPD.'], ['All were hypertensive and had diagnoses and used treatments during 1999 to qualify for entry into 1 of the following 5 mutually exclusive cohorts: asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, osteoarthritis, or none of the 4 comorbidities.', 'After adjustments in multivariable analyses, antihypertensive use was consistently lower in patients with asthma/COPD (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40 to 0.47), depression (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.55), GI disorders (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.64), and osteoarthritis (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.67) relative to those without these conditions.'], ['It is thought likely that this is at least partly explained by misclassification with COPD.'], ['They strongly influenced the trends in all-cause mortality among Danish, Dutch, and Norwegian men, and the trends in mortality from infectious diseases, lung cancer (men only), prostate cancer, breast cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Where all-cause mortality decline stagnated, cohort patterns in mortality from lung cancer, COPD, and to a lesser extent ischaemic heart diseases, were unfavourable as well.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To examine the changing pattern of age distributions of hospitalisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among Canadian men and women.', 'PARTICIPANTS: 257,604 COPD inpatients aged 55-90 years with 463,089 hospital admissions during a 3-year study period (1994/95, 1995/96 and 1996/97) in Canada.', 'MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: COPD listed as one of the first five underlying diagnoses (broad definition, 463,089 hospitalisations) or as first diagnosis (narrow definition, 142,770 hospitalisations).', 'RESULTS: Overall, men were more likely to have hospitalisations for COPD and had a higher proportion of death at hospital than did women.', 'The 3-year cumulative incidence was 42.2/1,000 for the broadly defined COPD hospitalisation and 14.0/1,000 for the narrowly defined COPD hospitalisation, and steadily increased with increasing age.', 'The relative risk for women versus men gradually increased with decreasing age, and was significantly greater than unity in the 55-59 year group for narrowly defined COPD hospitalisation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In terms of impact on secondary care COPD is a disease of the elderly and is becoming more common in women, particularly in younger age groups.'], ['Disease-specific predictors of survival were identified for dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and congestive heart failure.'], ['BACKGROUND: We investigated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-specific CD8(+) memory T cell responses in healthy control participants (n=31) and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n=9), with respect to frequency, memory phenotype, and proliferative requirements.', 'In contrast to FLU tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells, we could detect RSV tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in the subgroup of elderly healthy participants (age, > or =55 years) and in the patients with COPD only after in vitro expansion.', 'CONCLUSION: We provide evidence that a pool of functional RSV-specific CD8(+) memory T cells persists in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals and patients with COPD.', 'Low numbers of RSV-specific memory T cells in the elderly and in patients with COPD may explain the increased susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations.'], ['Elderly people, with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may be susceptible to particulate matter (PM) air pollution.', 'Thus, we exposed 6 healthy subjects and 18 volunteers with COPD (mean age 71 yr) on separate days to (a) filtered air (FA); (b) 0.4 ppm NO2; (c) concentrated ambient particles (CAP), predominantly in the fine (PM2.5) size range, at concentrations near 200 microg/m3; and (d) CAP and NO2 together.', 'However, maximal mid-expiratory flow and arterial O2 saturation (measured by pulse oximetry) showed small but statistically significant decrements associated with CAP, greater in healthy than COPD subjects.'], ['Depression affects approximately 40% of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is largely untreated.', 'Older people with COPD experience moderate levels of depression, but this goes largely unrecognized and untreated.', 'However, an appropriate home care package, with the support of respiratory nurses, is of some benefit to housebound patients with COPD because it helps to relieve depression and improve their quality of life, especially among those with a high level of depressive symptoms.'], ['The Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) code of the drugs for tuberculosis (TB), diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, other atherosclerosis-related conditions, such as heart conditions or cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), was recorded.'], ['Frozen sera from 33 randomly selected asthmatic patients and 21 controls, none of whom had any other chronic respiratory disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), all between the ages of 65 and 90, were assessed for total IgE; five specific IgE concentrations (for cat, ragweed, German cockroach, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and live oak); and ECP levels using the Pharmacia Unicap System.'], ['Both maneuvers are undesirable, particularly in old people with chronic obstructive lung disease.'], ['Of the categorical variables, hypertension (p = 0.02), unstable angina (p = 0.04), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.02), cerebrovascular disease (p < 0.001), and peripheral vascular disease (p < 0.001) were associated with increased ascending aortic wall thickness whereas sex, diabetes, acute cases, and previous cardiac operation were not.', 'CONCLUSIONS: If epiaortic scanning is not carried out routinely for detection of ascending aortic arteriosclerosis it should at least be performed in patients with old age, hypertension, unstable angina, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, elevated creatinine levels, higher EuroSCOREs, and increased wall thickness of the descending aorta.'], ['The aim of this study was to achieve a deeper understanding of the meaning of the lived experiences of elderly persons who are severely ill with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in need of everyday care.', "These elderly people's concerns and problems due to old age, a decaying body and being severely ill with COPD call for palliative and comfort care and thus challenge all professionals involved in their care."], ['Patients who had received a prescription for antibacterials, diuretics, psycholeptics, psychoanaleptics, statins, b-blockers, antithrombolytics, antianaemic drugs and drugs for obstructive airway diseases, were identified over the 18 month period using the GMS database.'], ['The three types of respiratory infection in the elderly are community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and nonpneumonic respiratory tract infection.'], ['Exclusion criteria included peripheral vascular disease, unrelated edema, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and recent (< 1 year) deep vein thrombosis (DVT).'], ['Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a major clinical problem causing yearly epidemics of severe lower airway disease in both infants and the elderly.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death and sixth most common reason that Medicare patients are hospitalized.', 'We performed retrospective chart review on a statewide random sample of 409 Medicare patients discharged from October 1, 2000, through January 31, 2001, with a diagnosis of COPD.', 'The morbidity and mortality associated with acute exacerbations of COPD remain high.'], ['Actuarial survival at 5 and 10 years was 72.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 69.3-73.5) and 44.7% (95% CI 41.7-47.9) respectively, with coronary artery disease (P < 0.0018), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < 0.00018) and diabetes mellitus (P < 0.0011) correlating with decreased longevity.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality and represents a substantial economic and social burden throughout the world.', 'The substantial morbidity associated with COPD is often underestimated by health-care providers and patients; likewise, COPD is frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated.', 'COPD develops earlier in life than is usually believed.', 'Tobacco smoking is by far the major risk for COPD and the prevalence of the disease in different countries is related to rates of smoking and time of introduction of cigarette smoking.', 'Severe deficiency for alpha-1-antitrypsin is rare and the impact of other genetic factors on the prevalence of COPD has not been established.', 'COPD should be considered in any patient presenting with cough, sputum production, or dyspnoea, especially if an exposure to risk factors for the disease has been present.', 'COPD is generally a progressive disease.'], ['Factors associated with stress incontinence were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.3-23.2), white race (OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.5-6.7), current oral estrogen use (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.1), arthritis (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.4), and high body mass index (OR 1.3 per 5 kg/m2, 95% CI 1.1-1.6).'], ['Inhaled corticosteroids are also used in the treatment of other conditions, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'However, data from two clinical trials of moderately high doses of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD have produced conflicting results and while the larger study of triamcinolone found a significant impact of this drug on bone mineral density, a smaller study of budesonide found no effect.'], ['OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and exposure to fluoro-edenite, a newly discovered amphibolic fiber found in Biancavilla (Sicily), a municipality on the slope of the Etna volcano, where a high mortality from malignant mesothelioma had been previously observed.', 'An ecological regression model was applied with mortality from COPD as the dependent variable, mortality from mesothelioma as a proxy for exposure to fluoro-edenite, and lung cancer mortality, an urban-rural index, a deprivation index and an aging index as the predictors of COPD mortality.', 'RESULTS: A significant association was found between COPD mortality and pleural neoplasm mortality among the women in this study.'], ['As for nonairway causes, COPD related hypercapnic respiratory failure accounted for the majority of cases in both groups.'], ["Common disease conditions found in the elderly are: Parkinson's disease, depression, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, tuberculosis and cancer of the lung, osteo-arthritis of various joints, diabetes, hypertension, cataract, hearing loss and so on."], ['Specific illnesses associated with suicide included congestive heart failure (odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-2.24), chronic obstructive lung disease (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.37-1.92), seizure disorder (OR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.89-4.61), urinary incontinence (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.29-3.17), anxiety disorders (OR, 4.65; 95% CI, 4.07-5.32), depression (OR, 6.44; 95% CI, 5.45-7.61), psychotic disorders (OR, 5.09; 95% CI, 3.94-6.59), bipolar disorder (OR, 9.20, 95% CI, 4.38-19.33), moderate pain (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.66-2.20), and severe pain (OR, 7.52; 95% CI, 4.93-11.46).'], ['This was independent of age, sex, NYHA class, left ventricular ejection fraction, creatinine, co-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and treatment allocation (P<0.001).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious and mounting global public health problem.', 'Although its pathogenesis is incompletely understood, chronic inflammation plays an important part and so new therapies with a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of action may be of benefit in the treatment of COPD.', 'Unlike theophylline, which is limited by poor efficacy and an unfavourable safety and tolerability profile, the selective PDE4 inhibitors are generally well tolerated, with demonstrated efficacy in improving lung function, decreasing the rate of exacerbations and improving quality of life, with proven anti-inflammatory effects in patients with COPD.', 'Hence these agents represent a therapeutic advance in the treatment of COPD, due to their novel mechanism of action and potent anti-inflammatory effects, coupled with a good safety and tolerability profile.'], ['Despite the high prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-related disability in old age most programmes chiefly included younger subjects.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a leading cause of death and disability in the elderly, is frequently unrecognized or misinterpreted as heart disease.', 'Comorbidity plays a primary role, both as a determinant of health status and as a prognostic marker in older populations with COPD.', 'Multidimensional assessment tailored to the distinctive needs of respiratory patients and thus including selected respiratory function indexes, is mandatory for proper staging COPD and monitoring of its course and response to therapy.', 'In stable COPD, a mix of pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures may improve health, but only by stopping smoking and, in the event of respiratory insufficiency, applying continuous oxygen therapy can the progression of the disease be delayed and life expectancy prolonged.', 'In exacerbated COPD, age per se is a negative prognostic marker and, while many very old patients can successfully recover, they will experience some decline in personal independence.', 'Thus, older patients with COPD should ideally be the object of a continuum of care throughout all the stages of their disease, in order to minimize the decline in personal independence and worsening health.', 'In this perspective, COPD patients qualify as optimal candidates for dedicated programs of continuous geriatric care.'], ['Smoking-related comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, will also increase with cumulative tobacco exposure and can complicate surgical or radiotherapeutic management.'], ['These include community volunteers, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease, relapsed smokers, individuals with a history of depression, women and the elderly.'], ['Muscle relaxant use in the elderly, among older persons with ambulatory impairments, and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease appeared undiminished compared with general population use.'], ['We investigated this association in normal aging, CVD, and dementia, and examined whether it was modified by the presence of two major comorbid diseases of older age: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CPOD) and peptic ulcer (PU).', 'Six hundred-twenty-seven individuals aged > or = 65 yr (74+/-7 yr) were selected for this study: 373 healthy controls; 160 patients with CVD but no evidence of comorbid diseases (CVD+/comorbidity-); 46 patients with CVD and concurrent CPOD and/or PU (CVD+/comorbidity+); and 48 patients with dementia.'], ['Counseling was associated with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p =0.01).', 'After adjustment for age, race, gender, prior histories of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Killip class III or IV, and discharge to a skilled nursing facility; inpatient counseling remained associated with improved survival (relative hazard, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.97).'], ['A lower rate of beta-blocker treatment occurred in older patients and in patients with comorbid conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and peripheral arterial disease.', 'beta-Blockers can induce bronchospasm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, but cardioselective beta-blockers and appropriate use of medications such as albuterol can minimize these effects.'], ['Hierarchical Cox regression models were used to estimate the relative risk of ESRD for blacks (with reference to whites) after adjustment for age and gender, socioeconomic status, special health conditions (anemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease), primary causal diseases of ESRD (eg, diabetes, hypertension), diabetes care and preventive care (eg, hemoglobin A1c or lipid testing), and physician visits for primary or specialty care.'], ['BACKGROUND: Smoking is the most important cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHODS: Forty-eight asthmatics over 70 years old (25 ex-smokers and 23 never-smokers) and 20 patients with COPD over 70 years old (all ex-smokers) were studied to determine the influence of cigarette smoking on IgE-mediated allergy (total IgE, IgE antibodies against inhalant allergens, bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR), generation of leukotriene (LT) B4 and C4), pulmonary function, and the relative area of lung showing attenuation values less than -950 Hounsfield units (RA950) on high-resolution computed tomography scans.', 'Residual volume (%RV) was significantly increased, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was significantly decreased in ex-smokers with asthma and COPD compared with never-smokers with asthma.', 'Inspiratory RA950 and ratio of expiratory RA950 to inspiratory RA950 were significantly larger in asthmatics with a smoking history than in those without, and in COPD patients than in asthmatics.'], ['Individuals most susceptible to adverse outcomes include the elderly and those with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease, renal failure, malignancy, or immunosuppression.', 'Based on post-marketing reports, zanamivir should be used with caution in patients with asthma or COPD.'], ['Cancer patients and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were clearly at a disadvantage with respect to pain and shortness of breath, respectively.'], ['The most prevalent morbidity was anaemia, followed by dental problems, hypertension, chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), cataract, and osteoarthritis.', 'Morbidities like asthma, COAD, hypertension, osteoarthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, anaemia, and eye and neurological problems were significantly associated with disability and distress.'], ['The aim of this study was to assess predictors of inpatient mortality and one-year mortality in older Italians, hospitalized for dementia, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, hip fracture and myocardial infarction at the Verona Teaching Hospital, Northern Italy.'], ['RESULTS: The number of functions lost to IADL and ADL, DMI (Dependent Medical Index) dependence, high levels of creatinine and low blood levels of albumin and sodium were associated with longer hospitalization, as also were the following clinical diagnoses: tumor, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hip fractures, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and pressure sores.'], ["BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of our nation's most rapidly growing chronic health conditions.", 'It is estimated that over 16 million individuals are diagnosed with COPD (Friedman & Hilleman, 2001).', 'COPD is a condition that affects the working-age as well as the elderly.', 'Despite the high mortality rate, COPD is a treatable and modifiable condition.', 'Similar initiatives are not as common for COPD.', "This article will highlight the National Jewish Medical and Research Center's COPD DMP interventions and outcomes.", 'OBJECTIVE: To outline interventions and operational strategies critical in developing and operating a sustainable and effective disease management program for COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Disease Management is an effective model for managing individuals with COPD.', 'Applying these interventions in a credible manner will improve the quality of life and quality of care delivered to individuals with mild, moderate, severe, and very severe COPD.'], ['Although the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations is multifactorial, the above-mentioned fragility suggests the existence of a "fragile balance" between respiratory muscle overload and respiratory muscle adaptations.'], ['Hypertension, peptic ulcer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, pneumonia, skin diseases and anaemia were common among these people.'], ['Successful aging was defined as remaining free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and with intact physical and cognitive functioning.'], ['Pneumonia was encountered in 63 cases (39.4%) and exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) in 23 cases (14.4%).', 'Pre-existing co-morbid medical conditions had included bronchial asthma and COPD (22.5%), hypertension (17.5%), and Diabetes mellitus (15%).', 'During this mild weather lower respiratory tract infections and exacerbation of bronchial asthma and COPD are the most commonly encountered diseases during Hajj.'], ['Smoking-related cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diseases specifically related to old age contributed to this stagnation.', 'Trends in smoking-related cancers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed a cohort pattern--especially for men.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major problem in the elderly population, with approximately 10% of the population affected.', 'Since COPD is an inflammatory disorder of the pulmonary system, corticosteroids might be expected to improve clinical outcomes of the disease.', 'Data from large, well designed randomised clinical trials in which approximately one third of patients were > or =65 years of age indicate that inhaled corticosteroids do not modify the natural history of COPD, as measured by the rate of decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1).', 'In conclusion, the current evidence indicates that inhaled corticosteroid therapy produces short- and long-term clinical benefits in COPD patients with moderate-to-severe disease and should be used as adjunctive therapy for elderly patients with COPD who experience frequent exacerbations or have moderately reduced lung function.'], ['We investigated the safety of influenza vaccine in older people with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a cohort from the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD).', 'METHODS: A population based cohort study of 12,000 individuals with asthma or COPD from 432 general practices was conducted.', 'Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated for asthma or COPD diagnoses, prescriptions for oral corticosteroids, and acute exacerbations on the day of vaccination and on days 1-2 and 3-14 after vaccination compared with other time periods in the influenza season.', 'RESULTS: The IRRs for asthma or COPD diagnoses and oral corticosteroid prescriptions were increased on the day of vaccination (for example, the IRR for oral corticosteroid prescriptions for subjects with asthma during the 1992-3 influenza season was 8.24 (95% confidence interval 5.54 to 12.26)).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Older people with asthma or COPD commonly have diagnoses recorded or prescriptions for oral corticosteroids given on the day of influenza vaccination, but there is no increased risk of adverse acute outcomes in the first 2 weeks after vaccination.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms in the beta subunit of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor are associated with late-onset airflow obstruction.', 'PARTICIPANTS: Cases with late-onset airflow obstruction with age-, sex-, and geographically matched controls.', 'CONCLUSION: Serum IgE levels, but not the high-affinity IgE receptor polymorphisms, were associated with late-onset airflow obstruction, suggesting that interaction between environmental and genetic factors controlling serum IgE levels and disease pathogenesis may differ between early- and late-onset airflow obstruction phenotypes.'], ['Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 20 family physicians and 12 gynecologists about a DA for women considering long-term hormone replacement therapy; with 16 respirologists about a DA for the use of intubation and mechanical ventilation for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and with 19 physicians (geriatricians, gastroenterologists, internists) about a DA for long-term placement of feeding tubes in the elderly.'], ['All pre-operative risk factors included: Age (> 70 yrs vs < or = 70 yrs), gender (male vs female), diabetes (yes vs no), hypertension (yes vs no), morbid obesity (yes vs no), renal insufficiency (yes vs no), chronic obstructive lung disease (yes vs no), history of cerebrovascular accident (yes vs no), smoking (yes vs no), dyslipidemia (yes vs no), history of myocardial infarction (MI) (yes vs no), history of congestive heart failure (CHF) (yes vs no), unstable angina (yes vs no), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (> 40% vs < or = 40%), left main (LM) lesion (LM > 50% vs LM < or = 50%), intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) used (yes vs no) and time between operating and closing (> 4.30 h vs < or = 4.30 h) were used to predict failed early extubation (2 h).'], ['The authors enrolled 50 consecutive patients from the Respiratory Unit with dyspnea from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or anxiety.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To assess the age-related trends in mortality from COPD in middle-aged and elderly populations of Lithuania during a 10-year period (1989 to 1998).', 'RESULTS: Analysis of mortality from COPD in the Lithuanian population during this 10 years revealed that mortality rates directly related to older age, and the indexes of men in various age groups were twofold to threefold greater than those of women.', 'CONCLUSION: Mortality from COPD in Lithuania during the 10-year period was decreasing in middle-aged and elderly populations and in both men and women.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine adherence of emergency department (ED) management of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to current treatment guidelines.', 'PARTICIPANTS: ED patients, aged 55 and older, who presented with COPD exacerbation and underwent a structured interview in the ED and another by telephone 2 weeks later.', 'MEASUREMENTS: Adherence of ED management of COPD exacerbation to that recommended in current treatment guidelines.', 'RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 397 subjects, of whom 224 (56%) reported only COPD and 173 (44%) reported asthma and COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: Important differences exist between guideline recommendations and actual ED management of COPD exacerbations in older adults.', 'Better adherence to guideline recommendations when caring for elderly patients with COPD exacerbations may lead to improved clinical outcomes and better resource usage.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important cause of morbidity and disability.', 'Many studies have investigated factors influencing quality of life (QoL) in middle-aged COPD sufferers, but little attention has been given to elderly COPD.', 'The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of COPD on QoL and functional status in the elderly.', 'Sixty COPD patients and 58 healthy controls over 65 years old were administered Pulmonary Function Tests, 6 min Walking Test (6MWD) for exercise tolerance, the Barthel Index and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) for functional status, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) for mood, and the Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) for QoL.', 'FEV1 and PaO2 were reduced in COPD patients.', 'Moreover, COPD patients had significantly worse outcomes for the Barthel Index, GDS and SGRQ.', 'The logistic regression model demonstrated that a decrease in FEV1 is the factor most strictly related to the deterioration of QoL in COPD patients.', 'In conclusion, elderly COPD patients show a substantial impairment in QoL depending on the severity of airway obstruction; symptoms related to the disease may be exaggerated by mood deflection.'], ['Associated co-morbidity included ischemic heart disease (n = 15), hypertension (n = 22), non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (n = 9), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 3), and previous neck surgery (n = 3).'], ['There was no significant difference between PAC or no-PAC patients for age, previous myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, hemoglobin, and albumin.'], ['It is hypothesised that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients may not show these adaptations due to their reduced ability to increase muscle antioxidant capacity with training.', 'Eleven COPD patients (forced expiratory volume in one second 40 +/- 4.4% of the predicted value) and six age-matched controls were studied.', 'Moderate-intensity constant-work-rate exercise (11 min at 40% of pretraining peak work-rate) increased pretraining plasma TNF-alpha levels in COPD patients (from 17 +/- 3.2 to 23 +/- 2.7 pg x mL(-1); p<0.005) but not in controls (from 19 +/- 4.6 to 19 +/- 3.2 pg x mL(-1)).', 'Pretraining muscle TNF-alpha mRNA expression was significantly higher in COPD patients than in controls (29.3 +/- 13.9 versus 5.0 +/- 1.5 TNF-alpha/18S ribonucleic acid, respectively), but no changes were observed after exercise or training.', 'It is concluded that moderate-intensity exercise abnormally increases plasma tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients without exercise-induced upregulation of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene in skeletal muscle.'], ['In this paper, the authors update the present knowledge about three risk factors for the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which may be particularly relevant in elderly people: mucus hypersecretion, respiratory infections, and cardiovascular comorbidity.', 'In subjects aged > or = 65 yrs, CMH was a strong predictor of the incidence of respiratory infections in a 10-yr follow-up period and it was also a strong predictor of death from COPD (relative risk=2.5).', 'Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are extremely common at all ages, mostly mild self-limiting illnesses at a young age, but severe often fatal illnesses in elderly people already affected by a chronic disease such as COPD.', 'Clinical cohort studies clearly support the relevance of cardiovascular comorbidity for the short-and long-term prognosis of elderly subjects affected by severe COPD.', 'In this paper, the recently demonstrated association between particulate air pollution and cardiovascular events is reported to suggest the presence of an extremely susceptible cluster of elderly subjects in the population identified by the copresence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular comorbidity.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to test the hypothesis that, in the geriatric population, chronic airway obstruction is associated with a higher prevalence of sleep disturbances; to identify the main correlates of sleep disturbances, and to verify whether asthma and COPD patients have different patterns of sleep disturbances.', 'METHODS: The EPESE questionnaire was administered to 734 patients aged 65 years and over with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (cases) and 1237 individuals of comparable age who were free of respiratory disease but not of other chronic conditions (controls).', 'RESULTS: One or more sleep disturbances were reported by 445 cases and 697 controls (60.6% vs. 56.4%, ns).', 'Morning tiredness and early awakenings were more prevalent among cases (38% vs. 27.8%, p < 0.001, and 35.1% vs. 28%, p < 0.001, respectively).'], ['This article provides preliminary evidence that disease management programs for coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and heart failure lead to improved quality of life, which correlates with a healthier, more satisfied, and less costly patient.'], ['Because smoking is an important risk factor for asthma-like symptoms of wheezing, cough, and sputum production, asthma is frequently confused with COPD.', 'When airflow obstruction is found, attempts to demonstrate reversibility can uncover an asthmatic component to the disease.'], ['Patient-related factors include COPD, recent cigarette use, poor general health status as defined by Goldman or ASA class, dependent functional status, and laboratory parameters including abnormal chest radiograph, renal insufficiency, and low serum albumin.', 'Patients who might benefit from preoperative spirometry include those who have unexplained dyspnea or exercise intolerance and those who have COPD or asthma in whom uncertainty exists as to the status of airflow obstruction when compared with baseline.', 'In addition to minimizing or avoiding the above risk factors, optimization of COPD or asthma, deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry, and epidural local anesthetics reduce the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications in elderly surgical patients.'], ['The most common diagnoses in elderly patients were chest pain (24.0%), dehydration (11.7%), syncope (6.5%), back pain (4.6%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3.8%).'], ['In the near future, one of the authors plans to implement a home health care infrastructure for patients with congestive heart failure and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and older age are known to be independent risk factors for severe perioperative adverse outcomes after surgery.', 'Most patients, even with severe COPD, tolerate general anaesthesia without major problems.', 'This will enhance analgesia and reduce opioid toxicity, which is important in patients with COPD, where respiratory depression is especially dangerous.'], ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infection), and children with asthma are more susceptible to the adverse outcomes associated with ambient particulate matter (PM).', 'Several rodent models have been used with PM: pulmonary vasculitis, bronchitis, COPD, allergic asthma, infectious lung diseases, systemic hypertension, and congestive heart disease.'], ['The diagnosis of HF is challenging with patients who present with acute dyspnea and a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pneumonia.'], ['OBJECTIVE: This study attempted to determine the total direct costs derived from the management of chronic bronchitis and COPD in an ambulatory setting through a prospective, 1-year, follow-up study.', 'METHOD: A total of 1,510 patients with chronic bronchitis and COPD were recruited from 268 general practices located throughout Spain.', 'Costs were calculated for patients with confirmed COPD according to the degree of severity of airflow obstruction.', 'RESULTS: The global mean direct yearly cost of chronic bronchitis and COPD was $1,876.', 'The cost generated by patients with COPD was $1,760, but the cost of severe COPD ($2,911) was almost double that of mild COPD ($1,484).', 'CONCLUSION: This is the first prospective follow-up study on a large cohort of patients with chronic bronchitis and COPD aimed at quantifying direct medical costs under usual clinical practice in the community.', 'Costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD were almost twofold those reported for asthma.', 'Patterns of COPD management in the community differ from those recommended in guidelines.', 'COPD represents a great health-care burden in developed countries, and aging of the population and continuing smoking habits predict that it will continue to do so in the future.'], ['For example, the surgical resection rate in patients with confirmed non-small cell lung cancer with good performance status, no chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and limited disease was 37% in the younger patients compared with 15% in those 75 and over.'], ['Factors associated with expenditures in bivariate analyses included heart disease (1.4x), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.3x), diabetes mellitus (1.1x), smoking, comorbidity, and severity of disability, as well as low creatinine clearance, serum albumin, caloric expenditure, or skinfold thickness.'], ['Comorbid conditions consistent with their advanced age included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disability, largely encountered in the elderly population, in whom it causes significant morbidity and mortality.', 'The general perception of health professionals is that COPD is often a self-inflicted disorder affecting the more socio-economically disadvantaged segment of the population with significant comorbidity.', 'COPD is the least funded in terms of research in relation to illness burden compared with other chronic diseases.', 'However, recently published guidelines of both the British Thoracic Society and the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease have highlighted best management strategies both of chronic symptoms and acute exacerbations in this patient group.', 'The chronic management of COPD should, like asthma, involve a stepwise approach with smoking cessation being pivotal for all severities of COPD, regardless of patient age.', 'The role of long-term inhaled corticosteroids in the chronic management of COPD is contentious.', 'Only those patients with COPD who have been shown to respond to a formal corticosteroid trial, preferably with a 2-week course of oral corticosteroid, should receive long-term inhaled corticosteroids.', 'Antibacterials need not be prescribed universally in all exacerbations of COPD.', 'Pulmonary rehabilitation classes either individually or in groups have been shown to be beneficial in the management of patients with COPD and their use in secondary care is to be encouraged.', 'Most treatment modalities do not improve pulmonary function in patients with severe COPD.', 'Therefore, pulmonary function including spirometry should be used to make the diagnosis of COPD but not as a monitor of efficacy of treatment.', 'Assessment of severity of COPD and improvement with treatment modalities is best done with dynamic exercise testing such as 6-minute walk tests and incremental shuttle walk tests or with the administration of disease-specific physical disability and quality-of-life questionnaires.', 'Most COPD research does not specifically target the older COPD patients and these patients may merit special consideration for their optimum assessment and management.'], ['The diagnosis of GORD in the elderly is also difficult because of its potential atypical presentation in these patients, as well as the overlap between GORD symptoms and those of other chronic conditions, including coronary artery disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Calcification of the ascending aorta and chronic obstructive lung disease were statistically significant more prevalent in the beating heart group.'], ['OBJECTIVES: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are major causes of hospitalisation and mortality among older patients but respiratory diseases are often under- or misdiagnosed because spirometry is not extensively used at this age.'], ['Her medical history included depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, asthma, hypertension, atrial fibrillation with pacemaker placement, and breast cancer with lumpectomy and subsequent left mastectomy.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common problem in the elderly.', 'The most important bacterial causes of exacerbations of COPD are nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae.', "Patients are considered to have 'simple COPD' or 'complicated COPD' based on: (i) the severity of underlying lung disease; (ii) the frequency of exacerbations; and (iii) the presence of comorbid conditions.", 'It is proposed that patients with simple COPD are treated with doxycycline, a newer macrolide, or an extended-spectrum oral cephalosporin; and patients with complicated COPD are treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate or a fluoroquinolone.', 'The major goals of antibacterial therapy for exacerbations of COPD are acceleration of symptom resolution and prevention of the complications of exacerbation.'], ['RESULTS: Diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cirrhosis, myocardial infarction, and most cancers decreased in frequency as reported causes of death with advancing age.'], ['In the elderly group, there was a medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (57.1%), cardiovascular disease (32.1%), diabetes mellitus (18.5%), malignant disease (18.5%), or cerebrovascular disease (10.7%).', 'There was statistical difference between the elderly group and the younger group (less than 70 years patients) with regard to COPD (p<0.001).'], ['The strongest to weakest predictors of pneumonia were, respectively, suctioning use, COPD, CHF, presence of feeding tube, bedfast, high case mix index, delirium, weight loss, swallowing problems, urinary tract infections, mechanically altered diet, dependence for eating, bed mobility, locomotion, number of medications, and age, while both CVA and tracheotomy care were inversely predictive of pneumonia.'], ["Patients with uncontrolled arterial hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe valve diseases, severe chronic obstructive lung diseases, severe anemia, peripheral atherosclerosis, orthopedic problems, or Parkinson's disease were excluded from the study."], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major worldwide health problem.', 'There exists a relationship between COPD and increased oxidative stress, and oxidants may be involved in lung damage during the course of COPD.', 'Since alterations caused by aging and cigarette smoke in lungs of various species were informed to be partly simulated with age-related alterations in human lung, the effects of oxidative agents and antioxidative parameters on both COPD and aging were evaluated.'], ['Comorbid conditions included significant alcohol consumption (8%), diabetes (16.6%), cardiovascular disease (54%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (21%).'], ['Logistic regression was used in multivariate analyses examining the association between tertiles of BMI (<23, 23-26,>26) and complications from cardiac surgery, adjusting for age and gender or using a full model adjusting for history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, renal disease, surgical priority, age, and gender.'], ['The term "lone AF" or "idiopathic AF" implies the absence of any detectable etiology including hyperthyroidism, chronic obstructive lung disease, overt sinus node dysfunction, and overt or concealed preexcitation (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome), only to mention a few of other rare causes of AF.'], ['Only one in five life-long smokers ever develops chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, so elderly smokers should also be evaluated for reversible airways obstruction.'], ['All had severe underlying disease (coronary heart disease, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and others) that places them at high risk for surgical intervention.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a care protocol used by community nurses to support nursing home staff in the care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-nine older people (> or =65, present resident of a nursing home in the NTS region, main diagnosis of COPD, at least one hospital admission in previous 6 months) discharged to the nursing homes from the geriatric units of two hospitals.', "Supporting nursing home staff in the care of COPD patients through community nursing visits can enhance older residents' psychological well-being."], ['Subgroups of patients who appear to be more sensitive to the effects of air pollution include young children, the elderly and people with existing chronic cardiac and respiratory disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.'], ['The authors report an 85-year-old man who presented with features of chronic obstructive airway disease and congestive heart failure 15 years previously.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and elderly individuals are prone to the development of significant lower respiratory tract symptoms from colds caused by viral respiratory pathogens.', 'Despite a similar rate of occurrence of VRI among subjects with COPD and the control group, a cohort with moderate to severe COPD had a 2-fold increase in medical resource utilization, including clinician visits, emergency center visits, and hospitalizations.'], ['OBJECTIVE: prospectively to evaluate predictors of mortality in elderly patients with disabling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'METHODS: 137 (69 men) outpatients, aged 60-89 (mean 73) years with symptomatic disabling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'CONCLUSION: disability, use of long-term oxygen therapy, pre-bronchodilator lung function and body-mass index were independent predictors of mortality in elderly patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Compared to healthy men (n=106) age-adjusted serum DHEAS levels were significantly lower in men with atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive lung disease, dementia, parkinsonism, cancer, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and in institutionalized men.', 'Compared to healthy women (n=100) age-adjusted serum DHEAS levels were significantly lower in women with occlusive arterial disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, and osteoporosis.'], ['During the last decade evidence has been accumulated on the role of skeletal muscle dysfunction in reducing exercise capacity and affecting the quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Another key issue is the possible additive effect of drugs often used in COPD patients, such as steroids, beta 2-agonist and cyclosporin.', 'The focus of this review is to highlight the current knowledge on skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD and briefly summarize the possible therapeutic implications.'], ['Muscle weakness and early fatigue are common symptoms of chronic organ diseases, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).', 'Also, changes in muscle structure and function in COPD, CHF and CRF show much resemblance.', 'In this review, we present a systematic overview of human studies on alterations in skeletal muscle function, morphology and energy metabolism in COPD, CHF, CRF and we compare the results with comparable studies in anorexia nervosa, disuse or inactivity and ageing.'], ['About one third of patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, about 40% had diabetes, more than half had coronary heart disease, and more than half had a history of hypertension, but comorbidity rates declined with age.'], ['The cost burden associated with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, collectively known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is large.', 'An estimated 16 million people in the US are currently diagnosed with COPD, the majority having chronic bronchitis.', 'To date, the only proven cost-effective therapies for the disease are the cessation or prevention of smoking, which is the single most common cause of COPD, and vaccination to prevent influenza and pneumococcal infection.', 'Long-term oxygen therapy is also among the most costly interventions in terms of total money spent on direct medical costs for COPD treatment, although it is probably cost-effective because of its positive impact on rates of mortality.', 'In fact, oxygen therapy is the only intervention to date that has been shown to decrease death rates due to COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Previous studies have documented the prognostic value of low body weight in patients with COPD and also in general populations.', 'However, it is not clear whether low body weight is a risk factor for COPD or a consequence of established disease.', 'STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether asymptomatic subjects with low initial body mass were at a greater risk of having COPD develop during subsequent follow-up.', 'At baseline, the participants did not have COPD.', 'After mean follow-up periods of 10.2 years for the men and 6.4 years for the women, 40 men and 7 women received a diagnosis of COPD.', 'METHODS: Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to assess the relationship between COPD diagnosis and baseline body mass index (BMI) in men.', 'RESULTS: The risk of COPD developing in men varied inversely with baseline BMI, even after adjusting for other risk factors, including cigarette smoking, age, FEV(1) percent predicted, abdominal obesity, and educational status.', 'In men, the relative risk of COPD developing for the lowest BMI tertile relative to the highest tertile was 2.76 (95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 6.59).', 'The small number of women who had COPD did not allow us to draw conclusions regarding BMI as a risk factor for COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: After controlling for confounding variables, men with low BMI are at increased risk for getting COPD.'], ['In younger age groups, provocative dose causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second provides a valuable objective measure of asthma for epidemiological studies, but is unable to distinguish between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older people.'], ['Co-existant asthma remains an important contraindication to beta-blockade, but not chronic obstructive airways disease where a beta-blocker should be used with caution if it is indicated, e.g.'], ['Airway mucus hypersecretion is a clinical and pathophysiological feature of a number of severe respiratory conditions, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The importance of mucus hypersecretion to the morbidity and mortality of asthma is acknowledged, whereas in COPD it appears to affect only certain groups of patients, particularly the elderly and those prone to chest infections.', 'However, acceptance (or otherwise) of these drugs in guidelines for management of asthma or COPD has been hampered by lack of information from well designed clinical trials.', 'Current information indicates that the most effective use of mucolytic drugs is long-term therapy for reduction of exacerbations of COPD.'], ['Therefore, pharmacological therapy of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the elderly patient can be potentially hazardous.', 'beta(2)-agonists, administered as therapy for asthma and COPD, have recognised systemic sequelae, such as hypokalaemia and chronotropic effects, which may be life-threatening in susceptible patients.', 'Oral and inhaled corticosteroids have been used for the treatment of acute asthma and COPD in the elderly patient.', 'The use of theophyllines in the treatment of COPD or chronic asthma is controversial.', 'Therefore, theophyllines should be prescribed with extreme caution to elderly patients with asthma or COPD.', 'When used as first-line therapy, anticholinergic drugs may optimise the bronchodilator effects of low-dose inhaled beta(2)-agonists in patients with chronic airflow obstruction, and hence obviate the need for higher doses.'], ['Age, male sex, white race, CVD, triglyceride level, pack-years of smoking, and asthma, emphysema, or bronchitis (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) were independently associated with CAC score in the fourth quartile.'], ['The burden of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considerable.', 'The main cost element of asthma is medication, whereas hospitalisation accounts for the largest proportion of costs for COPD.', 'Consequently, in The Netherlands, the annual cost per patient of managing COPD is almost 3 times as high as that of asthma.', 'The burden of COPD is expected to increase considerably in the future, reflecting the previous smoking habits of an aging population.', 'Even if the current decline in the prevalence of smoking continues, by 2015 there will be a 76% increase in the prevalence of COPD (with the increase higher among women than men), compared with the prevalence in 1994.', 'It also further underlines the need to maximise the value gained from limited resources available to manage asthma and COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Low attenuation areas (LAA) on computed tomographic (CT) scans have been shown to represent emphysematous changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['Placebo-controlled trials in a wide range of patients with hypertension, including the elderly, those with isolated systolic hypertension, and those with concomitant diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, nephropathy with proteinuria, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, have shown that perindopril is highly effective in lowering both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP).'], ['The four major factors predisposing individuals to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes, and a high alcohol intake.'], ['Important predictors of an early unfavorable event were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, old age (> or = 70 years), emergency operation, and diabetes.', 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the only independent predictor of sternal wound infection (odds ratio, 15; 95% confidence interval, 2.8 to 80).', 'This procedure is safe, but we recommend avoiding its use in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of asthma and COPD on health status (HS) in elderly patients, and to assess the correlation between disease-specific and generic instruments assessing HS.', 'PATIENTS: One hundred ninety-eight asthma patients and 230 COPD patients > or = 65 years old.', 'Patients were considered to have a "good" HS or "poor" HS according to whether they did or did not perform worse than 75% of the corresponding population of asthma or COPD patients, on at least two of the five generic outcomes.', 'RESULTS: On average, COPD patients had poorer HS than asthma patients on the SGRQ.', 'Only polypharmacy (more than three respiratory drugs) and diagnosis of COPD qualified as independent correlates of the SGRQ score.', 'COPD outweighs asthma as a cause of distressing respiratory symptoms.', 'A high degree of concordance exists between SGRQ and generic health outcomes, except for the Symptoms dimension in COPD patients.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes extensive disability, primarily among the elderly.', 'On the World Health Organization ranking list of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), COPD rises from the twelfth to the fifth place from 1990 to 2020.', 'The purpose of this study is to single out the impact of changes in demography and in smoking behavior on COPD morbidity, mortality, and health care costs.', 'Changes in the size and composition of the population cause COPD prevalence to increase from 21/1,000 in 1994 to 33/1,000 in 2015 for men, and from 10/ 1,000 to 23/1,000 for women.', 'The model demonstrates the unavoidable increase in the burden of COPD, an increase that is larger for women than for men.'], ['BACKGROUND: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), defined as obstructive airways disease (OAD), are two common chronic conditions especially in the elderly.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease tended to score higher; otherwise no relationship was found between the STAI sumscore and type of chronic somatic disease, nor between the STAI sumscore and number of drugs in regular use.'], ['PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and forty-three chronically ill Medicaid enrollees with regular use of essential medications for heart disease, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, seizure, or coagulation disorders who received an average of three or more prescriptions per month during the baseline year.'], ['We reviewed studies of the treatment of PEM in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, stroke, dementia, rehabilitation after hip fracture, chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple disorders in the elderly.', 'In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nutritional treatment may improve respiratory function.'], ['Underlying medical problems--specifically chronic obstructive pulmonary disease--do play a role in increased patient morbidity and mortality.'], ['BACKGROUND: Although asthma can be associated with significant airflow obstruction in those over the age of 65, it is often underdiagnosed and undertreated.'], ['Participants who were free of chronic disease (no cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or self-reported cancer, except nonmelanoma skin cancer) at the baseline examination were then monitored for the onset of incident cancer, cardiovascular disease, and fatal outcomes.'], ['Our study objective was to identify factors predicting length of hospital stay of older patients with exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through a multicenter, cross-sectional, retrospective study.', 'We examined 3789 patients aged 74.3+/-11.1 years (mean+/-SD), 66.1% males, consecutively hospitalized in 32 wards of General Medicine and 31 of Geriatrics in acute care hospitals for exacerbated COPD in 10 bimonthly periods between 1988 and 1997.', 'In conclusion, selected health outcomes and indicators of disease severity, but not age, target COPD patients at risk of long-stay.'], ['In particular, hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis are found more frequently among patients with normal mental status compared with those showing some level of cognitive defects.'], ["This paper describes the most common systemic diseases causing morbidity and mortality in persons aged 65+ years: diseases of the heart, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, influenza, diabetes mellitus, trauma, Alzheimer's disease, renal diseases, septicemia, and liver diseases."], ['Patients with COPD had lower SpO2 levels than dysphagics with other disorders.', 'It was concluded that although normal aging processes reduce swallowing and pulmonary functioning, it became a significant factor only when combined with an assault to the system, such as CVA or COPD.'], ['Newly diagnosed older cancer patients who have lived into later years of life may have concurrent ailments (eg, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, arthritis, and/or hypertension) that could affect treatment choice, prognosis, and survival.'], ['The risk of developing atrial flutter increased 3.5 times (p < 0.001) in subjects with heart failure and 1.9 times (p < 0.001) for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'Among those with atrial flutter 16% were attributable to heart failure and 12% to chronic obstructive lung disease.', 'At highest risk of developing atrial flutter are men, the elderly and individuals with preexisting heart failure or chronic obstructive lung disease.'], ['Between December 1998 and May 1999, 187 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and 887 patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) were enrolled.'], ['Results were compared for the overall series and in the following high-risk subsets: 80 years of age or older, ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction (EF) < or = 0.25), prior neurologic event or renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and reoperation.'], ['Predictors of late mortality were preoperative or perioperative stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aortic stenosis, and postoperative renal dysfunction.'], ['Odds ratios (OR) for dementia associated with ventilatory capacity were obtained by logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, education, ApoE4 status, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, heart failure, visual and auditory functioning, grip strength, and former physical activity.'], ['Apart from prevention of diseases, exercise also has an important role in improving function in some chronic diseases such as heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Fatality rates are highest in persons who have chronic medical conditions such as chronic obstructive lung disease and diabetes mellitus, particularly if they are elderly.'], ['Elderly patients who did not use beta-blockers tended to have greater severity of illness, non-Q-wave infarctions, atrial fibrillation, and comorbidities such as congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma.'], ['BACKGROUND: Recent trends in physician diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the UK were estimated, with a particular focus on women.', 'METHODS: A retrospective cohort of British patients with COPD was constructed from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD), a large automated database of UK general practice data.', 'Prevalence and all-cause mortality rates by sex, calendar year, and severity of COPD, based on treatment only, were estimated from January 1990 to December 1997.', 'RESULTS: A total of 50 714 incident COPD patients were studied, 23 277 (45.9%) of whom were women.', 'From 1990 to 1997 the annual prevalence rates of physician diagnosed COPD in women rose continuously from 0.80% (95% CI 0.75 to 0.83) to 1.36% (95% CI 1.34 to 1.39), (p for trend <0.01), rising to the rate observed in men in 1990.', 'Increases in the prevalence of COPD were observed in women of all ages; in contrast, a plateau was observed in the prevalence of COPD in men from the mid 1990s.', 'All-cause mortality rates were higher in men than in women (106.8 versus 82.2 per 1000 person-years), with a consistently increased relative risk in men of 1.3 even after controlling for the severity of COPD.', 'The mean age at death was 76.5 years; patients with severe COPD died an average of three years before those with mild disease (p<0.01) and four years before the age and sex matched reference population.', 'CONCLUSIONS: While prevalence rates of COPD in the UK seem to have peaked in men, they are continuing to rise in women.', 'This trend, together with the ageing of the population and the long term cumulative effect of pack-years of smoking in women, is likely to increase the present burden of COPD in the UK.'], ['There is some evidence that even in post-infarction patients with co-existent chronic obstructive airways disease, usually regarded as a contra-indication, experience an improved 2-year survival with the use of beta-blockers.'], ['Although the incidence of pneumonia increases with age, from 1 per 1,000 to 12 per 1,000 persons over age 75 years, comorbid medical illnesses and host defense impairments (especially heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and aspiration risk) are independent risk factors.'], ['multicenter project, the aim of which is the multidimensional assessment of asthma and COPD in the elderly (>/= 65 yr).'], ['Increased risk of limitations in daily activities was associated with stroke (OR = 1.8771), osteoarthritis of the knee (OR = 1.5867), diseases of joints other than the knees (OR 2.0187) and asthma/COPD (OR 2.1679).'], ['The most important factors contributing to post-operative complications in pneumonectomy patients were performance status (WHO), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and elevated level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN).', 'The highest impact on early mortality in pneumonectomy patients was exerted by COPD, arterial hypertension, formation of broncho-pleural fistula (BPF), the need for re-thoracotomy and high level of BUN.', '(2) Elderly patients with impaired Performance Status (WHO 2 or more) and co-existing arterial hypertension, COPD and elevated level of BUN should be considered for pneumonectomy very carefully and cautiously.'], ['In 1998, the 10 leading causes of death in the United States were, respectively, heart disease and cancer followed by stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, accidents (unintentional injuries), pneumonia and influenza, diabetes, suicide, kidney diseases, and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis.'], ['Nutritional support can increase body weight and physiologic function in COPD, but there are some patients who do not respond to nutritional therapy.', 'The aim of this prospective study was to describe the nonresponse to 8 wk of oral nutritional supplementation therapy (500 to 750 kcal/d extra), implemented in an inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program, with respect to lung function, body composition, energy balance, and systemic inflammatory profile in 24 (16 male) depleted patients with COPD.', 'In conclusion, nonresponse to nutritional therapy in COPD is associated with ageing, relative anorexia, and an elevated systemic inflammatory response.'], ['The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Wellness Program was undertaken for this purpose.', 'The target participants were elderly individuals and their care partners who met the program qualifications: a diagnosis or symptoms of COPD and residency in a certain independent housing facility.'], ['COPD is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and imparts a substantial economic burden on individuals and society.', 'Despite the intense interest in COPD among clinicians and researchers, there is a paucity of data on health-care utilization, costs, and social burden in this population.', 'The total economic costs of COPD morbidity and mortality in the United States were estimated at $23.9 billion in 1993.', 'Direct treatments for COPD-related illness accounted for $14.7 billion, and the remaining $9.2 billion were indirect morbidity and premature mortality estimated as lost future earnings.', 'Similar data from another US study suggest that 10% of persons with COPD account for > 70% of all medical care costs.', 'International studies of trends in COPD-related hospitalization indicate that although the average length of stay has decreased since 1972, admissions per 1,000 persons per year for COPD have increased in all age groups > 45 years of age.'], ['RESULTS: The commonest principal diagnoses were chest pain (9.6%), chronic obstructive airways disease (5.6%), angina (5.4%), heart failure (4.1%), and acute myocardial infarction (3.9%).'], ['In addition, patients with COPD appear to be more sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of narcotics and benzodiazepines, especially when used in combination.'], ['The aim of this study was to estimate the healthcare costs of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in the Netherlands, in 1993.'], ['Similarly, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or having redo operations had lower health perception with some physical limitations.'], ['In addition, the older population had a greater prevalence of dyspnea and some concomitant conditions, such as cardiovascular disorders, COPD, diabetes, gastrectomy history, and malignancies.'], ['Slightly more at risk for adverse drug reactions were older patients with coronary heart disease or asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['We evaluated variations in spirometric indices (i.e., forced vital capacity [FVC], peak expiratory flow [PEF], and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec [FEV1]) and static respiratory muscle pressures (i.e., maximum static inspiratory pressure [PImax] and maximum static expiratory pressure [PEmax]) within a span of 12 hr in 60 healthy elderly subjects, 60 young subjects, and 30 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.', 'However, FVC, PEF FEV1, and PImax values in the morning were smaller than those measured at the other two occasions in COPD patients.', 'The results indicate that COPD affects diurnal variation in pulmonary function, but age alone has little impact on diurnal variation.'], ['Seventy-eight percent of these patients had comorbid conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive airway disease, coronary artery disease, and cardiac dysrhythmia.'], ['A national recommendation for the promotion of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation in relation to chronic bronchitis and COPD from 1998 to 2007 has been prepared on the basis of extensive collaboration by order of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.', 'COPD is a disease characterized by slowly progressing, irreversible airways obstruction.', 'It is estimated that a further 5% of the population may suffer from latent COPD.', 'A total of 400,000 Finns suffer from chronic bronchitis or COPD.', 'In 1997, the annual treatment costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD were estimated to be FIM 1.5 thousand million, total costs FIM 5 thousand million.', 'Costs arising from severe COPD (5% of patients with COPD) account for roughly 65% of costs overall and are primarily related to hospitalizations.', 'The goals of the Programme for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis and COPD are as follows: (a) to decrease the incidence of chronic bronchitis; (b) to ensure that as many patients as possible with chronic bronchitis recover; (c) to maintain capacity for work and functional capacity of patients with COPD; (d) to reduce the percentage of patients with moderate to severe COPD; (e) to decrease the number of hospitalization days of COPD patients by 25% overall; and (f) to decrease annual costs per patient.', 'COPD and exacerbation of its symptoms can be prevented through choices relating to life habits, such as not smoking, maintaining good general condition, and protection against exposure to dusts.', 'Chronic bronchitis and COPD should be diagnosed at early stages, and treated appropriately from the outset.', 'The hierarchy of referrals in the treatment of COPD should be revised to accord a greater role to the primary health care sector.'], ['Pneumonia (50.7%) and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or infected bronchiectasis or bronchopneumonia (21.0%) were the most frequent diagnoses, followed by meningitis (14.6%) and primary sepsis without localized lesion (8.'], ['The risk is also higher in patients who have concomitant diseases, such as coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebral vascular disease, dementia, and peripheral vascular disease.'], ['RESULTS: In bivariate analyses for the risk factors of early emergency readmission, institutional caregiver, previous visiting nurse service, adverse drug reaction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal failure, mobility being chair- or bed-bound, dysphagia, use of a nasogastric tube feeding, urinary incontinence and bowel incontinence were significant.', '28, 95% CI = 1.19-4.37), adverse drug reaction (OR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.56-11.2), advanced malignancy (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.37-4.37), congestive heart failure (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.05-2.53), chronic obstructive airways disease (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.47-3.02), end-stage renal failure (OR = 5.48, 95% CI = 1.69-17.75), dysphagia (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.5-10.11) and the number of comorbid diseases (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.13-1.49) were significant risk factors for early emergency readmissions.'], ['Daytime sleepiness was more prevalent at older ages and was associated with a higher prevalence of heart disease and with cognitive impairment and dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes.'], ['The influence of age, sex, body size, arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and coronary disease on the aortic diameter and the influence of different degrees of sclerosis on the infrarenal aorta wall were analyzed.', 'Aortic diameters of those subjects with arterial hypertension, coronary disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were compared with the aortic diameters of control subjects, and significant differences were not shown (P >.05).'], ['Despite treatment, respiratory tract infection is the most common identifiable cause of death for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['This leads to a tendency to label breathless or wheezy elderly patients as having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) rather than asthma.', 'In turn, patients with a diagnosis of COPD are less likely to be treated with bronchodilators and corticosteroids.'], ['Patients aged more than 60 years (p < 0.001), hemoglobin < 10 g/dL (p < 0.001), history of smoking (p < 0.001), and underlying chronic obstructive airway disease (p < 0.001) were significantly related to oxygen desaturation.', 'CONCLUSION: Therapeutic intervention during nonsedated upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, old age, smokers and chronic obstructive airways disease are independent risk factors for oxygen desaturation.'], ['Infected patients had risk factors such as type of surgery, American Society of Anesthesiologists class > or =2, old age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or smoking habits.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity in old age.', 'There is no consensus on measurement of QoL in elderly COPD patients.', 'We assessed (a) factors predicting QoL in elderly COPD out-patients and (b) specificity (SP), sensitivity (SEN), positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) and repeatability of two disease-specific QoL instruments, the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) and the Breathing Problems Questionnaire (BPQ) in elderly people.', 'Subjects comprised 96 (56 men) elderly out-patients with irreversible COPD aged 70-93 years (mean 78) who were clinically stable for > or = 6 weeks.', 'Mean FEV1/FVC in COPD subjects was 45.5 (SE = 1.4)% and for controls was 71.4 (SE = 1.3)%.', 'A multiple regression analysis was used to identify variables that best predicted BPQ and CRQ in COPD subjects.', 'It was concluded that: (1) BPQ provides more valid assessment than CRQ of QoL in elderly COPD subjects; (2) severity of disease in terms of its impact on QoL is not predicted by lung function tests; (3) the most important determinants of QoL are ADL score and emotional status.'], ['Functional stage, gender, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or atrial fibrillation, and a history of stroke had little influence on the prescription of ACE inhibitors.'], ['Factors that impact negatively on pneumonia resolution include advanced age and the presence of serious comorbid illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, renal disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Multivariate analysis of preoperative variables identified age (P < 0.001), female gender (P < 0.001), hypertension (P = 0.017), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.002), preoperative intra-aortic balloon pumping (P = 0.002), and body surface area (P = 0.003) as significantly related to length of stay.'], ['Steeper decline (>1.5%/yr) was associated with older age at baseline, greater weight decrease, and chronic conditions such as stroke, diabetes, arthritis, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Of all deaths attributed to tobacco, 45% were due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 15% to lung cancer; oesophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, tuberculosis, stroke, and ischaemic heart disease each caused 5-8%.'], ['Except for rate of change of beta-blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, all rates of change were significantly greater than the expected baseline 2% rate of change.'], ['Psychometric characteristics were examined by a survey of 45 men and 27 women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The Total FPI is a reliable and valid measure of functional performance in persons with COPD.'], ['This study evaluated the relationship between asthma symptoms and the degree of airflow obstruction in elderly and young asthmatics.'], ['A regression analysis showed that mortality in men was predicted by the presence of chronic obstructive lung disease (PAR, 18.8), Alzheimer disease (PAR, 16.0), vascular dementia (PAR, 14.7), cancer of the gastrointestinal tract (PAR, 10.2), and skin cancer (PAR, 6.2), and in women by vascular dementia (PAR, 29.4), Alzheimer disease (PAR, 20.3), cerebrovascular disorder (PAR, 12.1), congestive heart failure (PAR, 8.5), hypertension (PAR, 8.0), myocardial infarction (PAR, 6.5), and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract (PAR, 4.3).'], ['Other causes of AF include coronary artery disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pericarditis, and congenital heart disease such as left atrial myxoma and atrial septal.'], ['The purpose of this epidemiological investigation was to examine whether the risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is enhanced among individuals with a history of periodontal disease as assessed by radiographic alveolar bone loss (ABL).', 'Those subjects with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) less than 65% of predicted volume were categorized as having COPD.', 'Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent contribution of bone loss measurement at baseline to the subsequent risk of developing COPD over a 25-year follow-up period.', 'Of the 1,118 medically healthy dentate men at baseline, 261 subsequently developed COPD.', 'We found that ABL status at baseline was an independent risk factor for COPD, with subjects in the worst population quintile of bone loss (mean ABL > 20% per site) found to be at significantly higher risk (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.3, 2.5).', 'The results of this analysis indicate that increased ABL is associated with an increased risk for COPD'], ['The variables collected for each patient included history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, active smoking, forced expiratory volume, and ventilatory support for more than 48 hours.', 'RESULTS: The presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with increased length of stay in the intensive care unit and in the hospital for both groups.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, irrespective of age, stay in the intensive care unit and in the hospital longer after coronary artery bypass grafting.'], ['OBJECTIVE: This study describes the prevalence and characteristics of an elevated resting energy expenditure (REE) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'SUBJECTS: The study group consisted of 172 (123 males) clinically stable patients with COPD, age mean (s.d.)', 'CONCLUSIONS: Hypermetabolism commonly occurs in COPD, characterized by less hyperinflation at rest, in contrast to the suggested contribution of an elevated oxygen cost of breathing (OCB) to hypermetabolism in COPD.', 'The higher hyperinflation at rest in FFM-depleted patients independently of hypermetabolism suggests a higher OCB during activities, contributing to the elevated total daily energy expenditure previously reported in COPD.'], ['METHODS: A population-based telephone survey was conducted evaluating six common chronic indicator conditions: arthritis (n = 488), hypertension (n = 414), cardiac disease (n = 185), diabetes mellitus (n = 125), peptic ulcer disease (n = 125), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 103).'], ['RESULTS: Hypertension, high impact heart conditions, gastrointestinal problems, arthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease emerged as the most prominent comorbid conditions in the NIA/NCI SEER Study sample.'], ['Their ratings for quality of life (average Quality of Well-being Scale score=0.581) and emotional distress (average Profile of Mood States total score=65.36) were significantly worse than those for similarly aged community adults and were comparable with those reported by people with chronic illnesses (eg, arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and bone marrow transplants).'], ['In people over 65 years of age (mean age 72) late onset asthma (LOA) is often mistaken for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aims of this work were to determine (1) whether patients with COPD have impaired skeletal muscle performance (ie, maximal strength and endurance) compared with healthy subjects, and (2) whether the level of physical activity, body composition, and lung function are related to skeletal muscle performance in COPD patients.', 'METHODS: Seventeen COPD patients and eight healthy age-matched control subjects performed maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the quadriceps and an endurance test consisting of dynamic contractions of the quadriceps against 20% of MVC at an imposed regular pace until exhaustion.', 'Symptom-limited oxygen uptake (VO2 sl) was also assessed in COPD patients using a maximal incremental exercise test.', 'RESULTS: The results showed that Tlim and PA score were significantly decreased in COPD patients (p<0.05).', 'Significant positive correlations were found in the COPD group between Tlim and the PA score (r=0.60; p<0.05), FEV1 (r=0.52; p<0.05), and PaO2 (r=0.63; p<0.05).', 'CONCLUSION: These findings indicate impaired skeletal muscle endurance in COPD patients related to altered lung function and associated physical inactivity.'], ['Long-term oxygen therapy can increase life expectancy in hypoxemic patients with COPD.'], ['We have assessed the ability to use seven common inhaler devices in 20 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'These results show that it is useful to have a small range of devices for patients with COPD and that it is important to review inhaler technique regularly.'], ['Furthermore, there was a significant difference in Df between the Adult group and the group of patients who died of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, N = 10) (p = 0.012).', 'Additionally, the Df values for the COPD and cystic fibrosis (CF, N = 5) groups were virtually identical; 1.061 and 1.070, respectively.', 'We have demonstrated that the correlation between Df and aging in humans is an exponential function and that the end-stage pulmonary diseases of COPD and CF decrease Df.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, which have increased due to smoking and ageing of the population, constitute a national health problem, the treatment of which can be expected to arouse considerable discussion in health care organisations currently preoccupied with economic problems.', 'It should be noted, however, that the COPD treatment recommendations still remain to be tested and the general attitude towards treatment is still reserved, even pessimistic.', 'By combining data from the Finnish national hospital discharge register and register of deaths with findings regarding the use of medications, differences in the survival of asthmatic and COPD patients can be discerned between areas with different treatment practices.', 'Stressing the fact that effect-differences between different treatment strategies can not be proven on the basis register data and that random clinical trials are needed to gain further knowledge in the field, our results show that extensive medication and easy access to treatment are characteristic of areas where the survival of asthmatics and COPD patients is better.'], ['METHOD: Information was collected on 10 medical conditions at baseline: arthritis, hypertension, cardiac disease, stroke, chronic obstructive airways disease, peptic ulcer, diabetes mellitus, osteoporotic fracture, malignancy, and dementia.'], ['The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the elderly on health care utilization.', 'The Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) file for the year 1984 through 1991 involving beneficiaries < or = 65 yr were searched for the diagnoses of asthma and COPD by ICD-9 codes.', 'The 1984 cohort consisted of 56,692 patients with asthma exacerbation and 162,899 with COPD exacerbation.', 'The 1991 cohort consisted of 67,758 patients with asthma exacerbation and 131,974 patients with COPD exacerbation.', 'In addition, the 1984 cohort was tracked by social security number for evidence of rehospitalization for either asthma or COPD through 1991.', 'The utilization of health care resources by elderly patients with asthma and COPD is immense, both during hospitalization and after discharge.'], ['The most common associated conditions were cardiac disease (n = 38) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 30).'], ['The predictive value of airway hyperresponsiveness for the development of airway disease is yet to be clearly established.'], ['Old age, history of smoking, presence of chronic obstructive airways disease, late presentation to hospital, systolic and diastolic hypotension, high blood urea, low serum albumin and development of septic shock were associated with a higher incidence of complications and a poorer prognosis.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the result of many years of accelerated decline in lung function in susceptible cigarette smokers.', 'Although risk factors for the susceptibility of smokers to COPD have been established, there are still large gaps in our knowledge of the biological basis for these risk factors and of how to identify individuals at risk.', 'COPD is the fourth leading cause of death and, in contrast to other major chronic diseases in the United States, has not shown declines in mortality over the past 20 years.', 'Current mortality trends indicate that COPD mortality may be leveling off among white males, but will continue to increase among women, African-Americans, and the elderly.', 'Recent studies indicate that early identification of individuals with airflow obstruction and smoking intervention can halt the progression of COPD, but widespread screening and intervention programs have not yet been established.'], ['Cox proportional hazards model showed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and urgency of operation were independent predictors of poor long-term survival.', 'Predictors of late mortality include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and urgency of operation.'], ['Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) predicted by the baseline model were (in descending order): ischaemic heart disease, unipolar major depression, road-traffic accidents, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, war injuries, diarrhoeal diseases, and HIV.'], ['Additionally, cigarette smoking is a direct cause of ischaemic heart disease (the commonest cause of death in western countries), respiratory heart disease, aortic aneurysm, chronic obstructive lung disease, stroke, pneumonia and cirrhosis and cancer of the liver.'], ['However, several diseases with increased prevalence in the elderly can cause headaches, including giant cell arteritis, intracranial mass lesions, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and chronic obstructive lung disease with hypercapnia.'], ['Nevertheless, in adults, as in children, the infection has been reported to cause altered airway resistance and exacerbation of chronic obstructive lung disease.'], ['We selected 134 echocardiographic Doppler examinations considered as normal (presence of a sinus rhythm, absence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pulmonary embolism, normal global or segmental wall motion, no right or left ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation, no significant valvular disease, no pericarditis), with a clearly measurable tricuspid insufficiency allowing us to measure the SPAP with the simplified Bernoulli equation.'], ['Fourteen patients (38%) in the elderly group had comorbid conditions including ischemic heart disease (3), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3), hypertension (2), chronic renal failure (2), atherosclerotic vascular disease (2), congestive heart failure (1), and diabetes (1).'], ['When chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or peripheral vascular disease was present, there was a significantly shorter survival.'], ['The risk of fatality was very high when PE was a secondary discharge diagnosis in 6 primary concurrent conditions (congestive heart failure, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction, hip fracture, and stroke) and 3 common surgical procedures (coronary artery bypass graft, hip replacement, and knee replacement) relative to the case-fatality rate when PE was not present in these conditions.'], ['This report on approximately 7600 patients in the study sample describes the NIA/NCI approach to developing information on comorbidity in elderly patients and addresses the chronic disease burden (i.e., comorbidity) and severity for six particular conditions: arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, heart-related conditions, and hypertension.', 'COPD and diabetes were less prevalent.'], ['We investigated the association of non-insulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetes mellitus and depression symptoms in a representative community-dwelling elderly population independently of other conditions such as gender, age, status, disability, cognitive impairment and a number of chronic medical conditions such as chronic obstructive lung disease, degenerative joint disease, heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver, cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer and kidney stones.', 'In multiple linear regression analysis, diabetes mellitus was found to be significantly associated with depression independently of age, gender, loneliness, cognitive impairment, chronic obstructive lung disease, degenerative joint disease, heart diseases, cancer, kidney disease, cirrhosis of the liver and cholelithiasis.'], ['Although bronchial asthma may also appear in the elderly, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the most common respiratory diseases in advanced life and is a major cause of respiratory failure and ICU admission.'], ['We studied three groups of subjects: young healthy, older healthy, and old patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), considering RR interval and breathing, i.e.', 'COPD patients demonstrated a reduced resting RR variance with maintained spectral power distribution; upon tilting they did not manifest the usual increase of LF (and attendant decrease of HF) component.', 'This study indicates that in patients with COPD, sympathetic excitatory modulation of the SA node is depressed.'], ['Multivariable analysis identified congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, old age, syncope, cancer, and atrioventricular block as independent predictors of increased mortality.'], ['Hospital admissions for patients with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) as the primary diagnosis for the total Finnish population aged 55 years or over were collected from discharge register from 1972 to 1992.', 'A total of 188,570 admissions related to COPD were recorded.'], ['After adjusting for baseline successful aging, sex, and age, the authors found that 1984 predictors of 1990 successful aging included income above the lowest quintile (odds ratio (OR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99-4.11), > or = 12 years of education (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 0.98-2.84), white ethnicity (OR = 2.12, 95% CI 0.93-4.86), diabetes (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.01-0.79), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.17-0.97), arthritis (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.26-0.71), and hearing problems (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.25-0.89).'], ['BACKGROUND: The significance of persistent or recurrent respiratory infections in adult life for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still to a large extent unknown.', 'METHODS: C. pneumoniae-specific IgG and IgA antibody levels were determined in two elderly groups of male patients with COPD and in control subjects without the disease.', 'The first group (N = 36) consisted of patients who were hospitalized due to an acute exacerbation of COPD.', 'Two of the 29 patients with an exacerbation of COPD, for whom paired sera were available, showed an antibody response suggesting a current acute or reactivated chlamydial infection.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that C. pneumoniae lgA antibodies are found more frequently and in higher concentrations in COPD patients than in disease-free controls.'], ['Renal vasoconstriction is known to be important in the pathogenesis of cor pulmonale in patients with hypoxic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The effects of a systemic infusion of L-arginine on renal and aortic haemodynamics were therefore investigated in normal subjects and in patients with hypoxic COPD.', 'L-arginine had no effect on intrarenal or aortic blood velocity in patients with hypoxic COPD.', 'This effect was not seen in patients with hypoxic COPD but was present in age matched controls.'], ['A discharge register maintained by the National Research and Development Center for Welfare and Health was employed to study the use of hospital services, attributable to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in Finland.', 'From a total population of 5 million COPD caused 113,016 hospital treatment periods during 1983-92 of persons aged 35 years or over.', 'In men the need of hospital treatment for COPD started to rise sharply after the age of 50.', 'During the 10-year period a total of 27,008 new COPD patients aged 35 or over received hospital care.', 'This means that most of admissions are due to elderly COPD patients seeking treatment repeatedly.', 'As the populations in the developed countries are ageing, the significance of COPD for the health care system is growing.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine whether chronic therapy with theophylline or ipratropium has an adverse effect on cognition and psychomotor skills in geriatric patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'PATIENTS: Ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease aged 65 years or more with FEV1 less than 60% predicted, FEV1/FVC less than 70%, and post bronchodilator FEV1 less than 70%.', 'CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to detect a harmful effect of treatment with either theophylline or ipratropium on the performance of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on a battery of psychometric tests, suggesting that significant cognitive impairment in the elderly is not commonly associated with treatment with either theophylline or ipratropium.'], ['In a cross-sectional epidemiological study in Lieto, Finland, 61 men and 21 women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were compared with age- and sex-matched controls from the same community to analyze the associations between COPD, cognitive performance, and occurrence of dementia.', 'These three measures revealed no differences between the COPD patients and the age-matched controls, and MMSE subtest scores did not differ significantly between the patients and controls.', 'The findings suggest that the relative contribution of COPD to the occurrence of cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly may be none or minimal at the community level.'], ['We aimed to: (a) assess repeatability of the 6-minute walk test, factors affecting it and its relation to quality of life in elderly patients with chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD); (b) assess compliance of such patients with an intensive respiratory rehabilitation protocol; (c) pilot the assessment of the effect of respiratory rehabilitation on the 6-minute walk test in these patients.', 'Seventeen subjects with stable, symptomatic COAD were recruited, 15 (six men), 70-89 (mean 76) years, completed the study.', 'Elderly patients with COAD tolerate intensive respiratory rehabilitation and a controlled, blinded study is needed.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of referral of patients age 69 years and older to the pulmonary function laboratory at a tertiary-care hospital for airflow limitation studies; to determine the point prevalence of a significant reversible component in patients with COPD as an age-related function; and to determine the proportion of patients who were prescribed bronchodilators following a pulmonary function test (PFT) demonstrating significant reversibility.', 'COPD in the elderly may differ from the traditional form of the disease.'], ['It has been hypothesized that nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness is a risk factor for accelerated pulmonary-function decline during aging and the development of chronic airflow obstruction.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyse the problems in self-maintaining activities among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients aged 64 years and over.', 'SUBJECTS: 61 men and 21 women with COPD and 183 male and 63 female sex- and age-matched controls.', 'The COPD group included 8 men and 11 women who also had asthma.', 'The COPD patients had more difficulties or showed dependence in moving outdoors or walking at least 400 m. In addition, the male COPD patients reported more difficulty or dependence in doing heavy housework and the female patients in even doing light housework than the controls.', 'CONCLUSION: The study indicated that the female COPD patients in particular have a great need for assistance in self-maintaining functions.'], ['These included carpal tunnel syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes, kidney stones, pressure ulcers and hypertension.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal strategy between a 6- to 12-month course of prophylactic INH and therapeutic abstention in different age groups and in patients with severe coexisting diseases that limit life expectancy, such as chronic heart failure (CHF) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Particularly for patients with short survival such as those older than 80 years and those with CHF or COPD, the average gain in life expectancy provided by prophylactic INH did not exceed one week.'], ['To test the effects of the inhaled anticholinergic drug, oxitropium bromide (OTB), on exercise capacity and dyspnoea in elderly patients (more than 75 years old) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we performed cycle exercise testing on 12 elderly patients with COPD [mean age 78.7 (SD 1.1) years; FEV1% 41.3 (2.0)%] as well as 12 middle-aged COPD patients [mean age 60.1 (1.0) years; FEV1% 38.9 (2.4)%] before and after inhalation of OTB or placebo in a double-blind and placebo-controlled design.', 'We conclude that the inhaled anticholinergic drug produces useful improvements in dyspnoea and exercise capacity in both elderly and middle-aged COPD patients.'], ['Serological evidence indicates associations with asthma, bronchitis, exacerbations of chronic airflow obstruction, otitis media and bronchiolitis.'], ['Identification of subsets of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) in order to determine disease outcomes and, possibly, the effects of treatment is an area of clinical interest.', 'At present, it remains unclear which patients with COLD are most likely to benefit from anti-inflammatory therapy.'], ['The relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cognitive functioning was analyzed in a study with 50 aging patients.', 'Only a portion of COPD patients (about 30%) evidenced memory impairment which was confined to immediate memory.'], ['SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were Harvard University alumni, without self-reported, physician-diagnosed cardiovascular disease, cancer, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 17,321).'], ['Admissions for COPD other than asthma were associated with PM10 (RR = 1.020, 95% CI = 1.032-1.009) and ozone (RR = 1.028, 95% CI = 1.049-1.007) as well.'], ['The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the elderly is poorly known.', 'The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of COPD and to analyse the factors associated with it in an elderly Finnish population.', 'The participants were also clinically examined, and the number of subjects with COPD was determined using simple diagnostic criteria.', 'Sixty-one men and 21 women with COPD were found.', 'In both sexes only about 2% of those who had never smoked suffered from COPD, but among the current smokers the prevalence was 35% for the men and 13% for the women.', 'In a stratified analysis COPD was commonest among those with a low social status and histories of smoking and working in dusty occupations.', 'The study confirmed that the prevalence of COPD in the elderly with negative histories of smoking is low, and emphasizes the importance of reducing smoking as the only effective preventive measure.'], ['After adjustments were made for cardiac risk factors, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer, women in the second most active quartile had a much lower risk of mortality at 10 years (relative risk 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.12 to 0.51).'], ['Daily counts of admissions, by admit date, were computed for pneumonia (ICD9 480-487) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (ICD9 490-496).', 'An average of approximately six pneumonia admissions and two admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease occurred each day.', 'PM10 was a risk factor for pneumonia admissions (relative risk [RR] = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.33-1.02) and COPD admissions (RR = 1.57, 95% CI = 2.06-1.20).', 'When days exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for either pollutant were excluded, the association remained for both pneumonia (RR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.34-1.03 for PM10, and RR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.41-0.99 for ozone) and COPD (RR = 1.54, 95% CI = 2.06-1.16 for PM10).'], ['Furthermore, physical diagnoses, such as chronic obstructive lung disease, congestive heart failure, stroke and endocrine disorders, are frequently associated with depressive symptoms.'], ['Positive and statistically significant (P < 0.05) associations were observed between the ozone-sulfate pollution mix and admissions for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and infections.'], ['Chronic obstructive lung diseases were more common and were also associated with a high relative risk.'], ['In contrast, plasma ANP concentrations were significantly higher in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and elderly subjects (p < 0.01), but the plasma levels did not increase upon the change in posture.', "In addition, it was demonstrated that the ratio of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate to ANP, reflecting the biologic effect of the hormone, was significantly lower in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as well as in the elderly (p < 0.05)."], ['Ten medical conditions were identified for study: knee osteoarthritis, hip fracture, diabetes, stroke, heart disease, intermittent claudication, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depressive symptomatology, and cognitive impairment.', 'RESULTS: Stroke was significantly associated with functional limitations in all seven tasks; depressive symptomatology and hip fracture were associated with limitations in five tasks; and knee osteoarthritis, heart disease, congestive heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, were associated with limitations in four tasks each.'], ['Ten patients died of stroke, myocardial infarction, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive lung disease or suicide.'], ['Because of the important role of peripheral airways inflammation in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD and because of the known anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids, we hypothesized that endogenous cortisol may influence the rate of decline of pulmonary function with aging.'], ['They have beneficial or neutral effects in hypertensive patients with angina, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, postural hypotension, peripheral vascular disease, depression, sexual dysfunction, diabetes and hyperlipidemia.'], ['Twelve patients (age > 65) suffered other systemic diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, morbid obesity), placing them in a high risk category.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the more common etiologies of pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.', 'COPD is most common in the elderly and cor pulmonale is fairly common among those with COPD; therefore, hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and the resultant cor pulmonale occur mostly in older patients.'], ['Confusion with chronic obstructive airways disease is increasingly common in the elderly and epidemiological studies tend to focus on the age range 5-44 years.'], ["The late-onset group experienced more shortness of breath (p = .05) during panic attacks and were more likely to have medical disorders like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, vertigo, and Parkinson's disease."], ['The low cholesterol group had significantly greater smoking history, current cigarettes smoked, diabetes history, angina and COPD symptoms, and assistance needed for heavy and light work.'], ['The inverse relationship between total leukocyte count and FEV1 in this sample supports the hypothesis that nonallergic inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic airflow obstruction in this group.'], ['Smoking tobacco contributes to and exacerbates many chronic diseases of aging, including hypertension, stroke, COPD, heart disease, and atherosclerosis.'], ['Comparisons were made between groups with clinical diagnoses of either definite or probable pneumonia and among cases with various other respiratory diseases, including bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer.'], ['The most frequent associated diseases were: hypertension (35%), chronic ischaemic heart disease (22%) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (19%), and diabetes (14%).'], ['From 1979-1988, the efforts by industry, with the support of the community, to reduce industrial pollution have been accompanied by a reduction in hospital admission rates for respiratory diseases in general and for chronic obstructive lung disease in older people.'], ['In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial defenses will be impaired.'], ['Both classes of agents can be used safely in patients with renal disease, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['After allowance for age and sex, serum IgE and smoking interacted synergistically as risk factors for airflow obstruction such that on average an IgE > or = 81 IU/ml in current smokers was associated with a FEV1/FVC ratio 14.4 percentage points (95% CI, 8.8 to 19.9) less than in lifelong nonsmokers with an IgE < or = 10 IU/ml.', 'The findings suggest that the role of IgE in the pathogenesis of airflow obstruction is not confined to asthmatics.'], ['METHODS: 25 chronic asthmatics (65.7 +/- 6.5 yr) whose asthma started after the age of 50 yr were compared with 23 chronic asthmatic children (11.6 +/- 2.8 yr) and 24 COPD patients (61.6 +/- 3.4 yr).', 'All COPD were smokers.', 'There was no significant difference between pulmonary function tests pre- and post-bronchodilators between COPD and old-age asthmatics.'], ['The most common underlying factors were alcohol abuse, cardiovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common problem in the elderly, often resulting in reduced pulmonary capacity and serious functional disability.', 'Contrary to commonly-held medical opinion, COPD often has a significant reversible component in the older patient and thus offers an excellent opportunity for successful treatment.', 'Smoking cessation is the single most important measure to manage COPD.', 'In addition, treatment with inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation programs, home oxygen therapy, and various preventive strategies are practical components for reversing COPD-induced dysfunction.'], ['Those with early-onset asthma had a greater likelihood of previous allergic disease (p less than 0.001) and a significantly greater degree of airflow obstruction in pre- and postbronchodilator pulmonary function testing (p less than 0.05).', 'This study suggests that long-standing asthma may lead to chronic persistent airflow obstruction and thereby mimic chronic bronchitis and emphysema (COPD).'], ['Major depression was the most common psychiatric diagnosis, with congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease the most frequently noted physical ailments.'], ['In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) it is unknown whether a reduction in fibre size of the thoracic respiratory muscles is caused by extreme use due to increased ventilatory work, or by disuse due to an increased involvement of the extrathoracic respiratory muscles.'], ['Important in the pathogenesis of pneumonia in the elderly patient are chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cerebrovascular disease.'], ['Premedication, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease and, last but not least, advanced age, must be considered risk factors for the development of complications of gastrointestinal endoscopy.'], ['Cilazapril has been investigated in more than 4000 patients with all degrees of hypertension, as well as in the special patient groups such as the elderly, renally impaired, and patients with concomitant diseases, such as congestive cardiac failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['This study compares the efficacy and safety of enprofylline with theophylline for chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD) in elderly subjects.', 'Enprofylline and theophylline produced similar improvements in lung functions and symptoms of chronic obstructive airways disease, but enprofylline was less well tolerated than theophylline.'], ['Ambient air pollution remains of concern as a source of morbidity, particularly for susceptible populations such as persons with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cardiac disease and the elderly.'], ['Nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness and atopy have been postulated to be risk factors that predispose individuals to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Close monitoring of theophylline concentrations in serum should be performed, particularly in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, for whom data are currently lacking.'], ['The diagnosis was initially missed in both cases, and thought to be anxiety syndrome in one patient, and chronic obstructive airways disease in the other.'], ['The case reports describe three elderly amputees with coexisting severe COPD.'], ['Specific risk factors were chronic obstructive airways disease associated with a higher incidence of postoperative bronchopneumonia, and previous myocardial infarction associated with postoperative myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism.'], ['This is particularly relevant for those patients who have concomitant conditions, such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or peripheral vascular disease, and for whom many of the more traditional antihypertensive drugs are either contraindicated or might cause a worsening of the disease.'], ['Risk of pneumonia hospitalization was higher among subjects with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and among men who were current smokers.'], ['Although the hospital has not yet determined whether it has achieved its goal of reducing readmissions for poor patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, program attendance exceeds that of other classes by more than 50 percent.'], ['This project was undertaken to investigate symptom responses and changes in the pulmonary function of two susceptible groups--people with asthma and people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)--when exposed to 0.3 parts per million (ppm) (560 micrograms/m3) nitrogen dioxide.', 'Groups of non-respiratory-impaired (normal) subjects of a comparable age range and of both genders constituted controls for the asthmatic and COPD groups.', 'The third year, 20 subjects with COPD were studied.', 'During the fourth and final year of the study, a group of 20 elderly normal volunteers similar in age and gender to the COPD group were evaluated.'], ['Their mean age was 64 years; seven subjects had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'We conclude that ribavirin aerosol is safe in elderly patients with underlying COPD.'], ['Mortality was not influenced by such risk factors as diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure, quantity of blood loss, duration of procedure, or total number of hospital days.'], ['Comparison of baseline features of the two groups revealed no statistical difference in the distribution of sex, smoking history, arterial blood gas values, degree of airflow obstruction, cell type, stage of cancer, or subsequent therapy.'], ['Appropriate physical activity may be a valuable tool in therapeutic regimens for the control and amelioration (rehabilitation) of cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, hypertension, congenital heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, musculoskeletal disorders, end-stage renal disease, stress, anxiety and depression, etc.'], ['Longitudinal follow-up of these men should shed light on the importance of nonspecific responsiveness as a risk factor for the subsequent development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The calcium channel blockers and ACE-inhibitors have the best safety record in treating the elderly who have hypertension and COPD.'], ["Diuretics were positively associated with cardiac failure, ischaemic heart disease, airflow obstruction and obstructive large bowel disorders but negatively with Parkinson's disease."], ['Morbidity and mortality associated with chronic airway disease are expected to continue to rise over the coming years.', 'Accordingly, increased attention will need to be directed toward the diagnosis and treatment of COPD in the elderly population.', 'Complications of COPD, such as upper respiratory infections and right heart failure, should be recognized early and treated appropriately.', 'Implementation of a pulmonary rehabilitation program, as discussed in the next article, should complement medical therapy in the treatment of elderly patients with COPD.'], ['More importantly, the individual practitioner can successfully incorporate many of the elements of pulmonary rehabilitation into his practice by taking the time and effort necessary to ascertain how illness affects the daily lives of the patient with COPD and then addressing patient concerns in an ongoing, comprehensive manner.'], ['Wheezing in the elderly may also signal the onset of other diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, pulmonary aspiration, pulmonary embolism, and bronchogenic carcinoma.'], ['Theophylline kinetic studies, serial spirometric function tests, and arterial blood gas determinations were performed in 39 adult men with stable chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD).', 'We conclude that elderly nonsmoking subjects with COPD cleared theophylline more slowly than did middle-aged, nonsmoking subjects with COPD.'], ['In another 5 patients (17.8%) we found atrial fibrillation, fast rhythm (2 with chronic obstructive lung disease, 2 with hypertension and 1 in post M.I.)'], ['Chronic obstructive lung disease and old age were the strongest risk factors for cavitary histoplasmosis but male sex, white race and immunosuppression were also important in certain patient groups.'], ['The complications of long-term corticosteroid therapy were reviewed in 100 elderly patients who were treated for chronic obstructive airways disease (n = 76), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 19) and ulcerative colitis (n = 5).'], ['An epidemiological follow-up study on the occurrence of the chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) in the elderly was carried out in a probability sample of Cracow inhabitants.', 'Prevalence of COLD was rather strongly related to age both in men and in women but the increase with age was not uniform, being linear below 50 yr and steep in older age groups.', 'The logistic curve appeared to fit quite well to the empirical data regarding the frequency of COLD in relation to age.', 'The overall relative risk of developing COLD estimated by odds ratio was also affected greatly by smoking and by respiratory symptoms.', 'Against expectations, the study showed that the elderly run a substantial risk of developing COLD even without any respiratory symptoms and being a non-smoker.', 'The changes produced by relatively mild pulmonary symptoms like productive cough adding to pre-existing changes caused by aging may precipitate definite chronic obstructive lung disease.'], ['Unsatisfactory results were found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['A series of mental tests was administered to a group of patients who were chronically hypoxic as a result of chronic obstructive lung disease.'], ['Cough suppressants must be used with care, especially if cough is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'Special attention is given to the role of oxygen therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Based on commonly accepted x-ray criteria, chronic obstructive lung disease was suggested in 15% of the initial films and 21% of the final films despite the absence of clinical or spirometric abnormalities.'], ['Malignancy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the most common predisposing illnesses.'], ['Mean values for A were 138 +/- SD 93 liters/min.mmHg in group I (subjects without family history of chronic lung diseases) and 80 +/- 56 liters/min.mmHg in group II (sons of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or silicosis).'], ['However, their potential hazards to patients with chronic obstructive lung disease have received little attention.'], ['In 8 healthy volunteers and 31 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of various degrees the half-value mixing times of transcutaneous PO2 were correlated with parameters of respiratory mechanics and pulmonary gas exchange.'], ['High prevalences of chronic obstructive lung disease (9.6% to 9.9%) were recorded in those with aspergillosis or histoplasmosis.'], ['We also studied the effects of alveolar gas compression artifacts on MEFSR curves in 12 additional subjects and 10 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease; consistent changes were found, but the subsequent shift of the MEFSR curve toward the left was only mild.'], ['The primary diagnosis at discharge was cardiac disease in 23 percent, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 22 percent, asthma in 13 percent, pulmonary infection in 10 percent, and other disorders in 3 percent of the patients.'], ['One hundred men and 100 women between the ages of 70 and 89 years were examined clinically and with pulmonary function tests to determine the prevalence and type of chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease in very old people.'], ['Altered neural processing and increased respiratory sensations have been reported in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as larger respiratory-related evoked potentials (RREPs), but the effect of healthy-aging has not been considered adequately.', 'We tested RREPs evoked by brief airway occlusions in 10 participants with moderate-to-severe COPD, 11 age-matched controls (AMC) and 14 young controls (YC), with similar airway occlusion pressure stimuli across groups.', 'Mean age was 76 years for COPD and AMC groups, and 30 years for the YC group.', 'There was no difference in RREP peak amplitudes across groups, except for the N1 peak, which was significantly greater in the YC group than the COPD and AMC groups (p = 0.011).', 'The latencies of P1, P2 and P3 occurred later in COPD versus YC (p < 0.05).', 'COPD and AMC groups had similar Borg ratings for occlusion intensity (3.0 (0.5, 3.5) [Median (IQR)] and 3.0 (3.0, 3.0), respectively; p = 0.476) and occlusion unpleasantness (1.3 (0.1, 3.4) and 1.0 (0.75, 2.0), respectively; p = 0.702).', 'The COPD group had a higher anxiety score than AMC group (p = 0.013).', 'A higher N1 amplitude suggests the YC group had higher cognitive processing of respiratory inputs than the COPD and AMC groups.', 'Both COPD and AMC groups showed delayed neural responses to the airway occlusion, which may indicate impaired processing of respiratory sensory inputs in COPD and healthy aging.'], ['With a weak effect, atrial fibrillation, COPD, and higher leucocyte counts on admission were significantly associated with higher odds of death.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disease.', 'COPD is associated with accelerated lung aging.', 'Circadian clock is believed to play important roles in COPD.', 'Although the circadian molecular clock regulates cellular senescence, there is no information available regarding the impact of COPD.', 'The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the circadian clock protein BMAL1 and CLOCK in cellular senescence in order to understand the cellular mechanisms of accelerated aging of COPD.', 'Bmal1 and Clock levels were assessed in the plasma samples of non-smokers, smokers, and patients with COPD.', 'Herein, patients with COPD showed lower Bmal1 and Clock expression in the plasma.', 'Therefore, our findings indicated that Bmal1 or Clock deficiency may be a significant factor to increase cellular senescence of the lung to develop COPD.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by accelerated lung aging.', 'Smoking is the critical risk factor for COPD.', 'Cellular senescence of airway epithelial cells is the cytological basis of accelerated lung aging in COPD, and the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is the central epigenetic mechanism of cellular senescence.', 'In conclusion, Res attenuated CSE-induced cellular senescence in BEAS-2B cells by regulating the miR-34a/SIRT1/NF-kappaB pathway, which may provide a new approach for COPD treatment.'], ['Women who underwent oophorectomy had an overall higher risk of all OLD, all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and chronic bronchitis but not of all asthma, confirmed asthma, or confirmed COPD.', 'Never smokers of all ages had a stronger association of oophorectomy with all asthma and all COPD, whereas smokers had a stronger association of oophorectomy with emphysema and chronic bronchitis.', 'Non-obese women of all ages had a stronger association of oophorectomy with all COPD, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.'], ['(3) Results: The population studied aged between 39 and 76 years, diagnosed with pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, showed a significant improvement in the degrees of dyspnea and levels of functionality, as well as an adequate level of learning.'], ['Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is a widely known atmospheric pollutant which can induce the aging-related pulmonary diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).'], ['Aging plays an essential role in the development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The aim of this study was to identify and validate the potential aging-related genes of COPD through bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation.', 'Firstly, we compared the gene expression profiles of aged and young COPD patients using two datasets (GSE76925 and GSE47460) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and identified 244 aging-related different expressed genes (DEGs), with 132 up-regulated and 112 down-regulated.', 'Then, by analyzing the data for cigarette smoke-induced COPD mouse model (GSE125521), a total of 783 DEGs were identified between aged and young COPD mice, with 402 genes increased and 381 genes decreased.', 'Additionally, functional enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were actively involved in COPD-related biological processes and function pathways.', 'Meanwhile, six genes were identified as the core aging-related genes in COPD after combining the human DEGs and mouse DEGs.', 'Eventually, five out of six core genes were validated to be up-regulated in the lung tissues collected from aged COPD patients than young COPD patients, namely NKG7, CKLF, LRP4, GDPD3 and CXCL9.', 'These results may expand the understanding for aging in COPD.'], ["The median pooled estimate of observed/expected SAE ratio was 0.60 (95% CI 0.55-0.64; COPD) and the interquartile range was 0.44 (0.34-0.55; Parkinson's disease) to 0.87 (0.58-1.29; inflammatory bowel disease)."], ['Immnunosenescence could promote inflammaging (chronic low-grade inflammation) and contribute to late-onset adult asthma and asthma in the elderly, along with age-related pulmonary disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis, due to lung parenchyma senescence.'], ['The dysregulation of global m6A levels and m6A regulators may affect the occurrence and development of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and other lung diseases through inflammation and immune function.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and identify demographic, economic and environmental local community determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations in elderly in primary care using Big Data approach.', 'PARTICIPANTS: 472 314 patients aged 65 and older in primary care, including 17 240 patients with COPD and 1784 with exacerbations (including deaths).', 'Conditional logistic regression for matched pairs was used to evaluate the local community determinants of COPD exacerbations among patients with COPD.', 'RESULTS: The overall prevalence of COPD in the population of elderly patients registered in primary healthcare clinic clinics in Lodz province in 2016 was 3.65%, 95% CI (3.60% to 3.70%) and the prevalence of exacerbations was 10.35%, 95% CI (9.89% to 10.80%).', 'The high number of consultations in primary care clinics was associated with higher risk of COPD exacerbations (p=0.0687).High-income patients were less likely to have exacerbations than low-income patients (high vs low OR 0.601, 95% CI (0.385 to 0.939)).', 'Neither the forest cover per gmina (high vs low OR 0.897, 95% CI (0.605 to 1.331); medium vs low OR 0.925, 95% CI (0.648 to 1.322)), nor location of gmina (urban vs urban-rural OR 1.044; 95% CI (0.673 to 1.620)), (rural vs urban-rural OR 0.897, 95% CI (0.630 to 1.277)) appears to influence COPD exacerbations.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Big Data statistical analysis facilitated the evaluation of the prevalence and determinants of COPD exacerbation in the elderly residents of Lodz province, Poland.Modification of identified local community determinants may potentially decrease the number of exacerbations in elderly patients with COPD.'], ["The populations of the Innovative Medicine Initiative-Joint Undertaking represent neurodegenerative conditions (Parkinson's Disease), respiratory disease (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), neuro-inflammatory disorder (Multiple Sclerosis), fall-related injuries, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and frailty (Proximal Femoral Fracture)."], ['The comorbidities that demonstrated a statistically significant association with ICU admission were heart failure (P = .004, odd ratio (OR) = 2.02, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [1.263, 3540]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; P = .027, OR = 3.361, 95% CI [1.080, 10.464]), and chronic kidney disease (P = .021, OR = 1.807, 95% CI [1.087, 3.006]).', 'The current study identified that the comorbidities such as COPD, heart failure, and factors like SpO2 and length of stay are associated with an increased risk of ICU admission in elderly patients with COVID-19.'], ['CRDs were responsible for 2.91% of total DALYs in 2019 (1.69% due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] and 1.02% due to asthma).', 'COPD and asthma were the most common CRDs and smoking was the leading risk factor especially in men.'], ['In Stage 2, elderly influenza patients with comorbidities had 3 to 7 times higher 30-day hospitalization rates compared to matched patients without influenza, including patients with congestive heart failure (41.0% vs.7.9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (34.6% vs. 6.1%), coronary artery disease (22.8% vs. 3.8%), and late-stage chronic kidney disease (44.1% vs. 13.1%; all p < 0.05).'], ['Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of many major public health problems in China, and its prevalence and associated risk factors in the southeast of China need to be determined to facilitate disease control and prevention.', 'Methods: A multistage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 5486 participants aged >= 40 years from nine COPD monitoring districts in Fujian Province during 2019-2020.', 'COPD was diagnosed according to the 2019 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria.', 'The prevalence of COPD was 11.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.5-12.7).', 'Risk factors for COPD in the logistic regression model were being male (odds ratio [OR] = 2.83, 95% CI: 2.01-3.98), > 70 years old (OR = 16.16, 95% CI: 8.14-32.08), having a low body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.13-2.89), parental history of respiratory disease (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.50-2.10), being a current (OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.83-4.36) or former (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.45-4.19) smoker, and indoor exposure to biomass (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.05-1.58).', 'Conclusion: The estimated prevalence of COPD in southeast China is high.', 'COPD was strongly associated with sex, aging, a low BMI, parental history of respiratory diseases, smoking, and indoor exposure to biomass in adults aged >= 40 years.', 'The government should urgently implement comprehensive measures to reduce the risk factors for COPD.'], ['Group C resulted significantly older, more affected by heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and dementia, and with higher levels of creatinine, C-reactive protein, pro-calcitonin, interleukin-6, ferritin, NT-proBNP, D-dimer then group A and group B. Mortality rate increased significantly across groups (group A: 18.4%; group B: 36.4%; group C: 62.0%; p<0.001).'], ['Primary admission reasons accounting for the largest number of domiciliary care packages were hip fracture, pneumonia, stroke, urinary tract infection, septicaemia and exacerbations of long-term conditions (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure).'], ['BACKGROUND: The role of wood smoke (WS) exposure in the etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer (LC), and mortality remains elusive in adults from countries with low ambient levels of combustion-emitted particulate matter.', 'CONCLUSIONS: We identified epidemiological evidence supporting WS exposure as an independent etiological factor for the development of COPD through accelerating lung function decline in an obstructive pattern.'], ['Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major and difficult disease of the chronic respiratory system that is common and frequent, with a huge disease burden.', 'The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of budesonide/glyburide/formoterol fumarate (BGF) in the treatment of COPD.', 'Results: The effects of BGF increased FEV1 in patients with COPD (mean difference = 2.86, 95%CI: 2.71-3.01, p < 0.00001).', 'The effects of BGF improved in patients with >=1 TEAE in patients with COPD, and was not statistically significant after treatment (Odds rate = 1.00, 95%CI: 0.85-1.17, p=0.97).', 'The effects of BGF increased in patients with TEAEs related a to study treatment in patients with COPD (odds rate = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.03-1.57, p=0.02).', 'The effects of BGF in decreased patients with serious TEAEs in patients with COPD (odds rate = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.03--0.00, p=0.04).', 'The effects of BGF decreased the death rate in patients with COPD, and were not statistically significant after treatment (odds rate = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.31-1.97, p=0.59).', 'The effects of BGF decreased the hypertension rate in patients with COPD (odds rate = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.44-1.89, p=0.81), and was not statistically significant after treatment.', 'The effects of BGF increased pneumonia in patients with COPD (odds rate = 1.55, 95% CI: 0.81-2.97, p=0.19), and were not statistically significant after treatment.', 'The effects of BGF increased FEV1, increased patients with TEAEs related a to study treatment, and decreased patients with serious TEAEs in patients with COPD.', 'Conclusion: This study elucidates the efficacy and safety of BGF in the treatment of COPD with a view to providing a clinical reference.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging has been evidenced to bring about some structural and functional lung changes, especially in COPD.', 'However, whether aging affects SAD, a possible precursor of COPD, has not been well characterized.'], ['For chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HR was 1.26 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.97).'], ['Univariate analyses were performed to determine relationship of probable sarcopenia with age, sex, common geriatric syndromes, i.e., frailty, falls, polypharmacy, malnutrition, and comorbidities, i.e., diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), depression, osteoporosis, and the variables found to be significant were included in logistic regression analyses.'], ['Information about the decline rate in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1s) in older adults with COPD is scarce.', 'A total of 4082 community-dwelling older adults from the population-based study Good Aging in Skane were followed for 12 years and 143 participants developed COPD.', 'The average FEV1s decline is estimated to be 66.3 mL/year, (95% CI [56.4; 76.3]) and 43.3 mL/year (1.7%/year, 95% CI [41.2; 45.5]) for COPD and non-COPD participants, respectively.'], ['Aging is a risk factor for many chronic noncommunicable diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is often associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD).', 'The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between age, systemic and vascular inflammation, and the presence of CVD comorbidities in a stable COPD population.', 'Forty COPD patients were divided into 2 age groups (<65 and >=65 years of age), from which we collected the following inflammatory biomarkers: C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and endothelin-1 (ET-1).', 'Elderly COPD patients had more frequent exacerbation events per year (2 vs 1, P = .06), a higher prevalence of CVD (3 vs 2, P = .04), more limited exercise tolerance (6-minute walking test distance, 343 [283-403] vs 434 [384-484]; P = .02), and mild systemic inflammation (TNF-alpha, 9.02 [7.08-10.96] vs 6.48 [5.21-7.76]; P = .03; ET-1, 2.24 [1.76-2.71] vs 1.67 [1.36-1.98] pg/mL; P = .04).', 'Mild systemic inflammation, characterized by a slightly increased level of TNF-alpha, and endothelial dysfunction, marked by elevated ET-1, could be liaisons between aging, COPD, and CVD comorbidities.'], ['RESULT: The mean hospital mortality rate among the 402 patients involved was 18.4%, and the associations made with the outcome mortality were per relevance: respiratory infection, age over 90 years, high preoperative cardiovascular risk, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as comorbidity, serum hemoglobin level <= 10 and other infections.'], ['BACKGROUND: Age-related comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH).', 'We investigated the relationship between COPD and the epigenetic age of the airway epithelium and peripheral blood of PLWH.', 'We tested the association of GrimAge with COPD in the airway epithelium and airflow obstruction as defined by an FEV1/FVC<0.70, and FEV1 decline over 6 years in blood.', 'FINDINGS: The airway epithelium of PLWH with COPD was associated with greater GrimAge residuals compared to PLWH without COPD (Beta=3.18, 95%CI=1.06-5.31, P=0.005).', 'INTERPRETATION: GrimAge may reflect lung and systemic epigenetic changes that occur with advanced airflow obstruction and may help to identify PLWH with a higher risk of developing COPD.'], ['Background: Multimorbidity plays an important role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but is also a feature of ageing.', 'We estimated to what extent increases in the prevalence of multimorbidity over time are attributable to COPD progression compared to increasing patient age.', 'Methods: Patients with COPD from the long-term COSYCONET (COPD and Systemic Consequences - Comorbidities Network) cohort with four follow-up visits were included in this analysis.', "Using longitudinal logistic regression analysis, we determined what proportion of the increase in the prevalence of comorbidities could be attributed to patients' age or to the progression of COPD over visits.", "CAD prevalence increased over time, with similar effects attributable to the 4.5-year follow-up, used as indicator of COPD progression, and to a 5-year increase in patients' age.", 'The prevalence of HF, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, osteoporosis and sleep apnea showed stronger contributions of COPD progression than of age; in contrast, age dominated for hypertension and PAD.', 'The results were not critically dependent on the duration of COPD prior to enrolment, or the inclusion of patients with all four follow-up visits vs those attending only at least one of them.', 'Conclusion: Analyzing the increasing prevalence of multimorbidity in COPD over time, we separated age-independent contributions, probably reflecting intrinsic COPD-related disease progression, from age-dependent contributions.', 'This distinction might be useful for the individual assessment of disease progression in COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important event in the process of disease management.', 'This study intends to predict the risk of acute exacerbation of readmission in elderly COPD patients within 30 days by SVM, in order to provide scientific basis for screening and prevention of high-risk patients with readmission.', 'METHODS: A total of 1058 elderly COPD patients from the respiratory department of 13 general hospitals in Ningxia region of China from April 2019 to August 2020 were selected as the study subjects by convenience sampling method, and were followed up to 30 days after discharge.', 'RESULTS: Education level, smoking status, coronary heart disease, hospitalization times of acute exacerbation of COPD in the past 1 year, whether long-term home oxygen therapy, whether regular medication, nutritional status and seasonal factors were the influencing factors for readmission.'], ['The number of deaths due to COPD, IHD, and stroke related to long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 were 125, 27 and 26, respectively.'], ['In the univariate analysis, COPD was associated with poor survival in the elderly group (p = 0.002).'], ["BACKGROUND: The depressive symptom trajectories of COPD individuals and its' predictors remain to be established.", 'Therefore, this study aimed to explore the trajectories of depressive symptoms and predictors thereof in COPD patients.', 'METHODS: A total of 1286 individuals over 45 years of age with self-reported COPD were assessed.', 'CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, three depressive symptom trajectories were identified in self-reported COPD individuals.', 'To ensure timely intervention aimed at preventing the worsening of depressive symptom progression among COPD individuals, health-care workers should regular analyze depressive symptoms and provide appropriate interventions when possible.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease with an inflammatory phenotype with increasing prevalence in the elderly.', 'The association between CHIP and COPD and its relevant effects on DNA methylation in aging are mainly unknown.', 'Analyzing the deep-targeted amplicon sequencing from 125 COPD patients, we found enhanced incidence of CHIP mutations (~20%) with a predominance of DNMT3A CHIP-mediated hypomethylation of Phospholipase D Family Member 5 (PLD5), which in turn is positively correlated with increased levels of glycerol phosphocholine, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and deteriorating lung function.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver, and cardiovascular morbidities all had a significantly higher risk of frailty than those without, with cerebrovascular accident carrying the most prominent risk elevation (HR 4.059, 95% CI 3.73-4.42).'], ["Healthy individuals were defined as free from cardiovascular disease, stroke, heart failure, major adverse cardiovascular event, diabetes, dementia, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, rheumatism, Crohn's disease, malabsorption or kidney disease."], ['INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) carries a tremendous societal and individual burden, posing significant challenges for public health systems worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality.', 'Due to aging and multimorbidity but also in the wake of important progress in deciphering the heterogeneous disease endotypes, an individualized approach to the prevention and management of COPD is necessary.', 'Further, we present the crossover between chronic lung inflammation and lung microbiome disturbance as well as its role in delineating COPD endotypes.', 'EXPERT OPINION: Despite the remaining challenges, personalized medicine has the potential to offer tailored approaches to prevention and therapy and promises to improve the care of patients living with COPD.'], ['METHODS: The study participants comprised 832 community-dwelling individuals aged 50-89 years (mean age: 69 years) without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The systematic review on 11 subthemes (diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, hepatitis C virus, fractures, cancer, dementia, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mechanical ventilation, terminal illness, outpatients and community-dwelling patients), demonstrated that the implementation of integrated health care could not only provide benefits on survival, self-care ability, health quality, physical, and functional rehabilitation outcomes, but also significantly reduce medical utilization and expenditures.'], ['In the multivariable analysis, old age (>= 65 years; odds ratio [OR] = 2.01 [95% CI, 1.31-3.07]), high body mass index (>= 25 kg/m2; OR = 1.76 [1.18-2.63]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 6.11 [2.32-16.04]), and moderate to severe pleural effusion (OR = 3.55 [1.65-7.65]) were independent significant risk factors for TSM.', 'KEY POINTS: Old age, high body mass index, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and moderate to severe pleural effusion were independent risk factors for transient severe motion artifact on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI.'], ['RESULTS: A total of 1159 SHLCI-B were registered, of these 68.2% (791) corresponded to the 2017-18 season; 21.8% (253) were admitted to ICU and 13.8% (160) were exitus; 62.5% (725) cases occurred in those aged > 64 years; most frequent risk factor was cardiovascular disease (35.1%, 407) followed by chronic pulmonary obstructive disease-COPD (24.6%, 285) and diabetes (24.1%, 279).', 'Significant differences were observed in the number of affected aged > 64 years (OR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.9-3.4; p <0.001) and in patients with heart disease (OR = 2.40 95% CI: 1.7-3.4; p <0.001), COPD (OR = 1.6 95% CI: 1.1-2.3; p = 0.01) and diabetes (OR = 1.5 95% CI: 1.1-2.1; p = 0.04) between discordant and concordant seasons.'], ['Patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, cerebro-cardiovascular disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), who often use ACEi/ARB, may be at risk of severe COVID-19.', 'Out of the 6055 patients, 1921 patients with preexisting hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, cerebro-cardiovascular disease, or COPD were enrolled.', 'RESULTS: Factors associated with an increased risk of the primary outcomes were aging, male sex, COPD, severe renal impairment, and diabetes mellitus.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Independent factors for the primary outcomes were aging, male sex, COPD, severe renal impairment, and diabetes, but not ACEi/ARB.'], ['Comorbidities were old age, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous surgical interventions, and/or esophageal hemangioma.'], ['RATIONALE: Age-related diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) occur at higher rates in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), than in uninfected populations.', 'OBJECTIVES: To identify whether accelerated aging can be observed in the airways of PLWH with COPD, manifest by a unique DNA methylation signature.', 'METHODS: Bronchial epithelial brushings from PLWH with and without COPD and HIV-uninfected adults with and without COPD (n=76) were profiled for DNA methylation and gene expression.', 'To identify genome-wide differential DNA methylation and gene expression associated with HIV and COPD, robust linear models were used followed by an expression quantitative trait methylation (eQTM) analysis.', 'RESULTS: Epigenetic age acceleration and shorter methylation estimates of telomere length were found in PLWH with COPD compared to PLWH without COPD and uninfected patients with and without COPD.', 'We identified 7,970 CpG sites, 293 genes, and 9 eQTM-gene pairs associated with the interaction between HIV and COPD.', 'ABLIM3 was one of the novel candidate genes for HIV-associated COPD highlighted by our analysis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Methylation age acceleration is observed in the airway epithelium of PLWH with COPD, a process that may be responsible for the heightened risk of COPD in this population.', 'Their distinct methylation profile, differing from that observed in patients with COPD alone, suggests a unique pathogenesis to HIV-associated COPD.'], ['The risk profile of the early age group was characterized by male sex and smoking, while the elderly age group was characterized by poor arterial runoff, tissue loss, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, chronic kidney disease, history of heart disease, COPD and cerebrovascular disease.', 'After ERT we identified age, HR 1.06 (95% CI 1.04-1.08; P < .001), preoperative hemoglobin level, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.65-0.87; P < .001), tissue loss, HR 1.71 (95% CI 1.15-2.53; P = .008), history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), HR 1.99 (95% CI 1.43-1.79; P < .001), history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA), HR 1.55 (95% CI 1.09-2.21; P = .015), the development of postoperative pneumonia, HR 2.27 (95% CI 1.24-4.16; P = .008), postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI), HR 2.42 (95% CI 1.29-4.54; P = .006) and postoperative CVA, HR 8.17 (95% CI 1.96-34.15; P = .004) as risk factors.'], ['The elderly or those with preexisting conditions like diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, or kidney dysfunction are more likely to develop severe cases when infected.'], ['SOURCES: We conducted free searches in Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar, for studies focusing on potential mechanisms of immune dysfunction which may be associated with severe viral RTIs in susceptible populations with conditions including pregnancy, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease and extremes of age.', 'Increased leptin levels affect the immune system particularly in obesity, while leptin dysregulation plays a role in asthma and COPD pathogenesis.', 'IMPLICATIONS: Immunosenescence and chronic low-grade inflammation accompanying aging and a variety of chronic conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, asthma, COPD, chronic renal disease and hypertension, contribute to the poor outcomes observed following viral respiratory infections.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and musculoskeletal disorders showed lower PACIC+ scores.'], ['In people with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma-COPD overlap (ACO), ADL may be affected owing to poor asthma control and COPD ventilatory limitations.', 'The aim of this study was to establish the differing prevalence of limitations in ADL among older Spanish adults with chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma, and ACO).', 'The sample was composed of 944 older adults aged >=65 years and with a positive diagnosis of COPD (n = 502), asthma (n = 241), or ACO (n = 201).', 'Results revealed a significant higher number of older adults with COPD (34.8%) and asthma (32.5%) without limitations in doing hard housework in comparison to ACO (17.8%).'], ['Those diagnosed with hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.35-1.52), stroke (aOR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.31-1.60), coronary heart disease (aOR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.19-1.39), heart failure (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.36-1.93), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02-1.18) at baseline revealed tendencies to be classified into high-incidence groups in dementia risk.'], ["looking younger by 5 years for one's age) to be associated with less osteoporosis [odds ratio (OR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.93], less chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77-0.95), less age-related hearing loss (model 2; B = -0.76, 95% CI -1.35 to -0.17) and fewer cataracts (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.97), but with better global cognitive functioning (g-factor; model 2; B = 0.07, 95% CI 0.04-0.10)."], ["Conditions included Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hip fracture, heart failure, frailty and sarcopenia."], ['Patients suffering from diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke and osteoporosis were included in the study.'], ['We also studied the effects of aging and the presence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) on SCFA kinetics.', 'METHODS: In this observational study, we designed a two-compartmental model to determine SCFA kinetics in 31 young (20-29 y) and 71 older (55-87 y) adults, as well as in 33 clinically stable patients with moderate to very severe COPD (mean (SD) FEV1, 46.5 (16.2)% of predicted).', 'WBP, compartmental SCFA kinetics, and pool sizes did not differ between COPD patients and older adults (all q > 0.05).'], ['OUTCOME MEASURES: Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between several factors (age, gender, alcohol consumption, household income, education level, mid-intensity physical activity, depressive symptoms, vitamin D level, and comorbidities [stroke, ischemic heart disease, knee osteoarthritis, asthma, COPD, cancer history]) and CLBP.', 'After regression analysis, we found advanced age, female gender, mid-intensity physical activity, depressive symptoms, stroke, ischemic heart disease, knee arthritis, asthma, COPD, and cancer history were positively associated with CLBP.'], ['Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic respiratory disease in the world, especially in China.', 'Few studies have explored the trend of COPD in China and its provinces.', 'This study aimed to demonstrate and predict the trend of COPD DALY in China and its provinces based on the global burden of disease (GBD) data.', 'Methods: The data on COPD disability-adjusted life year (DALY) were collected from GBD 2017, GBD 2019, and the National Bureau of Statistics of China.', 'The age-standardized rate (ASR) was used to evaluate the trend of COPD DALY by gender, age, and risk factors in China and its provinces.', 'In addition, the trend of COPD considering the aging population in the next 10 years was also predicted.', 'Results: In China, the COPD DALY was 20.4 million in 2017, which decreased to 24.16% from 1990 to 2017.', 'Smoking and air pollution were the main risk factors for COPD and varied with regions, gender, and age.', 'The proportion of COPD DALY attributable to smoking was higher in the middle-aged and elderly male population and did not decrease in China.', 'Conclusion: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the leading contributor to the burden of global diseases.', 'Although China and its provinces demonstrated a downward trend of COPD DALY, some provinces still faced challenges.', 'The predicted trend of COPD was also different.', 'Therefore, more targeted strategies should be formulated to reduce the burden of COPD in China and its provinces.'], ['This review focuses on the roles of SOX transcription factors in stem cell exhaustion and age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, visual deterioration, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, and age-related cancers.'], ['Subjects provided answers on the level of physical activity (PA) they engage in, prevalence of non-communicable diseases (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression, cancer) and subjective physical and psychological health.'], ['We used these measurements to generate AnthropoAge, which predicted all-cause mortality (AUROC 0.876, 95%CI 0.864-0.887) and cause-specific mortality independently of ethnicity, sex, and comorbidities; AnthropoAge was a better predictor than PhenoAge for cerebrovascular, Alzheimer, and COPD mortality.'], ['BACKGROUND: Evidence of the association between long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality from large population-based cohort study is limited and often suffers from residual confounding issues with traditional statistical methods.', 'We hereby assessed the casual relationship between long-term PM (PM2.5, PM10 and PM10-2.5) exposure and COPD mortality in a large cohort of Chinese adults using state-of-the-art causal inference approaches.', 'Marginal structural Cox models were used to investigate the association between COPD mortality and annual average exposure levels of PM exposure.', 'RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 8.0 years, 2250 COPD-related deaths occurred.', 'Under a set of causal inference assumptions, the hazard ratio (HR) for COPD mortality was estimated to be 1.046 (95 % confidence interval: 1.034-1057), 1.037 (1.028-1.047), and 1.032 (1.006-1.058) for each 1-mug/m3 increase in annual average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and PM10-2.5 respectively.', 'CONCLUSION: Our results support causal links between long-term PM exposure and COPD mortality, highlighting the urgency for more effective strategies to reduce PM exposure, with particular attention on protecting potentially vulnerable groups.'], ['We sought to assess the association between Cu/Zn-ratio and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk.', 'RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 27.1 years, 210 COPD cases occurred.', 'Serum Cu/Zn-ratio and Cu concentrations were linearly associated with COPD risk, whereas the relationship was curvilinear for Zn and COPD risk.', 'A unit increase in Cu/Zn-ratio was associated with an increased COPD risk in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.08-3.05).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum Cu/Zn-ratio and Cu concentrations were linearly associated with an increased COPD risk in men.'], ['The participants were divided into four groups: Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma + COPD, and no respiratory disease.', 'RESULTS: Of all participants, 1.83%, 12.63%, and 1.27% had only asthma, only COPD, and asthma + COPD, respectively.', 'With respect to the patients with asthma who also had asthma + COPD, the OR of asthma + COPD was 5.272 in underweight patients and 6.479 in patients aged >=70 years.', 'Meanwhile, a high association between COPD and asthma + COPD was found in female patients, whereas asthma was more highly associated with asthma + COPD in male patients.', 'CONCLUSION: The study confirmed that old age, sex, smoking status, BMI, previous history of atopic dermatitis, and lung cancer were independent risk factors for asthma, COPD, and asthma + COPD.'], ['We aimed to assess frailty transitions and its accuracy for mortality prediction in subjects with impaired spirometry (Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry [PRISm] or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [COPD]).', "METHODS: In participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study (mean age 69.1+-8.9 years), we examined whether PRISm (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second [FEV1]/Forced Vital Capacity [FVC]>=70% and FEV1<80%) or COPD (FEV1/FVC<70%) affected frailty transitions (progression/recovery between frailty states [robust, prefrailty and frailty], lost to follow-up or death) using age-, sex- and smoking state-adjusted multinomial regression models yielding odd's ratios (OR).", 'Second, we assessed diagnostic accuracy of frailty score for predicting mortality in subjects with COPD using c-statistics.', 'Subjects with PRISm (OR 0.4[0.2-0.8], p<0.05) and COPD (OR 0.6[0.4-1.0], NS) were less likely to recover from their frail state, and were more likely to progress from any frailty state towards death (OR between 1.1 and 2.8, p<0.01).', 'Accuracy for predicting mortality in subjects with COPD significantly improved when adding frailty score to age, sex and smoking status (90.5[82.3-89.8] vs 77.9[67.2-88.6], p<0.05).', 'CONCLUSION: Participants with PRISm or COPD more often developed frailty with poor reversibility.'], ['RESULTS: In comparison with young (n = 106) and middle-aged (n = 179) asthmatics, elderly asthmatics (n = 55) had worse airway obstruction, more comorbidities including COPD and diabetes, less atopy, lower levels of IgE and FENO, and were more likely to have late onset and fixed airflow obstruction asthma, and reduced risk of having Type 2 profile asthma.'], ['Mortality within 90 days was significantly more likely (P<.001) with aging, female gender, larger aneurysms, preoperative history of congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal insufficiency, peripheral artery disease, body mass index under 20 and over 35 mg/kg2.'], ['The comorbidity index was defined as the number of prevalent aging-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, cancer, dementia, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hip fracture.'], ['In addition, perceived age and some facial characteristics of old age were also associated with cardiovascular risk and myocardial infarction, cognitive function, bone mineral density, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['The risk of FI was greater among women aged >= 75 years, with severe symptoms of depression, cancer (other than skin) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The identified risk factors were age >= 75 years, with severe symptoms of depression, cancer and COPD (women); having up to 8 years of schooling; IADL category of 1-4 and self-reported health status (men).'], ['A statistically significant difference was found concerning diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM); P< 0.001), asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; P< 0.001), and psychiatric disorder (P< 0.001).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease and among the top causes of mortality worldwide but can be prevented and treated.', 'This study aims to estimate the awareness of COPD among the Syrian population.', 'The questionnaire included demographic, smoke-related and COPD-related questions.', 'After excluding participants in health-related fields who were 950 participants, only 25.4% of the remaining had ever heard of the term COPD.', 'Knowing about COPD was not associated with reported smoking habits.', 'Being in a health-related field was a major factor of being aware of COPD.', 'COPD awareness in Syria is low, even amongst the well-educated group.', 'Moreover, COPD risk factors of smoking and exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutants are common.', 'Raising awareness is crucial in the Syrian community as COPD is highly prevalence.'], ['BACKGROUND: The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increases with age, and aging is an important risk factor for COPD development.', 'In the era of global aging, demographic information about the prevalence of and factors associated with COPD are important to establish COPD care plans.', 'We included 15,613 participants and analyzed trends of and factors associated with COPD.', 'RESULTS: During the study period, the overall prevalence of COPD was 12.9%.', 'Over five years, the yearly prevalence of COPD was fairly constant, ranging from 11.5% to 13.6%.', 'Among individuals aged >= 70 years, nearly one-third met COPD diagnostic criteria.', 'In the multivariable analysis, age 70 years or older was the most strong factor associated with COPD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 17.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.16-22.52; compared with age 40-49), followed by asthma (aOR, 3.39; 95% CI, 2.44-4.71), male sex (aOR, 2.64; 95% CI, 2.18-3.19), and current smokers (aOR, 2.60; 95% CI, 2.08-3.25).', 'Additionally, ex-smokers, low income, decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second %pred, and a history of pulmonary tuberculosis were associated with COPD.', 'On the other hand, body mass index (BMI) >= 25 kg/m2 (aOR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.54-0.71; compared with BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) had an inverse association with COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: Recent trends in the prevalence of COPD in South Korea are relatively stable.', 'Approximately one-third of participants aged 70 years and older had COPD.', 'Aging was the most important factor associated with COPD.'], ['Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third most common chronic disease in China with frequent exacerbations, resulting in increased hospitalization and readmission rate.', "COPD readmission within 30 days after discharge is an important indicator of care transitions, patient's quality of life and disease management.", 'This study aimed to develop a 30-day readmission prediction model using decision tree by learning from the data extracted from the electronic health record of COPD patients in Macao.', 'Health records data of COPD inpatients from Kiang Wu Hospital, Macao, from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019 were reviewed and analyzed.', 'Age, length of stay, history of tobacco smoking, hemoglobin, systemic steroids use, antibiotics use and number of hospital admission due to COPD in last 12 months were found to be significant risk factors for 30-day readmission of CODP patients (P < 0.01).'], ['The causes of secondary osteoporosis among the men were hypogonadism, COPD, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, renal disease, androgen deprivation therapy, thyroid disorder, prostate cancer and previous gastrectomy.'], ['Background: Macroautophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the role of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) has not been investigated.', 'We investigated if and how CMA is involved in the pathogenesis of COPD.', 'Methods: We measured the level of lysosome-associated membrane protein-2A (LAMP-2A), which is a critical component of CMA that functions as a receptor for cytosolic substrate proteins, in total lung tissues and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) from healthy never smokers, smokers, and COPD patients.', 'Results: We found that the protein levels of LAMP-2A in lung homogenates and primary HBECs from smokers and COPD patients were lower than those from never smokers.', 'Apoptosis was increased in CSE-treated primary HBECs and in lung tissues from smokers and COPD patients.', 'Conclusion: Cigarette smoke-induced down-regulation of LAMP-2A is involved in acceleration of aging and apoptosis of lung epithelial cells, which might at least partially contribute to COPD pathogenesis.'], ['Up to 85% of patients had risk factors, with COPD and kidney disease found particularly frequently in RSV infections.'], ['Their proliferation and differentiation is altered in several models of muscle wasting such as cancer, chronic kidney disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'We also put a special focus on cellular alterations occurring in COPD, a chronic and highly prevalent respiratory disease mainly linked to tobacco smoke exposure, where muscle wasting is strongly associated with increased mortality, and discuss the pros and cons of animal models versus human studies in this context.'], ['Finally, we demonstrate that IGFBP2 expression is significantly suppressed in AEC2 cells isolated from fibrotic lung regions of patients with IPF and/or pulmonary hypertension compared with patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['In addition, CAF was found to be higher than controls in other muscle wasting conditions, such as diabetes, COPD, chronic heart failure and stroke, and in pancreatic and colorectal cancer cachectic patients.'], ['PURPOSE: Gain insight into the impact of B vitamins, including vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin B6, total folate, and vitamin B12 on the risk of frailty in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'A total of 1201 COPD patients were included in the analysis.', 'to calculate the frailty index (FI), which is used as a reliable tool to assess the debilitating status of patients with COPD.', 'RESULTS: Logistic regression models showed that vitamin B6 intake was negatively correlated with frailty risk in COPD patients, while other B vitamins including B1, B2, niacin (vitamin B3), total folic acid and vitamin B12 were not.', 'CONCLUSION: COPD patients with lower vitamin B6 intake have a higher risk of frailty.', 'However, intake of vitamin B1, B2, niacin, total folic acid, and vitamin B12 was not associated with frailty risk in COPD patients.'], ['Evidence between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is inconsistent and limited in China.', 'In this study, we aim to examine the associations between air pollutants and hospital admissions for COPD, hoping to provide practical advice for prevention and control of COPD.', 'Hospital admissions for COPD were collected from a Grade-A tertiary hospital in Jinan from 2014 to 2020.', 'A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to examine the associations between air pollutants and hospital admissions for COPD.', 'The avoidable number of COPD hospital admissions was calculated when air pollutants were controlled under national and WHO standards.', 'Over the study period, a total of 4,012 hospital admissions for COPD were recorded.', 'The daily hospital admissions of COPD increased by 2.36% (95%CI: 0.13-4.65%) and 2.39% (95%CI: 0.19-4.65%) for per 10 mug/m3 increase of NO2 and SO2 concentrations at lag2, respectively.', "About 2 (95%CI: 0-3), 64 (95%CI: 4-132) and 86 (95%CI: 6-177) COPD admissions would be avoided when the SO2 concentration was controlled below the NAAQS-II (150 mug/m3), NAAQS-I (50 mug/m3), and WHO's AQG2021 standard (40 mug/m3), respectively.", 'These findings suggest that short-term exposure to NO2 and SO2 was associated with increased risks of daily COPD admissions, especially for females and the elderly.', 'The control of SO2 and NO2 under the national and WHO standards could avoid more COPD admissions and obtain greater health benefits.'], ['Objective: The coexistence of asthma and COPD (asthma + COPD) is a condition found among patients who present with clinical features of both asthma and COPD.', 'Epidemiological evidence points to an increasingly disproportionate burden of asthma + COPD and COPD in females.', 'The objective of this cross-sectional study is to identify female and male-specific epidemiological and clinical characteristics associated with asthma + COPD.', 'Methods: Baseline data from the comprehensive cohort of Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) were used in this cross-sectional study which included 30,097 subjects between the ages of 45- and 85-years Participants were categorized into four mutually exclusive groups: asthma + COPD, COPD-only, asthma-only and neither asthma nor COPD.', 'Results: The prevalence was significantly greater in females than males for asthma + COPD (2.71% vs. 1.41%; p < 0.001), COPD-only (3.22% vs. 2.87%; p < 0.001) and asthma-only (13.31% vs. 10.11%; p < 0.001).', 'The association between smoking and asthma + COPD was modified by age in females.', 'Osteoporosis and underactive thyroid disease were significantly more prevalent in females than in males in asthma + COPD, COPD-only and asthma-only groups.', 'In asthma + COPD group, a greater proportion of respiratory symptoms associated with asthma was observed in females whereas a greater proportion of respiratory symptoms associated with COPD was observed in males.', 'Conclusions: In the Canadian adult population, several epidemiological and clinical characteristics in asthma + COPD varied between females and males.', 'The findings in this study will help healthcare professional in the recognition and management of coexisting asthma and COPD in females and males.'], ["In multivariate analysis, the relationship between insomnia and nocturia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and number of drugs used persisted, whereas being male, of an older age, coronary arterial disease, COPD, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and urinary incontinence were associated with EDS (p<0.05), but there was no significant relationships between anemia and insomnia/EDS (p>0.05)."], ['METHODS: Within the Rush Memory and Aging Project, 1,438 participants without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were followed for up to 22 years.'], ['Microbial diversity was analyzed per cancer subtype, history of cigarette smoking and airflow obstruction, among other clinical data.'], ['BACKGROUND: Antibiotics do not reduce mortality or short-term treatment non-response in patients receiving treatment for acute exacerbations of COPD in an outpatient setting.', 'The aim of this study was to investigate if the antibiotic doxycycline added to the oral corticosteroid prednisolone prolongs time to next exacerbation in patients with COPD receiving treatment for an exacerbation in the outpatient setting.', 'METHODS: In this randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial, we recruited a cohort of patients with COPD from outpatient clinics of nine teaching hospitals and three primary care centres in the Netherlands.', 'Inclusion criteria were an age of at least 45 years, a smoking history of at least 10 pack-years, mild-to-severe COPD (Global Initiative of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] stage 1-3), and at least one exacerbation during the past 3 years.', 'INTERPRETATION: In patients with mild-to-severe COPD receiving treatment for an exacerbation in an outpatient setting, the antibiotic doxycycline added to the oral corticosteroid prednisolone did not prolong time to next exacerbation compared with prednisolone alone.', 'These findings do not support prescription of antibiotics for COPD exacerbations in an outpatient setting.'], ['Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an inflammatory process of the lung inducing persistent airflow limitation.', 'Despite considerable research efforts, the molecular basis of muscle degeneration in COPD is still a matter of intense debate.', 'Our model shows that failure to co-ordinately activate expression of several tissue remodelling and bioenergetics pathways is a specific landmark of COPD diseased muscles.', 'These observations raised the interesting possibility that cell hypoxia may be a key factor driving skeletal muscle degeneration in COPD patients.'], ['The traditional approach to the diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, and lung cancer has been to address each separately.', 'COPD presents a particular problem, as its mortality rate continues to climb steadily in most countries, particularly in women.', 'Predictions for 2020 from the Global Burden of Disease Study are that ischemic heart disease will stay the number one cause of death worldwide, COPD will go from sixth to third place, and lung cancer will go from tenth to fifth place.', 'The purpose of this introduction is to set the stage for a review and discussion of the major comorbidities of COPD, heart disease, and lung cancer, to expand our understanding of the interrelationships among the "Big Three" diseases, causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.'], ['METHODS: The paper is based on a review of three sources: (i) Epidemiology of chronic diseases: the Nijmegen Continuous Morbidity Registration; (ii) The relevant guidelines of the Dutch College of General Practitioners; (iii) Studies of work-related implications of asthma and COPD management of GPs of the Nijmegen centre of Evidence-Based Practice.', 'RESULTS: Chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, COPD and asthma dominate general practice and lead annually to a large number of consultations.', 'Despite these work related risks, COPD patients who were in paid employement perceived higher quality of life than COPD patients who were disabled for work, but had similar disease severity (airway obstruction).'], ['BACKGROUND: Patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a poor quality of life and limited life expectancy.', 'METHODS: An open two group comparison was made of 50 patients with severe COPD (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) <0.75 l and at least one admission for hypercapnic respiratory failure) and 50 patients with unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).', 'RESULTS: The patients with COPD had significantly worse activities of daily living and physical, social, and emotional functioning than the patients with NSCLC (p<0.05).', 'The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores suggested that 90% of patients with COPD suffered clinically relevant anxiety or depression compared with 52% of patients with NSCLC.', 'With regard to social support, the main difference between the groups was that, while 30% of patients with NSCLC received help from specialist palliative care services, none of the patients with COPD had access to a similar system of specialist care.', 'CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patients with end stage COPD have significantly impaired quality of life and emotional well being which may not be as well met as those of patients with lung cancer, nor do they receive holistic care appropriate to their needs.'], ['Older age, lower eGFR, and COPD were independent predictors for impaired survival.'], ['History of past respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), emphysema, and chronic bronchitis can increase the risk of lung cancer.', 'The objective of this study was to investigate correlations between asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive lung disease with lung cancer in the US adult population.', 'Linear logit regression models using only main-effects were constructed first to assess the correlation between the selected demographic and lifestyle variables and asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and COPD.', 'A second set of linear, main-effects logit regression models were constructed to examine the correlation between lung cancer and asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD when corrected for the selected covariates.', 'The study identified positive correlations between emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD, and lung cancer.', 'The study established statistically significant correlations between lung cancer and the lung diseases emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and COPD.', 'It also established correlations between the covariates and the lung diseases asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and COPD.'], ['In COPD patients a reduced daily activity has been well documented, resulting from both respiratory and non-respiratory manifestations of the disease.', 'An evaluation by multisensory armband has confirmed that daily physical activity is mainly associated with dynamic hyperinflation, regardless of COPD severity.', "On this evidence, the first aim in the management of COPD should be to improve exercise capacity and daily activity since these outcomes have direct effects on patients' quality of life, co-morbidities (heart and metabolic diseases), and prognosis.", 'It is however worth of notice to remember that in patients affected by COPD the relationship between the improvement of "potential" exercise capacity and daily physical activity has been found to be only moderate to weak.'], ['BACKGROUND: Low concentrations of the anti-inflammatory protein CC16 (approved symbol SCGB1A1) in serum have been associated with accelerated decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'We investigated whether low circulating CC16 concentrations precede lung function deficits and incidence of COPD in the general population.', 'METHODS: We assessed longitudinal data on CC16 concentrations in serum and associations with decline in FEV1 and incidence of airflow limitation for adults who were free from COPD at baseline in the population-based Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airway Obstructive Disease ([TESAOD] n=960, mean follow-up 14 years), European Community Respiratory Health Survey ([ECRHS-Sp] n=514, 11 years), and Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults ([SAPALDIA] n=167, 8 years) studies.'], ['We categorize study subjects by sex, race, selected chronic conditions (heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and Alzheimer disease), and number of comorbid conditions.'], ['The authors analysed the crude association of mean county altitude with life expectancy and mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancers, and adjusted the associations for socio-demographic factors, migration, average annual solar radiation and cumulative exposure to smoking in multivariable regressions.', 'After adjustment, altitude had a beneficial association with IHD mortality and harmful association with COPD, with a dose-response relationship.', 'IHD mortality above 1000 m was 4-14 per 10,000 people lower than within 100 m of sea level; COPD mortality was higher by 3-4 per 10,000.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Living at higher altitude may have a protective effect on IHD and a harmful effect on COPD.'], ['PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 192 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic heart failure (CHF), who had an estimated 2-year life expectancy.', 'Patients with COPD showed stronger responsiveness to the intervention.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), diffuse lung disease (such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)) and with sleep disordered breathing are particularly exposed to the risk of developing PH.', 'In this review we illustrate the pathological features and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of pulmonary circulation in chronic lung diseases, with an emphasis on COPD, IPF and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.'], ['BACKGROUND: Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) increases life expectancy in patients with COPD and severe hypoxemia.', 'Most patients started LTOT due to COPD, both in Sweden (74%) and in Denmark (62%).'], ['DATA SOURCES: The MEDLINE and OVID databases were searched to identify pertinent articles using the following keywords: HIV, AIDS, IgE, allergic rhinitis, adverse drug reaction, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, food allergy, and immunization.'], ['Chronically ill children were: (1) attending outpatient clinics and (2) had one of the following diagnoses: stem cell transplant, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV/AIDS, cancer, end stage renal disease, complex congenital cardiopathy.'], ['PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred twenty-six community-dwelling persons age > or =60 years with advanced cancer, congestive heart failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The prevention of specific diseases (diabetes, psychosocial problems, heart diseases, cancer, musculosceletal disorders, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) has been given priority status.'], ['Pollutants that accumulate in the lungs exacerbate symptoms of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Patients with COPD often experience exacerbations and worsening of symptoms, which may result in hospitalization and disease progression.', 'It exacerbates acute and chronic respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic airway diseases, and increases the morbidity and risk of hospitalization associated with respiratory diseases.', 'Therefore, we reviewed the impact of air pollutants on airway diseases such as asthma and COPD, focusing on their underlying mechanisms.'], ['Compared with critically ill patients without major organ disease, patients with stroke, cancer, heart failure, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cirrhosis were statistically more likely to have a DNR order on ICU admission; those with ESKD were not.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) during hospitalization for acute hypercapnic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been shown to be effective, but data on the prognosis of such patients is limited.', 'The aim of this study was to investigate in-hospital and long-term outcome in patients with COPD exacerbations requiring NIV treatment during hospitalization.', 'METHODS: Between 2011 and 2013, hospitalized subjects with hypercapnic COPD exacerbations were included in this retrospective single-center cohort study.', 'CONCLUSION: Life expectancy after a COPD exacerbation requiring NIV treatment is short.'], ['BACKGROUND: Healthy Outlook is a service delivered by the UK Met Office directly to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that has been in place since 2006.', 'Its objective is to reduce the severity and length of COPD exacerbations, hence improving the quality of life and life expectancy.', 'RESULTS: For admissions with a primary diagnosis of COPD, the difference between participating and control practices was -0.8% (95% confidence interval (CI)=-1.8 to 0.2%; P=0.13).', 'For admissions with a primary or co-morbid diagnosis of COPD, the difference was -2.3% (95% CI=-4.2 to -0.4%; P=0.02).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Participation in the Healthy Outlook service reduces hospital admission rates for patients coded on discharge with COPD (including co-morbid).'], ['OBJECTIVE: To estimate the survival and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) of Full Code versus Do Not Intubate (DNI) advance directives in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to evaluate how patient preferences and place of residence influence these outcomes.', 'METHODS: A Markov decision model using published data for COPD exacerbation outcomes.'], ['Seven had a history of myocardial ischemia, 15 of chronic obstructive bronchopathy, and 10 of type-2 diabetes; 17 were under treatment for arterial hypertension, four had chronic renal insufficiency, and two had cirrhosis.'], ['Elderly patients suffer from one or more chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, COPD, or diabetes.'], ['Adipocyte and adipose tissue dysfunction belong to the primary defects in obesity and may link obesity to several health problems including increased risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, dementia, airway disease and some cancers.'], ['RESULTS: Male, old age, underlying disease (coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, old cerebral infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and arrhythmia), intensive care unit (ICU) stay, type of insurance, and lower forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) are the independent impact factors causing delayed discharge.'], ['Our integrative genomic and functional analysis identified transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 2 (TACC2) as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) candidate gene.', 'Here, we found that smokers with COPD exhibit a marked decrease in lung TACC2 protein levels relative to smokers without COPD.'], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two distinct diseases that share a condition of chronic inflammation of the airways and bronchial obstruction.', 'Patients with ACOS have poorer health-related quality of life and a higher exacerbation rate than subjects with asthma or COPD alone.', 'However, there is no doubt that extended life expectancy has increased the prevalence of asthma and COPD in older ages, and thus the probability that overlap conditions occur in clinical settings.', 'ACOS patients may benefit from a stepwise treatment similar to that of asthma and COPD; however, the proposed therapeutic algorithms are only speculative and extrapolated from studies that are not representative of the ACOS population.'], ['BACKGROUND: Long-term prognosis of patients with characteristics of both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, named asthma-COPD overlap, is poorly described.', 'We investigated the long-term prognosis of individuals with different types of chronic airway disease, with a special focus on individuals with asthma-COPD overlap.', 'METHODS: We assigned participants from the Copenhagen City Heart Study into six subgroups: healthy never-smokers, ever-smokers without asthma and COPD, those with asthma with low cumulated smoking exposure and no airflow limitation, those with COPD, those with asthma-COPD overlap with asthma onset before the age of 40 years, and those with asthma-COPD overlap with asthma onset after the age of 40 years.', 'We defined asthma-COPD overlap as current self-reported asthma and a postbronchodilatatory forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) to forced vital capacity ratio of less than 0 7, without any restrictions regarding smoking.', 'FINDINGS: We included 8382 participants from the Copenhagen City Heart Study in our study: 2199 never-smokers, 5435 ever-smokers, 158 with asthma, 320 with COPD, 68 with asthma-COPD overlap with early-onset asthma, and 202 with asthma-COPD overlap with late-onset asthma.', 'The multivariable-adjusted decline in FEV1 in asthma-COPD overlap with early-onset asthma was 27 3 mL (standard error 5 0) per year, which did not differ significantly from the decline of 20 9 mL (1 2) per year in healthy never-smokers (p=0 19).', 'FEV1 decline in individuals with asthma-COPD overlap with late-onset asthma was 49 6 mL (3 0) per year, higher than the decline in asthma-COPD overlap with early-onset asthma (p=0 0001), the decline of 39 5 mL (2 5) per year in COPD (p=0 003), and the decline in healthy never-smokers (p<0 0001).', 'Hazard ratios for hospital admissions due to exacerbations of asthma or COPD were 39 48 (95% CI 25 93-60 11) in asthma-COPD overlap with early-onset asthma, 83 47 (61 67-112 98) in asthma-COPD overlap with late-onset asthma, 23 80 (17 43-33 50) in COPD, and 14 74 (10 06-21 59) in asthma compared with never-smokers without lung disease (all p<0 0001).', 'Life expectancy was 9 3 years (5 4-13 1) shorter in participants with asthma-COPD overlap with early-onset asthma, 12 8 years (11 1-14 6) shorter in those with asthma-COPD overlap with late-onset asthma, 10 1 years (8 6-11 5) shorter in those with COPD (all p<0 0001), and 3 3 years (1 0-5 5) shorter in those with asthma (p=0 004) than in healthy never-smokers.', 'INTERPRETATION: Prognosis of individuals with asthma-COPD overlap is poor and seems to be affected by the age of recognition of asthma, being worst in those with late asthma onset (after 40 years of age).'], ['Ten documents covering chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, cancer pain, dementia and palliative care in aged care were identified.'], ['At a mean follow-up of 36 +- 25 months, independent predictors of late mortality by Cox regression analysis were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic renal failure (CRF), and >=80 years old (hazard ratio [HR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-3.2, P = 0.05; HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.01-3.4, P = 0.04; HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.5-6.3, P = 0.002, respectively).', 'The association of COPD and CRF significantly affects the 2-year survival in >=80-year-old patients (no patients survived at 2 years) and was significantly different compared with the survival in >=80-year-old patients without these risk factors (70 +- 11%, P = 0.001).', 'CONCLUSIONS: The early mortality rate and the 2-year survival after f/bEVAR justify this type of treatment in patients >=80 years old; however, the presence of comorbidities such as COPD and CRF significantly reduces mid-term survival in this group and should be taken into consideration in the indication to f/bEVAR.'], ['Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is a significant risk factor for hospitalization and shortened life expectancy.', 'Therefore, developing new serum biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of COPD associated PH is crucial.', 'In the present study, a solid-phase antibody array simultaneously detecting multiple proteins was used to search specific COPD associated PH biomarkers, with COPD patients and healthy subjects as control groups.', 'As a result, compared to the COPD and healthy groups, the levels of MCP-4, SDF-1 alpha, CCL28, Adipsin, IL-28A, CD40 and AgRP were uniquely altered in COPD patient serum with pulmonary hypertension.', 'Among these proteins, CCL28, MCP-4, CD40, AgRP and IL-28A were identified to be differentially expressed in COPD patients with hypertension, indicating that these cytokines may serve as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of COPD associated pulmonary hypertension.'], ['Compared with age at first birth from 20-22 years, age at first birth <20 years was associated with higher mortality rates overall (HR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06), driven by heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality; whereas, >=35 years was associated with higher overall cancer mortality (HR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.06-1.20).'], ['On the univariate analysis the variables associated with significant increasing in 3-year mortality were: female gender (OR 2.32), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.28), COPD (OR 2.98), ischemic heart disease (OR 2.29), critical carotid stenosis >90% (OR 2.16) and antiplatelet therapy as a protective factor (OR 0,23).', 'Factors associated with mortality in multivariate analysis were age (HR 1.14 P=0.001), diabetes mellitus (HR 1.62, P=0.031), COPD (HR 1.88 P=0.022), ischemic heart disease (HR 1.59 P=0.05), critical stenosis >90% (HR 1.70 P=0.015) and antiplatelet therapy as a protective factor (HR 0.23 P=0.027).', 'The scoring system includes the following items: female gender (+2 points), age (50-69 years +7 points, 70-79 years +12 points, >80 years +15 points), diabetes (+4 points), COPD (+5 points), ischemic heart disease (+4 points), carotid stenosis> 90% (+4 points).'], ['BACKGROUND: The incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China is very high.', 'This study aimed to assess the vulnerability of COPD patients in rural areas outside Xuzhou City, Jiangsu province, in order to provide helpful guidance for future research and public policies.', 'METHODS: The vulnerability of 8,217 COPD patients was evaluated using a face-to-face questionnaire to obtain information on general characteristics, awareness, beliefs, medication usage, acute exacerbation of the disease, and economic burdens.', 'RESULTS: Of the 8,217 patients, 7,921 (96.4%) had not heard of COPD, and 2,638 (32.1%) did not understand that smoking was a risk factor for COPD.', 'The average direct and indirect economic burdens on COPD patients were 1,090 and 20,605 yuan, respectively.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The vulnerability of patients in rural Xuzhou to COPD was high.', 'Their awareness of COPD was poor, their treatment during both the stable and acute exacerbation stages did not meet standards, and the economic burdens were large.', 'Interventions are therefore needed to improve the prevention and management of COPD in this population.'], ['INTRODUCTION: An association between HIV infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been observed in several studies.', 'OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: we conducted a review of the literature linking HIV infection to COPD, focusing on clinical and epidemiological data published before and during widespread highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).', 'RESULTS: Interactions between HIV infection and COPD appear to be influenced by multiple factors.', 'In addition, the prevalence of smoking and intravenous drug use is higher in HIV-infected populations, also increasing the risk of COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: given the high prevalence of smoking among HIV-infected patients, COPD may contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in this setting.'], ['The patients had a life expectancy of less than 6 months, and cancer, heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as underlying disease.'], ['Nicotine (p = 0.93) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.344) had no significant effect on mortality, whereas history of cardiac disease (p = 0.01), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (p = 0.01), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.05) and peripheral artery disease (p = 0.01) were associated with a significant increase in the mortality risk.', 'CONCLUSION: Age, pre-existing cardiac conditions, as well as COPD, diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease are associated with a significantly increased mortality risk in patients with SSI.'], ['Next, risk estimates derived from cohort studies were used to quantify the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'These findings indicate that ozone affects the COPD burden independently of other harmful components of the air.', 'No clear secular trend in the COPD burden can be seen over the period 2007 to 2016.', 'CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure to ozone contributes to the COPD burden among the general population in Germany.'], ['Cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lung, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ischaemic heart disease were the leading smoking attributable causes of death contributing to the gap.'], ['Air pollution has numerous harmful effects on health and contributes to the development and morbidity of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and a number of lung pathologies, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['RESULTS: The conditions identified as having the greatest effect on morbidity and mortality since 1990 were breast cancer, ischemic heart disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, diabetes, unipolar depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lung cancer.'], ['Advanced age >=75 years (hazard ratio [HR], 2.0; P < .01) and age >80 years (HR, 2.6; P < .01), coronary artery disease (HR, 1.4; P < .04), unstable angina or recent myocardial infarction (HR, 4.6; P < .01), oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 2.7; P < .01), and estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (HR, 2.8; P < .01) were associated with poor survival.', 'Patients with multiple risk factors, especially age >80 years, unstable angina, oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2), are unlikely to achieve sufficient long-term survival to benefit from surgery, unless their AAA rupture risk is very high.'], ['RESULTS: For women, Blacks, and non-Blacks, arthritis is most common and has the longest average duration, followed by diabetes and COPD.', 'Among men, diabetes duration is longest, followed by COPD.'], ['A recent evidence-based review has offered testing recommendations for AAT deficiency and includes the recommendation that all patients with COPD be tested for AAT deficiency.'], ['Evidence shows that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a stable daytime PaO2 of 55 mm Hg or less will have longer life expectancy if given supplemental oxygen to keep the PaO2 above 60 mm Hg, preferably for longer than 15 hours a day, including sleep.'], ['Multivariate hazards models indicated significantly poorer survival for patients with age greater than 69 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy.'], ['The main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is active smoking.', 'However, a considerable amount of people with COPD never smoked, and increasing evidence suggests that adult lung disease can have its origins in prenatal and early life.', 'The adoption of preventive strategies to avoid these risk factors since the prenatal period may be crucial to prevent, delay the onset or modify the progression of COPD lung disease throughout life.'], ['For chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the role of physical activity in reducing COPD mortality and heart loading and in extending life expectancy remains unclear.', 'Among the cohort of 483,603 adults, 32,535 had spirometry-determined COPD, indicating an adjusted national prevalence of 11.4% (male) and 9.8% (female).', 'On the average, COPD increased all-cause mortality with a hazard ratio of 1.44 and loss of 6.0 years in life expectancy.', 'In addition, COPD was associated with increases in heart rate proportionate to its severity, which led to higher mortality.', 'Participants with COPD who were fully active physically could reduce mortality and have improved heart rates as compared with those without physical activity.', 'In addition, their life expectancy could be extended close to those of the no COPD but inactive cohort.', 'Fully active physical activity can help patients with COPD overcome most of the mortality risks, decrease heart rate, and achieve a life expectancy close to that of patients without COPD.', 'The effectiveness of physical activity on COPD is facilitated by its systemic nature beyond lung disease.'], ['Age, diabetes, smoking, congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, absence of statin use, and contralateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis were independently associated with a higher risk of death following CEA.'], ['However, after correcting for age, ejection fraction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), renal insufficiency and the preoperative NYHA class, survival in groups ISC and DEG+CAD was comparable.', 'In a multivariate model correcting for gender, age and co-morbidities (COPD, treated diabetes, renal insufficiency, subjective heart rhythm, preoperative NYHA class and previous myocardial infarction), postoperative QOL was comparable between groups.'], ['SUBJECTS: Twenty patients with advanced non-malignant disease (heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal failure) and 20 patients with advanced cancer, and their physicians in charge.'], ['Psychometric properties of the instrument were determined by administration to 125 persons aged 60 or older with a limited life expectancy secondary to congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cancer.'], ['PURPOSE: The coexistence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is known as "overlap syndrome" (OS).'], ['Certain polymorphisms of Siglecs have been associated with premature delivery, infection, schizophrenia, allergy, dementia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Domiciliary long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) is a routine modality of treatment in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['The age-adjusted death rate increased for Pneumonia and influenza, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, kidney disease, and Septicemia.'], ['OBJECTIVES: A survival analysis was conducted on patients with COPD receiving long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) to compare two different statistical methods.', 'PATIENTS: Two hundred fifty-two hypoxemic COPD patients (207 male) requiring LTOT were included.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the largest causes of morbidity and chronic mortality and a public health problem of high importance.', 'In Italy, COPD afflicts 5.6% of adult (3.5 million people) and is responsible for 55% of all deaths related to respiratory diseases.', 'The aim of the present work was to validate and measure the outcomes produced by the recruitment and care of COPD patients enrolled by an Healthcare Local Authority in the corresponding Integrated Care Pathways (ICPs) in order to measure how a multidisciplinary, systemic and e-health monitored care impacts upon mortality and morbidity.', 'MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enrolled patients were stratified through the GOLD guidelines classification, a unified method to discriminate the various degrees of severity of COPD, using specific spirometric cut-points and providing homogeneous classes of patients.', 'The severity of COPD identifies the timing of monitoring, which involves a fixed annual re-assessment for mild offset clinical forms, biannually in case of exacerbation, a quarterly cadence in moderate forms that becomes bimonthly in severe forms.'], ['Logistic regression analysis was used to quantify age and sex adjusted differences between four main underlying causes of death (neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, all other diseases) in prevalence of the six most frequent competing causes of death (neoplasms, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, other cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive lung disease, all other diseases).'], ['In multiple regression analysis, the identification of fine crackles was unaffected by lung function, symptoms, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity or clinician experience (p>0.05).'], ['A simpler model based on the number of 4 key comorbidities that were prevalent and strongly associated with 5-year mortality was also developed (any cancer in the past 5 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and chronic kidney disease [the 4C model]).', 'On the basis of a backward selection algorithm, 9 patient characteristics were selected (age, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, any cancer diagnosis in the past 5 years, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, remote stroke or transient ischemic attack, and body mass index) for the final logistic model, which yielded an optimism-corrected AUC of 0.687 for the CMI.'], ['Design, Subjects, and Measurements: This was a retrospective study of 11,286 veterans hospitalized in a Veterans Health Administration acute care facility in fiscal year 2011 with diagnoses of advanced cancer, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and/or advanced HIV/AIDS.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects symptoms, lung function, quality of life and life expectancy.', 'Roflumilast and cilomilast are oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE(4)) inhibitors proposed to reduce the airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction seen in COPD.', 'OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PDE(4) inhibitors in the management of people with stable COPD.', 'SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs if they compared oral PDE(4) inhibitors with placebo in people with COPD.', 'We allowed co-administration of standard COPD therapy.', 'None of the trials exceeded a year in duration.Treatment with a PDE(4) inhibitor was associated with a significant improvement in FEV(1)over the trial period compared with placebo (MD 45.59 mL; 95% confidence interval (CI) 39.15 to 52.03), regardless of COPD severity or concomitant COPD treatment.', "There were some small improvements in quality of life (St George's Respiratory Questionnaire MD -1.04; 95% CI -1.66 to -0.41) and COPD-related symptoms, but no change in exercise tolerance.", 'Treatment with a PDE(4) inhibitor was associated with a reduced likelihood of COPD exacerbation (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.85).', "AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In people with COPD, PDE(4) inhibitors offered benefit over placebo in improving lung function and reducing likelihood of exacerbations, however, they had little impact on quality of life or symptoms.", 'The optimum place of PDE(4) inhibitors in COPD management remains to be defined.', 'Longer-term trials are needed to determine whether or not PDE(4) inhibitors modify FEV(1) decline, healthcare utilisation or mortality in COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: The incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma began increasing in early 1960s in the population of Yokkaichi-city (Mie Prefecture, Japan).', 'RESULTS: Mortality rates for COPD and asthma in patients from Yokkaichi-city were significantly higher than in the whole population of Mie Prefecture.', 'The potential gains in life expectancy excluding the mortality for respiratory diseases including COPD and asthma were larger for all ages in patients from Yokkaichi-city.'], ['COPD and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency emphysema remain one of the major indications for lung transplantation.', 'Because of an ongoing donor shortage, only a minority of endstage COPD patients will finally get transplanted.', 'In general, the life expectancy as well as the health-related quality of life after lung transplantation for COPD are usually increased, and may be somewhat better after double compared with single lung transplantation.'], ['Jeopardy stresses for increased mortality from COVID-19 include older age, COPD, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and immunosuppression.'], ['Poor NYHA class at the time of surgery (P = 0.041) and COPD (P = 0.028) had a significant impact on global survival.', 'COPD and poor functional class significantly impair survival.'], ['METHODS: We administered a questionnaire about treatment preferences to 226 persons who were 60 years of age or older and who had a limited life expectancy due to cancer, congestive heart failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Improper functioning of AE causes several human airway disorders, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or cystic fibrosis (CF).'], ['Ratings included mortality for coronary artery bypass grafting, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart attack, heart failure, and pneumonia across 277 California hospitals between July 2011 and June 2014.'], ['Each selected factor was assigned a score proportional to its beta coefficient: 1 point for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and lack of statin treatment; 4 points for age 70 to 79 years and creatinine concentration >=1.5 mg/dL; 8 points for age >=80 years and dialysis.'], ['Logistic regression yielded the following predictors of mortality: age (by decade) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, P < 0.0001), CAD (OR = 1.5, P = 0.0007), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 2.5; P < 0.0001), diabetes (OR = 1.7, P < 0.0001), neck radiation (OR = 2.6, P = 0.005), no statin (OR = 2.1, P < 0.0001), and creatinine more than 1.5 (OR = 2.6, P < 0.0001).'], ['SCI patients were more likely to be older (63.9 +- 15.6 vs 70.5 +- 11.2 years; P = .002) and have a number of comorbidities, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cerebrovascular disease (P < .0001).'], ['Life expectancy decline in both sexes was caused by increased mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, and a range of other noncommunicable diseases, which were no longer compensated for by the decline in cardiovascular mortality.'], ['Ischaemic heart disease was the leading single cause of YLL for males, followed by stroke, lung cancer, inflammatory heart disease, self-inflicted injuries, road traffic accidents, colorectal and stomach cancers, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: Veterans are at increased risk of lung cancer and many have comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronary artery disease (CAD).', 'We used simulation modeling to assess projected outcomes associated with different management strategies of Veterans with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with COPD and/or CAD.', 'PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using data from a cohort of 14,029 Veterans (years 2000-2015) with NSCLC we extended a well-validated mathematical model of lung cancer to represent the management and outcomes of Veterans with stage I NSCLC with COPD, with or without comorbid CAD.', 'Model output estimated expected quality adjusted life years (QALY) of Veterans with stage I NSCLC according to age, tumor size, histologic subtype, COPD severity and CAD diagnosis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The harm/benefit ratio of treatments for stage I NSCLC among Veterans may vary according to COPD severity and the presence of CAD.', 'This information can be used to direct future research study design for Veterans with stage I lung cancer and COPD and/or CAD.'], ['RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia presented with AMI approximately 10 years earlier (median age 64 vs 73 years), and had higher prevalences of diabetes, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Guidance Statement 4: Clinicians should treat patients with type 2 diabetes to minimize symptoms related to hyperglycemia and avoid targeting an HbA1c level in patients with a life expectancy less than 10 years due to advanced age (80 years or older), residence in a nursing home, or chronic conditions (such as dementia, cancer, end-stage kidney disease, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or congestive heart failure) because the harms outweigh the benefits in this population.'], ['OBJECTIVES: In light of recent results from observational studies showing prolonged survival in subjects taking long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) and/or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we investigated their cost-effectiveness (CE).', 'CONCLUSIONS: There is an acute need to find effective, life-extending treatments for persons with COPD.'], ['Asthma, a common airway disease, results in a significant burden to both patients and society worldwide.'], ['For analysis of chronic respiratory diseases, participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma were excluded.', 'Participants with COPD or asthma at baseline were additionally excluded for chronic respiratory disease-related analysis, leaving 451 233 participants with data available for analysis.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Life expectancy data of COPD patients in comparison to the general population are primarily based upon long-term population cohort studies.', 'These studies are limited by a poor definition of clinically significant COPD.', 'The key element in the course of COPD is a clinical exacerbation.', 'Therefore, this study investigated 15-year survival following hospitalization for an exacerbation of COPD in comparison to the general population.', 'METHODS: A number of 4229 subjects was studied, including 845 hospitalized COPD patients and 3384 age and sex matched controls.', 'RESULTS: Overall 15-year survival was 7.3% in the COPD group and 40.6% in the general population.', 'Survival was 24%, 11.1%, 5.3% and 0% for COPD GOLD I-IV.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The 15-year survival for hospitalized COPD patients is reduced by 82% in comparison to the general population.', 'This indicates a more deleterious course of clinically significant COPD in comparison to population cohorts.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with cough, sputum production or dyspnoea and a reduction in lung function, quality of life and life expectancy.', 'Roflumilast and cilomilast are oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors proposed to reduce the airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction seen in COPD.', 'OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral PDE4 inhibitors in the management of stable COPD.', 'SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs if they compared oral PDE4 inhibitors with placebo in people with COPD.', 'We allowed co-administration of standard COPD therapy.', 'These included people across international study centres with moderate to very severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grades II-IV), with a mean age of 64 years.We considered that the methodological quality of the 34 published and unpublished trials was acceptable overall.', "There were small improvements in quality of life (St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), MD -1.06 units, 95% CI -1.68 to -0.43, 11 trials with 7645 participants, moderate-quality evidence due to moderate levels of heterogeneity and risk of reporting bias) and COPD-related symptoms, but no significant change in exercise tolerance.", 'Treatment with a PDE4 inhibitor was associated with a reduced likelihood of COPD exacerbation (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.83; 23 trials with 19,948 participants, high-quality evidence).', "AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In people with COPD, PDE4 inhibitors offered benefit over placebo in improving lung function and reducing the likelihood of exacerbations; however, they had little impact on quality of life or symptoms.", 'The findings of this review give cautious support to the use of PDE4 inhibitors in COPD.', 'They may be best used as add-on therapy in a subgroup of people with persistent symptoms or exacerbations despite optimal COPD management.', 'Longer-term trials are needed to determine whether or not PDE4 inhibitors modify FEV1 decline, hospitalisation or mortality in COPD.'], ['A total of 729 participants were included (heart failure (HF) 573; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 89; end-stage renal failure 62; chronic kidney disease (CKD) 5).', 'Patients with HF and COPD were approximately three times more likely to die in the next year than they predicted.'], ['BACKGROUND: Dyspnoea is a common symptom in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'However, the symptomatic benefit of home oxygen therapy in mildly or non-hypoxaemic people with COPD with dyspnoea who do not meet international funding criteria for LTOT (PaO(2)< 55 mmHg or other special cases) is unknown.', 'OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of oxygen versus medical air for relief of subjective dyspnoea in mildly or non-hypoxaemic people with COPD who would not otherwise qualify for home oxygen therapy.', 'SELECTION CRITERIA: We only included randomised controlled trials of oxygen versus medical air in mildly or non-hypoxaemic people with COPD.', "AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Oxygen can relieve dyspnoea in mildly and non-hypoxaemic people with COPD who would not otherwise qualify for home oxygen therapy."], ['RATIONALE: COPD is associated with reduced life expectancy.', 'OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between small airway pathology and long-term survival after lung volume reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the effect of corticosteroids on this pathology.', 'METHODS: Patients with severe (GOLD-3) and very severe (GOLD-4) COPD (n = 101) were studied after lung volume reduction surgery.'], ['This loss of lung function is often the result of coexisting lung diseases, particularly bronchiectasis and COPD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The survival of patients with COPD on long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) has been studied using both univariate and multivariate procedures.', 'The objective of this study was to determine the relative survival of a group of South Australian patients prescribed home oxygen therapy for COPD.', 'The results were compared with the relative survival of a similar group of French COPD patients.', 'RESULTS: A total of 505 COPD patients (249 males, 256 females) were included in the survival analysis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Using relative survival analysis, Australian LTOT patients with COPD have worse outcomes than some European patients.', 'Factors contributing to the excess mortality in South Australian COPD patients need to be investigated.'], ['Unfortunately, a parallel decrease in mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), one of the most important smoking-related diseases, has not occurred.', 'To estimate the current impact of smoking on mortality from COPD, we used a modified formula for population attributable risk to calculate the mortality and years of potential life lost due to COPD caused by smoking.', 'In 1984, an estimated 51,013 deaths occurred from COPD caused by smoking: 35,638 among men (85% of total COPD mortality) and 15,376 among women (69% of total COPD mortality) (sum does not equal total due to rounding).', 'We conclude that cigarette smoking continues to cause a heavy burden of premature death from COPD in the United States.', 'This burden may increase in the coming years despite decreasing smoking rates because the residual risk of COPD mortality among former smokers persists for many years.'], ['Besides smoking cessation, antiobstructive therapy, and the treatment of intercurrent infections, long-term oxygen therapy has had the most impressive impact on survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'COPD leads to a functional and anatomical obstruction of the pulmonary vascular bed, with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension and cor pulmonale.', 'However, this improvement is limited: hypoxemic COPD patients treated by LTOT have the same life expectancy as nonhypoxemic COPD patients.'], ['The four health effect categories were (1) natural- and cause-specific mortality including cardiovascular and nonmalignant as well as malignant respiratory and diabetes mortality; and morbidity measured as (2) coronary and cerebrovascular events; (3) lung cancer incidence; and (4) asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) incidence.', 'We analyzed natural-cause, cardiovascular, ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cardiometabolic, respiratory, and COPD mortality.', 'We also analyzed lung cancer incidence, incidence of coronary and cerebrovascular events, and incidence of asthma and COPD (pooled cohort only).', 'We found significant positive associations between PM2.5, NO2, and BC and incidence of stroke and asthma and COPD hospital admissions.', 'In two-pollutant models, NO2 was most consistently associated with acute coronary heart disease, stroke, asthma, and COPD hospital admissions.', 'For stroke, asthma, and COPD, positive associations were found for PM2.5, NO2, and BC.'], ['Ten patients (18%) had spirometry consistent with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of whom six did not have a formal diagnosis of COPD previously.', 'CONCLUSIONS: People with SMI have high rates of respiratory symptoms with a high prevalence of COPD on spirometry.', 'Half of the COPD cases were not previously diagnosed, suggesting a hidden burden of respiratory disease in patients with SMI.'], ['Comorbidities include hypertension (81%), ischemic heart disease (50%), peripheral vascular disease (30%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (20%).'], ['DESIGN: Individuals with diabetes mellitus and coexisting congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, end-stage liver disease, and/or primary or metastatic cancer with limited life expectancy were identified.'], ['Although inhaled corticosteroids have a well defined role in asthma therapy, their use remains controversial in nonasthmatic, smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Some studies have shown an effect of inhaled corticosteroids on airway inflammation in COPD, but the clinical relevance of these results is unknown.', 'Data from five long-term, large studies, provide evidence that prolonged treatment with inhaled corticosteroids does not modify the rate of decline of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in patients with COPD and no reversibility to short-acting beta(2)-agonists.', 'Two recent reports suggest that long term use of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD patients improves quality-adjusted life expectancy and is cost-effective.', 'The long term safety of inhaled corticosteroids is not known in COPD patients but topical adverse effects, and systemic effects such as a decrease of bone density of lumbar spine and femur and cutaneous adverse effects, have been reported after three years of treatment.'], ['PATIENTS: Community-dwelling persons 65 years of age or older who were recently hospitalized with congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or pneumonia and were not selected according to life expectancy; 246 patients participated in quantitative interviews and 29 participated in qualitative interviews.'], ['Evidence shows that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a stable daytime PaO2 of 55 mm Hg or less will have longer life expectancy if given supplemental oxygen to keep the PaO2 above 60 mm Hg, preferably for longer than 15 hours a day, including sleep.'], ['They rose, as in the past several years, for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes mellitus, and pneumonia and influenza.'], ['Due to the high smoking rate in developing countries and the rising aging population in high-income countries, the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), estimated to be 11.7%, is increasing and is the third-leading cause of mortality.', 'COPD is likely to be present in elderly individuals with impaired gastro-enteric functions.', 'Gastrointestinal congestion, dyspnea, and anxiety are pathophysiological characteristics of COPD, contributing to poor appetite, reduced dietary intake, and high-energy expenditure.', 'These factors are implicated in the progression of malnutrition in COPD patients.', 'Therefore, nutritional support to treat malnutrition in COPD patients is very vital.', 'Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) may hold the key to COPD treatment.', 'To clarify this statement, we review current evidence for ONS in COPD patients to benefit from clinical outcomes.'], ['Avoidable hospital admissions are among the lowest in Europe for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), about average for congestive heart failure and diabetes, but among the worst for hypertension.'], ['The leading causes of DALYs in the United States for 1990 and 2016 were ischemic heart disease and lung cancer, while the third leading cause in 1990 was low back pain, and the third leading cause in 2016 was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['The US had similar rates of utilization (US discharges per 100 000 were 192 for acute myocardial infarction, 365 for pneumonia, 230 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; procedures per 100 000 were 204 for hip replacement, 226 for knee replacement, and 79 for coronary artery bypass graft surgery).'], ['AIM: It has been demonstrated that long-term oxygen therapy increased exercise capacity, improved the quality of life, reduced hospitalization and increased life expectancy in chronic hypoxemic COPD patients.', 'The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in COPD patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) compared to COPD patients not receiving LTOT.', 'MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chronic hypoxemic COPD patients using LTOT (LTOT group) and COPD patients not receiving LTOT (non-LTOT group) who participated in this study underwent a comprehensive 8-week outpatient PR program.', 'RESULTS: Twenty-seven out of 61 severe/very severe cases with COPD received LTOT at home, and 34 did not.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Those COPD patients receiving the LTOT benefited from the PR as much as those COPD patients not receiving LTOT.', 'Further studies are required to understand to what extent the severe chronic hypoxemic COPD patients could benefit from the PR.'], ['Each physician completed a written CPV vignette-a simulated case scenario of a typical patient visit-for each of two clinical cases, congestive heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'], ['lung, throat, bladder), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease (i.e.', 'The benefits of quitting, however, are almost immediate, with a rapid lowering of blood pressure and heart rate, improved taste and smell, and a longer-term reduction in risk of cancer, heart attack and COPD.'], ['Patients with hemodynamic instability, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, physical incapacity and acute myocardial stroke in the preceding three months were excluded.'], ['OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether coexisting combinations of 8 common chronic conditions (hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus, depression, osteoporosis, and having atrial fibrillation or congestive heart failure) are associated with overall quality of care among vulnerable older patients.'], ['Leading causes of death include major vascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease, stroke) causing 35-38% of deaths, chronic obstructive lung disease and lung cancer in men, but also perinatal causes, lower respiratory infections and diarrhoeal diseases.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, is increasing worldwide and is projected to be the third leading cause of death in the United States by the year 2020 (1).', 'COPD is characterized by chronic airflow obstruction with episodic acute exacerbations, which result in increased morbidity and mortality.'], ['The Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial (NOTT) and Medical Research Council (MRC) trial have clearly indicated that long-term oxygen therapy (LTO) improved survival in patients with hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the mechanisms accounting for this improved survival could not be established.'], ['People living with HIV (PLWH) have an elevated risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are at a higher risk of asthma and worse outcomes.', 'Even though the combination of antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly improved the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients, it still shows a higher incidence of COPD in patients as young as 40 years old.', 'In this review, we explained the mechanism underlying circadian clock dysregulation in HIV and its effects on the development and progression of COPD.'], ['Objective: To investigate the change in hospital transfer rates among nursing home residents with advanced illnesses, such as dementia, congestive heart failure (CHF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), from 2011 to 2017-before and after the introduction of national initiatives to reduce hospitalizations.', 'Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional study, nationwide Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessments from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016 (with the follow-up for transfer rates until December 31, 2017), were used to identify annual inception cohorts of long-stay (>100 days) nursing home residents who had recently progressed to the advanced stages of dementia, CHF, or COPD.', 'Transfer rates for all causes, potentially avoidable conditions (sepsis, pneumonia, dehydration, urinary tract infections, CHF, and COPD), and serious bone fractures (pelvis, hip, wrist, ankle, and long bones of arms or legs) were investigated.', 'Results: The proportions of residents in the 2011 and 2016 cohorts who underwent any hospital transfer were 56.1% and 45.4% of those with advanced dementia, 77.6% and 69.5% of those with CHF, and 76.2% and 67.2% of those with COPD.', 'The mean (SD) number of transfers per person-year alive for potentially avoidable conditions was higher in the 2011 cohort vs 2016 cohort: advanced dementia, 2.4 (14.0) vs 1.6 (11.2) (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.65-0.81); CHF, 8.5 (32.0) vs 6.7 (26.8) (aRR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.65-0.81); and COPD, 7.8 (30.9) vs 5.5 (24.8) (aRR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.57-0.72).'], ['OBJECTIVES: To develop a health economic model that included a great diversity of patient characteristics and outcomes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which can be used to inform decisions about stratified medicine in COPD.', 'METHODS: The choice of patient characteristics and outcomes to include in the model was based on 3 literature reviews on multidimensional prognostic COPD indices, COPD phenotypes, and treatment effects in subgroups.', 'Regression equations describing the statistical associations between the patient characteristics and intermediate and final outcomes were estimated using the longitudinal data of 5 large COPD trials (19,378 patients).', 'CONCLUSIONS: We developed a unique patient-level simulation model that can be used to evaluate COPD treatment options for a variety of subgroups.'], ['This is a review of the literature documenting that a past history of childhood abuse and neglect (CAN) makes substantial contributions to physical disease in adults, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, hypertension, stroke, kidney disease, hepatitis, obesity, diabetes, coronary artery disease, pelvic pain, endometriosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and auto immune diseases.'], ['In the phase 2b trial, patients were aged 65-85 years, with asthma, type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure, were current smokers, or had an emergency room or hospitalisation for an RTI within the past 12 months.', 'In the phase 3 trial, patients were aged at least 65 years, did not have COPD, and were not current smokers.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with cough, sputum production or dyspnoea, and a reduction in lung function, quality of life, and life expectancy.', 'Roflumilast and cilomilast are oral phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors proposed to reduce the airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction seen in COPD.', 'OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral PDE4 inhibitors for management of stable COPD.', 'SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs if they compared oral PDE4 inhibitors with placebo in people with COPD.', 'We allowed co-administration of standard COPD therapy.', 'These trials included people across international study centres with moderate to very severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grades II to IV), with mean age of 64 years.', 'Incidence of exacerbations Treatment with a PDE4 inhibitor was associated with a reduced likelihood of COPD exacerbation over a mean of 40 weeks (odds ratio (OR) 0.78, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.84; participants = 20,382; studies = 27; high-certainty evidence), that is, for every 100 people treated with PDE4 inhibitors, five more remained exacerbation-free during the study period compared with those given placebo (number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 20, 95% CI 16 to 27).', 'No change in COPD-related symptoms nor in exercise tolerance was found.', 'The likelihood of psychiatric adverse events was higher with roflumilast 500 microg than with placebo (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.54; participants = 11,168; studies = 15 (COPD pool data); moderate-certainty evidence).', 'PDE4 inhibitors offered a small benefit over placebo in improving lung function and reducing the likelihood of exacerbations in people with COPD; however, they had little impact on quality of life or on symptoms.', 'The findings of this review provide cautious support for the use of PDE4 inhibitors in COPD.', 'In accordance with GOLD 2020 guidelines, they may have a place as add-on therapy for a subgroup of people with persistent symptoms or exacerbations despite optimal COPD management (e.g.', 'More longer-term trials are needed to determine whether or not PDE4 inhibitors modify FEV1 decline, hospitalisation, or mortality in COPD.'], ["UNLABELLED: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an inflammatory affection of the whole lung, characterized by an accelerated loss of the pulmonary functions, that reduces the patients' independence and stops them from having a normal, active life.", "AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study is to show the importance of respiratory rehabilitation that is correctly and timely made, based on the gravity and stage of the illness, the COPD patient's associated illnesses and their importance in improving the patient's mental and physical quality of life.", 'MATERIAL AND METHOD; The research included 35 COPD patients from the 5th medical Geriatric and Gerontology.', 'RESULTS: The gradation of dyspnea on BORG scale was correlated with the variation of the expiratory capacity that varied at COPD patients, suggesting that hyperinflation has a major role in producing the dyspnea.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and importance of symptoms of anxiety and depression in COPD patients requires a specific questionnaire as routine screening procedure, for detecting early symptoms and preventing their progress.'], ['In 2010, compared with EU15+, the UK had significantly lower rates of age-standardised YLLs for road injury, diabetes, liver cancer, and chronic kidney disease, but significantly greater rates for ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections, breast cancer, other cardiovascular and circulatory disorders, oesophageal cancer, preterm birth complications, congenital anomalies, and aortic aneurysm.'], ['Patients with COPD may show slow, progressive deteriorations in arterial blood gases during the night, particularly during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.', 'The role of nocturnal hypoxemia as a determinant of alterations in sleep structure observed in COPD is dubious.', 'Conversely, it is generally accepted that occurrence of sleep apneas in COPD is associated with a worse evolution of the disease.', 'Nocturnal polysomnographic monitoring in COPD is usually performed when coexistence of sleep apnea ("overlap syndrome") is suspected, while in most other cases nocturnal oximetry may be enough.'], ['Prevalent comorbid conditions were similar between groups, and included coronary artery disease (p = 1.0), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 1.0), and peripheral vascular disease (p = 0.23).'], ['BACKGROUND: Tiotropium bromide is a new inhaled anticholinergic agent approved for once-daily, long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, clinical efficacy, tolerability, and cost of tiotropium therapy in patients with COPD.', 'In clinical trials, patients receiving tiotropium 18 microg QD had significant improvements in trough, peak, and mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), dyspnea, and health-related quality of life, as well as fewer COPD exacerbations and hospitalizations, compared with patients receiving placebo and ipratropium (all, P < 0.05).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Tiotropium offers several advantages over ipratropium in the management of COPD.'], ['All but one patient had a diagnosis of cancer; the other patient had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Home oxygen has been used for more than 70 years, and support for LTOT is based on two studies from the 1980s that demonstrated that oxygen use improves survival in patients with COPD.', 'LTOT is indicated in other respiratory diseases that cause hypoxemia, on the basis of the same criteria as those used for COPD.'], ["The current chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management aims to improve the patients' quality of life and healthy life expectancy; however, few studies have evaluated the level of satisfaction with the patients' current respiratory status in COPD patients and their families.", "This study aimed to examine the level of patient and family satisfaction with the patients' current respiratory status and to identify the clinical factors closely linked to dissatisfaction.This multicenter, cross-sectional study included 454 outpatients with COPD and 296 family members.", 'The COPD assessment test (CAT) was the most sensitive marker of dissatisfaction compared to other clinical factors (p < 0.01).', 'Our findings are consistent with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease indicating that treatment should be enhanced in patients with a CAT score >=10.'], ['The 5 leading causes of death were malignant neoplasm, cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, COPD, and accidental injury.'], ["The largest individual contributors to YLL were Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD), respiratory cancers, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's/dementia.", 'There were marked absolute inequalities in YLL by area deprivation, with a mean Slope Index of Inequality (SII) for all causes of 15,344 YLL between 2001 and 2015, with IHD and COPD the greatest contributors.'], ['There were 412,809 (59.5%) patients with multimorbidity at the time of admission with AMI, i.e., having at least 1 of the following long-term health conditions: diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, heart failure, renal failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, or hypertension.'], ['BACKGROUND: The medico-economic impact of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is poorly documented.', 'OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in a hypothetical cohort of COPD patients.', 'Simulated cohorts of French GOLD stage 2 to 4 COPD patients with and without pulmonary rehabilitation were compared in terms of life expectancy, quality-adjusted life years (QALY), disease-related costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).', "PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: At the horizon of a COPD patient's remaining lifetime, pulmonary rehabilitation would result in mean gain of 0.8 QALY, with an over disease-related costs of 14 102 $ per patient.", 'CONCLUSIONS: These results should provide a useful basis for COPD pulmonary rehabilitation programs.'], ['METHODS: Participants consisted of 23 patients, 60 years of age and older with a primary diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or cancer identified by their physicians as having a limited life expectancy.'], ['Also, COPD, chronic kidney disease, age, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular incidents and acute presentation were factor predicting increased 10 years mortality.'], ['Obstructive lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, are prevalent conditions associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States.', 'Objectives of this review are to (1) summarize the current state of knowledge regarding COPD and asthma among HIV-infected persons, (2) highlight implications for clinicians caring for patients with these combined comorbidities, and (3) identify key research initiatives to reduce the burden of obstructive lung diseases among HIV-infected persons.'], ['Arthritis (men, 1.3 years; women, 2.2 years), back complaints (men, 2.1 years), heart disease/stroke (men, 1.5 years; women, 1.6 years), asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (men, 1.2 years; women, 1.5 years), and "other diseases" (men, 2.4 years) contributed the most to this difference.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Disabling diseases, such as arthritis, back complaints, and asthma/COPD, contribute substantially to differences in DFLE by education.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prognosis and costs of mechanical ventilation in patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treated with long-term oxygen therapy.', 'PATIENTS: 20 patients with previous COPD treated with long-term oxygen therapy and needing mechanical ventilation due to acute respiratory failure.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Applying mechanical ventilation to COPD patients treated with long-term oxygen therapy carries a high mortality and cost.'], ['Ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain among the leading causes of death; child mortality for children under 5 years has declined; and cardiovascular risk factors account for the greatest cause of disability.'], ['DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification of the human genome that has been associated with both cigarette smoking and mortality.Objectives: We sought to identify DNA methylation marks in blood that are predictive of mortality in a subset of the COPDGene (Genetic Epidemiology of COPD) study, representing 101 deaths among 667 current and former smokers.Methods: We assayed genome-wide DNA methylation in non-Hispanic white smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using blood samples from the COPDGene enrollment visit.', 'We tested whether DNA methylation was associated with mortality in models adjusted for COPD status, age, sex, current smoking status, and pack-years of cigarette smoking.', 'Replication was performed in a subset of 231 individuals from the ECLIPSE (Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints) study.Measurements and Main Results: We identified seven CpG sites associated with mortality (false discovery rate < 20%) that replicated in the ECLIPSE cohort (P < 0.05).', 'We also observed associations between DNA methylation and gene expression for the PIK3CD sites.Conclusions: This study is the first to identify variable DNA methylation associated with all-cause mortality in smokers with and without COPD.'], ['Effects of increasing number of packyears were pronounced in women (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): OR/10 packyears women: 1.33 [1.18, 1.50], men: 1.14 [1.04, 1.26] pinteraction = 0.01).'], ['OBJECTIVE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a burden on patients and health systems.', 'Roflumilast, an oral, selective phosphodiesterase-4-inhibitor reduces exacerbations and improves lung function in severe/very severe COPD patients with a history of exacerbations.', 'This study aimed to estimate the lifetime cost and outcomes of roflumilast added-on to commonly used COPD regimens in Switzerland.', 'METHODS: A Markov cohort model was developed to simulate COPD progression in patients with disease states of severe, very severe COPD, and death.', 'The exacerbation rate was assumed to be two per year in severe COPD.', 'COPD progression rates were drawn from the published literature.', 'CONCLUSION: Treatment with roflumilast is estimated to reduce the health and economic burden of COPD exacerbations and represent a cost-effective treatment option for patients with frequent exacerbations in Switzerland.'], ['The advances in molecular diagnostics and medical treatments expanded beyond the CF patient population as some of the newest treatments are also being tested for treatment of complex diseases such as COPD and other inherited disorders.'], ['BACKGROUND: The medico-economic impact of smoking cessation considering a smoking patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is poorly documented.', 'OBJECTIVE: Here, considering a COPD smoking patient, the specific burden of continuous smoking was estimated, as well as the effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation.', 'Simulated cohorts of English COPD patients who are active smokers (all severity stages combined or patients with the same initial severity stage) were compared to identical cohorts of patients who quit smoking at cohort initialization.', "PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: At the horizon of a smoking COPD patient's remaining lifetime, smoking cessation at cohort intitialization, relapses being allowed as observed in practice, would result in gains (mean) of 1.27 life-years and 0.68 QALY, and induce savings of -1824 $/patient in the disease-related costs.", 'Smoking cessation resulted in 0.72, 0.69, 0.64 and 0.42 QALY respectively gained per mild, moderate, severe, and very severe COPD patient, but was nevertheless cost-effective for mild to severe COPD patients in most scenarios, even when hypothesizing expensive smoking cessation intervention programmes associated with low success rates.', 'Considering a ten-year time horizon, the burden of continuous smoking in English COPD patients was estimated to cost a total of 1657 M$ while 452516 QALY would be simultaneously lost.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The study results are a useful support for the setting of smoking cessation programmes specifically targeted to COPD patients.'], ['Comorbidities: tobacco consumption (94.6%), cardiovascular diseases (65%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (59%).'], ['Background: Life expectancy is significantly shorter for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than the general population.', 'Concurrent diseases are known to infer an increased mortality risk in those with COPD, but the effects of pharmacological treatments on survival are less established.', 'This study aimed to examine any associations between commonly used drugs, comorbidities and mortality in Swedish real-world primary care COPD patients.', 'Methods: Patients with physician-diagnosed COPD from a large primary care population were observed retrospectively, utilizing primary care records and mandatory Swedish national registers.', 'Results: During the observation period (1999-2009) 5776 (32.5%) of 17,745 included COPD patients died.', 'Use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS; HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66-0.94), beta-blockers (HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76-0.97) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; HR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98) was dose-dependently associated with a decreased risk of death, whereas use of long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA; HR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.14-1.55) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC; HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08-1.48) were dose-dependently associated with an increased risk of death in COPD patients.', 'Conclusion: This large, retrospective, observational study of Swedish real-world primary care COPD patients indicates that coexisting heart failure, stroke and myocardial infarction were the strongest predictors of death, underscoring the importance of timely recognition and treatment of comorbidities.'], ['BACKGROUND: Despite real needs, very few chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with life-limiting disease receive a well-organized support for palliative care (PC).', "OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility of, and patient satisfaction with, an advanced care plan for severe COPD patients followed by tele-assistance at home for six months that focused on monitoring patient's palliative topics through a dedicated checklist.", 'METHODS: Ten hospitalized patients with severe COPD (<1-year life expectancy) received a 60 minutes PC talk by a specialist to define an advanced care plan in the case of very severe respiratory insufficiency, based on three options: (1) endotracheal intubation (EI); (2) noninvasive ventilation; or (3) no mechanical aid; O2 and drugs, for example, opiates.'], ['Cardiac disease/congestive heart failure, advanced age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, dialysis/renal insufficiency, lack of statin use and active/previous smoking were negative predictors of long-term survival following CEA.'], ['From 2005 to 2015, the differences in life expectancy by income increased, largely attributable to deaths from cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and dementia in older age groups and substance use deaths and suicides in younger age groups.'], ['The clinical significance of high heart rate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unexplored.', 'We investigated the association between resting heart rate, pulmonary function, and prognosis in subjects with COPD.', 'Resting heart rate increased with severity of COPD (p<0.001).', 'Resting heart rate was associated with both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality across all stages of COPD (p<0.001).', 'Within each stage of COPD, resting heart rate improved prediction of median life expectancy; the difference between <65 bpm and >85 bpm was 5.5 years without COPD, 9.8 years in mild (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I), 6.7 years in moderate (GOLD stage II) and 5.9 years in severe/very severe COPD (GOLD stage III/IV), (p<0.001).', 'Resting heart rate increases with severity of COPD.', 'Resting heart rate is a readily available clinical variable that improves risk prediction in patients with COPD above and beyond that of pulmonary function alone.', 'Resting heart rate may be a potential target for intervention in COPD.'], ['Pre- and intra-operative variables elected for analysis were: age, gender, body mass index, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatic fever, hypertension, endocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, smoking, Fraction of the left ventricular ejection, critical atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, chronic atrial fibrillation, aortic valve operation prior (conservative), functional class of congestive heart failure, value serum creatinine, total cholesterol, size of the prosthesis used, length and number of distal anastomoses held in myocardial revascularization, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamping time.'], ['Importance: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) after exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is effective in reducing COPD hospitalizations and mortality while improving health-related quality of life, yet use of PR remains low.', 'Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of participation in PR after hospitalization for COPD.', 'Design, Setting, and Participants: This economic evaluation estimated the cost-effectiveness of participation in PR compared with no PR after COPD hospitalization in the US using a societal perspective analysis.', 'Data sources included published literature from October 1, 2001, to April 1, 2021, with the primary source being an analysis of Medicare beneficiaries living with COPD between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2015.', 'Interventions: Pulmonary rehabilitation compared with no PR after COPD hospitalization.', 'Conclusions and Relevance: In this economic evaluation, PR after COPD hospitalization appeared to result in net cost savings along with improvement in QALE.', 'These findings suggest that stakeholders should identify policies to increase access and adherence to PR for patients with COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Severe COPD patients can significantly benefit from bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) treatments with coils or endobronchial valves.', 'METHODS: We included patients with COPD who visited our hospital for a consultation evaluating their eligibility for BLVR treatment and who performed pulmonary function tests during this visit.'], ['Other factors that had a significant effect on survival included higher severity of heart failure symptoms as evaluated by the New York Heart Association class, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, presence of ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fasting hyperglycaemia, and the severity of fatigue, nausea, and pain.'], ['METHODS: 10 major smoking related diseases (seven cancers, stroke, acute myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) were selected for this study.'], ['PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred fourteen persons aged 60 and older with a limited life expectancy secondary to cancer, congestive heart failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; caregivers; and clinicians.'], ['Background: Easyhaler (registered trademark by Orion Corporation) is a multidose dry powder inhaler (DPI) for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), designed to be simple and easy to use.', 'Salmeterol-fluticasone propionate (S-F) Easyhaler (50/250 and 50/500 mug per dose), available in several European countries, provides combined inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta agonist therapy for the management of asthma and COPD.', 'Conclusions: The in vitro performance of S-F Easyhaler at both dose strengths suggests that reliable dosing and robustness can be achieved under real-life stress conditions; S-F Easyhaler is a durable DPI for the management of asthma and COPD.'], ['Preoperative variables negatively associated with long-term survival were serum creatinine >= 150 micromol/L (HR 2.5; 95 % CI 1.4-4.2), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 1.9; 95 % CI 1.2-3.1), atrial fibrillation (HR 2.0; 95 % CI 1.2-3.4), and prior cancer history (HR 1.9; 95 % CI 1.2-3.1).'], ['The most common conditions were severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and American Society of Anesthesiologists Class IV designation.'], ['The multivariate analysis showed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were independently associated with lower survival.'], ['BACKGROUND: The life expectancy of patients with oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is significantly reduced, but the risk of any intervention is considered prohibitive.', 'However, severe COPD may increase the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture.', 'METHODS: A retrospective review of 44 consecutive patients with oxygen-dependent COPD undergoing AAA repair over an 8-year period was performed.', 'CONCLUSIONS: It is reasonable to continue to offer AAA repair to home oxygen-dependent COPD patients who are ambulatory and medically optimized and who are without untreated coronary artery disease.', 'Although EVAR may be the most suitable treatment for oxygen-dependent COPD patients, our results show that even open repair may be safely performed in this population, with acceptable results.'], ['Of 75 Pi Z patients with other types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), all but 7 showed signs of emphysema.', 'Of 91 deceased patients, 56 died from COPD and 12 from liver disease.'], ['We used Cox regressions to estimate risk of incident hospital-diagnoses or death of chronic diseases (i.e., type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, and dementia) during 18 years of follow-up and calculated corresponding chronic disease-free life expectancy from age 30 to age 75.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prognosis of COPD is usually expressed as a 3-year survival rate, which might not be easily understood by lay people.', 'This study estimates the life expectancy (LE) and loss-of-LE for COPD patients with different GOLD stages and patients with a history of acute exacerbation (AE) requiring hospitalization (severe AE) in the preceding year.', 'METHODS: 532 patients who were diagnosed with COPD according to the GOLD criteria at NCKU hospital between 2006 and 2016 were recruited.', 'The loss-of-LE was quantified by subtracting the LE of the COPD cohort from national life tables.', 'RESULTS: The survival of patients with severe stage COPD (GOLD grades 3 and 4) was almost the same as those patients with a history of severe AE and the loss-of-LE for the former and the latter were 9.3 (1.1) and 9.4 (1.3) years, respectively.', 'The loss-of-LE of patients with moderate stage COPD (GOLD grade 2) was 6.2 years, but no reduction in LE was noted for mild stage COPD (GOLD grade 1).', 'CONCLUSIONS: We successfully estimated LE and loss of LE in COPD patients under the GOLD criteria.', 'The survival of severe stage COPD patients is almost the same as those with severe AE history, or about 8-9 years of life lost.'], ['Purpose: Efficient management of COPD represents an international challenge.', 'This analysis aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a home-based disease management (DM) intervention vs usual management (UM) in patients from the COPD Patient Management European Trial (COMET).'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major disease burden which accounts for 5% of all deaths globally, with most of those (>90%) occurring in lower to middle income countries (LMIC).', 'OBJECTIVE: To address the knowledge gap surrounding the nature of the associations between COPD, dementia, and mortality, and the geographical variation of those associations in LMIC.', 'METHODS: Data from the 10/66 study surveying 15,394 participants (mean age 74 years, 62% female) across 8 countries was used to estimate the prevalence of self-reported COPD and its association with incident dementia and premature death.', 'COPD was not significantly associated with dementia incidence except in Cuba.', 'However, fully adjusted models indicated that individuals with COPD were at a 28% increased risk of premature death, a trend present across most countries when analyzed individually.', 'CONCLUSION: The link between COPD and dementia is currently somewhat different and weaker in LMIC than in developed countries.', 'Given the global trend toward increased life expectancy, it is critical that the disease burden associated with COPD be addressed without delay if a further rise in dementia prevalence associated with COPD is to be avoided in LMIC.'], ['The greatest gain in disease-free life expectancy would be lifetime without ischemic heart disease (1.4 years), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.5 years for men and 1.6 years for women), and asthma (1.3 years for men and 1.5 years for women).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) adversely affects the quality of life and life expectancy of patients.', 'The latest guidelines regarding breathing rehabilitation in COPD patients emphasize a significant role of inspiratory muscle exercises.', 'The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an 8-week long inspiratory muscle training, interval training on a cycle ergometer, and training combining both kinds of rehabilitation, on pulmonary function, health-related quality of life, and the tolerance to exercise in patients with COPD.', 'The study was conducted in a group of 43 patients with diagnosed COPD stage II and III according to GOLD.'], ['Both depression and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prevalent, severe and often comorbid disorders.', 'There is a risk of undertreatment for depression in patients with COPD as depressive symptoms, including suicidal tendencies, can erroneously be conceptualised as an understandable reaction to COPD and not as signs of an independent depressive disorder.', 'In this context, the comorbidity rates of COPD and depression, the risk of suicidal behaviour in patients with COPD, and the evidence base for pharmaco- and psychotherapy in these patients are reviewed.', 'Because symptoms of depression and COPD overlap it remains unclear how far the prevalence of major depression in COPD exceeds that in the general population.', 'The suicide risk appears to be increased in COPD.', 'Methodological studies providing evidence for the antidepressant efficacy of antidepressants or psychotherapy in patients with COPD are lacking.', 'Recommendations for clinicians on how to separate depression from an understandable reaction to COPD are provided.', 'Given the profound effects of depression on quality of life, life expectancy, COPD prognosis and suicide risk it is important to carefully diagnose and treat depression in patients with COPD according to national guidelines.'], ['Life expectancy is decreased in obesity and in chronic pulmonary disorders, but does obesity protect against or trigger chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?'], ['The constructed classification trees also show that the use of antipsychotics and the diagnosis of chronic airway obstruction are relevant for classifying patients with more than one chronic condition, in conjunction with the usual DM and/or EH diagnoses.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased risk of death, reducing life expectancy on average between 5 and 7 years.', 'The survival time after diagnosis, however, varies considerably as a result of the heterogeneity of COPD.', 'Therefore, markers that predict individual survival of COPD patients are of great value.', 'We analyzed baseline molecular profiles and collected 54 months of follow-up data of the cohort study "COPD and SYstemic consequences-COmorbidities NETwork" (COSYCONET).', 'Genome-wide microRNA signatures from whole blood collected at time of the inclusion in the study were generated for 533 COPD patients including patients that deceased during the 54-month follow-up period (n = 53) and patients that survived this period (n = 480).', 'We identified two blood-born microRNAs (miR-150-5p and miR-320b) that were highly predictive for survival of COPD patients.', 'Moreover, the abundance of the oncogenic miR-150-5p in blood of COPD patients was predictive for the development of cancer.', 'Thus, molecular profiles measured at the time of a COPD diagnosis have a high predictive power for the survival of patients.'], ['Higher mortality in Appalachia from cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, nephritis or kidney diseases, suicide, unintentional injuries, and drug overdose contributed to lower life expectancy in the region, compared to the rest of the country.'], ['We recruited 152 patients (63% cancer, 24% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 13% heart failure; life expectancy <1 year; mean age 68 years, 56% female) and 92 family caregivers (mean age 61 years, 66% female).'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an incurable group of lung diseases characterised by progressive airflow limitation and loss of lung function, which lead to profound disability.', 'Although COPD is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and its incidence is increasing, current therapies do little to improve the condition.', 'However, as most symptoms occur when the lungs are already extensively and irreversibly damaged, it is uncertain whether an agent able to slow or halt decline in lung function would actually provide relief to COPD patients.', 'Loss of lean body mass (skeletal muscle) has recently been identified as a major determinant of disability in COPD and an independent predictor of mortality.', 'In contrast to lung structure damage, skeletal muscle retains regenerative capacity in COPD.', 'In this review, we discuss mechanisms of wasting in COPD, focusing on therapeutic strategies that might improve the health and productive life expectancy of COPD patients by improving skeletal muscle mass and function.'], ["In our study, we project the future development of Germany's ten most common non-infectious diseases (arthrosis, coronary heart disease, pulmonary, bronchial and tracheal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular diseases, dementia, depression, diabetes, dorsal pain and heart failure) in a Markov illness-death model with recovery until 2060."], ['Further large-scale high-quality studies are needed to reaffirm and expand these findings.Abbreviations: ACSM: American College of Sports Medicine; BMI: Body Mass Index; BNP: Brain Natriuretic Peptide; BP: Blood Pressure; CAD: Coronary Artery Disease; CHD: Coronary Heart Disease; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CRP: c- reactive Protein; CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; ES: Effect Size; FAS: Reduced Fatty Acid Synthase; FATP-1: Reduced Fatty Acid Transport Protein 1; FMD: Flow Mediated Dilation; Hs-CRP: High-sensitivity c- reactive Protein; HDL: High Density Lipoprotein; HIIT: High-Intensity Interval Training; HOMA: Homoeostatic Model Assessment; HR: Heart Rate; HTx: Heart Transplant Recipients; IL-6: Interleukin-6; LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein; LV: Left Ventricular; LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; MD: Mean Difference; MetS: Metabolic Syndrome; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; MICT: Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training; NO: Nitric Oxide; NRCT: Non-Randomised Controlled Trial; PA: Physical Activity; PAI-1: Plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1; QoL: Quality of Life; RCT: Randomised Controlled Trial; RoB: Risk of Bias; RPP: Rate Pressure Product; RT: Resistance Training; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; SD: Standardised Difference; SMD: Standardised Mean Difference; TAU: Treatment-As-Usual; T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; TC: Total Cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; TNF-alfa: Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha; UMD: Unstandardised Mean Difference; WC: Waist Circumference; WHR: Waist-to-Hip Ratio; WMD: Weighted Mean DifferenceKey points: HIIT may improve cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular function, anthropometric variables, exercise capacity, muscular structure and function, and anxiety and depression severity in healthy individuals and those with physical health disorders.Additionally, HIIT appears to be safe and does not seem to be associated with acute injuries or serious cardiovascular events.'], ["BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oxygen and cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil) therapy on dementia in patients with age-exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China's northwestern high-altitude area.", "MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 145 patients with acute exacerbation of COPD admitted to the Gerontology Department of the First People's Hospital of Xining City were initially retrospectively screened.", 'RESULTS Mild dementia was found in 35 of the 145 COPD patients.', 'CONCLUSIONS Dementia in elderly COPD patients was mainly manifested as decreased executive function, attention, language, and delayed recall, while oxygen and donepezil therapy had beneficial effects on the symptoms.'], ['LRYGB cases were closely matched (1:1) with LSG patients by age (+-1 year), BMI (+-1 kg/m2), gender, preoperative steroid or immunosuppressant use, preoperative functional health status and comorbidities including: diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, venous stasis, sleep apnea and history of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To verify and describe the main events related to the diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in children (COPDC) and adolescents, considering the interrelated physiopathology, genetic, and environmental characteristics.'], ['Causes of death contributing most to the increasing rural-urban disparity and lower life expectancy in rural areas include heart disease, unintentional injuries, COPD, lung cancer, stroke, suicide, and diabetes.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of adding a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, roflumilast, to a long-acting bronchodilator therapy (LABA) for the treatment of patients with severe-to-very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with chronic bronchitis with a history of frequent exacerbations from the UK payer perspective.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The addition of roflumilast to LABA in the treatment of patients with severe-to-very severe COPD reduces the rate of exacerbations and can be cost-effective in the UK setting.'], ['Patients with large AAAs were older (P < .0001), had higher operative risk (P = .01), and were more likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = .005), obesity (P = .03), and congestive heart failure (P = .004).'], ['Factors such as age, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aneurysm extent, and previous aortic surgery, were not significant.'], ['BACKGROUND: Despite widespread use of therapies such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continue to suffer, have reduced life expectancy and utilise considerable NHS resources.', 'Laboratory investigations have demonstrated that at low plasma concentrations (1-5 mg/l) theophylline markedly enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids in COPD.', 'OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of adding low-dose theophylline to a drug regimen containing ICSs in people with COPD at high risk of exacerbation.', 'PARTICIPANTS: People with COPD [i.e.', 'Hospital admissions due to COPD exacerbation were less frequent with low-dose theophylline (adjusted IRR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.94).', 'CONCLUSION: For people with COPD at high risk of exacerbation, the addition of low-dose oral theophylline to a drug regimen that includes ICSs confers no overall clinical or health economic benefit.', 'FUTURE WORK: To promote consideration of the findings of this trial in national and international COPD guidelines.'], ['Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of developing lung cancer and may benefit from screening at lower pack-year thresholds.', 'METHODS: We used a previously validated simulation model to compare the health benefits of lung cancer screening in current and former smokers ages 55-80 with >=30 pack-years with hypothetical programs using lower pack-year thresholds for individuals with COPD (>=20, >=10, and >=1 pack-years).', 'Calibration targets for COPD prevalence and associated lung cancer risk were derived using the Framingham Offspring Study limited data set.', 'We performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate the stability of results across different rates of adherence to screening, increased competing mortality risk from COPD, and increased surgical ineligibility in individuals with COPD.', 'RESULTS: Programs using lower pack-year thresholds for individuals with COPD yielded the highest life expectancy gains for a given number of screens.', 'Highest life expectancy was achieved when lowering the pack-year threshold to >=1 pack-year for individuals with COPD, which dominated all other screening strategies.', 'These results were stable across different adherence rates to screening and increases in competing mortality risk for COPD and surgical ineligibility.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Current and former smokers with COPD may disproportionately benefit from lung cancer screening.'], ['Smokers are at increased risk of a number of diseases, including COPD which affects an estimated 1.5 million people in England alone.', 'Issues explored included knowledge of smoking related disease, with a particular emphasis on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).', 'RESULTS: Knowledge of the smoking related disease COPD was limited.', 'More work also needs to be done to raise awareness around both the risk of COPD in smokers and the impact this disease has on quality of life and life expectancy.'], ['Survival probabilities were estimated by comorbidity group (no, low/medium, and high) and for the 3 most prevalent conditions (diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and congestive heart failure) by using the Cox proportional hazards model.'], ['DESIGN: We interviewed 215 patients age > or = 60 years with advanced cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or heart failure (HF) at least every 4 months for up to 2 years.', 'RESULTS: In their final survey, clinicians reported discussing hospice with 46% of patients with cancer, compared to 10% with COPD and 7% with HF.'], ['Recipients from the most socially vulnerable counties when compared to the least vulnerable were more likely to have COPD as a native disease, Black or African American race, and travel longer distances to reach a transplant center.'], ['Models included age, sex, race or ethnicity, prevalent heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, smoking status, diabetes, body-mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hepatitis C virus infection, liver cirrhosis, and drug use as covariates.'], ['The number of senile patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has recently increased due to an increase in life expectancy, the habit of smoking and the inhalation of toxic particles.', 'COPD exacerbations are caused by airway bacterial and viral infections, as well as the inhalation of oxidative substrates.', 'COPD exacerbations are associated with the worsening of symptoms and quality of life, as well as an increased mortality rate.', 'Several drugs, including long-acting anti-cholinergic agents, long-acting beta(2)-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids, have been developed to improve symptoms in COPD patients and to prevent COPD exacerbations.', 'Treatment with macrolide antibiotics has been reported to prevent COPD exacerbations and improve patient quality of life and symptoms, especially in those patients who have frequent exacerbations.', 'These unique activities may relate to the prevention of exacerbations in COPD patients who receive macrolides.', 'Herein, we review the inhibitory effects that macrolides have on COPD exacerbations and explore the possible mechanisms of these effects.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with cough, sputum production or dyspnoea and a reduction in lung function, quality of life and life expectancy.', 'Roflumilast and cilomilast are oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors proposed to reduce the airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction seen in COPD.', 'OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral PDE4 inhibitors in the management of stable COPD.', 'SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs if they compared oral PDE4 inhibitors with placebo in people with COPD.', 'We allowed co-administration of standard COPD therapy.', 'These included people across international study centres with moderate to very severe COPD (GOLD grades II-IV), with a mean age of 64 years.Treatment with a PDE4 inhibitor was associated with a significant improvement in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) over the trial period compared with placebo (MD 45.60 mL; 95% confidence interval (CI) 39.45 to 51.75, 22 trials with 15,670 participants, moderate quality evidence due to moderate levels of heterogeneity and risk of reporting bias).', "There were small improvements in quality of life (St George's Respiratory Questionnaire MD -1.04; 95% CI -1.66 to -0.41, 10 trials with 7618 participants, moderate quality evidence due to moderate levels of heterogeneity and risk of reporting bias) and COPD-related symptoms, but no change in exercise tolerance.", 'Treatment with a PDE4 inhibitor was associated with a reduced likelihood of COPD exacerbation (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.83, high quality evidence).', "AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In people with COPD, PDE4 inhibitors offered benefit over placebo in improving lung function and reducing the likelihood of exacerbations; however, they had little impact on quality of life or symptoms.", 'The optimum place of PDE4 inhibitors in COPD management therefore remains to be defined.', 'Longer-term trials are needed to determine whether or not PDE4 inhibitors modify FEV1 decline, hospitalisation or mortality in COPD.'], ['Air pollution by diesel exhaust particles is associated with elevated mortality and increased hospital admissions in individuals with respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'We therefore investigated whether chronic fourteen day exposure to low concentrations of diesel exhaust particles can alter the phenotype and function of monocytes from healthy individuals and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'Monocytes were purified from the blood of healthy individuals and people with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.', 'Chronic fourteen day exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages to concentrations of diesel exhaust particles >10 microg/ml caused mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, and a gradual loss of cells over time both in healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease individuals.', 'Chronic diesel exhaust particle exposure may therefore alter both numbers and function of lung macrophages differentiating from locally recruited monocytes in the lungs of healthy people and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['MAIN RESULTS: Duration of cigarette smoking was strongly associated with mortality from cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, whereas both the number of cigarettes smoked as well as duration of cigarette smoking were strongly associated with all-cause mortality.'], ["SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Community-dwelling persons 60 years of age and older who were seriously ill with cancer, congestive heart failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their caregivers were interviewed every 4 months and more frequently with a decline in the patient's status for up to one year."], ['Acute lower respiratory tract infections accounted for 22% of all deaths, chronic obstructive lung disease 10%, trauma 8% and gastroenteritis/dysentery 7%.'], ['Long-term oxygen therapy is largely used in the management of severe hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: It is well described that there is social inequality in the disease course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the impact of social relations is less explored.', 'We aimed to investigate the impact of adult offspring and their educational level on readmission and death among older adults with COPD.', 'METHODS: In total, 71 084 older adults born 1935-53 with COPD diagnosed at age >=65 years in 2000-2018 were included.', 'Multistate survival models were performed to estimate the impact of adult offspring (offspring (reference) vs no offspring) and their educational level (low, medium or high (reference)) on the transition intensities between three states: COPD diagnosis, readmission and all-cause death.'], ['Age, history of cancer, liver disease, chronic renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, atrial arrhythmia and coronary disease, red cell distribution width (RDW) > 15%, positive blood culture, hematocrit < 30% and living in a nursing home were independent risk factors for reduced long-term survival after hospital discharge.'], ['METHOD: A register-based retrospective nested case-control study was conducted, identifying incident cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer and diabetes, as well as mortality due to these diseases, across the lifespan in schizophrenia.', 'The RR of COPD and diabetes were increased across the lifespan.', 'The RR of all-cause mortality and mortality from CVD, COPD and diabetes remained elevated in all age groups in schizophrenia.'], ['INTRODUCTION: In light of the growing evidence base for better clinical results with the use of the dual bronchodilator indacaterol/glycopyrronium (IND/GLY) over inhaled corticosteroid-containing salmeterol/fluticasone combination (SFC), this study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of IND/GLY over SFC in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are at low risk of exacerbations, in the Singapore healthcare setting.', 'CONCLUSION: IND/GLY was estimated to be highly cost-effective compared to SFC in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD who are not at high risk of exacerbations in the Singapore healthcare setting.'], ['BACKGROUND: Little information is available regarding the vulnerability of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China.', 'We interviewed and administered questionnaires to 2825 male and 2825 female patients with COPD and subjected the data generated to statistical analysis.', 'CONCLUSION: We found that patients with COPD were vulnerable and that factors determining vulnerability were different for men than for women.', 'Therefore, we recommend adopting different measures for men and women when attempting to prevent, control, and treat COPD, rehabilitate these patients, and improve their quality of life.'], ['Patients with chronic respiratory disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are generally very inactive physically, and this physical inactivity is detrimental to their health.'], ['RATIONALE: Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes increased mortality in the general population.', 'MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Pulmonary function testing classified patients as having Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 COPD or restriction.', 'COPD is associated with only a modest reduction in life expectancy for never smokers, but with a very large reduction for current and former smokers.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Persons with COPD have an increased risk of mortality compared to those who do not, with consequent reduction in life expectancy.'], ['Neutrophils are considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and severe asthma.', 'Recent guidelines recommend the use of a combination of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) in the treatment of COPD with exacerbations and asthma not adequately controlled by ICS alone.'], ['METHOD: Qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 20 GPs and 30 of their patients with a life expectancy of less than 6 months, and cancer, heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as underlying disease.'], ['The inverse relation between education and mortality was strongest for coronary heart disease, lung cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; moderate for colorectal cancer, external causes (men only), and stroke; weak for prostate cancer; and reversed for external causes among women.'], ['The decomposition by cause of death showed that smaller mortality reductions from other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which contributed most to the increase in life expectancy at age 85 in the 1970s, and mortality increases from, amongst others, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mental disorders and diabetes mellitus produced the decrease (men) and plateau (women) in life expectancy at age 85.'], ['Multivariate factors that were associated with perioperative complications and mortality included male gender, a high Child-Pugh score, the presence of ascites, a diagnosis of cirrhosis other than primary biliary cirrhosis (especially cryptogenic cirrhosis), an elevated creatinine concentration, the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, preoperative infection, preoperative upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a high American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status rating, a high surgical severity score, surgery on the respiratory system, and the presence of intraoperative hypotension.'], ['Human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures at air-liquid interface are a physiologically relevant in vitro model of this heterogeneous tissue and have enabled numerous studies of airway disease.'], ['However, the incidence of non-AIDS associated lung comorbidities, such as COPD and asthma, and that of opportunistic lung infections have become more common among this population.', 'Together our data suggest that in patients with chronic airway diseases, TGF-beta can elevate the HIV viral reservoir load that could further exacerbate the HIV associated lung comorbidities.'], ['METHODS: Data from 2011 to 2017 was leveraged from Optum Clinformatics Data Mart; a nationwide claims database from a single private payer in the U.S. Data were extracted from adults (18+ years) with and without NDDs that sustained a low-trauma fracture between 01/01/2012-12/31/2016, as well as pre-fracture chronic diseases (i.e., cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cancer).'], ['The five leading individual causes of DALYs in India in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, and cerebrovascular disease; and the five leading risk factors for DALYs in 2016 were child and maternal malnutrition, air pollution, dietary risks, high systolic blood pressure, and high fasting plasma glucose.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common causes of mortality and a major contributor to morbidity.', 'AIMS: To investigate and describe the COPD population from a nationwide perspective during an 11-year period (1999-2009) with a focus on management, co-morbidity, and mortality.', 'METHODS: This observational retrospective epidemiological study linked electronic medical records data from patients with COPD in primary care to mandatory Swedish hospital, drug and Cause of Death registry data from 1999 to 2009 (PATHOS).', 'RESULTS: A total of 21,361 patients with a COPD diagnosis were included (mean age 68.0 years, 53% females).', 'The number of exacerbations decreased from 3.0 to 1.3 and COPD-related hospitalisations decreased from 1.02 to 0.20 per patient per year.', 'Overall life expectancy was 8.3+-6.8 years shorter in patients with COPD than in the general population, and all- cause mortality was 3.5 times higher.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Management of COPD in Sweden has improved during the 11-year study period.', 'Despite this, patients with COPD have a substantially reduced life expectancy than the general population.'], ['The indication for nocturnal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) remains controversial in chronic obstructive lung disease.'], ['Addressing sleep disorders will be highly beneficial in elderly COPD patients with sleep disorders.'], ['Most common or relevant indications for TAVI were reduced life expectancy (eg cardiogenic shock or severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, morbid obesity, active or recent extra-cardiac cancer, porcelain aorta, neurologic disability, cirrhosis, or prior surgical aortic valve replacement, as well as extreme cachexia, and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria.'], ['Male sex, baseline eGFR of less than 50 ml/min/1.73 m2, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, moderate / severe paravalvular leak, absence of postdilatation, major vascular complication, and stroke at 30 days were independently associated with long-term mortality.'], ['The unfit cohort was more likely to be older and female, with a greater proportion of hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and larger aneurysm diameters.'], ['RESULTS: 202 subjects met eligibility criteria: 24% had a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea, 6% obesity hypoventilation, 46% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 10% asthma.'], ['Only 5 outcomes (9.0%; higher likelihood of presence of breathlessness, higher chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] prevalence, maternal sepsis, higher risk of anemia, and higher risk of all fractures among people living with HIV [PLWHIV]) showed suggestive evidence, with P values < 10-3; only 3 (5.5%; higher prevalence of cough in cross-sectional studies, higher incidence of pregnancy-related mortality, and higher incidence of ischemic heart disease among PLWHIV in cohort studies) outcomes showed stronger evidence using a stringent P value (<10-6).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Results show highly suggestive and suggestive evidence for HIV and the presence of a cough, COPD, ischemic heart disease, pregnancy-related mortality, maternal sepsis, and bone fractures.'], ['There is growing epidemiologic data demonstrating sex differences with respect to prevalence and progression of airway diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF-related bronchiectasis.', 'In COPD, a disease that was historically considered an illness of men, the number of women dying per year is now greater than in men.'], ['Stepwise logistic regression identified chronic obstructive airways disease as an independent predictor of mortality (p < 0.05).'], ['Respiratory tract infections, TB, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and interstitial pulmonary disease are examples of common respiratory diseases (CRDs).'], ['This topic, and the review question relating to supporting evidence to avoid or lessen the effects of air pollution, emerged directly from a group of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in South London, UK.'], ['Nonagenarians had a lower body mass index (P < .001), smaller BSA (P < .001), and a lower prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = .023) but a higher Society of Thoracic Surgeons score (P < .001).'], ['Common indications for lung transplantation include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Long-term oxygen therapy is the most effective method which has been shown to prolong the lifespan in people with COPD.', 'The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of health education given by nurses to patients with COPD on the daily oxygen concentrator (OC) usage time.'], ['STUDY SELECTION: Of the 15 most common chronic diseases, we selected hypertension, chronic heart failure, stable angina, atrial fibrillation, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and osteoporosis, which are usually managed in primary care, choosing CPGs promulgated by national and international medical organizations for each.', 'For a hypothetical 79-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension, and osteoarthritis, we aggregated the recommendations from the relevant CPGs.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To develop a Markov model that allows the cost effectiveness of interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to be estimated, and to apply the model to investigate the cost effectiveness of an inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (beta(2)-agonist) combination (salmeterol/fluticasone propionate) versus usual care.', 'Efficacy data for the combination of inhaled salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/500microg twice daily in poorly reversible COPD patients with a history of exacerbations were obtained from the 1-year TRISTAN (TRial of Inhaled STeroids ANd long-acting beta-agonists) study and applied to the model, based on patient profiles representative of COPD clinical trials.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This Markov model allows, for the first time, a means of estimating the long-term cost effectiveness and cost utility of interventions for COPD.', "Initial evidence suggests that for patients with poorly reversible COPD and a documented history of frequent COPD exacerbations, the addition of salmeterol (a long-acting beta(2)-agonist) to fluticasone propionate (an inhaled corticosteroid) is potentially cost effective from the Canadian healthcare payer's perspective.", 'However, the precision of this estimate will be improved when additional data are available from clinical trials such as the ongoing TORCH (TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health) study.'], ['Although there is little longitudinal follow-up data beyond adolescence, imaging studies suggest that these infants are highly likely to suffer with respiratory problems akin to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in later adulthood.'], ['PURPOSE: Inhaled corticosteroids reduce exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their cost-effectiveness is not known.', 'METHODS: We used a Markov model to determine, from a societal perspective, the cost-effectiveness of four treatment strategies involving inhaled corticosteroids: no use regardless of COPD severity; use in all disease stages; use in patients with stage 2 or 3 disease (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV(1)] <50% of predicted); and use in patients with stage 3 disease (FEV(1) <35% of predicted).', 'Providing inhaled corticosteroids to all COPD patients was associated with a less favorable cost-effectiveness ratio.', 'CONCLUSION: In patients with COPD, use of inhaled corticosteroids in those with stage 2 or 3 disease for 3 years results in improved quality-adjusted life expectancy at a cost that is similar to that of other therapies commonly used in clinical practice.'], ['We sought to assess the cost-effectiveness of PAC in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary artery catheterization in COPD exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation is expensive compared to accepted medical interventions for other conditions, unless changes in therapy prompted by catheterization increase hospital survival to a level 8.7% above baseline.'], ['There are, however, three areas of serious concern: (1) The risk of developing progressive airway damage (obliterative bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis) is high.'], ['To illustrate the impact of the modeling choices discussed, we use (results of) a model for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a case study.', 'The COPD case study illustrates the issues described in the article and helps understanding them better.'], ['The proportion of deaths due to all types of heart disease combined, all non-AIDS cancers combined, mental disorders resulting from substance abuse, drug overdose, suicide and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increased significantly over time.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic bronchitis is a phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by chronic cough and sputum production, associated with an increased rate of COPD exacerbations and hospital admissions, a more rapid decline in lung function and reduced life expectancy.', 'SUMMARY: Interventional bronchoscopy is a rapidly expanding field and its application in the treatment of chronic bronchitis has been recognized by the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD).'], ['We will continue to record the height, weight, and blood pressure of all participants, as well as lung function for those with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Compared with their symptoms while at their summer places of residence, rates of remission reported by participants while living in Sanya were 80.4% for allergic rhinitis, 82.3% for bronchitis and emphysema, 85.2% for asthma, 96.0% for COPD (P < 0.001).'], ['OBJECTIVES: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease associated with ageing.', 'This research aimed to analyse the relationship between PhenoAgeAccel and lung function and COPD.', 'We defined people with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity <0.70 after inhaled bronchodilators as COPD and the rest of the population as non-COPD.', 'PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Linear and logistic regression were used to investigate the relationship between PhenoAgeAccel, lung function and COPD.', 'Subgroup analysis was performed by gender, age, ethnicity and smoking index COPD.', 'RESULTS: 5397 participants were included in our study, of which 1042 had COPD.', 'Compared with PhenoAgeAccel Quartile1, Quartile 4 had a 52% higher probability of COPD; elevated PhenoAgeAccel was also significantly associated with reduced lung function.', 'Further subgroup analysis showed that high levels of PhenoAgeAccel had a more significant effect on lung function in COPD, older adults and whites (P for interaction <0.05).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that accelerated ageing is associated with the development of COPD and impaired lung function.', 'Smoking cessation and anti-ageing therapy have potential significance in COPD.'], ['EXPERT OPINION: There is limited data on the epidemiology of emphysema in LMIC, where more than 90% of deaths from COPD occur and where the morbidity of HIV is most heavily concentrated.'], ['Purpose: Clinically important deterioration (CID) is a composite endpoint developed to quantify the impact of pharmacological treatment in clinical trials for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), also showing a prognostic value.', "CID is defined as any of the following condition: forced expiratory volume in 1 s decrease >=100 mL from baseline, and/or St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire total score increase >=4-unit from baseline, and/or the occurrence of a moderate-to-severe exacerbation of COPD.", 'Although most COPD patients experience a clinical worsening as they get older, to date, no specific studies assessed the correlation between ageing and CID in COPD.', 'Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of ageing on CID in COPD patients.', 'Patients and Methods: Data obtained from 55219 COPD patients were extracted from 17 papers, mostly post-hoc analyses.', 'A pairwise meta-analysis and a meta-regression analysis were performed according to PRISMA-P guidelines to quantify the impact of pharmacological therapy on CID and to determine whether ageing might modulate the risk of CID in COPD patients.', 'Results: Inhaled treatments resulted generally effective in reducing the risk of CID in COPD (relative risk: 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.79-0.84; P < 0.001).', 'Conclusion: This quantitative synthesis suggests that inhaled therapy is effective in reducing the risk of CID in COPD, although such a protective effect may be affected in older patients with impaired lung function.', 'Further studies specifically designed on CID in COPD are needed to confirm these results.'], ['Having less than eight years of education, presence of polypharmacy, the presence of comorbidity (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, thyroid, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and mental disorders) were associated with significantly higher MRCI scores (p < 0.05).'], ['Results: Women with more education, women with lung disease, COPD, or asthma, and women and men diagnosed with cancer in the past 5 years were more likely to postpone any cancer screening test/procedure due to the COVID-19 pandemic.'], ['This article employs an ethnographic approach to conduct a gerontological investigation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third leading cause of global mortality, trailing only cardiovascular diseases and cancers.', 'Results: The findings expound that individuals grappling with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease often undergo intricate cognitive and emotional experiences, necessitating holistic solutions that consider psychological processes, contextual factors, and subjective age.', 'Conclusion: This article concludes that the lens of gerontology is invaluable in comprehending chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, particularly due to its association with old age and increased longevity.', "Breathlessness, a cardinal symptom, often overlaps with normal age-related declines in pulmonary function, rendering COPD's insidious onset misconstrued as a consequence of aging-related changes."], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contributes significantly to the death of people worldwide, especially the elderly.', 'An essential feature of COPD is pulmonary inflammation, which results from long-term exposure to noxious substances from cigarette smoking and other environmental pollutants.', 'Pulmonary inflammatory mediators spill over to the blood, leading to systemic inflammation, which is believed to play a significant role in the onset of a host of comorbidities associated with COPD.', 'A substantial comorbidity of concern in COPD patients that is often overlooked in COPD management is cognitive impairment.', 'The exact pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in COPD patients remains a mystery; however, hypoxia, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and cerebral manifestations of these conditions are believed to play crucial roles.', 'Furthermore, the use of medications to treat cognitive impairment symptomatology in COPD patients has been reported to be associated with life-threatening adverse effects, hence the need for alternative medications with reduced side effects.', 'In this Review, we aim to discuss the impact of cognitive impairment in COPD management and the potential mechanisms associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment in COPD patients.', 'The promising roles of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) in improving cognitive deficits in COPD patients are also discussed.', 'Interestingly, omega-3 PUFAs can potentially enhance the cognitive impairment symptomatology associated with COPD because they can modulate inflammatory processes, activate the antioxidant defence system, and promote amyloid-beta clearance from the brain.', 'Thus, clinical studies are crucial to assess the efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in managing cognitive impairment in COPD patients.'], ['PURPOSE: Swallowing impairment is a serious extra-pulmonary manifestation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).', 'Previous studies suggest that individuals with stable COPD show atypical values for several videofluoroscopy measures of swallowing, compared to healthy adults under age 60.', 'In this study, we aimed to clarify how swallowing in people with stable COPD differs from age-matched healthy controls.', 'METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of videofluoroscopy data from two previously-collected datasets: a) a sample of 28 adults with stable COPD (18 male); b) a sample of 76 healthy adults, from which 28 adults were selected, matched for sex and age to participants in the COPD cohort.', 'RESULTS: Across the consistencies tested, participants with COPD showed significantly shorter durations of LVC, earlier onsets and shorter durations of UES opening, and reduced pharyngeal constriction.', 'CONCLUSION: These results point to features of swallowing in people with stable COPD that differ from changes seen with healthy aging, and which represent risks for potential aspiration.'], ['Advancing age is the most important risk factor for the development of and mortality from acute and chronic lung diseases, including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis.'], ["Patients' OS and RFS nomograms were developed by incorporating independent survival predictors including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), age >= 75 years, PNI-low, tumor presence of satellite nodules, capsule, and microvascular invasion.", 'In conclusion, for elderly HCC patients, COPD, age >= 75 years, PNI-low, and tumor presence of satellite nodules, capsule, and microvascular invasion were independent prognostic factors.'], ['RATIONALE: Despite the importance of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the immune cell landscape in the lung tissue of patients with mild-moderate disease has not been well characterized at the single-cell and molecular level.', 'OBJECTIVE: To define the immune cell landscape in lung tissue from patients with mild-moderate COPD at single-cell resolution.', 'METHODS: We performed single-cell transcriptomic (RNA-seq), proteomic (CITE-seq), and T cell receptor repertoire analysis on lung tissue from patients with mild-moderate COPD (n=5, GOLD I or II), emphysema without airflow obstruction (n=5), end-stage COPD (n=2), control (n=6), or donors (n=4).', 'We validated in an independent patient cohort (N=929) and integrated with the Hhip(+/-) murine model of COPD.', 'MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mild-moderate COPD lungs have increased abundance of two CD8+ T cell subpopulations: cytotoxic KLRG1+TIGIT+CX3CR1+T effector memory CD45RA+(TEMRA) cells; and DNAM-1+CCR5+T resident memory (TRM) cells.', 'In an independent cohort, the CD8+KLRG1+TEMRA gene signature is increased in mild-moderate COPD lung compared to control or end-stage COPD lung.', 'Human CD8+KLRG1+TEMRA cells are similar to CD8+ T cells driving inflammation in an aging-related, murine model of COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: CD8+ TEMRA cells are increased in mild-moderate COPD lung and may contribute to inflammation that precedes severe disease.', 'Further study of these CD8+T cells may have therapeutic implications for preventing severe COPD.'], ['Most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have at least one additional, clinically relevant chronic disease.', 'Those with the most severe airflow obstruction will die from respiratory failure, but most patients with COPD die from non-respiratory disorders, particularly cardiovascular diseases and cancer.', 'As many chronic diseases have shared risk factors (eg, ageing, smoking, pollution, inactivity, and poverty), we argue that a shift from the current paradigm in which COPD is considered as a single disease with comorbidities, to one in which COPD is considered as part of a multimorbid state-with co-occurring diseases potentially sharing pathobiological mechanisms-is needed to advance disease prevention, diagnosis, and management.', 'The term syndemics is used to describe the co-occurrence of diseases with shared mechanisms and risk factors, a novel concept that we propose helps to explain the clustering of certain morbidities in patients diagnosed with COPD.', 'A syndemics approach to understanding COPD could have important clinical implications, in which the complex disease presentations in these patients are addressed through proactive diagnosis, assessment of severity, and integrated management of the COPD multimorbid state, with a patient-centred rather than a single-disease approach.'], ['There was a high prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus (32.1%), hypertension (26.7%), hypotension (20%), skin diseases (28.4%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (16.5%).'], ['BACKGROUND: and objective: This study examined the validity of sniff nasal inspiratory (SNIP) and reverse-sniff nasal expiratory pressures (RSNEP) for estimating respiratory muscle strength and for predicting poor life expectancy following exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'METHODS: This prospective study included patients who were admitted for COPD exacerbation and underwent rehabilitation.', 'At hospital discharge, SNIP, RSNEP, and maximum mouth inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressures (MEP) were measured, and the body mass index, degree of airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index was calculated by evaluating body mass index, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), the Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale, and 6-min walk distance.', 'CONCLUSION: After exacerbation in patients with COPD, SNIP and RSNEP are useful indicators that complement MIP and MEP.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow obstruction on spirometry and symptoms such as dyspnea on exertion and chronic cough with sputum production, thus making it a significant healthcare issue worldwide.', 'Japanese patients with COPD have unique characteristics compared to patients in Western countries, including older age and lower exacerbation frequency.', 'The Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) published the 6th edition of the COPD guideline in June 2022.', 'This article introduces the management goals of COPD and describes its management during the stable phase, as outlined in the guideline.', 'Pharmacotherapy using inhalation bronchodilators is a key component of the treatment of stable COPD.', 'Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are used in combination with long-acting bronchodilators, especially in patients with asthma and COPD overlap, or those experiencing frequent exacerbation of eosinophilia.'], ['BACKGROUND: Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are leading cause of death throughout the world.', 'OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to examine the magnitude of concomitant COPD and differences according to sex and heart failure type, in terms of the prevalence of COPD among nursing home residents with heart failure.', 'The diagnoses of heart failure and COPD were operationalized through a review of nursing home admission, progress notes, and physical examination findings.', 'RESULTS: The average age of this study population was 81.3 +- 11.0 years, 67.3% were women, and 53.8% had COPD.', 'A slightly higher prevalence of COPD was found among men than women.', 'In both men and women, there was a higher prevalence of COPD among those with various chronic conditions and current tobacco users.', 'CONCLUSIONS: COPD is highly prevalent among medically complex middle-aged and older nursing home residents with heart failure.', 'Future research should focus on increasing our understanding of factors that influence the risk and optimal management of COPD and heart failure to improve the quality of life for nursing home residents.'], ['OBJECT: To investigate whether the prevalence of positive ANA was increased in COPD with interstitial lung abnormality (ILA).', 'METHODS: Patients with COPD from 1 September 2019 to 31 August were consecutive enrolled in this cross-sectional study.', 'RESULTS: In the study period, 100 patients with COPD were enrolled, with 90 (90.0%) males, aging 69.4 +- 8.3 years.', 'CONCLUSION: The presence of ILA in patients with COPD was associated with a higher prevalence of positive ANA.'], ['However, chronic airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, affect millions of people worldwide.'], ['Background: Education levels play a critical role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which mainly affects the elderly, who generally have a low level of education in China.', 'We aimed to investigate the association between education level and COPD clinical characteristics and outcomes, especially the effects of education level on the all-cause mortality of COPD in the Chinese population.', 'Methods: We retrieved data collected between December 2016 and June 2020 in the RealDTC, an ongoing multicenter, real-world study on the status of diagnosis and treatment of COPD.', 'We extracted data on demographics, pulmonary function, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grades, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scores, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) scores, exacerbation history, therapy, and comorbidities, and on mortality during three years of follow-up.', 'Results: We included 4098 patients with COPD, of whom 3258 (79.5%) were of low education.', 'Furthermore, low-education COPD patients had a higher cumulative mortality risk during three years of follow-up than their high-education counterparts (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17-2.61, P = 0.006).', 'Conclusions: Low-education COPD patients, who accounted for most of our sample, had a higher symptom burden, risk of exacerbation, and risk of all-cause mortality.', 'Clinicians attending COPD patients should be more attentive of individuals with low education levels.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of sarcopenia on clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes in elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.', 'PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty elderly COPD patients (age>60) recruited from Beijing Shijingshan Hospital were divided into sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups according to the severity of sarcopenia at the first admission.', 'One year followed-up by outpatient visits was focused on clinical characteristics and telephone follow-ups for collecting all-cause deaths and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as end-point events.', "The proportional hazards model (COX) regression was performed to determine the effect of sarcopenia on COPD patients' prognoses.", 'Multivariate analysis showed that the occurrence of sarcopenia in elderly COPD patients was correlated with forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) (OR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.94-1.0, p=0.035), body mass index (BMI) (OR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.71-0.89, p=0.035) and hemoglobin (OR=0.98, 95% CI: 0.96-1.0, p=0.023).', 'Furthermore, the COX regression indicated the association of sarcopenia with acute exacerbations of COPD within the follow-up period (HR=2.4, 95% CI: 1.01-5.72, p=0.048).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia increases the risk of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly.', 'Sarcopenia incidence in elderly COPD is associated with FEV1, BMI, and hemoglobin and closely monitoring indicators is useful for early diagnosis of sarcopenia.'], ['The main biological processes involved in the emergence of OLF induced by mixed heavy metals were listed as inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways, lung fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as cytokine activity, monooxygenase activity, oxidoreductase activity, and interleukin-8 production.'], ['Also, secondary sarcopenia occurs when other diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, cirrhosis, myocardial failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and inflammatory bowel disease also contribute to muscle loss.'], ['The proportions of older OSA patients who had comorbid hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and ischemic stroke were significantly higher than those of younger patients.']], 'numbers of articles': 1965, 'JT': ['Medicine', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'Respiratory research', 'Respiratory research', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'BMC cardiovascular disorders', 'Aging', 'Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis', 'Clinical laboratory', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'The Indian journal of medical research', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Archives of virology', 'Medicina clinica', 'Drug and alcohol dependence', 'BMJ open respiratory research', 'Kardiologiia', 'BioMed research international', 'Respiratory research', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'BMJ open', 'Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica', 'Toxicology letters', 'Scientific reports', 'Clinical nutrition ESPEN', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of biological sciences', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Chest', 'International journal of surgical oncology', 'The Lancet. Public health', 'The Journal of infection', 'Frontiers in public health', 'BMC health services research', 'Age and ageing', 'Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)', 'Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'PloS one', 'Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Georgian medical news', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Biomolecules', 'Reviews in medical virology', 'Thorax', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Current vascular pharmacology', 'Journal of social work in end-of-life & palliative care', 'Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN', 'The European respiratory journal', 'BMC cancer', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Frontiers in public health', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'BMC cardiovascular disorders', 'British journal of community nursing', 'Handbook of experimental pharmacology', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'EBioMedicine', 'Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P', 'Journal of palliative care', 'Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners', 'Wiener klinische Wochenschrift', 'Gerontology', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'BMJ open', 'Scientific reports', 'Molecular neurodegeneration', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences', 'Journal of advanced nursing', 'Medicine', 'PloS one', 'Environmental science and pollution research international', 'American journal of otolaryngology', 'Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'International journal of clinical practice', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'The American journal of Chinese medicine', 'Journal of cardiac failure', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society', 'MEDICC review', 'COPD', 'Journal of medical case reports', 'Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Sleep medicine', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'Stem cells translational medicine', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Chest', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Scientific reports', 'The Senior care pharmacist', 'The Senior care pharmacist', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ', 'Environment international', 'Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Clinical nutrition ESPEN', 'BMC cardiovascular disorders', 'Pediatric pulmonology', 'Trials', 'Scientific reports', 'Acta clinica Belgica', 'Respiratory research', 'Current opinion in anaesthesiology', 'BMJ open', 'BMC infectious diseases', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Journal of general internal medicine', 'European geriatric medicine', 'Respiratory physiology & neurobiology', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'Thorax', 'Environmental health and preventive medicine', 'Mayo Clinic proceedings', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'BMJ open', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Gaceta medica de Mexico', 'Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Problemy radiatsiinoi medytsyny ta radiobiolohii', 'Nurse education today', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Respiratory medicine', 'BMJ open respiratory research', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Medicine', 'Current opinion in pharmacology', 'Ageing research reviews', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension', 'Georgian medical news', 'PloS one', 'European journal of preventive cardiology', 'Age and ageing', 'PloS one', 'Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)', 'Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis', 'Journal of Korean medical science', 'Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'BMJ open', 'Journal of pain and symptom management', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Scientific reports', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Nutrients', 'Chest', 'BMJ open', 'BMC geriatrics', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Journal of hypertension', 'Age and ageing', 'Cytopathology : official journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology', 'PloS one', 'British journal of anaesthesia', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Scientific reports', 'Age and ageing', 'Advances in respiratory medicine', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Trials', 'Journal of cardiothoracic surgery', 'Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy', 'Journal of the American Heart Association', 'GeroScience', 'Aging', 'Neuroscience letters', 'Anaesthesia', 'Acta medica portuguesa', 'BMC geriatrics', 'The Science of the total environment', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Methods of information in medicine', 'The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM', 'BMC infectious diseases', 'Medicine', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Aging', 'The Gerontologist', 'BMC geriatrics', 'The Lancet. Respiratory medicine', 'Endocrine', 'Journal of the neurological sciences', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases', 'Injury', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'Journal of medical Internet research', 'The Senior care pharmacist', 'Annals of palliative medicine', 'PloS one', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Journal of the American Heart Association', 'Redox biology', 'International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health', 'Environmental science and pollution research international', 'International journal of dermatology', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology and geriatrics', 'European geriatric medicine', 'European geriatric medicine', 'European geriatric medicine', 'Minerva medica', 'Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease', 'Head & neck', 'Demography', 'Chest', 'The American journal of cardiology', 'The Journal of infection', 'International journal of older people nursing', 'BMJ open respiratory research', 'AIDS care', 'The Senior care pharmacist', 'The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Scientific reports', 'Trials', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'World journal of surgery', 'Vaccine', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'BMC infectious diseases', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Intensive care medicine', 'Respiratory research', 'The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners', 'BMJ open', 'The American journal of medicine', 'PloS one', 'Journal of cardiothoracic surgery', 'Epidemiologie, mikrobiologie, imunologie : casopis Spolecnosti pro epidemiologii a mikrobiologii Ceske lekarske spolecnosti J.E. Purkyne', 'Journal of medical Internet research', 'Journal of biomedical informatics', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Scientific reports', 'Injury', 'Environmental science and pollution research international', 'The Science of the total environment', 'The Lancet. Public health', 'Trials', 'BMJ open respiratory research', 'The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India', 'American heart journal', 'Pulmonology', 'Medicine', 'Anesthesia and analgesia', 'Annual review of physiology', 'Age and ageing', 'Medicine', 'Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)', 'International journal of clinical pharmacy', 'Respiratory care', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'Respiratory research', 'Environmental health : a global access science source', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis', 'COPD', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology', 'Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'Advances in respiratory medicine', 'Bulletin of the World Health Organization', 'PloS one', 'Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis', 'Chest', 'Transplantation proceedings', 'Spinal cord', 'Minerva medica', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics', 'Surgery today', 'COPD', 'Current medical research and opinion', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Herz', 'PloS one', 'Journal of neurovirology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'BMJ open', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'JAMA', 'BMJ open', 'Journal of cardiothoracic surgery', 'JMIR mHealth and uHealth', 'Cancer medicine', 'Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN', 'Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports', 'The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Respiratory research', 'Current environmental health reports', 'Home health care services quarterly', 'Respiratory investigation', 'BMJ supportive & palliative care', 'The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease', 'EBioMedicine', 'Respiratory medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'European journal of epidemiology', 'Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene', 'Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes', 'Clinical nursing research', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Journal of Korean medical science', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Progress in molecular biology and translational science', 'Progress in molecular biology and translational science', 'International journal of palliative nursing', 'Journal of UOEH', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'PloS one', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Journal of public health (Oxford, England)', 'Medicine', 'COPD', 'Medicine', 'Postgraduate medicine', 'Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology', 'Age and ageing', 'PloS one', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Medicine', 'BMJ open', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Disability and rehabilitation', 'International journal of biometeorology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Age and ageing', 'Nutrients', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Nutrients', 'Academic radiology', 'Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)', 'AIDS care', 'European journal of public health', 'Chest', 'PloS one', 'PloS one', 'Environment international', 'F1000Research', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'AIDS reviews', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Physiological research', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Marine drugs', 'The Lancet. Public health', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Aging', 'BMC health services research', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association', 'Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)', 'Expert review of cardiovascular therapy', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)', 'Polish archives of internal medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Respiratory research', 'Vitamins and hormones', 'Scientific reports', 'Complementary therapies in medicine', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Annals of family medicine', 'Expert opinion on investigational drugs', 'The Journal of physiology', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Studies in health technology and informatics', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'BMC health services research', 'Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety', 'Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis', 'Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology', 'PloS one', 'European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'Respiratory research', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Respiratory medicine', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'Environment international', 'PloS one', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Heart (British Cardiac Society)', 'The Lancet. Respiratory medicine', 'The Lancet. Respiratory medicine', 'Thorax', 'Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)', 'The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists', 'BMJ open', 'Scientific reports', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery', 'PloS one', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'PLoS medicine', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'BMJ open', 'Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie', 'PloS one', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'La Tunisie medicale', 'Journal of global health', 'The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma', 'JCI insight', 'PloS one', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'Medicine', 'Current allergy and asthma reports', 'BMC musculoskeletal disorders', 'Chronic respiratory disease', 'Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica : a Magyar Pszichofarmakologiai Egyesulet lapja = official journal of the Hungarian Association of Psychopharmacology', 'Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Lung', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Advanced drug delivery reviews', 'International journal of impotence research', 'Journal of clinical nursing', 'PloS one', 'Drug design, development and therapy', 'BMC palliative care', 'The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD', 'European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging', 'Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society', 'Medicina clinica', 'Acta medica Indonesiana', 'PloS one', 'Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB', 'Studies in health technology and informatics', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Pharmacotherapy', 'British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine', 'Journal of artificial organs : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs', 'Age and ageing', 'Journal of aging and physical activity', 'Hospital practice (1995)', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Analytica chimica acta', 'Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE', 'Minerva medica', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'GeroScience', 'Heart failure reviews', 'The Lancet. Respiratory medicine', 'Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ', 'Physiotherapy', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Psychiatry research', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia', 'American journal of ophthalmology', 'PloS one', 'Primary health care research & development', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'PloS one', 'PloS one', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'BMC medical informatics and decision making', 'BMJ open', 'International urogynecology journal', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Current protein & peptide science', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'Journal of telemedicine and telecare', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'The Netherlands journal of medicine', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Population health metrics', 'Minerva anestesiologica', 'European journal of public health', 'Respiratory research', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation', 'Thorax', 'Respiratory research', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'British journal of community nursing', 'Respiratory research', 'PloS one', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'Surgical endoscopy', 'Journal of cardiology', 'Heart (British Cardiac Society)', 'Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)', 'Chronobiology international', 'Medicine', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Diabetes care', 'Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology', 'BMC bioinformatics', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Drugs & aging', 'Respiratory care', 'Journal of infection in developing countries', 'COPD', 'BMJ open', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'Ciencia & saude coletiva', 'Palliative medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'PloS one', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Chest', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'PloS one', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics', 'The lancet. HIV', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'International journal of surgery (London, England)', 'Respiratory investigation', 'Respiratory investigation', 'PloS one', 'The Indian journal of tuberculosis', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'Gerontology', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'The Gerontologist', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Scientific reports', 'Drugs & aging', 'Digestive diseases and sciences', 'International journal of dental hygiene', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'COPD', 'Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica', 'Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS', 'Chest', 'The American surgeon', 'Acta medica portuguesa', 'Medicine', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Maturitas', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'International journal of medical informatics', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Science translational medicine', 'Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej', 'Occupational and environmental medicine', 'Periodontology 2000', 'PloS one', 'Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy', 'Canadian respiratory journal', 'Canadian respiratory journal', 'Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery', 'COPD', 'Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi', 'American journal of physiology. Cell physiology', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'The American journal of cardiology', 'Respiratory care', 'Saudi medical journal', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'The West Virginia medical journal', 'Thorax', 'Journal of minimally invasive gynecology', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Drug and therapeutics bulletin', 'Anaesthesiology intensive therapy', 'Rejuvenation research', 'International journal of palliative nursing', 'Global health action', 'Skin therapy letter', 'Drugs & aging', 'Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'International journal of impotence research', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma', 'Respiratory medicine', 'The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health', 'Drugs & aging', 'PloS one', 'Chronic respiratory disease', 'Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology', 'Eating and weight disorders : EWD', 'Respiratory medicine', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Environmental research', 'JACC. Cardiovascular imaging', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Nursing older people', 'Clinical trials (London, England)', 'Vaccine', 'Expert review of vaccines', 'American journal of nephrology', 'BMJ open', 'Scandinavian journal of caring sciences', 'Chest', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Journal of medical genetics', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'PloS one', 'Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology', 'Current heart failure reports', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Age and ageing', 'Age and ageing', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery', 'BMJ supportive & palliative care', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Medicine', 'COPD', 'Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'BMJ open', 'Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology', 'Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Respiratory investigation', 'Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Internal and emergency medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Scandinavian journal of caring sciences', 'PloS one', 'Heart & lung : the journal of critical care', 'Bio-medical materials and engineering', 'Medicine', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Respiratory medicine', 'BMJ supportive & palliative care', 'Pathology oncology research : POR', 'Drugs & aging', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'International journal of clinical and experimental pathology', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'The European respiratory journal', 'International journal of dermatology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Cardiovascular ultrasound', 'PloS one', 'Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'The American journal of the medical sciences', 'Chest', 'American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation', 'Neonatology', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'PloS one', 'HIV clinical trials', 'The Ulster medical journal', 'Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research', 'European heart journal', 'The journal of trauma and acute care surgery', 'Current rheumatology reports', 'Molecular bioSystems', 'PloS one', 'BMC health services research', 'The European respiratory journal', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Chest', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Journal of pain and symptom management', 'PloS one', 'International journal of antimicrobial agents', 'PloS one', 'Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Critical care nursing quarterly', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Respiratory medicine', 'BMC anesthesiology', 'Clinical endocrinology', 'Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica', 'The European respiratory journal', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'Physical therapy', 'BioMed research international', 'Metallomics : integrated biometal science', 'Respiratory research', 'Nature reviews. Disease primers', 'Thorax', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Chest', 'Archivos de bronconeumologia', 'Age and ageing', 'Therapeutic delivery', 'Medicine', 'Drugs & aging', 'The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'COPD', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM', 'Critical care medicine', 'The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists', 'The European respiratory journal', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Archives of pharmacal research', 'BioMed research international', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'PloS one', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'International journal of biometeorology', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Drugs & aging', 'BMC family practice', 'Respiratory investigation', 'Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association', 'Environmental health : a global access science source', 'Implementation science : IS', 'COPD', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'The European respiratory journal', 'mBio', 'Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc', 'The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners', 'Current heart failure reports', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'COPD', 'Maturitas', 'Experimental physiology', 'The European respiratory journal', 'The European respiratory journal', 'PloS one', 'Recent patents on endocrine, metabolic & immune drug discovery', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Recent patents on drug delivery & formulation', 'Journal of evaluation in clinical practice', 'BMJ open', 'Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie', 'The American journal of cardiology', 'Chinese medical journal', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'The Journal of heart valve disease', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Physiotherapy theory and practice', 'Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics', 'AIDS patient care and STDs', 'Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi', 'Chronic respiratory disease', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'JAMA neurology', 'La Clinica terapeutica', 'PloS one', 'Biochemical and biophysical research communications', 'BMC public health', 'PloS one', 'PloS one', 'Future oncology (London, England)', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'European journal of internal medicine', 'The Lancet. Respiratory medicine', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Preventing chronic disease', 'Age and ageing', 'Age and ageing', 'Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program', 'The European respiratory journal', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society', 'Human & experimental toxicology', 'Acta neurologica Belgica', 'Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)', 'European journal of internal medicine', 'Mayo Clinic proceedings', 'Mass spectrometry reviews', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi', 'Current heart failure reports', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Public health nutrition', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'Amino acids', 'Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism', 'Aging & mental health', 'Drugs in R&D', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Gerontology', 'Respiratory care', 'Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie', 'Spine', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Canadian journal on aging = La revue canadienne du vieillissement', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Respiratory physiology & neurobiology', 'Chinese medical journal', 'International journal of clinical practice', 'Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia', 'Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM', 'Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'PloS one', 'Rehabilitation nursing : the official journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses', 'Clinics in chest medicine', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Respiratory research', 'International journal of palliative nursing', 'European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery', 'The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma', 'The Medical journal of Malaysia', 'The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology', 'Preventing chronic disease', 'Journal of general internal medicine', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban', 'Seminars in perinatology', 'Drugs & aging', 'Current Alzheimer research', 'PloS one', 'COPD', 'COPD', 'Minerva anestesiologica', 'Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA', 'European journal of internal medicine', 'Western journal of nursing research', 'Chronic illness', 'Chest', 'BMC geriatrics', 'BMC public health', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Orphanet journal of rare diseases', 'Przeglad lekarski', 'The American journal of medicine', 'The European respiratory journal', 'American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation', 'Gerontology', 'Anaesthesia and intensive care', 'European journal of epidemiology', 'Age and ageing', "Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association", 'PloS one', 'European journal of clinical nutrition', 'COPD', 'COPD', 'Current drug targets', 'Current drug targets', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Drugs & aging', 'BMC health services research', 'Stem cells translational medicine', 'Vaccine', 'Respiratory research', 'Chronic respiratory disease', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'JAMA', 'The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Physiotherapy Canada. Physiotherapie Canada', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'PloS one', 'European journal of nutrition', 'Postgraduate medicine', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Health & place', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Journal of cardiac failure', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'BMC health services research', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'International journal of medical informatics', 'European annals of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Lung', 'Respiratory medicine', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Chest', 'Archivos de bronconeumologia', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'The Journal of emergency medicine', 'The Journal of heart valve disease', 'BMC public health', 'Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'PloS one', 'Tuberkuloz ve toraks', 'Tuberkuloz ve toraks', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Cardiology journal', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'Journal of clinical epidemiology', 'Pharmacological reviews', 'Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Population health management', 'Chronic respiratory disease', 'Indian journal of public health', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Endocrine reviews', 'Tuberkuloz ve toraks', 'Respiratory care', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'The European respiratory journal', 'European journal of public health', 'Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology', 'COPD', 'Journal of Korean medical science', 'Chest', 'International journal of cardiology', 'The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene', 'World journal of urology', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Health and quality of life outcomes', 'Human vaccines', 'Journal of medical virology', 'PloS one', 'International journal of medical sciences', 'Thorax', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society', 'Thorax', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'BMC public health', 'Heart failure reviews', 'International psychogeriatrics', 'Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie', 'Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie', 'Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien', 'Chest', 'Drugs & aging', 'Immunologic research', 'Trials', 'Nursing older people', 'Clinical physiology and functional imaging', 'Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Minerva anestesiologica', 'Chronic respiratory disease', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Chest', 'Current opinion in pharmacology', 'Respiratory physiology & neurobiology', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology', 'European journal of public health', 'Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group', 'Medical care', 'Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy', 'Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Thorax', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Respiratory care', 'Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology', 'Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI', 'Journal of proteomics', 'Indian heart journal', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'Age and ageing', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Health education research', 'Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention', 'Physical therapy', 'Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology', 'Respiratory medicine', 'The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Age and ageing', 'The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Journal of the American College of Surgeons', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Respiratory research', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Orthopedics', 'Fundamental & clinical pharmacology', 'Journal of primary health care', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine', 'The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Emergency medicine journal : EMJ', 'Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia', 'Drugs & aging', 'American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Contemporary nurse', 'American journal of therapeutics', 'Singapore medical journal', 'International archives of allergy and immunology', 'Internal medicine journal', 'Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Critical reviews in oncology/hematology', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'The New England journal of medicine', 'BMC public health', 'Blood pressure', 'Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference', 'Cancer', 'Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society', 'Drugs & aging', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Diabetes research and clinical practice', 'Chest', 'Anesthesia and analgesia', 'The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists', 'Early human development', 'Journal of general internal medicine', 'Drugs & aging', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon', 'Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases', 'Journal of Korean medical science', 'JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition', 'Thorax', 'Biochemical Society transactions', 'Drugs & aging', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Current opinion in anaesthesiology', 'International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics', 'Journal of epidemiology and community health', 'The Annals of thoracic surgery', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer', 'Gynecologic and obstetric investigation', 'Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN', 'Health and quality of life outcomes', 'Clinical transplantation', 'Clinical endocrinology', 'Chest', 'BMC public health', 'Journal of cardiac failure', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Chest', 'BMC medical genetics', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society', 'Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery', 'Acta medica Indonesiana', 'The Pediatric infectious disease journal', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Pharmacotherapy', 'The Journal of heart valve disease', 'Drugs & aging', 'Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC', 'The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Circulation', 'Infection', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis', 'American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology', 'The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners', 'Thorax', 'Drugs & aging', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Thorax', 'Age and ageing', 'The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Current pharmaceutical biotechnology', 'Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics', 'Journal of nursing management', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Archives of internal medicine', 'Thorax', 'Drugs & aging', 'Drugs & aging', 'Acta anaesthesiologica Taiwanica : official journal of the Taiwan Society of Anesthesiologists', 'Archives of internal medicine', 'International journal of cardiology', 'The European journal of general practice', 'The West Indian medical journal', 'Age and ageing', 'The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology', 'Clinical and experimental immunology', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'Clinical therapeutics', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Diabetes care', 'Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics', 'Chest', 'Clinical and experimental rheumatology', 'World journal of surgical oncology', 'Surgical endoscopy', 'BMC public health', 'The European respiratory journal', 'European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)', 'Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Home health care services quarterly', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Journal of clinical nursing', 'The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease', 'Chest', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Drugs & aging', 'Chest', 'International journal of impotence research', 'Journal of general internal medicine', 'Drugs & aging', 'Scandinavian journal of caring sciences', 'Journal of epidemiology', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Health and quality of life outcomes', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'American journal of pharmaceutical education', 'International urology and nephrology', 'Age and ageing', 'Chinese medical journal', 'Respiratory medicine', 'European journal of applied physiology', 'Internal medicine journal', 'Panminerva medica', 'Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet', 'The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease', 'Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'Chest', 'International urology and nephrology', 'Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society', 'Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society', 'Drug safety', 'Journal of advanced nursing', 'Chest', 'World journal of surgery', 'Clinical rheumatology', 'Thorax', 'Scandinavian journal of primary health care', 'Expert opinion on investigational drugs', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', "Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie", 'Drugs & aging', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology', 'The Journal of emergency medicine', 'Clinical nephrology', 'Rural and remote health', 'European journal of ophthalmology', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Heart failure monitor', 'Clinical therapeutics', 'Respiratory research', 'The European respiratory journal', 'The Annals of pharmacotherapy', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Social science & medicine (1982)', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Postgraduate medicine', 'Journal of general internal medicine', 'Experimental lung research', 'Acta cardiologica', 'World journal of surgery', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Drugs & aging', 'American journal of human genetics', 'Treatments in respiratory medicine', 'Scandinavian journal of caring sciences', 'The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society', 'Age and ageing', 'Circulation', 'Thorax', 'Age and ageing', 'Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics', 'Heart failure monitor', 'Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society', 'Drugs & aging', 'Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease', 'Scandinavian journal of caring sciences', 'Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine', 'The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine', 'Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology', 'Current heart failure reports', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)', 'The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'Age and ageing', 'Age and ageing', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Inhalation toxicology', 'British journal of community nursing', 'Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety', 'Allergy and asthma proceedings', 'Surgical endoscopy', 'The Annals of thoracic surgery', 'Palliative medicine', 'Irish medical journal', 'Expert review of anti-infective therapy', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Viral immunology', 'The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association', 'Annals of surgery', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Obstetrics and gynecology', 'Drugs & aging', 'Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Journal of the Indian Medical Association', 'Archives of internal medicine', 'European heart journal', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Clinical rehabilitation', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Seminars in oncology', 'Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy', 'Spine', 'Experimental gerontology', 'American journal of preventive medicine', 'The Annals of pharmacotherapy', 'Advances in renal replacement therapy', 'Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology', 'American journal of respiratory medicine : drugs, devices, and other interventions', 'Journal of pain and symptom management', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', "Lippincott's case management : managing the process of patient care", 'The European respiratory journal. Supplement', 'Asia-Pacific journal of public health', 'Archives of internal medicine', 'Saudi medical journal', 'The Gerontologist', 'Drugs & aging', 'Thorax', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Patient education and counseling', 'Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet', 'Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet', 'Chest', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Respiratory medicine', 'The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ', 'The American surgeon', 'The European respiratory journal', 'The European respiratory journal. Supplement', 'Sleep', 'Managed care interface', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'Annals of emergency medicine', 'Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine', 'Drugs & aging', 'Toxicology letters', 'Critical care nursing quarterly', 'Chest', 'Age and ageing', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Surgical endoscopy', 'Drugs & aging', 'European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology', 'Cardiovascular surgery (London, England)', 'Age and ageing', 'The Annals of pharmacotherapy', 'Drugs & aging', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Oncology reports', 'Dysphagia', 'Heart and vessels', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Southern medical journal', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Anadolu kardiyoloji dergisi : AKD = the Anatolian journal of cardiology', 'Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology', 'The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', "CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne", 'The American journal of geriatric cardiology', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Age and ageing', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'American heart journal', 'Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy', 'Chest', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Blood pressure', 'Expert opinion on investigational drugs', 'Drug safety', 'Circulation', 'PharmacoEconomics', 'Thorax', 'The American journal of cardiology', 'Chemotherapy', 'The Annals of thoracic surgery', 'Chest', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'The American surgeon', 'Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Aging (Milan, Italy)', 'Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology', 'Journal of public health dentistry', 'Dysphagia', 'Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology', 'Journal of the American College of Cardiology', 'International journal of antimicrobial agents', 'The Annals of thoracic surgery', 'Circulation', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'European journal of clinical nutrition', 'The Journal of family practice', 'American heart journal', 'Thorax', 'Journal of human hypertension', 'Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Family practice', 'European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery', 'Pediatrics', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.)', 'Chest', 'The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners', 'International anesthesiology clinics', 'Respiratory medicine', 'The Annals of thoracic surgery', 'Chest', 'European journal of clinical pharmacology', 'The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma', 'Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A', 'Respiratory medicine', 'International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases', 'Ear, nose, & throat journal', 'Gerontology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy', 'Drugs & aging', 'Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology', 'Infection control and hospital epidemiology', 'Respiratory medicine', 'International journal of clinical practice. Supplement', 'Disease-a-month : DM', 'Circulation', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'BMJ (Clinical research ed.)', 'JAMA', 'Journal of nursing measurement', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Archives of neurology', 'Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology', 'Annals of periodontology', 'The Annals of thoracic surgery', 'European journal of clinical nutrition', 'Medical care', 'Cancer', 'Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)', 'Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology', 'Chest', 'Postgraduate medicine', 'International journal of clinical practice', 'Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology', 'Scandinavian journal of social medicine', 'Journal of epidemiology and community health', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'The National medical journal of India', 'Preventive medicine', 'Annals of surgery', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)', 'Postgraduate medicine', 'European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology', 'Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography', 'The American surgeon', 'The Netherlands journal of medicine', 'Archives of internal medicine', 'Annals of epidemiology', 'Diabetes & metabolism', 'Aging (Milan, Italy)', 'Journal of the autonomic nervous system', 'Annals of internal medicine', 'Public health', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'Thorax', 'Age and ageing', 'Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology', 'International psychogeriatrics', 'Age and ageing', 'Chest', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Scandinavian journal of primary health care', 'The journal of spinal cord medicine', 'Tubercle and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease', 'Age and ageing', 'Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983)', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Dementia (Basel, Switzerland)', 'JAMA', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Respiratory medicine', 'American heart journal', 'Archives of environmental health', 'Drugs & aging', 'Environmental research', 'The American journal of medicine', 'The American journal of the medical sciences', 'American journal of public health', 'International urology and nephrology', 'The American review of respiratory disease', 'American family physician', 'Israel journal of medical sciences', 'Southern medical journal', 'Health bulletin', 'The Journal of clinical psychiatry', 'Journal of gerontology', 'Chest', 'Geriatrics', 'The American review of respiratory disease', 'Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'The American journal of medicine', 'The American journal of cardiology', 'The American review of respiratory disease', 'Allergologia et immunopathologia', 'The Journal of infection', 'Geriatrics', 'The American review of respiratory disease', 'Archives of internal medicine', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Geriatrics', 'Endoscopy', 'Drugs', 'Respiratory medicine', 'The Medical clinics of North America', 'The American review of respiratory disease', 'Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy', 'Postgraduate medical journal', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The British journal of surgery', 'Journal of clinical pharmacology', 'Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)', 'Health progress (Saint Louis, Mo.)', 'Research report (Health Effects Institute)', 'Chest', 'Surgery', 'JAMA', 'World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales', 'The American review of respiratory disease', 'Geriatrics', 'Age and ageing', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics', 'Acta cardiologica', 'Medicine', 'Gerontology', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon', 'Thorax', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of gerontology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The Japanese journal of physiology', 'Survey of ophthalmology', 'Birth defects original article series', 'JAMA', 'Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology', 'Chest', 'Canadian Medical Association journal', 'Physiological reports', 'PloS one', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Medicine', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Ecotoxicology and environmental safety', 'Aging', 'BMC medicine', 'Biomolecules', 'Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)', 'BMJ open', 'PloS one', 'Medicine', 'Respiratory research', 'BMC health services research', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'BMJ open', 'Respiratory research', 'Contrast media & molecular imaging', 'Respiratory research', 'Indoor air', 'European geriatric medicine', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'Medicine', 'PloS one', 'EBioMedicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Scientific reports', 'Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.)', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'Cells', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Biogerontology', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'European geriatric medicine', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'European radiology', 'Journal of medical virology', 'Journal of cardiology', 'Brazilian journal of cardiovascular surgery', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Annals of vascular surgery', 'American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology', 'Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'The British journal of dermatology', 'Age and ageing', 'PloS one', 'Metabolism: clinical and experimental', 'Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research', 'Frontiers in public health', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Aging cell', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Lung', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice', 'Annals of vascular surgery', 'GeroScience', 'Aesthetic plastic surgery', 'International urogynecology journal', 'Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation', 'Scientific reports', 'Journal of Korean medical science', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'The Medical journal of Malaysia', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Cell reports. Medicine', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Environmental science and pollution research international', 'The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma', 'Acta clinica Belgica', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Scientific reports', 'The Lancet. Respiratory medicine', 'PLoS computational biology', 'Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society', 'La Medicina del lavoro', 'Thorax', 'Scientific reports', 'Environmental science and pollution research international', 'COPD', 'The Lancet. Respiratory medicine', 'Medical care', 'Journal of epidemiology and community health', 'Journal of palliative medicine', 'European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology', 'Health and quality of life outcomes', 'Journal of general internal medicine', 'Public health', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN', 'Archivos de bronconeumologia', 'NPJ primary care respiratory medicine', 'Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research', 'European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases', 'Surgical oncology', 'Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association', 'The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon', 'JCI insight', 'Drugs & aging', 'The Lancet. Respiratory medicine', 'Australian journal of primary health', 'Annals of vascular surgery', 'Cytokine', 'Fertility and sterility', 'The Journal of cardiovascular surgery', 'BMC public health', 'Respiratory research', 'Patient education and counseling', 'Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie', 'Deutsches Arzteblatt international', 'The New Zealand medical journal', 'Clinical epigenetics', 'Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Journal of aging and health', 'Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'Surgery', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Scientific reports', 'Annals of vascular surgery', 'European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery', 'Palliative medicine', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung', 'Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'National vital statistics reports : from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System', 'Chest', 'Igiene e sanita pubblica', 'Journal of epidemiology and community health', 'BMJ open respiratory research', 'JAMA surgery', 'Journal of palliative medicine', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Environmental health : a global access science source', 'European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society', 'Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry', 'Acta cardiologica', 'The New England journal of medicine', 'Cell communication and signaling : CCS', 'The Permanente journal', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Annals of surgery', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'PLoS medicine', 'Public health', 'PloS one', 'Open heart', 'Annals of internal medicine', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'The Lancet. Public health', 'Respiratory medicine', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'BMJ open', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'The American review of respiratory disease', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Research report (Health Effects Institute)', 'Internal medicine journal', 'Annals of vascular surgery', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Expert opinion on drug safety', 'Annals of internal medicine', 'The New Zealand medical journal', 'Pediatrics', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Health systems in transition', 'JAMA', 'JAMA', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'BMC health services research', 'South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde', 'Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)', 'Medical care', 'European journal of public health', 'Clinical cornerstone', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'JAMA internal medicine', 'Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research', 'Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior', 'The lancet. Healthy longevity', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Pneumologia (Bucharest, Romania)', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'The Annals of thoracic surgery', 'Clinical therapeutics', 'Palliative medicine', 'Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia', 'COPD', 'BMC public health', 'PloS one', 'PLoS medicine', 'PloS one', 'Journal of palliative medicine', 'Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ', 'Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine', 'American journal of public health', 'Intensive care medicine', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Environmental research', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'PloS one', 'Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Journal of palliative medicine', 'International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology', 'JAMA', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Revista brasileira de cirurgia cardiovascular : orgao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular', 'JAMA network open', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Kardiologia polska', 'Tobacco control', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery', 'World journal of surgery', 'Stroke', 'Vascular', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Acta medica Scandinavica', 'European journal of epidemiology', 'Respiratory medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Environment international', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity', 'BMC bioinformatics', 'Cells', 'Health affairs (Project Hope)', 'Palliative medicine', 'Pharmacology & therapeutics', 'BMC public health', 'Journal of sports sciences', 'Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research', 'Surgery for obesity and related diseases : official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Jornal de pediatria', 'American journal of preventive medicine', 'The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)', 'Cancer', 'BMC public health', 'Annals of internal medicine', 'Journal of general internal medicine', 'American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons', 'The lancet. Healthy longevity', 'The European respiratory journal', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'PloS one', 'Tobacco control', 'Journal of palliative medicine', 'Papua and New Guinea medical journal', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Journal of epidemiology and community health', 'The Journal of infection', 'Schizophrenia research', 'Singapore medical journal', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD', 'The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'Anesthesiology', 'Respiratory research', 'Scientific reports', 'Bone', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group', 'The European respiratory journal', 'The Indian journal of tuberculosis', 'Minerva cardiology and angiology', 'Kardiologia polska', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Lung', 'Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America', 'Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'Journal of cardiothoracic surgery', 'The Indian journal of tuberculosis', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'The Annals of thoracic surgery', 'Journal of thoracic imaging', 'Advances in respiratory medicine', 'JAMA', 'PharmacoEconomics', 'Paediatric respiratory reviews', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Respiratory care', 'Cardiovascular clinics', 'Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making', 'AIDS patient care and STDs', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Frontiers in public health', 'BMJ open', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'BMC geriatrics', 'eLife', 'Frontiers in public health', 'Nutrients', 'CoDAS', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Bioscience trends', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'The Lancet. Respiratory medicine', 'Public health nutrition', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Respiratory investigation', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'Neuroscience bulletin', 'Journal of global health', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Environmental geochemistry and health', 'Current molecular pharmacology', 'Irish journal of medical science'], 'TA': ['Medicine (Baltimore)', 'Curr Opin Pulm Med', 'Medicina (Kaunas)', 'Respir Res', 'Respir Res', 'Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis', 'BMC Cardiovasc Disord', 'Aging (Albany NY)', 'Acta Biomed', 'Clin Lab', 'BMC Pulm Med', 'Indian J Med Res', 'NPJ Prim Care Respir Med', 'Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis', 'Arch Virol', 'Med Clin (Barc)', 'Drug Alcohol Depend', 'BMJ Open Respir Res', 'Kardiologiia', 'Biomed Res Int', 'Respir Res', 'J Transl Med', 'BMJ Open', 'Acta Anaesthesiol Scand', 'Toxicol Lett', 'Sci Rep', 'Clin Nutr ESPEN', 'Nutrients', 'Int J Biol Sci', 'Aging Clin Exp Res', 'BMC Geriatr', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Front Immunol', 'Chest', 'Int J Surg Oncol', 'Lancet Public Health', 'J Infect', 'Front Public Health', 'BMC Health Serv Res', 'Age Ageing', 'Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)', 'Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'PLoS One', 'Environ Pollut', 'J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr', 'Georgian Med News', 'Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis', 'Biomolecules', 'Rev Med Virol', 'Thorax', 'Sci Total Environ', 'Curr Vasc Pharmacol', 'J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care', 'Clin J Am Soc Nephrol', 'Eur Respir J', 'BMC Cancer', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Front Public Health', 'Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis', 'BMC Cardiovasc Disord', 'Br J Community Nurs', 'Handb Exp Pharmacol', 'Clin Respir J', 'EBioMedicine', 'Rev Esc Enferm USP', 'J Palliat Care', 'J Am Assoc Nurse Pract', 'Wien Klin Wochenschr', 'Gerontology', 'AIDS', 'BMJ Open', 'Sci Rep', 'Mol Neurodegener', 'Int J Environ Res Public Health', 'Pak J Pharm Sci', 'J Adv Nurs', 'Medicine (Baltimore)', 'PLoS One', 'Environ Sci Pollut Res Int', 'Am J Otolaryngol', 'J Biol Regul Homeost Agents', 'BMC Geriatr', 'Respir Med', 'J Immunol', 'Respirology', 'Int J Clin Pract', 'Medicina (Kaunas)', 'Am J Chin Med', 'J Card Fail', 'Am J Respir Crit Care Med', 'Climacteric', 'MEDICC Rev', 'COPD', 'J Med Case Rep', 'Sleep Breath', 'BMC Pulm Med', 'J Appl Physiol (1985)', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'Sleep Med', 'J Nutr Health Aging', 'Clin Respir J', 'Stem Cells Transl Med', 'Nutrients', 'Int J Environ Res Public Health', 'Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis', 'Chest', 'J Vasc Surg', 'Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis', 'Sci Rep', 'Sr Care Pharm', 'Sr Care Pharm', 'BMC Pulm Med', 'Mymensingh Med J', 'Environ Int', 'Biomedica', 'BMC Geriatr', 'Clin Nutr ESPEN', 'BMC Cardiovasc Disord', 'Pediatr Pulmonol', 'Trials', 'Sci Rep', 'Acta Clin Belg', 'Respir Res', 'Curr Opin Anaesthesiol', 'BMJ Open', 'BMC Infect Dis', 'BMC Pulm Med', 'J Gen Intern Med', 'Eur Geriatr Med', 'Respir Physiol Neurobiol', 'J Am Med Dir Assoc', 'Int 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Inflammation
target_node = nodes[edge['target entity']]
print(target_node)
[{'entity': 'Inflammation', 'type': 'Disease', 'PMID': ['35795858', '35795148', '35787298', '35784327', '35775757', '35770239', '35750356', '35745198', '35745147', '35742971', '35735245', '35729551', '35729501', '35714185', '35710943', '35703366', '35697214', '35684455', '35675903', '35667273', '35665714', '35663976', '35661774', '35658705', '35652508', '35647762', '35645319', '35641938', '35641679', '35638483', '35638413', '35631195', '35628113', '35617332', '35618619', '35617280', '35614304', '35610652', '35607300', '35599014', '35586815', '35581554', '35580547', '35577781', '35573426', '35564391', '35563810', '35561889', '35551917', '35545374', '35544976', '35536668', '35527242', '35514037', '35504286', '35503599', '35490483', '35486520', '35476749', '35471420', '35468098', '35466876', '35461468', '35460762', '35459240', '35458696', '35450990', '35450904', '35447046', '35445358', '35439553', '35434940', '35431244', '35421968', '35421558', '35416312', '35410677', '35408987', '35409034', '35406812', '35405260', '35401926', '35397197', '35384505', '35363517', '35365027', '35361739', '35358824', '35357746', '35353274', '35338919', '35334550', '35332170', '35332134', '35329121', '35328795', '35328666', '35325812', '35319902', '35307642', '35307513', '35300561', '35300174', '35299251', '35288226', '35285967', '35285067', '35280676', '35278043', '35277123', '35276792', '35270021', '35269692', '35269594', '35263007', '35262547', '35259663', '35256539', '35247627', '35246853', '35245788', '35244967', '35244945', '35229971', '35222361', '35219603', '35218870', '35217868', '35216202', '35216002', '35216263', '35215495', '35215397', '35213721', '35209952', '35208499', '35203271', '35202820', '35198459', '35198062', '35197986', '35197325', '35195542', '35193524', '35193848', '35191501', '35189900', '35189049', '35183248', '35182801', '35180967', '35177222', '35176999', '35174517', '35173037', '35165404', '35164450', '35163998', '35163560', '35163278', '35157246', '35153003', '35151421', '35143871', '35143297', '35143024', '35135868', '35131569', '35122095', '35114356', '35106971', '35105283', '35104780', '35077762', '35077556', '35073764', '35069969', '35059770', '35057532', '35057509', '35057457', '35057447', '35054906', '35053423', '35051300', '35048158', '35046622', '35040752', '35037044', '35023286', '35015744', '35015743', '35015741', '35013499', '35012432', '35011465', '35008609', '34995929', '34995365', '34990409', '34987199', '34986525', '34985109', '34982142', '34975302', '34974019', '34973397', '34962617', '34959893', '34958693', '34954692', '34948400', '34944052', '34943963', '34943909', '34943847', '34943882', '34943794', '34941121', '34939928', '34937919', '34936088', '34932135', '34928288', '34925327', '34927261', '34924397', '34921929', '34917235', '34914835', '34907021', '34906433', '34897633', '34896798', '34896568', '34895306', '34893345', '34893149', '34890142', '34890043', '34887380', '34886097', '34884936', '34882833', '34880498', '34875658', '34875059', '34871313', '34869768', '34861664', '34860303', '34856939', '34854419', '34839253', '34837792', '34835127', '34836009', '34830421', '34830418', '34827691', '34826187', '34817704', '34807790', '34808482', '34789543', '34787870', '34784865', '34782457', '34781086', '34780030', '34779281', '34773232', '34770760', '34769017', '34764472', '34762950', '34759053', '34758234', '34756310', '34751393', '34748602', '34747270', '34741638', '34741085', '34736994', '34736577', '34732633', '34727202', '34726156', '34721402', '34718162', '34717175', '34716912', '34711943', '34709215', '34708570', '34707619', '34704843', '34698884', '34695606', '34694148', '34692380', '34688387', '34685743', '34685542', '34685709', '34685560', '34684520', '34684468', '34680111', '34680143', '34678725', '34675064', '34674153', '34670515', '34667129', '34662811', '34658434', '34655430', '34654740', '34639139', '34638838', '34638620', '34637820', '34629378', '34628391', '34628493', 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'37086366', '35612470', '38025705', '38022645', '38018890', '38004143', '37998336', '37992916', '37958685', '37956941', '37956585', '37958618', '37951418', '37928548', '37924603', '37898092', '37880686', '37861208', '37849008', '37845312', '37840295', '37837829', '37836458', '37816552', '37814161', '37803197', '37788097', '37770828', '37751953', '37742876', '37712598', '37708945', '37678569', '37647997', '37620652', '37573943', '37548929', '37432596', '37059838', '36928559', '38040732', '38043070', '37918403', '37918331', '37897549', '37717172', '37676263', '37611443', '37584418', '37269981', '35380479'], 'official full name': None, 'sentence': [['Here, we further investigated whether age has a detrimental effect on circulating EPC function in HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and its relationship with systemic inflammation.', 'Conclusions: In patients with HFmrEF, aging leads to attenuated circulating EPC function, which is correlated with disease severity and systemic inflammation.'], ['Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD+-dependent deacetylases, has significant renal protective effects through its regulation of fibrosis, apoptosis, and senescence, oxidative stress, inflammation and aging process.'], ['This review aims to elucidate FGSCs aging mechanism from multiple perspectives such as niches, immune disorder, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'Therefore, the rebuilding nichs of FGSCs, regulation of immune dysfunction, anti-inflammation and oxidative stress remission are expected to restore or replenish FGSCs, ultimately to delay ovarian aging.'], ['Vasculitis is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that causes inflammation of the blood vessels.', 'In both diseases, naive CD4+ T cells are polarized to differentiate into Th1 or Th17 cells, whereas differentiation into regulatory T cells, which suppress vascular inflammation, is inhibited.'], ['Gene Ontology analysis evidenced cancer, inflammation, body growth, glucose, and lipid metabolism as the biological processes most impacted by these miRNAs.'], ['In this regard, targeting ageing-related abnormalities underlying frailty that may also be involved in late-life depression such as low-grade inflammation might be a promising target for future studies.'], ['Circumventing immune senescence, an aging of the immune response characterized by weak humoral responses to vaccines, and unchecked inflammation during infection require novel immunization strategies.'], ['Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were determined in fecal water as were levels of calprotectin, zonulin, and alpha-1-antitrypsin, as markers of gastrointestinal barrier and inflammation.'], ['Inflammation is known as an important mechanism of cognitive dysfunction.', 'Systemic immune inflammation index (SII) and system inflammation response index (SIRI) are two blood inflammatory markers, which are related to many chronic diseases including cognitive impairment.'], ['We showed that atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3), a receptor of the CXC motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) implicated in cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders, is selectively expressed on the surface of senescent human fibroblasts but not on proliferating cells.'], ['This is characterised by a decline in immune response, chronic inflammation and an increased risk of autoimmune diseases.'], ['BACKGROUND: Silicosis, as an important type of pneumoconiosis, leads to progressive and irreversible conditions from the beginning of inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The optimal threshold for the MedDiet adherence score was 4, and the negative association between inflammation and cognitive performance could be weakened in older adults whose MedDiet adherence score was >= 4.'], ['We identify that fibrosis within the ovarian stromal compartment is an underlying mechanism responsible for impaired oocyte release, which is initiated by mitochondrial dysfunction leading to diminished bioenergetics, oxidative damage, inflammation, and collagen deposition.'], ['Our study underlines the importance of inflammation in the response to SARS-CoV-2 and suggests that inflammaging, coupled with the inability to mount a proper anti-viral response, could exacerbate disease severity and the worst clinical outcome in old patients.'], ['However, cavefish appear to avoid pathologies typically associated with these conditions, such as accumulation of advanced-glycation-end-products (AGEs) and chronic tissue inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIM: The fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentration in the exhaled breath is a biomarker for eosinophilic airway inflammation.', 'We explored the interplay between chronic air pollution exposure and polygenic susceptibility to airway inflammation at different critical age stages.', 'RESULTS: While we observed no significant environmental and polygenic main effects on airway inflammation in either age group, we found robust harmful effects of chronic nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure in the GxE models for elderly women (16.2 % increase in FeNO, p-value = 0.027).', 'CONCLUSIONS: FeNO measurement is a useful biomarker to detect higher risk of NO2-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation in the elderly.', 'There was limited evidence for GxE effects on airway inflammation in adolescents or the elderly.', 'Further GxE studies in subpopulations should be conducted to investigate the assumption that susceptibility to airway inflammation differs between age stages.'], ['To name a few causes, NDDs can be caused by ischemia, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cell stress, inflammation, abnormal protein deposition in neural tissue, autoimmune-mediated neuron loss, and viral or prion infections.'], ['This is the first study to demonstrate that high grief symptoms promote inflammation following acute stress.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIM: Inflammation and oxidative stress are the most probable mechanistic link between obesity and its co-diseases with cancer among them.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Advances in understanding E. coli O157:H7 pathogenesis include molecular mechanisms of virulence, bacterial adherence, type three secretion effectors, intestinal microbiome, inflammation, and reservoir maintenance.'], ['Functional IL-4 expression led to M2 macrophage polarization in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model of inflammation.'], ['PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to identify an association between serum levels of 25(OH) D, inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk in older adults.', 'CONCLUSION: Low concentrations of 25(OH)D and the presence of inflammation in older adults are associated with a high risk for cardiovascular diseases.'], ['These processes cause chronic inflammation and contribute to skin ageing.'], ['Conclusion: Our data support the contention that the pathogenesis of radial artery graft failure is distinct from vein graft disease and is related to hypertension status and systemic inflammation.'], ['Compared with normoglycaemia, multivariable-adjusted models revealed the following: (i) prediabetes was not associated with future risks for CVD (HR: 1.17; 95% CI 0.82-1.69) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.06; 95% CI 0.70-1.60); (ii) diabetes-associated enhanced risks for CVD and all-cause mortality were mainly confined to those exhibiting low-grade inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein >=2.0 mg/L) levels.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Among a male-predominant Chinese population aged 75 years or older, compared with normoglycaemic participants, prediabetes was not associated with an enhanced 10-year CVD and all-cause mortality risk, and diabetes-associated enhanced 10-year risk was mainly confined to individuals exhibiting low-grade inflammation.'], ['Breaking the interactive loop between senescence and cytokine secretion with JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib or antiviral drug remdesivir prevented hyper-inflammation, normalized SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor expression, and restored HUVECs proliferative capacity.', 'This loop appears to underlie cytokine-mediated viral entry receptor activation and links with senescence and hyper-inflammation.'], ['This study applied propensity score weighting to estimate the effect of financial strain on inflammation-related aging biomarkers among a national sample of older adults.', 'Importantly, inflammation is likely a key physiologic pathway contributing to socioeconomic disparities.'], ['Currently, AILD do not have a curative treatment option and patients take life-long immunosuppression or bile acids to control hepatic or biliary inflammation.'], ['In the older CKD population, GI inflammation and ulceration are common lesions.'], ['Hence, drugs designed to modulate inflammation, insulin resistance, synapses, neurogenesis, cardiovascular factors and dysbiosis are shaping a new horizon in AD treatment.'], ['Adipose secretome, including two of the most abundant and well-studied adipokines, leptin and interleukin-6, is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and obesity-related low-grade inflammation.'], ['Many studies report the close link between blood coagulation and inflammation, termed thromboinflammation, including monocytes as a major actor.', 'The TAVR procedure represents a unique opportunity to study the influence of shear stress on human monocytes, key mediators of inflammation and hemostasis processes.'], ['We related trajectories for the following organ systems and metabolic functions to heart failure risk using Cox regression: kidney (estimated glomerular filtration rate), lung (forced vital capacity and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity), neuromotor (gait time), muscular (grip strength), cardiac (left ventricular mass index and heart rate), vascular function (pulse pressure), cholesterol (ratio of total/high-density lipoprotein), adiposity (body mass index), inflammation (C-reactive protein) and glucose homeostasis (hemoglobin A1c).'], ['Gut dysbiosis due to old age, malignant tumor, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and intestinal inflammation caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 increased intestinal permeability and the risk of bacterial translocation, causing B. subtilis var.'], ['Here, we performed a well-powered association analysis between KL-VSHET+ and five different AD endophenotypes; brain amyloidosis measured by positron emission tomography (PET) scans (n = 5,541) or cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 levels (CSF; n = 5,093), as well as biomarkers associated with tau pathology: the CSF Tau (n = 5,127), phosphorylated Tau (pTau181; n = 4,778) and inflammation: CSF soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2; n = 2,123) levels.'], ["In this paper, we hypothesize variables across demographic, health-related, and contextual/environmental domains influence the body's stress response, increase inflammation (as measured through high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)), and thereby lead to shortening of telomeres."], ['To date, multiple disease-related molecular networks in OA have been identified, including abnormal mechanical loadings and local inflammation.', 'As such, the mechanisms of rhythm changes in joint tissues are worth study; in particular, research on the effect of rhythmic genes on metabolism and inflammation would facilitate the understanding of the natural rhythms of joint tissues and the OA pathology resulting from rhythm disturbance.'], ['Conclusions: Longevity individuals have characteristics, such as longer LTL, good hepatic function, and lower triglycerides and inflammation levels.'], ['Macrophage-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling mediated sterile inflammation has been implicated in various age-related diseases.'], ['Another key objective was to examine the extent to which the insulin resistance and biological aging association was influenced by differences in body mass, waist circumference, and systemic inflammation.', 'Waist circumference was used to assess abdominal adiposity, and C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured to index body-wide inflammation.'], ['In this study, we assessed the effects of systemic inflammation, microbial translocation (MT), T cell immune activation (IA), and nadir CD4 counts on cardiac function and arterial stiffness as markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected individuals.', 'Plasma biomarkers of inflammation and MT by ELISA or multiplex assays, and immune activation (IA) of T cells based HLA-DR and CD38 expression were investigated by flow cytometry.', 'Lower nadir CD4 counts, higher inflammation, and higher MT predicted poor cardiac measures in the ART-naive with nadir CD4 < 200cells/mm3 manifesting the highest arterial stiffness, and lowest cardiac function, whereas ART-treated, even with nadir < 200 cells/mm3 were similar to uninfected in these measures.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Aging is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation contributing to a decline in lung performance.'], ['Contextual data were collected in patients, including markers of cortisol excretion and low-grade inflammation.'], ['Consequently, cardiovascular diseases associated with ageing and chronic low grade inflammation due to the presence of the virus are increasingly found in this population.'], ['Residents with dry mouth were more likely to have plaque deposits and gingival inflammation.'], ['In this paper, a panel of four circulating miRNAs including miR-146a-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-181a-5p, involved in several pathways related to inflammation, and ECs senescence that seem to be characteristic of the healthy ageing phenotype.'], ['BACKGROUND: The degree to which effects of inflammation on mood and behavior vary across the lifespan remains relatively unexplored despite well-established, age-related alterations in both the immune and central nervous systems.', 'RESULTS: High average inflammation was associated with elevated somatic complaints (CRP p = .009, IL-6: p = .05), interpersonal problems (CRP p = .002, IL-6 p < .001), and positive affect (IL-6 p = .03), but only among the youngest women in the sample (age 50 or younger).', 'Younger women also reported more depressed affect at assessments when inflammation was higher (CRP p = .045, IL-6 p = .09).', 'CONCLUSIONS: The association between inflammation and specific depressive symptoms is dynamic and varies across the lifespan, which may help clarify apparent inconsistencies in the extant literature as well as inform more precise interventions targeting this pathway.'], ['Endothelial cell senescence contributes to chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, while favoring cardiovascular disorders and frailty.', 'Senescent cells acquire a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype that further propagates inflammation and senescence to neighboring cells.'], ['Pancreatic panniculitis (PP) is a necrotizing inflammation of subcutaneous fat that is a rare complication of pancreatic disease appearing in 2% to 3% of all patients.', 'It presents as skin inflammation with pain and erythema nodules.'], ['Kaempferol is an essential flavonoid that has been demonstrated to influence several vital cellular signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and autophagy.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the effect of MH on bladder inflammation and barrier function in aged mice and women with rUTI.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Methenamine hippurate seems to enhance barrier function as evidenced by decreased urothelial permeability and increased urinary IgA levels, without worsening inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation, coagulation activation, endothelial dysfunction and subclinical vascular disease are cross-sectionally associated with frailty.', 'Inflammation is associated with frailty in men without CVD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Skin aging is a multifactorial process involving formation of reactive oxygen species, consecutive inflammation with reduced epidermal and dermal cell viability and resulting damage to the extracellular matrix.'], ['Altered pathways included signaling and inflammation in multiple cell types, metabolic signaling in Sertoli cells, hedgehog signaling and testosterone production in Leydig cells, cell death and growth in testicular peritubular cells, and possible developmental regression in both Leydig and peritubular cells.'], ['The purpose of this study is the examine whether it is possible for pharmacological synthetic statin agents added into primary cell cultures obtained from human intervertebral disc tissue (IVD) to stop and eliminate tissue degeneration through the anabolic/catabolic signaling pathways associated with inflammation.', 'In addition, changes in transcription factors and protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, which play important roles in anabolic and catabolic pathways associated with inflammation, were analyzed.'], ['Moreover, ELSA data provide preliminary evidence that increased inflammation may mediate this association in women.'], ['CONCLUSION: Stump classification type 3 exhibited the highest accumulation of AGEs and the highest oxidative stress and apoptosis, suggesting a high degree of degeneration and inflammation.'], ['Context: Aging can contribute to a decrease in physical activity as a result of metabolic dysfunction and hormonal imbalance that can cause degenerative joint disease and aging-related inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Older people with HIV (PWH) experience more comorbidities and geriatric syndromes than their HIV-negative peers, perhaps due to residual inflammation despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy.'], ['Next, sought to determine how ET-1 regulates inflammation in muscle cells by western blot and qPCR assay.', 'ET-1 also reduces the energy metabolism of fat and induces micro-environment inflammation which causes myopathy.', 'CONCLUSION: We describe a new mechanism of ET-1 triggering chronic inflammation in patients with hyperglycemia.'], ['SIRTs are involved in various biological processes including endocrine system, apoptosis, aging and longevity, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, inflammation, etc.'], ['This repair system implies a dysfunctional secretory phenotype of senescent cells and results in an insufficient repair process including chronic inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['Vascular endothelium maintains vascular homeostasis through liberating a spectrum of vasoactive molecules, both protective and harmful regulators of vascular tone, structural remodeling, inflammation and atherogenesis.', 'Among many proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms causing endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are often the pivotal players and they are naturally considered as useful targets for intervention in patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.', 'In this article, we provide a recent update on the therapeutic values of pharmacological agents, such as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors, bone morphogenic protein 4 inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists, and glucagon-like peptide 1-elevating drugs, and the physiological factors, particularly hemodynamic forces, that improve endothelial function by targeting endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Chronic low-grade inflammation is linked to a multitude of chronic diseases.', 'We report the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, in UK Biobank participants (N = 427,367, European descent) and the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium (total N = 575,531 European descent).', 'Our findings identified genetic loci and functional properties of chronic low-grade inflammation and provided evidence for causal associations with a range of diseases.'], ['Various in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the role of quercetin and here a detailed review of quercetin as a curative agent in neurodegeneration, diabetes, cancer, and inflammation has been carried out.'], ['OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine associations between the DII, inflammation, oxidative stress and sarcopenia-related parameters in healthy old compared to young adults.', 'CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: A pro-inflammatory diet reflected by the DII is associated with higher systemic inflammation, slower gait speed as well as lower muscle mass in old adults.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Aged patients with depression present a higher potential for dietary inflammation.'], ['In addition, molecules and signaling pathways related to immunity, inflammation, infectious disease, and oxidative phosphorylation were identified in common.'], ['We investigated combining a core AD neuropathology measure (plasma amyloid-beta [Abeta] 42/40) with five plasma markers of inflammation, cellular stress, and neurodegeneration to predict cognitive decline.'], ['Peripheral inflammation is elevated in older Black adults, an elevation which prior work has suggested may be due to chronic stress associated with systemic racism and related adverse cardiovascular health conditions.', 'Inflammation is also involved in the pathogenic processes of dementia; however, limited (and mixed) results exist concerning inflammation and cognitive decline in Black adults.', 'We characterized patterns of inflammation and their role in cognitive decline in 280 older Black adults (age = 72.99 +- 6.00 years; 69.6% female) from the Minority Aging Research Study (MARS) who were without dementia at baseline and followed between 2 and 15 years (mean = 9 years).', 'Principal component analysis with varimax rotation characterized patterns of inflammation with factor loadings > 0.6 per component contributing to two composite scores representing acute/upstream and chronic/downstream inflammation.', 'Higher baseline upstream/acute inflammation associated with lower baseline semantic memory (p = .040) and perceptual speed (p = .046); it was not related to cognitive decline.', 'By contrast, higher baseline downstream/chronic inflammation associated with faster declines in global cognition (p = .010), episodic (p = .027) and working memory (p = .006); it was not related to baseline cognition.', 'For older Black adults, chronic, but not acute, inflammation may be a risk factor for changes in cognition.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging-associated frailty has been connected to low-grade chronic inflammation and also to progressive monocytic activation.', 'CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36, platelet glycoprotein 4 or fatty acid translocase) has been shown to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and to activate macrophage connected inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Peripheral inflammation is associated with increased risk for dementia.', 'Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), red cell distribution width (RDW), and mean platelet volume (MPV), are easily measured circulating blood cell phenotypes reflecting chronic peripheral inflammation, but their association with dementia status is unclear.', 'CONCLUSION: Chronic peripheral inflammation as measured by NLR and RDW was associated with worse cognitive function, reduced brain volume, and greater microvascular disease in FHS participants.'], ['In all age and sex groups, the first ten complaints of patients with three top priorities in each category included process (follow-up, consultation, and results exam), digestive (toothache and gum complaint, abdominal pain, and diarrhea), respiratory (cough, sore throat, and runny nose), general (fever, pain, and weakness and fatigue), musculoskeletal (back pain, leg complaint, and knee injuries), endocrine and nutritional (weight gain, Feeding problem, and weight loss), cardiovascular (hypertension, palpitations, and Postural hypotension), neurological (headache, dizziness, and paralysis), sexual dysfunction (vaginal complaint, discharge, and irregular menstruation), and dermatological (pruritus, rash, and inflammation) problems.'], ['This study assessed potential factors that may contribute to MS response heterogeneity in postmenopausal women: training frequency, serum FSH and estrogen levels, adiposity, inflammation marker, and insulin resistance.'], ['Inflammation, an important contributory factor of muscle and bone ageing, is potentially modulated by diet.'], ['The presence of low-level inflammation in OA has been recognized for many years as a major pathogenic driver of joint damage.', 'Understanding how inflammation may contribute to, and modify pain in OA will be instrumental in identifying new druggable targets for analgesic therapies.', 'We discuss how local inflammation in the joint can contribute to mechanical sensitization and to the structural neuroplasticity of joint nociceptors, through pro-inflammatory factors such as nerve growth factor, cytokines, and chemokines.', 'Finally, we discuss how systemic inflammation associated with obesity may modify OA pain and suggest future research directions.'], ['Aging is the major risk factor for multimorbidity that is derived from the progressive loss of homeostasis, immunological and stem cell exhaustion, as well as exacerbated inflammation responses.'], ['This review concludes by highlighting links between chronic inflammation and metabolic and epigenetic changes associated with aging and in the development of clonal hematopoiesis.'], ['Cardiac macrophages are nodal regulators of inflammation.', 'The current review examines the ambivalent role of inflammation (mainly TNFalpha-related) and cardiac macrophages (Mphi) in pathophysiologies from non-infarction origin, focusing on the protective signaling processes.'], ['Increasing extensive evidence supports the contribution of genetic risk variants and inflammation in the pathobiology of this disease.'], ['However, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress caused by ovarian hypoxia are the largest contributors to ovarian aging and GC dysfunction.', 'Therefore, the amelioration of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress is expected to be a pivotal method to improve GC function and oocyte quality.'], ['In particular, terminally differentiated CD8+ effector memory CD45RA+ TEMRA cells and their subsets have characteristics of cellular senescence, accumulate in older individuals, and are increased in age-related chronic inflammatory diseases.', 'In the analysis of over 90 inflammation proteins, we identified plasma TRANCE/RANKL levels to associate with several differentiated T-cell populations, including CD8+ TEMRA and its CD28- subsets.'], ['The aging process is associated with a remodeling of the immune system involving chronic low-grade inflammation and a gradual decline in the function of the immune system.', 'The inflammation associated with aging or chronic inflammatory conditions stimulates a counteracting immunosuppression which protects tissues from excessive inflammatory injuries but promotes immunosenescence.'], ['Soluble CD22 (sCD22) generated by cleavage from cell membranes may be a marker of inflammation and microglial dysfunction; but alterations of sCD22 levels in AD and their correlation with AD biomarkers remain unclear.'], ['Anemia, malnutrition, vitamin and trace element deficiencies, changes in hormone levels, and chronic inflammation are correlated with sarcopenia.'], ['Decreased E-cadherin immunostaining is frequently observed in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and was recently correlated with increased inflammation in aging prostate.', 'At 24 months of age, mice with prostate-specific Cre-mediated heterozygous deletion of E-cadherin induced at 7 weeks of age developed additional prostatic defects, particularly increased macrophage inflammation and stromal proliferation, and bladder overactivity compared to age-matched control mice, which are similar to BPH/LUTS in that the phenotype is slow-progressing and age-dependent.', 'These findings suggest that decreased E-cadherin may promote macrophage inflammation and fibrosis in the prostate and subsequent bladder overactivity in aging men, promoting the development and progression of BPH/LUTS.'], ['SIRT2, thus affects most likely multiple cellular processes, such as signaling, gene expression, aging, autophagy, and has been identified as potential drug target in relation to inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.'], ['A possible mechanism for the reduced lifespan is subclinical inflammation that may be augmented by chronic viral infection.', 'We added measurement of two markers of inflammation to the 10-year follow-up on our study of HBV among 50 through 69 years old subjects in Greenland.', 'The markers were YKL40 related to liver disease, and hsCRP as a global marker of inflammation.', 'Survival was evaluated using Cox regression with time until death entered as dependent variable and age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, BMI, the presence of HBsAg, and one marker of inflammation as explanatory variables.', 'Harbouring HBV influenced 10-year survival in the Cox regression after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, and inflammation.', 'In conclusion, chronic low-grade inflammation and being infected with HBV were independent markers of mortality in otherwise healthy subjects.'], ['Cognitive decline of aging is modulated by chronic inflammation and comorbidities.', 'In people with HIV-infection (PWH) it may also be affected by HIV-induced inflammation, lifestyle and long-term effects of antiretroviral therapies (ART).', 'Here we explored the possible relations among variants in 3 genes involved in inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders (APOE: epsilon2/epsilon3/epsilon4; HFE: H63D; C9ORF72: hexanucleotide expansions >= 9 repeats), cognitive/functional impairment (MiniMental State Examination MMSE, Clock Drawing Test CDT, Short Physical Performance Battery SPPB), comorbidities and HIV-related variables in a cohort of > 50 years old PWH (n = 60) with at least 10 years efficient ART.'], ['Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critical regulators of multiple biological processes related to ageing such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation.'], ['Results: We found that hyperuricemia was significantly associated with inflammation, registered by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in both sexes.'], ['Using the STOP questionnaire combined to the percentage of body fat (%BF), we estimated the prevalence of individuals at high-risk for OSA in a sex and age-specific manner, and tested the relation with comorbidities, menopause and systemic inflammation.', 'Comorbidities, menopause and systemic inflammation, more than age, explain increased OSA prevalence.'], ['Late-life depression (LLD) has been associated with inflammation and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6, but often depressed individuals have comorbid medical conditions that are associated with immune dysregulation.', 'To determine whether depression has an association with inflammation independent of medical illness, 1120 adults were screened to identify individuals who had clinically significant depression but not medical conditions associated with systemic inflammation.', 'In total, 66 patients with LLD screened to exclude medical conditions associated with inflammation were studied in detail along with 26 age-matched controls (HC).', 'Our results indicate that depression by itself does not result in systemic or intrathecal elevations in cytokines and that celecoxib does not appear to have an adjunctive antidepressant role in older patients who do not have medical reasons for having inflammation.', 'The negative finding for increased inflammation and the lack of a treatment effect for celecoxib in this carefully screened depressed population taken together with multiple positive results for inflammation in previous studies that did not screen out physical illness support a precision medicine approach to the treatment of depression that takes the medical causes for inflammation into account.'], ['Chronic low-grade inflammation that accompanies aging is associated with adverse health outcomes and may exacerbate the severity of infectious disease such as COVID-19.', 'Resistance training (RT) has the potential to improve chronic low-grade inflammation, but the evidence remains inconclusive.', 'This study evaluated the effects of RT on chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly adults.', 'RT can be used to ameliorate chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly adults.'], ['Moreover, the persistent stimulation by several antigens throughout life favors the switching of CD8+ T cells towards a senescent phenotype contributing to a low-grade inflammation that is a major component of several ageing-related diseases.'], ['A hallmark of the ageing process is a systemic low-grade chronic inflammation that also contributes to neuroinflammation.', 'Therefore, low-grade chronic inflammation and neuroinflammation should be considered potential modifiable risk factors for AD that can be attenuated by PE.', "This opens the possibility for personalised attenuation of neuroinflammation that could also have important health benefits for patients with other inflammation associated brain disorders (i.e., Parkinson's disease, late-onset epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and anxiety disorders).", "Further studies in human are necessary to develop optimal, personalised protocols, adapted to the progression of AD and the individual's mental and physical limitations, to take full advantage of the beneficial effects of PE that include improved cardiovascular fitness, attenuated systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, stimulated brain Abeta peptides brain catabolism and brain clearance."], ['Aged and photoaged skin exhibit fine wrinkles that are signs of epidermal inflammation and degeneration.', 'It has been shown that healthy elderly skin expresses amyloidogenic proteins, including alpha-Synuclein, which are known to oligomerize and trigger inflammation and neurodegeneration.', 'Oalpha-Syn also increased NF-kB nuclear translocation in keratinocytes and triggered inflammation in the RHE, by increasing expression of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a time-dependent manner.', 'These findings suggest that Oalpha-Syn induces epidermal inflammation and decreases keratinocyte proliferation, and therefore might contribute to epidermal degeneration observed in human skin aging.'], ['Interleukin (IL)-17A, a pro-inflammatory factor, plays an important role in many chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['The major pathological changes of AD are the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, loss of cholinergic neurons, inflammation and metabolism dysfunction.', 'In this review, we briefly introduce the recent research progress on lncRNAs in AD, including their regulation of clearance of the Abeta plaques, synaptic function, inflammation reaction and mitochondrial function, and thus providing the references for that lncRNAs can serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in AD.'], ['Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, astrogliosis, imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory neuronal function, and cognitive deficits in both humans and mouse models.', 'Suppression of inflammation has been proposed as a therapeutic approach to treating DS co-morbidities, including intellectual disability (DS/ID).', "Conversely, we discovered previously that treatment with the innate immune system stimulating cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which has both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, improved cognition and reduced brain pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), another inflammatory disorder, and improved cognition and reduced biomarkers of brain pathology in a phase II trial of humans with mild-to-moderate AD.", 'These findings suggest that stimulating and/or modulating inflammation and the innate immune system with GM-CSF treatment may enhance cognition in both people with DS/ID and in the typical aging population.'], ['We observed similarly enhanced expression of inflammation-related genes and decreased autophagy in adipose tissues from elderly individuals and PLWH.'], ['Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which can occur in large and medium-sized blood vessels in the whole body.', 'Recent studies have shown that chronic stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis, endothelial injury, lipid metabolism, and chronic inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Ageing and multimorbidity are associated with inflammation.', 'Given the potential for interactions between polypharmacy and inflammation, the relationship between inflammation and polypharmacy were studied in older adults with multimorbidity and in healthy ageing mice.'], ['METHODS: Cardiovascular autonomic function was assessed in 29 newly diagnosed patients with NPC using standardized measures including heart rate response to deep breathing (HRDB), Valsalva ratio (VR), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and analyses of heart rate variability (HRV), biomarkers of oxidative stress, and inflammation at three different time points (baseline, immediately after CCRT, and 9 years after enrollment).'], ['The placental (fetal)-maternal immune and endocrine mediated homeostatic imbalances and inflammation are well reported.', 'Although immune cell migration, activation, and production of proparturition cytokines to the fetal membranes are reported, cellular level events that can generate a unique set of inflammation are not well discussed.', 'In addition to maternal inflammation, this review projects FIR as an additional mediator of inflammatory overload required to promote parturition.'], ['INTERPRETATION: These results support prior evidence of a non-monotonic change in diffusion behavior, where an early increase in diffusion restriction is hypothesized to reflect inflammation and myelin repair prior to an ensuing decrease in diffusion restriction, indicating glial and neuronal degeneration.'], ['Genetic deletion of the Creg1 gene in hepatocytes (Creg1 hep ) markedly exacerbated ethanol-induced liver injury, apoptosis, steatosis and inflammation.', 'Taken together, our data suggest that CREG1 protects against alcoholic liver injury and inflammation by inhibiting the ASK1-JNK/p38 stress kinase pathway and that CREG1 is a potential therapeutic target for ALD.'], ['Signals generated by the gut due to its interaction with the gut microbiome (microbial metabolites, gut peptides, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukins) constitute links between gut microbiota activity and skeletal muscle and regulate muscle functionality via modulation of systemic/tissue inflammation as well as insulin sensitivity.'], ['It has been shown that TLR/MYD88 signaling is involved in the chronic low-grade sterile inflammation associated with AD.'], ['Research on fasting is gaining traction based on recent studies that show its role in many adaptive cellular responses such as the reduction of oxidative damage and inflammation, increase of energy metabolism, and in boosting cellular protection.'], ['We demonstrated that the knockdown of PLAU rescued senescence-related phenotypes, endothelial cell activation, and inflammation in models induced by AQR or TNF-alpha.'], ['Therefore, this review will discuss the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs and extracellular vehicles (EVs) secreted by MSCs for stroke, such as in attenuating inflammation through immunomodulation, releasing trophic factors to promote therapeutic effects, inducing angiogenesis, promoting neurogenesis, reducing the infarct volume, and replacing damaged cells.'], ['Increased MG glycation produces inactivation and misfolding of proteins, cell dysfunction, activation of the unfolded protein response, and related low-grade inflammation.', 'tRES-HESP corrected insulin resistance, improved dysglycemia, and low-grade inflammation.'], ['Among the possible molecular determinants of sarcopenia, increasing evidences suggest that chronic inflammation contributes to its development.', 'However, a key unresolved question is the nature of the factors that drive inflammation during aging and that participate in the development of sarcopenia.', 'However, whether accumulation of damaged mitochondria (MIT) in muscle could trigger inflammation in the context of aging is still unknown.', 'Here, we demonstrate that BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) plays a key role in the control of mitochondrial and lysosomal homeostasis, and mitigates muscle inflammation and atrophy during aging.', 'BNIP3 deficiency alters mitochondrial function, decreases mitophagic flux and, surprisingly, induces lysosomal dysfunction, leading to an upregulation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-dependent inflammation and activation of the NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome in muscle cells and mouse muscle.', 'Importantly, downregulation of muscle BNIP3 in aged mice exacerbates inflammation and muscle atrophy, and high BNIP3 expression in aged human subjects associates with a low inflammatory profile, suggesting a protective role for BNIP3 against age-induced muscle inflammation in mice and humans.', 'Taken together, our data allow us to propose a new adaptive mechanism involving the mitophagy protein BNIP3, which links mitochondrial and lysosomal homeostasis with inflammation and is key to maintaining muscle health during aging.'], ['Different factors, such as biofilm matrix production, source of carbohydrate exposure, and cross-kingdom interactions, have encouraged increased microbial accumulation on dental implants, leading to a microbiological community shift from a healthy to a pathogenic state, increasing inflammation and favoring tissue damage.'], ['Inflammation has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, yet its role in cognitive decline has not been evaluated.', 'This study explores the association between inflammation and cognitive functioning in persons with schizophrenia.', 'Plasma levels of nine biomarkers associated with inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, serum amyloid A, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interferon gamma-induced protein-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, fractalkine, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) were quantified using commercially available, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.'], ['Serum levels of inflammation were measured by ELISA.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In both guinea pigs and humans, TB perturbs epigenetic processes, promoting premature cellular aging and inflammation, a plausible means to explain the long-term detrimental health outcomes after TB.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Current smoking is associated with signs of early onset of cardiovascular ageing and protein biomarkers that regulate inflammation, endothelial function, metabolism, oncological processes and apoptosis.'], ['Furthermore, the deteriorated patients exhibited more severe multiorgan damage, coagulation dysfunction, and extensive inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: The association between obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive functioning is not yet fully understood and could be influenced by factors such as sex, age and systemic inflammation.', 'We determined the sex- and age-specific association between obstructive sleep apnea risk and cognitive performance, and the influence of systemic inflammation on this association.', 'These associations were partly mediated by systemic inflammation.'], ['In the initiation or exacerbation of Alzheimer disease, the dissemination of oral microorganisms into the brain tissue or the low-level systemic inflammation have been speculated to play a role.', 'Factors contributing to microbial dysbiosis seem to be aging, local inflammation, systemic diseases, wearing of dentures, living in nursing homes and no access to adequate oral hygiene measures.'], ['Periodontitis and osteoporosis are prevalent inflammation-associated skeletal disorders that pose significant public health challenges to our aging population.', 'Both periodontitis and osteoporosis are bone disorders closely associated with inflammation and aging.', 'Inflammation and its influence on bone remodeling play critical roles in the pathogenesis of both osteoporosis and periodontitis and could serve as the central mechanistic link between these disorders.', 'Vitamin D deficiency and smoking are shared risk factors and may mediate the connection between osteoporosis and periodontitis, through increasing oxidative stress and impairing host response to inflammation.'], ['Our findings identify NPM1 as a regulator of HSC aging and inflammation and highlight the role of p53 in MDS progression to leukemia.'], ['Here we investigated the neutrophil infiltration in cardiac tissue autopsy samples of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and compared these with tissues from patients with sepsis, endocarditis, dermal inflammation, abscesses and diseases with prominent neutrophil infiltration.'], ['Secondary outcomes were postoperative inflammation markers (C-reactive protein and fever), and economic outcomes (postoperative length of hospital stay and medical expenses).', 'CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS: This study indicates a significant impact of preoperative dental care on preventing postoperative infection and inflammation.'], ['The use of rapamycin to prolong life in different animal models may be attributable to the multiple roles played by mTOR signaling in various processes involved in ageing, protein translation, autophagy, stem cell pool turnover, inflammation, and cellular senescence.'], ['Older adults in the US have a much higher prevalence of diabetes, low HDL cholesterol, and high inflammation (CRP) compared to English adults.'], ['The binding of RAGE to other ligands (e.g., high mobility group box 1, S100 proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and amyloid-beta) can result in pathological processes via the activation of intracellular RAGE signaling pathways, including inflammation, diabetes, aging, cancer growth, and metastasis.'], ['Normally the immune system undergoes alterations of lymphocyte and monocyte populations with aging, that include diminished naive T- and B-lymphocyte numbers, a reliance on memory lymphocytes, and a skewed production of myeloid cells leading to age-related inflammation, termed "inflamm-aging".'], ['These activities include anti-inflammation, liver protective, analgesic, and anti-cancers, which have provided the anthocyanins an immense commercial value, and has impelled their chemistry, biological activity, isolation, and quality investigations as prime focus.'], ['Strategies to counter the detrimental effects that follow cutaneous exposure to PM, such as induction of pigmentation, inflammation, and alterations in adipokine profile, need to be investigated further.', 'Korean red ginseng (KRG) extracts and individual ingredients have been demonstrated to play an effective role in suppression of ROS, inflammation, and resultant skin aging.'], ['Two of the most predominant phenomena in aging include chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) and changes in the gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis).', 'Although a direct causal relationship has not been established, many studies have reported significant reductions in inflammation during aging through well-maintained gut health and microbial balance.', 'Unfortunately, few studies specifically focus on their significance in reducing inflammation during aging.'], ['Associations between TFG/TMPG and changes in biomarkers reflecting myocardial damage/dysfunction and inflammation is unknown.', 'Biomarkers reflecting myocardial necrosis [troponin T (TnT)], myocardial dysfunction [N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)], inflammation [interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP)], and oxidative stress/ageing/inflammation [growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15)] were measured at baseline, discharge, and 1- and 6-month post-randomization.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Successful restoration of epicardial blood flow in STEMI was associated with less myocardial necrosis/dysfunction and inflammation.'], ['METHODS: Trx80 was measured in serum samples from participants from two different cohorts: the observational memory clinic biobank (GEDOC) (N = 99) with AD CSF biomarker data was available and the population-based lifestyle multidomain intervention trial Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) (N = 47), with neuroimaging data and blood markers of inflammation available.'], ['Histomorphometric analysis included gland architecture, fibrosis, fat replacement, inflammation and stains for IgG/IgG4, when relevant.'], ['These receptors extensively control transcription of a variety of genes involved in development, metabolism, and inflammation.'], ['Subsequently, we examined the impact of B. fragilis supplementation on AF promotion, atrial structural remodeling and inflammation response in D-galactose induced aging rats.', 'Furthermore, B. fragilis significantly diminished the systemic and atrial inflammation, which is accompanied by an increase in the number of Treg cells in the spleen and blood.'], ['Accumulating evidence has documented a close relationship between genome instability and inflammation, including the production of type-I Interferon.', 'A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms engaging type-I Interferon signaling in FA may ultimately lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets to rescue the pathological inflammation and premature aging associated with Fanconi Anemia.'], ['Here we illustrate how BBB damage is causal in the pathogenesis of VCI through the increased activation of pathways related to excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases that lead to downstream perivascular damage, leukocyte infiltration and white matter changes in the brain.'], ['Consequently, damage to the gut mucosal barrier leads to an enhanced microbial translocation and systemic inflammation, a hallmark of HIV-1 disease progression.'], ['BACKGROUND: Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is an inflammatory premalignant disorder resulting from acquired genetic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells.'], ['Patients were divided in to 3 groups based on TAB result: positive (inflammation in the main artery wall), negative (no inflammation), and SVV (isolated vasa vasorum or periadventitial SVV).'], ['The pathophysiologic changes of the ocular surface responsible for eye dryness are linked with inflammation and neurosensory abnormalities and may occur with a different feature in young patients compared with elders.'], ['Experimental and histological findings suggest that vestibulopathy due to inflammation caused by neurotropic viruses may lead to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo picture.'], ['A growing inventory of senolytic drugs are under consideration for several diseases associated with aging, inflammation, DNA damage, as well as cancer.'], ['However, the relationship between frailty and other recognised prognostic factors including age, nutritional status, obesity, sarcopenia and systemic inflammation is poorly understood.', 'Data collected included general demographic details, clinicopathological variables, CFS admission assessment, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), CT-BC measurements and markers of systemic inflammation.', 'The majority of patients were not malnourished (MUST 0, 58%), had >= 1 co-morbidity (87%), were sarcopenic (low SMI, 80%) and had systemic inflammation (mGPS >= 1, 81%, NLR > 5, 55%).', 'CONCLUSION: Frailty was independently associated with age, co-morbidity, and systemic inflammation.'], ['Telomere attrition is a common feature of the aging process and can be accelerated by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.'], ['This cross-sectional pilot study examined differences in arterial stiffness, blood pressure, cardiometabolic markers, anthropometric outcomes, and inflammation in vegetarians and matched omnivores.'], ['Whether chronic inflammation mediates the relationship between phthalates (PAEs) and depressive symptoms remains unclear.', 'In this study, we establish mediating models of inflammatory factors and explore the mediating role of chronic inflammation in the association between PAEs exposure and depressive symptoms.', 'The mediating effect of IL-6 and generalized inflammation factor between MEHP exposure and depressive symptoms were 15.96% (95%CI=0.0288-0.1971) and 14.25% (95%CI = 0.0167-0.1899).', 'CONCLUSIONS: High levels of MEHP, MBzP and MBP increased the odds of depressive symptoms in the elderly, and chronic inflammation had a partial mediating effect on the increased odds of depressive symptoms due to MEHP exposure.'], ['Irisin is thought to play a cytoprotective role during acute stressors, such as exercise, by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Preeclampsia is one of the "great obstetrical syndromes" in which multiple and sometimes overlapping pathologic processes activate a common pathway consisting of endothelial cell activation, intravascular inflammation, and syncytiotrophoblast stress.'], ['RESULTS: Sarcopenia related gene products primarily involve in aging and inflammation related signal pathways.', 'These compounds play a role by regulating the proteins implicated in regulating aging and inflammation related signaling pathways, which are crucial in pathogenesis of sarcopenia.'], ['Indicators of stress (salivary cortisol), inflammation (C-reactive protein), and cellular aging (leukocyte telomere length) were assessed.'], ['Age-specific responses to SeV included a juvenile bias toward type 2 airway inflammation that emerged early in infection, whereas mature mice exhibited a more restricted bronchiolar distribution of infection that produced a distinct type 2 low inflammatory cytokine profile.'], ['Synovial inflammation is present in the OA joint and has been associated with radiographic and pain progression.', 'In addition, other factors, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, damage-associated molecular patterns, cytokines, metabolites and crystals in the synovium, activate synovial cells and mediate synovial inflammation.', 'An understanding of the activated pathways that are involved in OA-related synovial inflammation could form the basis for the stratification of patients and the development of novel therapeutics.'], ['Indeed, some natural products can target a variety of pathophysiological processes related to stroke, including oxidative stress, inflammation and neuronal apoptosis.'], ['It is expressed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, several bone marrow stromal cells, and nonleukemic cells involved in inflammation.'], ['This effect may be mediated directly by the increased oxidative stress and systemic inflammation associated with dyslipidemia, leading to increased osteoclastic activity and reduced bone formation.'], ['Alterations in oxidative stress, calcium handling, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, fibrosis, and tissue aging are among the mechanisms that predispose patients to the perfect "atrial storm".'], ['We examined how mtDNA and mtCDM correlate with markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation in people with and without HIV (PWH and PWOH).', 'Our findings suggest mtDNA changes in oral tissues may reflect CNS processes, allowing the use of inexpensive and easily accessible buccal biospecimens as a screening tool for CSF inflammation and neurodegeneration.'], ['Furthermore, the contribution of germline genetic predisposition, HSC and niche aging, metabolic, oxidative, replicative or genotoxic stress, inflammation, immune escape and additional mutations need to be considered in further investigations to encompass the full complexity of human MPN in mice.'], ['Mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation are also closely correlated with insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.', 'This review focus on the mechanisms by which oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, and inflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of T2D, highlighting the importance of the antioxidant response and DNA repair mechanisms counteracting the development of the disease.'], ['This review aims to investigate the effects of Panax ginseng in various conditions associated with aging, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.', 'The ginsenosides, chemical constituents found in Panax ginseng, can inhibit the effects of inflammatory cytokines, inhibit signaling pathways that induce inflammation, and inhibit cells that participate in inflammatory processes.'], ['Deletion of Pla2g7 in mice showed decreased thymic lipoatrophy, protection against age-related inflammation, lowered NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and improved metabolic health.', 'Therefore, the reduction of PLA2G7 may mediate the immunometabolic effects of CR and could potentially be harnessed to lower inflammation and extend the health span.'], ['These results suggest that an inflammatory response independent of the acute inflammation caused by bleeding can occur, which may lead to the development of AiCFD.', 'Therefore, we believe that severe and/or chronic inflammation, probably due to an underlying disease or aging, is the most important factor in autoantibody development.'], ['We also determined its relationship to systemic inflammation, which has been additionally implicated in dementia and SVD.', 'Inflammation was quantified using serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen.', 'RESULTS: At baseline, higher CAIDE scores were associated with all markers of SVD and inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: Higher CAIDE scores, indicating greater risk of dementia, predicts future progression of both WMH and systemic inflammation.'], ['Inflammation is an important pathologic process of tendinopathy.'], ['A conceptual model of musculoskeletal frailty in HIV that outlines chronic inflammation, altered energy metabolism, immune activation, and endocrine alterations as mechanisms associated with frailty development is presented.'], ['Inflammation, ROS detoxification and autophagy were assessed by RT-PCR.'], ['During ageing, adipose inflammation leads to the redistribution of fat to the intra-abdominal area (visceral fat) and fatty infiltrations in skeletal muscles, resulting in decreased overall strength and functionality.', 'In turn, these muscle-secreted cytokines may exacerbate adipose tissue atrophy, support chronic low-grade inflammation, and establish a vicious cycle of local hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation that spreads systemically, thus promoting the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO).', 'Patients with SO show an increased risk of systemic insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, associated chronic diseases, and the subsequent progression to full-blown sarcopenia and even cachexia.'], ['Additionally, the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress were also significantly reduced by uridine treatment.'], ['11 S, 17S-dihydroxy 7,9,13,15,19 (Z,E,Z,E,Z)-docosapentaenoic acid (DoPE) is a derivative of docosapentaenoic acid, a specialized pro-resolving mediator of inflammation such as lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins.', 'PM10 is a fine dust particle that induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, aging, and cancer.', 'Collectively, our results demonstrated that DoPE inhibited IL-6 expression by reducing ROS generation, suppressing ERK phosphorylation, and inhibiting translocation of NF-kB p65 and NF-kB activity in PM10-stimulated HaCaT cells, suggesting that DoPE can be useful for the resolution of the inflammation caused by IL-6.'], ['Such mechanisms include impaired insulin signaling, altered glucose metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and premature aging, which strongly affect cognitive function and increased risk of dementia.'], ["METHODS: This cohort study's participants were recruited from the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study in Tianjin, China."], ['He was found to have an enhancing lesion in the peripheral conus medullaris on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with nonspecific inflammation and necrosis on biopsy pathology and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for VZV.'], ['In this article, we discussed that oxidative stress accelerates disc degeneration by influencing aging, inflammation, autophagy, and DNA methylation, and summarize some antioxidant therapeutic measures for IDD, indicating that antioxidant therapy for disc degeneration holds excellent promise.'], ['Microarray analysis identified 162 differentially expressed genes (fold change >= 1.5, P < 0.05), with overrepresentation of several biological processes, including regulation of adhesion, migration, inflammation, and differentiation (fold enrichment > 2.0, false discovery rate P < 0.05).'], ['Recently, monocytes-to-high density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (MHR) has emerged as a powerful index to predict systemic inflammation.'], ['LTL1361 and DFC supplementation ameliorated cognitive ability, attenuated oxidative stress in brain and inflammation in serum and colon, ameliorated gut barrier function, and increased the SCFA concentrations and gene expression of SCFA receptors.'], ['Increases in inflammation and oxidative stress play a major role in the development of osteoporosis.', 'Our earlier findings in rodent male and female models of osteoporosis, as well as postmenopausal women strongly suggest the efficacy of prunes (dried plum) in reducing inflammation and preventing/reversing bone loss.', 'The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two doses of prunes, daily, on biomarkers of inflammation and bone metabolism in men with some degree of bone loss (BMD; t-score between -0.1 and -2.5 SD), for three months.'], ['Little is known regarding the relationships between vitamin D, omega 6:3 ratio, LTL, inflammation, and chronic pain.', 'Findings highlight the complex relationships between anti-inflammatory micronutrients, inflammation, cellular aging, and chronic pain.'], ['At a molecular level, this could be attributed to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression, renin-angiotensin system dysfunction, and inflammation.'], ['Aside from the physiological role of the cAMP/AMPK axis, numerous reports have suggested its role in several pathologies, including inflammation, ischemia, diabetes, obesity, and aging.'], ['Our scRNA-seq analysis revealed that decreasing IQGAP1 resulted in diminished transcription of mechanotransduction, inflammation, and fibrosis-related genes, which was confirmed on the protein level with immunofluorescent staining.', 'The deficiency of IQGAP1 significantly attenuates FBR by deactivating downstream mechanotransduction signaling, inflammation, and fibrotic pathways.'], ['Paracrine signals are increasingly recognized as important senescence triggers and understanding their regulation and mode of action may provide novel opportunities to reduce senescence-induced inflammation and improve cell-based therapies.'], ['Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) refer to a subgroup of chronic, progressive, long-term, and relapsing inflammatory disorders.', 'Current analysis elucidates the role of inflammation and immune responses during IBD infection with COVID-19 and provides a list of possible targets for IBD-regulated therapies in particular.'], ['Moreover, the utilization of amino acids by the gut microbiome undergoes substantial changes with increasing age which have been reported as the risk factors for age-associated malnutrition and inflammation.'], ['Excessive angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)-2 signaling causes chronic tissue inflammation, promoting development and progression of aging-related diseases.'], ['To investigate the underlying basis for this vulnerability, we performed multimodal data analyses on immunity, inflammation, and COVID-19 incidence and severity as a function of age.'], ['Among PWH, extended survival comes at a cost of earlier onset and increased rates of aging-associated comorbidities and geriatric syndromes, with persistent inflammation and immune dysregulation consequent to chronic HIV infection and to antiretroviral therapy use contributing to an overall decrease in health span.'], ['Improving gut barrier dysfunction, microbial composition, and reducing microbial translocation constitute emerging strategies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-associated inflammation and may be relevant for age-related inflammatory conditions.'], ['Levels of total NAD, NAD+, and NADH in skeletal muscle were inversely associated with inflammation (P = 0.014, P = 0.013, and P = 0.055, respectively).', 'Coinfections were also associated with measures of inflammation (CD4/CD8 ratio: P < 0.001 and sCD163: P < 0.001) and immune activation (CD38 and human leukocyte antigen-DR expression on CD8 T cells: P < 0.001).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Further research is warranted to determine the clinical relevance of preclinical deficits in NAD metabolites in skeletal muscle in association with viral coinfection and inflammation, as well as the observed association between viral coinfection and physiologic frailty.'], ['At baseline, comparison between patients and controls identified several significant (PFDR < 0.01) CpG methylation differences in genes with functions relevant to inflammation, cellular ageing and vascular calcification.'], ['Interleukin-29 (IL-29) is a novel inflammatory mediator involved in the inflammation and degradation of cartilage in OA, and human T/C-28a2 cells treated with it were the inflammatory model in vitro.'], ["Inflammation is a natural protective mechanism that occurs when the body's tissue homeostatic mechanisms are disrupted by biotic, physical, or chemical agents.", 'The immune response generates pro-inflammatory mediators, but excessive output, such as chronic inflammation, contributes to many persistent diseases.', 'Plant extracts and phenolic compounds exert protective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation caused by airborne particulate matter, in addition to a range of anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-aging, antibacterial, and antiviral activities.'], ['This process is strongly associated with higher metabolic and oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, accumulation of DNA mutations and increased levels of related damage.'], ['Immune system undergoes gradual changes through aging including a shift from lymphoid to myeloid lineage production as well as increased IL-6 and TNF-alpha which lead to age-related weight loss and meta-inflammation.'], ['KEY POINTS: Type 1 diabetes negatively affects skeletal muscle health; however, the effect of structured exercise training on markers of mitochondrial function, inflammation and regeneration is not known.', 'Analysis of muscle biopsies showed an alteration of muscle markers of mitochondrial functions, inflammation, aging and growth/atrophy compared to the control group.'], ['RESULTS: We identified evidence for inflammation-associated changes in the OE stem cells of presbyosmic patients.'], ['Dysregulation of vascular homoeostasis, coupled with fibrosis and inflammation, are major culprits driving sight-threatening eye diseases.', 'Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an emerging key player in vascular dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['Diabetes accelerates the aging of skeletal muscles and blood vessels through mechanisms, such as increased oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, genetic polymorphism (fat mass and obesity-associated genes) and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products.'], ['Massive CD4+ T-cell depletion as well as sustained immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infection.', 'Therefore, the comparison between HIV-1 infected patients and uninfected elderly individuals goes beyond the sole onset of immunosenescence and extends to the deterioration of several physiological functions related to inflammation and systemic aging.'], ['More recently, it has been appreciated that the extra-follicular ovarian environment may have important direct or indirect impacts on the developing gamete, and age-dependent changes include increased fibrosis, inflammation, stiffness, and oxidative damage.'], ['Mulberry exhibits a wide range of functions, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-diabetes.'], ['At the end of each 48 h, we immediately measured sixteen circulatory system biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, and oxidative stress; lung function; blood pressure; and heart rate.'], ['Ageing is accompanied by the development of low-grade systemic inflammation which may promote changes in the neural systems predisposing to geriatric depression via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.', 'CONCLUSION: This study provides further evidence of the role of the HPA and inflammation in older adults with poor mental health.', 'In addition, the findings highlight sex differences where increased inflammation in women and declines in cortisol in men was linked to poorer mental health.'], ['Associations of oxidative stress and inflammation circulating biomarkers with age and functional responses were also determined.'], ['(1) Introduction: vitamin D may maintain the telomere length, either directly or via the inflammation effect and/or modulating the rate of cell proliferation.'], ['This study demonstrates that a product designed to affect multiple pathways of melanogenesis, inflammation, and ageing may provide an additional treatment option, beyond hydroquinone and retinoids, for hyperpigmentation and ageing.'], ['We have previously found increased levels of chronic low-grade inflammation (CLI) in MPN patients with drusen (MPNd) compared to MPN patients with normal retinas (MPNn).'], ['We conclude that SARS-CoV-2 worsens the AD condition by increasing neurotoxicity, due to higher levels of beta-amyloid, inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Advancing age closely associates with elevated markers of innate immunity and low-grade chronic inflammation, probably reflecting steady increasing incidents of cellular and tissue damage over the life course.'], ['Accumulation of senescent cells and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype in the lung of aged patients may lead to mild persistent inflammation, which results in tissue damage.'], ['Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic connective tissue disorder characterized by immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, and progressive tissue fibrosis of the skin and internal organs.', 'The immune dysfunctions of SSc patients are manifested by excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-alpha, and TNF-alpha, which can elicit potent tissue inflammation followed by tissue fibrosis.', 'Based on these data, inflamm-aging caused by immune dysfunction-mediated inflammation exists in patients with SSc.'], ['We also noted distinct sex-related activation patterns of standard and immunoproteasome active sites in chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as determined by multiple linear regression modeling.', 'Our data thus provides a conceptual framework for future analysis of immunoproteasome function as a bio-marker for chronic inflammatory disease development and progression.'], ['We also discuss putative medical applications of advances in miRNA biology including organ preservation for transplant, inflammation, ageing, metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity), mitochondrial dysfunction (mitoMirs) as well as specialized miRNA subgroups respective to low temperature (CryomiRs) and low oxygen (OxymiRs).'], ['Furthermore, since Pin1 has been found to act as a critical driver of vascular cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation, with implication in many vascular diseases (e.g., diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy), evidence indicating that Pin1 may serve a pivotal role in vascular endothelium will be discussed.'], ['The 3 downgraded cases included 2 from LGIN to inflammation and 1 from HGIN to LGIN.'], ['Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major source of skin damage, resulting in inflammation, premature ageing and cancer.'], ['Anemia is a major comorbidity in aging, chronic kidney and inflammatory diseases, and hematologic malignancies.'], ['However, PDE5I refractoriness can develop for reasons including nitrergic nerve damage and decreased NO production, or inflammation-related oxidation of the sGC haem group, normally maintained in a reduced state by the cofactor, cytochrome-b5-reductase 3 (CYB5R3).'], ['AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We aimed to determine the longitudinal association of circulating markers of systemic inflammation with subsequent long-term cognitive change in older people with type 2 diabetes.'], ['Anti-aging interventions of LF have proven to be safe and effective for various pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cellular senescence, anti-inflammation, and anti-carcinogenic.'], ['There is evidence to support that miRNA are selectively packaged into EVs and can regulate recipient cell gene expression including major pathways involved in inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis.'], ['Probiotics modulate different neurochemical pathways by regulating the signalling pathways associated with inflammation, histone deacetylation, and microglial cell activation and maturation.'], ['Neurodegeneration is accompanied by elevated oxidative damage and inflammation.'], ['This review highlights the work helping connect zinc deficiency to oxidative stress, susceptibility to DNA damage and chronic inflammation that was initiated while working with Dr. Ames.', 'The article also reviews the unique challenges of maintaining zinc status as we age and the interplay between zinc deficiency and age-related inflammation and immune dysfunction.'], ['Aging is associated with the development of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI) characterized by increased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP).'], ['Using post-mortem frontal cortex brain samples of age- and sex-matched cognitively normal individuals (n = 30) and AD patients (n = 30), we sought to dissect the b-RAS changes associated with AD and assess how these changes correlate with brain markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction as well as amyloid-beta and paired helical filament tau pathologies.'], ['We also assessed change in circulating/urine biomarkers of oxidative stress/inflammation and kidney growth (height-adjusted total kidney volume]) by magnetic resonance imaging.'], ['In cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, overactivation of ubiquitin-proteasome system, endothelial dysfunction, lowering muscle blood flow, impaired glucose tolerance, hormonal changes, and physical inactivity possibly contribute to CVD-related sarcopenia.'], ['The understanding of AHF has evolved over the years from a significant hemodynamic failure to a multi-organ disease in the course of which peripheral mechanisms such as dysregulated cardiorenal axis or inflammation also play essential roles.'], ['Based on the concept of depression as a disorder of accelerated aging and its association with inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, we examined whether frailty measures at baseline and over time differed between immuno-metabolic subtypes of late-life depression.'], ['CONCLUSION: RE increased muscle strength, FFM and physical function, and decreased markers of systemic inflammation in healthy active older men.'], ['For small CSDH, evidence has emerged that statins may reduce haematoma volume and improve outcomes, presumably by reducing local inflammation and promoting vascular repair.', 'DISCUSSION: This multi-centre clinical trial aims to provide high-quality evidence on the efficacy and safety of the combined treatment of atorvastatin and low-dose dexamethasone to reduce inflammation and enhance angiogenesis in CSDH.'], ['Monocytes play important roles in anti-microbial and anti-viral responses and chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['11 papers are systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses of the association of MN with reproduction, child health, inflammation, auto-immune disease, glycation, metabolic diseases, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, eleven common cancers, ageing and frailty.'], ['Disease risk conferred by ApoE4 may be linked with higher subcortical iron burden in conjunction with inflammation or neuronal loss in aging individuals, while ApoE2 associations may not necessarily reflect unhealthy iron deposits earlier in life.'], ['Excessive liver steatosis leads to hepatic insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation, accelerating NAFLD progression.'], ['In this large population study, systemic inflammation measured 1-3 years pre-pandemic was associated with greater depressed mood during the early months of the pandemic.', 'This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that higher levels of inflammation increase the vulnerability of older people to impaired mental health in the presence of the widespread stress of the COVID-19 pandemic.'], ['Air pollution has been repeatedly linked to numerous health-related disorders, including skin sensitization, oxidative imbalance, premature extrinsic aging, skin inflammation, and increased cancer prevalence.'], ['Immunosenescence is a process of remodeling the immune system under the influence of chronic inflammation during aging.', 'On the other hand, cytomegalovirus (CMV), one of the most spread infections in humans, may induce chronic inflammation which contributes to immunosenescence, differentiation and the inflation of T cells and NK cells.'], ['The role of increased brain inflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases is unclear.', 'We report that healthy aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases have different cortical inflammatory signatures that are characterized by increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and call into question the view that increased inflammation underlies the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.'], ['The cognitive benefits of physical exercise are tied to an increased plasticity and reduced inflammation within the hippocampus2-4, yet little is known about the factors and mechanisms that mediate these effects.'], ['In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, inflammation-related pathway accounts for the majority.'], ['White adipose tissue (WAT) is a key organ in energy balance and impaired mitochondrial function in adipocytes has been associated with increased low-grade inflammation, altered metabolism, excessive ROS production and an accelerated aging phenotype.'], ['PURPOSE: To analyze the risk factors associated with emerging intraocular inflammation (IOI) after intravitreal brolucizumab injection (IVBr) to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD).'], ['Habitual food intake and physical activity can affect chronic low-grade inflammation, which is common in the elderly, because of changes in the immune system and body composition.'], ['Endothelial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and other pathological factors drives the process of atherogenesis.'], ['Our compilation of data revealed that the mechanisms most involved in the role of GPCRs in lifespan are those that mimic dietary restriction, those related to insulin signaling and the AMPK and TOR pathways, and those that alter oxidative homeostasis and severe and/or chronic inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammatory diseases are linked to an increased risk of stroke events.'], ['Thus, the HW bath with high-density nano-bubbles has beneficial effects on serum antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and the skin appearance.'], ['These include inflammation, impaired barrier function, and susceptibility to skin disorders such as cancer.', 'Kaempferia parviflora (Thai black ginger), a medicinal plant native to Thailand, has been shown to counteract inflammation, cancer, and senescence.', 'Finally, we report that polymethoxyflavones enhanced epidermal thickness and epidermal-dermal stability, while blocking age-related inflammation in skin explants.'], ['In addition to its usage in a variety of medical treatments such as inflammation, neural diseases and cancer, Astragalus membranaceus was used to extend lifespan of C. elegans.'], ['While many environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors affect healthy aging, this study addressed the influence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and immunity on age-related inflammation and cognitive abilities.', 'Healthy adults 70-90 years old were recruited into a prospective study investigating relationships between anti-CMV immunity, markers of inflammation, baseline measures of cognitive ability, and changes in cognitive ability over 18 months.', 'CMV-seropositive and -seronegative sub-groups were compared, and relationships between anti-CMV immunity, markers of inflammation, and cognitive ability were assessed.', 'No significant differences for markers of inflammation or measures of cognitive ability were observed between groups, and cognitive scores changed little over 18 months.', 'Significant correlations between markers of inflammation and cognitive scores with interconnection between anti-CMV antibody levels, fractalkine, cognitive ability, and depression scores suggest areas of focus for future studies.'], ['The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of increased FV intake for 16 weeks on circulating biomarkers of inflammation in a population of older men and women.'], ['The aging-related accumulations of functionally exhausted memory T lymphocytes, commonly secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, together with mediators and factors of the innate immune system, are considered to contribute to the low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) often observed in elderly people.'], ['Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is chronic disorder which is characterized by recurrent pauses of breathing during sleep which leads to hypoxia and its two main pathological sequelae: oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.', 'This process in OSA is likely caused by increased oxidative DNA damage due to increased reactive oxygen species levels, DNA repair disruptions, hypoxia, chronic inflammation, and circadian clock disturbances.', 'The majority of OSA patients are characterized by LTL attrition due to oxidative stress, hypoxia and inflammation, which make a kind of positive feedback loop, and circadian clock disturbance.'], ['Premature aging, as denoted by a reduced telomere length (TL), has been observed in several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).', 'Taken together, these results show that TL attrition was inversely associated with circulating endotoxin levels independent of the presence of T2DM and other cardiometabolic factors, suggesting that low-grade chronic inflammation may trigger premature biological aging.'], ['Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD+ -dependent histone/protein deacetylase, has multifaceted functions in various biological events such as inflammation, aging and energy metabolism.'], ['Chronic stress from social/environmental pressures has been proposed to affect bone health through increased inflammation.', 'We demonstrate that inflammation from prolonged stress does not cause changes to bone health through inflammation but instead impacts access to health care, social inequalities, and overall health, which in turn impact bone health.', 'PURPOSE: The study provides a comprehensive assessment of how determinants of health across demographic, psychological, mobility-related, health, environmental, and economic domains are associated with the diagnosis of osteoporosis and tests three hypotheses: (1) a diverse set of variables across domains will predict osteoporosis, (2) chronic inflammation as a result of stress (represented by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) will not be associated with osteoporosis, and (3) the model developed will have high accuracy in predicting osteoporosis.'], ['Histological inflammation of pyloric mucosa in the younger age group of H. pylori-positive patients was significantly higher than that in the elderly group.', 'Significant inflammation was observed in young women.', 'Histological gastritis has varying characteristics of inflammation, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia, depending on age and sex.'], ['IL-17A is a vital mediator that stimulates the activation of inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate chronic inflammation in relation to cognitive aging by comparison of an epigenetic and serum biomarker of C-reactive protein and their associations with neuroimaging and cognitive outcomes.', 'METHODS: At baseline, participants (n = 521) were cognitively normal, around 73 years of age (mean 72.4, SD 0.716), and had inflammation, vascular risk (cardiovascular disease history, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index), and neuroimaging (structural and diffusion MRI) data available.', 'Baseline inflammatory status was quantified by a traditional measure of peripheral inflammation-serum C-reactive protein (CRP)-and an epigenetic measure (DNA methylation [DNAm] signature of CRP).', 'Linear models were used to examine the inflammation-brain health associations; mediation analyses were performed to interrogate the relationship between chronic inflammation, brain structure, and cognitive functioning.', 'DISCUSSION: These results support the hypothesis that chronic inflammation may contribute to neurodegenerative brain changes that underlie differences in cognitive ability in later life and highlight the potential of DNAm proxies for indexing chronic inflammatory status.'], ['OBJECTIVE: SIRT6 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase known to regulate aging, inflammation and energy metabolism, and might play an important role in atherosclerosis.'], ['The complex interplay of factors involved in diabetes and dementia in Nigerian women include key biological agents (metabolic syndrome, vascular damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance), nutritional habits, lifestyle, and anemia, that worsen with comorbidities.'], ['However, retinal lipofuscin also presents biological and physicochemical characteristics indistinguishable from conventional granules, including indigestibility, tendency to cause lysosome swelling that results in rupture or defective functions, and ability to trigger NLRP3 inflammation, a symptom of low-level disruption of lysosomes.'], ['MDR-TB is a state of heightened oxidative stress and inflammation, which could be related to the aging-related processes and immunosenescence.'], ['RESULTS: As HSI quartiles increased, the LMM risk increased gradually, after adjusting for age, sex, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and several causative factors (insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D) (Q4 vs. Q1 OR [95% CI] 3.46 [2.23-5.35]).'], ['The mechanisms of aortic stiffness include alterations in extracellular matrix proteins (collagen deposition, elastin fragmentation), increased vasodilator tone (oxidative stress and inflammation-related reduced vasodilators and augmented vasoconstrictors; enhanced sympathetic activity), arterial calcification, vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness and extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans.'], ['Specifically, recent work has indicated that impaired sleep can impact on neuronal activity, brain clearance mechanisms, pathological build-up of proteins, and inflammation.'], ['Environmental stimuli attack the skin daily resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation.', "To begin to characterize AGSE's activity, we investigated its antioxidant potential and demonstrate it reduces ROS levels in NHDFs and cell-free assays equal to or better than Vitamin C and E. Moreover, AGSE shows anti-inflammatory properties, dose-dependently inhibiting UVA, UVB and chemical-induced inflammation."], ['The leading cause underpinning the development of chronic fatigue is related to muscle wasting mediated by aging, immobilization, insulin resistance (through high-fat dietary intake or pharmacologically mediated Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonism), diseases associated with systemic inflammation (arthritis, sepsis, infections, trauma, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders (heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD))), chronic kidney failure, muscle dystrophies, muscle myopathies, multiple sclerosis, and, more recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).'], ['Systemic inflammation elicited by sepsis can induce an acute cerebral dysfunction known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE).'], ['Furthermore, 25.2% (95% CI: 7.4% to 64.8%) and 29.8% (95% CI: 5.3% to 214.4%) of the difference in MCHC associated with average UFPs and Acc concentrations 14 d before clinical visits were mediated by the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), a biomarker of systemic inflammation.', 'Our findings for the first time provide the evidence that short-term UFPs and Acc exposure contributed to the damage of anemia-related blood cell in the elderly, and systemic inflammation was a potential internal mediator.'], ['Diet can modulate systemic inflammation; thus, it may be a valuable tool to counteract the associated risks for cognitive impairment and dementia.'], ['Inflammation may play a critical role in addition to deep vein thrombosis due to pulmonary embolism in morbidity and mortality after hip fractures and hip arthroplasty surgeries.'], ['INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are the cornerstone in the treatment of acute and chronic pain due to inflammation in musculoskeletal conditions.'], ['The etiology of sarcopenia has been postulated to be multifactorial with genetics, aging, immobility, nutritional deficiencies, inflammation, stress, and endocrine factors all contributing to the imbalance of muscle anabolism and catabolism.', 'Here, we explore the potential mechanisms and current studies regarding angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on reducing the development of sarcopenia through the associated changes in cardiovascular function, renal function, muscle fiber composition, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, metabolic efficiency, and mitochondrial function.'], ['BACKGROUND: Fibrinogen is an important biomarker of inflammation, but findings from longitudinal studies that correlated fibrinogen with lung function in older adults are inconsistent.'], ['Ischaemic stroke remains a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide and ageing-associated inflammation for the aged patients specifically leads to worse post-stroke blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption than young subjects.', 'Accordingly, suppression of excessive inflammation can alleviate BBB injury, which provides potential therapeutic treatment for ischaemic stroke of the aged.'], ['From 22 DEGs in aged blood, FASLG, CTSW, CTSE, VCAM1, and BAG3 were associated with immune response, inflammation, cell component and adhesion, and platelet activation/aggregation.', 'Blood interactome reveals targets involved with immune response, inflammation, and blood clots.'], ['The presence of disease-specific antigens and autoantibodies in the sera of patients with atherosclerosis-related diseases has been widely reported and is considered to result from inflammation of the arterial wall and the involvement of immune factors.'], ['In this narrative review, we summarize the key roles glucocorticoids, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria, and inflammation play in mediating the relationship between psychological stress and telomere maintenance.'], ['Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic and systemic inflammation affecting multiple organ systems, including an increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to the SLE-associated hyperinflammatory state.'], ['To translate our preliminary findings into clinical application, this paper reviews the existing evidence on the antidepressant effects of n-3 PUFAs and the potential underlying mechanisms, which include modulation of chronic lowgrade inflammation and the corresponding changes in peripheral blood immune biomarkers.'], ['PURPOSE: Aging can be characterized by increased systemic low-grade inflammation, altered gut microbiota composition, and increased intestinal permeability (IP).', 'RESULTS: Higher blood 16S levels were associated with higher BMI and markers of IP, inflammation, and dyslipidemia.', 'Nonetheless, the beneficial changes caused by the polyphenol-enriched diet were greatest in participants with higher bacterial DNAemia, specifically in markers related to IP, inflammation and dyslipidemia, and in fecal bacterial taxa.'], ['Together, this suggests that strategies that temporarily dampen inflammation at the time of vaccination may be a viable strategy to boost optimal antibody generation upon immunisation of older people.'], ['Low-grade inflammation is well-known as one of the pathogenic mechanisms in nAMD.', 'Conclusion: Substantial loss of IP-10 effects and persistent inflammation contribute to incidence of MA, and screening of AH cytokine levels could be a useful method to predict MA incidence in nAMD eyes under anti-VEGF therapy.'], ['mTOR blockade may extend healthy lifespan by abrogating inflammation induced by viral infections and autoimmunity.'], ['The identified pathways by PM2.5 mass were mostly involved in mood disorders, neuroplasticity, immunity, and inflammation, whereas the pathways associated with motor vehicles (BC, Cu, Pb, and Zn) were related with cardiovascular disease and cancer (e.g., "PPARs signaling").'], ['COVID-19-like symptoms were assessed by phone interview (March-June 2020) and included fever, cough, sore throat and/or a cold, headache, pain in muscles, legs and joints, loss of taste and/or odor, breathing difficulties, chest pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, and eye inflammation.'], ['Aging is associated with chronic systemic inflammation, which contributes to the development of many age-related diseases, including vascular disease.', 'Potential implications of these age-related immune alterations on chronic inflammation in vascular disease outcome are highlighted.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Supraphysiological doses of androgens have been shown to contribute to neurodegeneration, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor, increased inflammation and decreased neuronal density in animal studies, which may correspond to changes in mood, cognition and aggression.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic low-grade inflammation has been suggested as one of the key elements in the development of sarcopenia, but in contrast to disease-related loss of muscle mass, the role of chronic low-grade inflammation in age-related (primary) sarcopenia is still not clear.', 'The aim of this study was to investigate low-grade inflammation in relation to age and the potential association between inflammatory biomarkers and body composition, muscle strength and physical performance in a healthy Danish cohort.', 'CONCLUSIONS: With age, systemic levels of hsCRP, TNF-alpha, IL-4, and IFN-gamma increased, with hsCRP and TNF-alpha being especially elevated in more physically frail elderly supporting the association between low-grade systemic inflammation and poor physical function.', 'In contrast, only high levels of hsCRP were weakly associated with low muscle mass and positively associated with visceral fat and low physical function, suggesting that chronic low-grade inflammation is not the main driver of age-related loss of muscle mass as previously suggested.'], ['It is generally believed that chronic low-grade inflammation and dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses that are associated with aging and obesity are responsible for this elevated risk of severe disease.'], ['Transglutaminase 2 is a multifunctional cross-linking enzyme implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions; however, its involvement in respiratory virus-induced airway inflammation is largely unknown.', 'These results suggested that RSV-induced oxidative stress activates innate immune receptors in the airways, such as TLRs, that can activate TG2 via the NF-kappaB pathway to promote cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in enhanced inflammation.'], ['The chronic sterile low-grade inflammation state, alias inflammaging, characterizes elderly people and participates in VD development.', 'Similarly, other VD risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension, modify miR-34a expression to promote vascular senescence and inflammation.', 'MiR34a genetic ablation or miR-34a inhibition by anti-miR-34a molecules in different experimental models of VD reduce vascular inflammation, senescence and apoptosis through sirtuin 1 Notch1, and B-cell lymphoma 2 modulation.'], ['Heightening of the low-grade inflammation that is associated with aging may generate an exaggerated response to an acute COVID-19 infection.'], ['Inflammation mediated by microglial cells plays an important role in progression of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.'], ['These changes were associated with higher expressions of the markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and muscle damage in CHF patients.'], ['Telomere length is considered as a clock mirroring aging and is influenced by oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['In this review, we summarize key findings in inflammaging within the auditory system, the involvement of ion channels and mitochondrial functions, and lastly discuss potential treatment options focusing on controlling inflammation as we age.'], ['Specifically, with aging, a low-grade chronic sterile systemic inflammation with self-reactivity in the absence of acute infection occurs termed inflammaging.', 'Moreover, we mention relevant preclinical studies that demonstrate associations of chronic inflammation with cancer development.'], ['Brain aging hallmarks, which include glial cell activation and inflammation, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence, increase the vulnerability of humans to various neurodegenerative diseases.'], ['The increasing load of senescent cells is a source of aging, and chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in cellular senescence.', 'Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mainly produced by the catalytic action of autotaxin (ATX), and its ligation to LPA receptor-1 (LPAR1) is associated with chronic inflammation and renal fibrosis; however, its role in renal aging is unclear.', 'Our study revealed a positive feedback loop between LPAR1 and NF-kappaB, which reinforces the role of inflammatory response, suggesting that blocking of aberrantly activated LPAR1 may reduce excessive inflammation, thereby providing a new possible therapeutic strategy to attenuate renal aging.'], ['Persistent inflammation, fat deposition, and IR are thought to play a complex role in the association between Met-S and sarcopenia.'], ["In addition, they support that dAGEs' restriction reduces insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation; restores immune alterations; and prevents or delays the progression of aging, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and their complications."], ['Selenium (Se) is an essential dietary trace element that plays an important role in the prevention of inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, infections, and cancer.', 'These conditions are associated with mild to moderate inflammation, which always accompanies the process of ageing and age-related diseases.', 'In older individuals, Se, by being a component in protective enzymes, operates by decreasing ROS-mediated inflammation, removing misfolded proteins, decreasing DNA damage, and promoting telomere length.'], ['This suggests that the mechanisms underlying the disease are connected to cellular aging and senescence promoted by increased inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['We also evaluated changes in glucose metabolism, depression, cognitive function, level of independence, and markers of inflammation.'], ['Further, we show that mice fed with a pterostilbene-supplemented diet exhibited more favorable histopathology with decreased severity and number of PIN foci accompanied by reduced proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation concomitant to reduction in MTA1 and MTA1-associated CyclinD1, Notch2, and oncogenic miR-34a and miR-22 levels.'], ['to assess the association between specific peripheral inflammation markers derived from white blood cell counts, and the diagnosis of dementia.'], ['This study aimed to investigate changes in oxidative stress and inflammation in older women and identify clinical and biochemical predictors of adverse pregnancy outcome in older women.', 'Biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and placental dysfunction were quantified in maternal serum.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In MS, an age-related decline in disease activity and a decreased efficacy of disease-modifying treatment have been linked to immunosenescence, a state of cellular dysfunction associated with chronic inflammation.'], ['We critically evaluate the evidence for their cytoprotective roles in suppressing inflammation and carcinogenesis and the consequences of aging.'], ['Finally, DHA and EPA have been shown to reduce inflammation and may prove to be beneficial in reducing the severity of the SARS-COVID infection.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging), which is a risk factor for low handgrip strength (HGS) and activities of daily living (ADL) disability.'], ['Mounting evidence suggests that cellular reactive species are propagators of cell damage, inflammation, and cellular senescence.', 'In an inquiry into signaling triggered by aging and proxy instigator, hyperglycemia, we show that NADPH Oxidase (NOX) drives cell DNA damage and alters nuclear envelope integrity, inflammation, tissue dysfunction, and cellular senescence in mice and humans with similar causality.', 'Relevant to its comorbidity with age, clinical samples from diabetic versus nondiabetic subjects reveal as operant this NOX1-mediated vascular senescence and inflammation in humans.'], ['ROS exacerbate skin aging and inflammation, but also function as regulators of homeostasis in the human body, including epidermal keratinocyte proliferation.'], ['Modifiable (i.e., hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, and cigarette smoke) and non-modifiable factors (i.e., duration of diabetes, puberty, pregnancy and genetic susceptibility) are involved in the development of DR. Epigenetic mechanisms, modulating the oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and aging, could influence the course of DR. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of observational studies investigating how epigenetics affects type 2 diabetes retinopathy (T2DR).'], ['The multifunctional protein APE1/Ref-1 may be targeted via inhibitors of its redox-regulating transcription factor activation activity to modulate angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress response and cell cycle in neovascular eye disease; these inhibitors also have neuroprotective effects in other tissues.'], ['HIGHLIGHT: The inflammatory reaction induced by oral pathogenic bacteria related to PD, through complex pathways, may exacerbate inflammation in the central nervous system, thereby contributing to the progression of AD.', 'Additionally, the evidence presents the potential of systemic inflammation from PD-induced pathogenic bacteria, illustrating the grave cyclical progression of AD.'], ['The most common standard-of-care method for acquiring each blood specimen-venipuncture-often results in a non-negligible preanalytical error rate, patient discomfort, and tissue inflammation.'], ['There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the elderly population is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation ("inflammaging").', 'Age associated inflammation can be caused by a decrease in the level of IL-10, one of the anti-inflammatory cytokines during aging.'], ['alpha-Klotho (klotho) is a protein involved in suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['The diagnosis of cardiovascular infection and inflammation by [18F]FDG PET/CT in Nuclear Cardiology is of growing interest, because with respect to echocardiography this technique has improved the certainty in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valves, the increasing number of patients with implantable cardiac devices because of the progressive ageing of the population, as well as in patients with suspected large vessel vasculitis.', 'We review the use of [18F]FDG PET/CT in cardiovascular infection and inflammation, including the clinical point of view and the contribution of other image modalities.'], ['The results showed credible associations between DTI-based BAG and blood levels of phosphate and mean cell volume (MCV), and between T1-based BAG and systolic blood pressure, smoking, pulse, and C-reactive protein (CRP), indicating older-appearing brains in people with higher cardiometabolic risk (smoking, higher blood pressure and pulse, low-grade inflammation).'], ['Circulating levels of GDF15 and markers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) were measured by ELISA (R&D Systems) and multiplex bead-based immunoassays (Bio-Rad).', 'Independently of age and circulatory markers of inflammation, GDF15 was negatively correlated to relative STS power (P < 0.05) but not LEP, in both women and men.'], ['Hemogram is a cost-effective test for evaluating hematological complications and systemic inflammation, and hemogram data have been used to predict various clinical outcomes of several diseases.', 'The suggested mechanism is that anemia-induced hypoxia may enhance the release of proinflammatory cytokines, exacerbate systemic inflammation, and lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and, finally, mortality.'], ['The resolution of inflammation (or inflammation-resolution) is an active and highly coordinated process.', 'Non-resolving inflammation is associated with a variety of human diseases, including atherosclerosis.', 'Moreover, non-resolving inflammation is a hallmark of ageing, an inevitable process associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease.', 'Uncovering mechanisms as to why inflammation-resolution is impaired in ageing and in disease and identifying useful biomarkers for non-resolving inflammation are unmet needs.', 'leucotrienes and/or specific prostaglandins) as a key determinant of timely inflammation resolution.', 'This review will focus on the accumulating findings that support the role of non-resolving inflammation and imbalanced pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory mediators in atherosclerosis.', 'We aim to provide insight as to why these imbalances occur, the importance of ageing in disease progression, and how haematopoietic function impacts inflammation-resolution and atherosclerosis.'], ['Growing meta-epidemiological data implicate chronic systemic inflammation/infection due to periodontitis as an independent risk factor for aging-related diseases and mortality.'], ['FLEXiGUT is the first large-scale exposomics study focused on chronic low-grade inflammation.', 'It aims to characterize human life course environmental exposure to assess and validate its impact on gut inflammation and related biological processes and diseases.', 'The cumulative influences of environmental and food contaminants throughout the lifespan on certain biological responses related to chronic gut inflammation will be investigated in two Flemish prospective cohorts, namely the "ENVIRONAGE birth cohort", which provides follow-up from gestation to early childhood, and the "Flemish Gut Flora Project longitudinal cohort", a cohort of adults.'], ['The biomarkers assessed at baseline and 6-month follow up were molecular markers in the blood (DNA and chromosomes, nutrient sensing, protein, and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and mitochondria, cell senescence, inflammation), brain metabolism, cognitive functioning, physical function and body composition, resting blood pressure, facial skin features, sleep outcomes, and health-related quality of life.'], ['Bulk RNAseq indicated that genes expressed by p16High cells were associated with inflammation and phagocytosis.'], ['CONTEXT: Vascular aging, including endothelial dysfunction secondary to oxidative stress and inflammation, increases the risk for age-associated cardiovascular disease (CVD).', 'OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that low testosterone contributes to age-associated endothelial dysfunction, related in part to greater oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'Markers of oxidative stress (total antioxidant status [TAS] and oxidized low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol), inflammation (interleukin [IL]-6 and C-reactive protein [CRP]), and androgen deficiency symptoms were also examined.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Healthy MA/O men with low testosterone appear to have greater age-associated endothelial dysfunction, related in part to greater oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Because treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by a pro-inflammatory/oxidative phenotype resulting in residual comorbidity, we sought to investigate possible associations between plasma AMH and markers of inflammation, immune activation/senescence/exhaustion, oxidative stress as well as comorbidities in a cohort of combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART)-treated WLWH versus age-matched HIV-uninfected, healthy women.Eighty WLWH on effective cART aged 25 to 50 years and 66 age-matched healthy women were enrolled.'], ['BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical manifestations and outcome of the oldest old (people aged >=85 years) who were admitted to the hospital with a confirmed influenza A virus infection in comparison with younger patients and to assess the role of inflammation in the outcome of influenza infection in this population.', 'Patients older than 85 years who ultimately died (12 out of 117) showed increased systemic inflammation expressed by higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin compared to survivors who were discharged (odds ratio [OR] of CRP >20 mg/dL: 5.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-20.57, and OR of ferritin >500 mg: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.04-17.35).', 'CRP and ferritin levels were higher in the oldest old who died, suggesting that inflammation could play a key role in the outcome of this subset of patients.'], ['Defects linked to OxS and impaired mitochondrial fuel oxidation, such as inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and aging hallmarks, are present in older humans and are associated with declining strength and cognition, as well as the development of sarcopenic obesity.', 'Supplementation with GlyNAC (combination of glycine and N-acetylcysteine as a cysteine precursor) was found to improve/correct cellular glycine, cysteine, and GSH deficiencies; lower OxS; and improve mitochondrial function, inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, genotoxicity, and multiple aging hallmarks; and improve muscle strength, exercise capacity, cognition, and body composition.'], ['A recent study has the established that TCI633 can alleviate synovial tissue inflammation and has potential to mitigate the progression of osteoarthritis.'], ['In cases of secondary AC, the inflammation and fibrosis of the synovial joint can be triggered by trauma or surgery to the joint followed by extended immobility.'], ['The common and most main pathologic features among ANDs are inflammation, oxidative stress, and misfolded proteins accumulation.'], ['Persistent inflammation and oxidative stress in muscle favour muscle wasting and decreased ability to perform physical activity.'], ['We found that BPME treatment decreased proinflammatory (nuclear factor-kappabeta (F-kappabeta), tissue necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)) and vascular inflammation (intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), EDN1, IL-1beta)-related mRNA expressions.'], ['Repeated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis system, sleep disturbances, and other symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) elevate reactive oxygen species, increase inflammation, and accelerate cellular aging, leading to neuroprogression and cognitive decline.'], ['Moreover, the positive correlation between testosterone and physical activity level suggests that exercise training attenuates the age-related decrease in gonadal androgens and, in this way, may reduce the enhancement of systemic low-grade inflammation in aging men.'], ["BACKGROUND: Aging and inflammation are important components of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and both are associated with changes in hematopoiesis and blood cell composition.", 'DNA methylation (DNAm) presents a mechanism to investigate inflammation, aging, and hematopoiesis in PD, using epigenetic mitotic aging and aging clocks.'], ['It is widely accepted that inflammation in the central nervous system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of dementia.'], ['Whether the HGI is associated with the ageing process and how inflammation and oxidative stress affect the relationship remain unclear.', 'OBJECTIVE: We aim to analyze links between HGI and ageing biomarkers, and to explore a potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the correlations.'], ['BACKGROUND: Frailty occurs in 10-15% of community-living older adults and inflammation is a key determinant of frailty.', 'Though diet is a modulator of inflammation, there are few prospective studies elucidating the role of diet-associated inflammation on frailty.'], ['Activation of RTEs is a double-edged sword, serving as a tumor suppressor but contributing to aging in late life via the induction of sterile inflammation.'], ["Because systemic inflammation and neurological symptoms are also common in severe COVID-19 cases, there is concern that COVID-19 may lead to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD)."], ['Several of these changes may not be reversible within a short time, including the status of inflammation, the dysfunction of immunity and apoptosis, mitochondrial changes, aging and gastric dysbacteriosis.'], ['We demonstrate that already low levels of Plasmodium falciparum impact cellular aging by inducing high levels of inflammation and redox-imbalance; and that cellular senescence reversed after treatment and parasite clearance.'], ['Considering the influence of inflammation and telomere shortening on the gut-brain axis, herein we describe a plausible interplay between telomere attrition, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis in the neurobiology of depression.', 'A negative impact of augmented inflammation has been noted on the intestinal permeability and microbial consortia and their byproducts in depressive patients.', 'This review summarizes how the triad of telomere attrition, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis is interconnected and modulates the risk for depression by regulating the systemic cortisol levels.'], ['Calcitriol repressed the release of inflammation-related cytokines, such as interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-13 (IL-13), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).'], ['BACKGROUND: Patients with obesity show evidence of increased levels of inflammation, oxidative stress and premature ageing.'], ['CONCLUSION: Revalorizing actions of agro-industrial byproducts in the prevention or treatment of obesity or associated disorders can be considered to develop new high value products that act on lipid, glucose and energy metabolisms, oxidative stress, inflammation, adipose tissue or gut microbiota.'], ['It is closely related to changes in the tissue structure and function, including the progressive destruction of extracellular matrix, cell aging, cell death of the intervertebral disc (IVD), inflammation, and impairment of tissue biomechanical function.'], ["That is, TF3'G preincubation could absorb UV rays, reduce the accumulation of aging-related heterochromatin (SAHF) formation, increase mitochondrial membrane potential, downregulate NF-kappaB inflammation pathways, inhibit the formation of cytotoxic aggregates, and protect biological macromolecules Structure, etc."], ['Aging, chronic oxidative stress, and inflammation are major pathogenic factors in the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with the loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).'], ['Intermittent hypoxia, caused by sleep apnea, leads to inflammation and consequent endothelial dysfunction.'], ['Malnutrition was classified according to the modified Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria based on two phenotypic components (low body mass index and reduced muscle mass) and one aetiologic component (inflammation/disease burden).'], ['The increase in inflammatory cytokines associated with a reduction in the bioavailability of zinc has been used as a marker for inflammation.', 'The increase of 1 unit of measurement of LDL, HDL, and triglycerides increased the chance of inflammation-aging by 1.5%, 4.1%, and 0.9%, respectively, while the oldest old (>= 80 years old) had an 84.9% chance of presenting inflamm-aging in relation to non-long-lived older people (< 80 years).'], ['A hallmark of CKD is vascular aging that is characterised, amongst others, by; systemic inflammation, microbiota disbalance, oxidative stress, and vascular calcification-features linked to atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis development.', 'Therefore, we hypothesise that there are sex-specific relationships between GDF-15, YKL-40, MMP-9 levels in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients in relation to gut microbiota, vascular calcification, inflammation, comorbidities, and all-cause mortality.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, in males GDF-15 and YKL-40 were related to vascular calcification, inflammation, and oxidative stress, whilst in females GDF-15 was related to TMAO.'], ['BACKGROUND: Age-related chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) is one of the proposed mechanisms behind sarcopenia.', 'Longitudinally, predictive value of baseline inflammation on functional decline, physical activity, QoL, and incident sarcopenia was examined.', 'Subgroup analyses were performed in subgroups with chronic inflammation and stratified by age.'], ['Potential mechanisms of microbiome modulating muscle mainly include protein, energy, lipid, and glucose metabolism, inflammation level, neuromuscular junction, and mitochondrial function.'], ['Our previous study showed that the water-soluble heteropolysaccharide extracted from Gracilaria lemaneiformis (GLHP) has excellent anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant properties.', 'Cell viability, antiapoptotic, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell wound scratch assays were conducted, as well as assessment of inflammation markers and sun protection factors.', 'Moreover, GLHP pretreatment significantly restrained the upregulation of iNOS (UVB-induced inflammation marker), suppressed the expression of P-ERK and NF-kappaB, and decreased the activity of MMPs, suggesting that it exerts the therapeutic effects by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-kappaB signal pathway.'], ['DISCUSSION: Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), PLWH have evidence of persistent, HIV-related systemic inflammation and body fat alterations.', 'Systemic inflammation due to HIV infection, metabolic adverse effects of ART, adipose alterations in the ageing HIV population, inflammation and immune activation are likely important mechanisms for adipose dysfunction and disproportionately occurrence of ectopic fat depots in the heart among PLWH.'], ['Periodontitis is the most common dental disease characterized by chronic inflammation and loss of alveolar bone and perialveolar attachment of teeth.', 'Next, we describe the current view on the mechanism of periodontitis linked neural damage, highlighting bacterial invasion of neural tissue from dental plaques, and periodontitis induced systemic inflammation resulting in a neuroinflammatory process.'], ['RESULTS: The motor and sensory cortexes in mice during aging after HFSS diet showed: (A) decreased motor-muscular and sensory functions; (B) reduced inflammation-resolving Arg-1+ microglia; (C) increased inflammatory iNOs+ microglia and TNFalpha levels; (D) enhanced abundance of amyloid-beta peptide and of phosphorylated Tau.'], ['Deletion of the Sirt1 gene in myeloid cells including neutrophils exacerbated chronic-plus-binge ethanol-induced liver injury and inflammation and down-regulated neutrophilic miR-223 expression.'], ['Presentation with IHG-I was associated with 88% lower mortality, after controlling for age and sex; reduced risk of hospitalization and respiratory failure; lower plasma IL-6 levels; rapid clearance of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 burden; and gene expression signatures correlating with survival that signify immunocompetence and controlled inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of immunocompetence with controlled inflammation during antigenic challenges is a hallmark of IR and associates with longevity and AIDS resistance.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is an autoimmune disease characterised by small blood vessel inflammation, commonly affecting the kidneys and respiratory tract.', 'Cellular and humoral immune responses and tissue inflammation were assessed.'], ['Therefore, conditions such as sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that are characterized by metabolic derangement and intracellular stresses (including oxidative stress, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress) also involve the accumulation of damaged cellular components.'], ["Background: Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) is widely used to treat impairments in memory, cognition, activities of daily living, inflammation, edema, stroke, Alzheimer's dementia, and aging."], ['FGF23 and alpha-Klotho expressions were blocked in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in AD patients (AD-PBMCs) to assess the effects on cell inflammation and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activation.', 'The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway was inhibited to evaluate cell inflammation.', 'Combined treatments of the cells were conducted to verify the role of the FGF23/alpha-Klotho axis and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in inflammation in AD-PBMCs.', 'Blocking the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway increased inflammatory cytokine production in AD-PBMCs and annulled the effects of the FGF23/alpha-Klotho axis on AD-induced cell inflammation.', 'We concluded that the FGF23/alpha-Klotho axis can regulate the AD-induced cell inflammation through the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway.'], ['We compared the life span, motor function, learning, memory, oxidative stress, and biomarkers of microglia activation and inflammation of the ergosta-7,9(11),22-trien-3beta-ol-treated group to those of the untreated control.', 'Biomarkers of microglia activation and inflammation were reduced, while the ubiquitous lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity remained unchanged.'], ['When these interactions are disturbed, chronic pathological inflammation can ensue.', 'The interplay between cSVD and inflammation has attracted much recent interest, and this review discusses chronic cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension, and explores how the associated inflammation may impact on the structure and function of the small arteries of the brain in cSVD.', 'Molecular approaches in animal studies are linked to clinical outcomes in patients, and novel hypotheses regarding inflammation and cSVD are proposed that will hopefully stimulate further discussion and study in this important area.'], ['In addition, we discuss the potential functional role of agalactosylated IgG glycans in aging, through modulation of inflammation level, as proposed by the concept of inflammaging.'], ['Our results revealed that the well-described association of inflammation, immunity and metabolic alterations is also relevant at transcriptomic level.'], ['FDP is also helpful for inflammatory lesions in BP patients.'], ['To identify autophagy inhibitors targeting the pro-autophagy complex, we have performed the screening of a customized natural product library consisting of 35 herbal extracts which are widely used in the oriental medicine as anti-inflammation and/or anti-tumor reagents.'], ['Aberrant alternative splicing can lead to various neurological diseases and cancers and is responsible for aging, infection, inflammation, immune and metabolic disorders, and so on.', 'Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the loss of tolerance of the immune system towards self-antigens and organ-specific or systemic inflammation and subsequent tissue damage.'], ['Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) refers to infectious inflammation of the lung parenchyma developing outside of a hospital.'], ['STAT3 signaling is a major activator of immunosuppressive cells which are able to counteract the chronic low-grade inflammation associated with the aging process.'], ['We identify immaturity of Leydig cells, chronic tissue inflammation, fibrosis, and senescence phenotype of the somatic cells, as well markers of chronic inflammation in the blood.'], ['Investigating age-related changes in immune cells that regulate inflammation may lead to a better understanding of age-related disease and could lead to therapeutic targets for the improved management of frailty and periodontal disease.'], ['Such microbial translocation would lead to local inflammation and buildup of the hallmark signs of Alzheimer disease, including amyloid beta deposits, tau fragmentation and tangles, breakdown of host protective molecules, such as the apolipoproteins, and neuron toxicity.'], ['Many of these chronic respiratory diseases are associated with inflammation and structural remodelling of the airways and/or alveolar tissues.', 'They can often only be treated symptomatically with no disease-modifying therapies that normalize the pathological tissue destruction driven by inflammation and remodelling.'], ['We measured the associations between baseline and change in kidney disease biomarkers of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), considered a measure of microvascular inflammation, and imaging outcomes of cortical thickness and ventricular volume from structural MRI, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) volume from FLAIR images, and fractional anisotropy of the corpus callosum (FACC).', 'Future work is needed to investigate the possible link between endothelial microvascular inflammation (as measured by an increased UACR) and ventricular volume increase.'], ['A-T is characterized by chronic inflammation, neurodegeneration and premature ageing features that are associated with increased genome instability, nuclear shape alterations, micronuclei accumulation, neuronal defects and premature entry into cellular senescence.', 'Our study thus reveals that increased cGAS and STING activity is an important contributor to chronic inflammation and premature senescence in the central nervous system of A-T and constitutes a novel therapeutic target for treating neuropathology in A-T patients.'], ['Inflammation is a hallmark of aging and accelerated aging syndromes such as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS).', 'We also showed that pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by its selective inhibitor, MCC950, improved cellular phenotype, significantly extended the lifespan of progeroid animals, and reduced inflammasome-dependent inflammation.'], ['RESULTS: Chronic hypercortisolism can cause immune suppression, low-grade inflammation, endothelial damage, and a hypercoagulable state, which together increased susceptibility of PF.'], ['Increased inflammation and oxidative stress have been recognized as the main driving mechanisms in the development of aging diseases.'], ['Thus, BET-CA formulation is worthy of investigation for potential use as a cosmetic ingredient to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which are causes of skin aging.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Inflammation is one biological pathway through which marital dissolution and marital discord may increase risk for chronic disease.', 'The present study was conducted to investigate the cross-sectional association between marital dissolution, marital discord, and C-reactive protein (CRP), an indicator of inflammation, in a probability sample of Irish adults aged 50 years or older.', 'Results indicate that inflammation may be one pathway by which marital dissolution and marital discord contribute to risk for disease and early death.'], ['The biological mechanisms underpinning these pathologies often overlap and include loss of proteostasis, impaired redox functioning, and chronic low-grade inflammation.'], ['The known low-grade inflammation in COPC could, therefore, impact the respiratory chain and theoretically account for the disabling fatigue so often voiced by patients.'], ['BACKGROUND: Punica granatum (pomegranate) potentially ameliorates skin inflammation and pain, including herpetic stromal keratitis.', 'PATIENTS/METHODS: The effects of FPE products for anti-oxidation, anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging were examined.'], ['IDD is an chronic inflammation process, with the activation of plentiful inflammation-related cytokines and ECM degradation-related enzymes.'], ['Soluble polysialic acid with an average degree of polymerization 20 (polySia avDP20) prevents inflammation and oxidative burst in human macrophages via sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin like lectin-11 (SIGLEC11) receptor and interferes with alternative complement activation.', 'Pathway enrichment analysis of the brain transcriptome on day 19 after disease initiation showed that intraperitoneal application of 10 mug/g body weight polySia avDP20 prevented excessive inflammation.', "Thus, our data demonstrate that polySia avDP20 ameliorates inflammatory dopaminergic neurodegeneration and therefore is a promising drug candidate to prevent Parkinson's disease-related inflammation and neurodegeneration."], ['However, as marrow and its hematopoietic stem cells age, a reduction in ability to maintain homeostasis after stress or with exposure to prolonged chronic inflammation, so-called "inflammaging," may contribute to cytopenias, inadequate immune responses, and dysplasia/leukemia.'], ['Furthermore, vitamin D and its receptor regulate autophagy signaling to control inflammation and host immunity by activating antimicrobial defense mechanisms.'], ['Here, we compare the stress of the two surgeries by measuring urinary neopterin and total neopterin as biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'Urinary neopterin and total neopterin (neopterin + 7,8-dihydroneopterin) levels were analysed in 28 knee and 22 hip arthroplasty patients pre- and post-operatively to determine oxidative stress and inflammation levels.'], ['Aging and comorbidities make individuals at greatest risk of COVID-19 serious illness and mortality due to senescence-related events and deleterious inflammation.', 'Long-living individuals (LLIs) are less susceptible to inflammation and develop more resiliency to COVID-19.'], ['Specifically, elevations of glucose provide ideal conditions for the virus to evade and weaken the first level of the immune defense system in the lungs, gain access to deep alveolar cells, bind to the ACE2 receptor and enter the pulmonary cells, accelerate replication of the virus within cells increasing cell death and inducing an pulmonary inflammatory response, which overwhelms an already weakened innate immune system to trigger an avalanche of systemic infections, inflammation and cell damage, a cytokine storm and thrombotic events.'], ['For a long time, immunosenescence has been considered detrimental because it may lead to a low-grade, sterile chronic inflammation we proposed to call "inflammaging" and a progressive reduction in the ability to trigger effective antibody and cellular responses against infections and vaccinations.'], ['Recent evidence suggests that obesity is caused by inflammation of adipose tissue leading to metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease and cancer.'], ['Mechanistically, there are several pathophysiological processes involved in skeletal muscle atrophy, including oxidative stress and inflammation, which then activate signal transduction, such as the ubiquitin proteasome system, autophagy lysosome system, and mTOR.'], ['We also expand our discussion to include the role of telomere biology as it relates to other relevant biological mechanisms, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, and epigenetic changes.'], ['Chronic inflammation associated with certain infectious diseases has been suggested as a cause for the development of tumours.'], ['One of the low-risk herbal medicines for reducing pain and inflammation in persian medicine is Pistacia atlantica gum.'], ['These findings provide the first in vivo evidence of the association of endothelial cell inflammation with white matter disease, age-associated cognitive changes, and brain degeneration in functionally normal older individuals.'], ['Several biological and therapeutic functions have been attributed to statins, including neuroprotection, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anticancer effects.'], ['METHODS: Protein biomarkers (n = 276) from the Olink Proseek-Multiplex cardiovascular and inflammation panels were measured in plasma collected at baseline and 9 months (or last visit) from HOMAGE trial participants including 217 patients with, and 310 without, diabetes.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Amongst patients at risk for HF, those with diabetes have higher plasma concentrations of proteins involved in inflammation and proteolysis.'], ['It is ubiquitous in vertebrates, including humans, and it is involved in diverse biological processes, such as cell differentiation, embryological development, inflammation, wound healing, etc.'], ['RESULTS: The delivery of the implant causes tissue compression, likely resulting in focal ischemia that causes observed local atrophy and minimal-mild chronic inflammation that ultimately remodels tissue to produce a widened prostatic urethra.'], ['Subsequently, oxidative stress and inflammation-associated factors were measured.', 'Subsequently, AQP4 was overexpressed to evaluate the changing of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in SW1353 cells exposed to MIA with ALDH2 overexpression.', 'ALDH2 overexpression oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in SW1353 cells exposed to MIA.', 'By contrast, AQP4-upregulation abrogated the inhibitory effects of ALDH2 on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in MIA-induced SW1353 cells.', 'CONCLUSIONS: ALDH2 inactivates the expression of AQP4, by which mechanism the MIA-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis injuries were alleviated, which provides a novel insight for understanding the mechanism of KOA and a promising target for the treatment of this disease.'], ['Because of the various effects of autophagy, recent human genome research has focused on evaluating the relationship between autophagy and a wide variety of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cancers, and inflammatory diseases.'], ['Furthermore, this vicious circle between oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation induces endothelial dysfunction, endothelial senescence, high risk of thrombosis and coagulopathy.'], ['Numerous factors, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular senescence, and an irreversible geriatric syndrome known as frailty, contribute to human body deterioration in aging.'], ['Furthermore, we investigated whether in these patients, there was any association between gMB, uremic toxins, inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Selected stress and age related biological outcomes were insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systemic inflammation (IL-6, CRP), and cellular aging (leukocyte telomere length).', 'RESULTS: All the psychological resources except mastery were significantly negatively associated with insulin resistance, while none were related to systemic inflammation or telomere length.'], ['Along with this increase, there were no changes in nitro-oxidative stress or inflammation marker levels.'], ["Morbid obesity is characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation, which is associated with 'inflamm-aging'."], [' Background: Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a beta-galactoside-binding lectin associated tissue fibrosis and inflammation.'], ['Benign prostatic hyperplasia is another condition of the prostate which, like prostate cancer, is more common among ageing men and is linked to inflammation.'], ['Recent genome-wide studies have revealed that aging or chronic inflammation can cause clonal expansion of cells in normal tissues.', 'Moreover, chronic inflammation caused by infection or aging confers a fitness advantage to the CHIP-associated mutant HSPCs.', 'Myeloid cells, such as macrophages with a CHIP-associated mutation, accelerate chronic inflammation and are associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines.', 'This positive feedback loop between CHIP and chronic inflammation promotes development of atherosclerosis and chronic heart failure and thereby increases the risk for CVD.'], ['Several factors are involved in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia, such as aging, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance.', 'It has been hypothesized that gut dysbiosis, that typically characterizes IBD, might alter the immune response and host metabolism, promoting a low-grade inflammation status able to up-regulate several molecular pathways related to sarcopenia.'], ['Fifteen circulatory system biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, and oxidative stress; lung function; blood pressure (BP); heart rate (HR) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were measured end of each two days.'], ["BACKGROUND: systemic inflammation appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis and expression of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.", 'However, most studies are limited by single CRP measurements, which fail to capture long-term inflammatory exposures or dynamic changes in inflammation and cognition which may occur across repeated measurements.'], ['Moreover, inflammation appears to be more severe in cancer cachexia.'], ['The most common benign orbital tumor was idiopathic orbital inflammation (27%), followed by IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (17%), cavernous venous malformation (13%) and pleomorphic adenoma (9%).'], ['We used a modified plaque index (PI) to measure the level of oral hygiene (good, moderate, and poor) and calculated the clinical Asymptotic Dental Score (ADS) to determine the oral inflammation burden.', 'Poor oral hygiene was associated with poorer cognitive status (P = 0.010) and higher oral inflammation burden (P < 0.001).', 'Residents also have a high burden of oral inflammatory diseases and a need for dental care.'], ['In our study, in vitro aging increased senescence, DNA damage, and inflammation and decreased proliferation in the HAoSMCs.'], ['To test the possible relationship between Plins and inflammation, correlation analysis with IL-6 expression was also performed.', 'We propose that the accumulation of lipid droplets decorated with Plin2 occurs during brain aging and that this accumulation may be an early marker and initial step of inflammation and neurodegeneration.'], ['Chronic inflammation with excessive T-cells activation could be associated to TS, premature aging, and SCA in young HIV-infected adults.'], ['COPD induced systemic inflammation and hypoxia may have an impact on the development of AMD.'], ['These ameliorations included progerin levels, nuclear shape, proteostasis, cellular ATP, proliferation, and the reduction of cellular inflammation and senescence.'], ['It is known that AMD pathogenesis-according to the age-related structural and functional changes in the retina-is linked with inflammation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and an impairment of neurotrophic support, but the mechanisms that trigger the conversion of normal age-related changes to the pathological process as well as the reason for early AMD development remain unclear.'], ['Exogeneous viruses or other microbes and environmental pollutants may directly induce neurodegeneration by activating brain inflammation.', 'The initial inflammation of small brain areas induced by virus infections or other brain insults may activate HERV dis-regulation that contributes to neurodegenerative mechanisms.'], ['Aging is associated with chronic oxidative stress and inflammation that affect tissue repair and regeneration capacity.', 'Biochemical and histological studies demonstrated that the cardioprotective effects of rhMG53 are linked to suppression of NF-kappaB-mediated inflammation, reducing apoptotic cell death and oxidative stress in the aged heart.'], ['Moreover, the lower mtDNAcn shown in the OCD group was significantly correlated with an increase in systemic inflammation for both sexes, as measured by neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.'], ["Aging, pathological tau oligomers (TauO), and chronic inflammation in the brain play a central role in tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD)."], ['Generalized pruritus (without skin inflammation) is defined as the presence of itch over a wide area, and not localized to a specific part of the body.', 'Localized pruritus (without skin inflammation) represents fixed itch localized to a specific part of the body, and includes anogenital pruritus, scalp pruritus, notalgia paresthetica, and brachioradial pruritus.'], ['BACKGROUND: Older adults with HIV (OAH) experience more comorbidities and geriatric syndromes than their HIV-negative peers, perhaps because of chronic inflammation.'], ['We reinterpret recent findings regarding the impact of neurological disease-associated genetic traits on infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['These alterations are in general highly detrimental, resulting in an increased susceptibility to infections, reduced healing abilities, and altered homeostasis that promote the emergence of age-associated diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and other diseases associated with inflammation.'], ['In addition, cardiac computed tomography is particularly useful for the diagnosis of aortic valve stenosis, and in preprocedural evaluation of the aorta, while positron emission tomography can be also used to assess valvular inflammation and active calcification.'], ['Recent findings also highlight the link between WNT/beta-catenin signaling and inflammation pathways.'], ['STUDY DESIGN: This prospective cohort study (n = 8,480) was performed between 2013 and 2019 as part of the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) Cohort Study, Tianjin, China.'], ['Peripheral inflammation has been implicated in cognitive dysfunction and dementia.', 'While studies outline the relationship between elevated inflammation and individual gray or white matter alterations, less work has examined inflammation as related to connectivity between gray and white matter or variability in these associations by race.', 'We examined the relationship between peripheral inflammation and tract-based structural connectomics in 74 non-demented participants (age = 69.19 +- 6.80 years; 53% female; 45% Black) who underwent fasting venipuncture and MRI.', 'Higher levels of inflammation associated with lower efficiency and higher strength for White participants but higher efficiency and lower strength for Black participants.', 'Results suggest inflammation is associated with tract-based structural connectomics in an older diverse cohort and that differential relationships may exist by race within prefrontal and limbic brain regions.'], ['RESULTS: The proportions of comorbid diseases (85.7% vs. 57.1%; P < 0.001), the American Society of Anesthesiologists score (1/2/3; 2.6%/94.8%/2.6% vs. 42.9%/57.1%/0%; P < 0.001), the preoperative systemic inflammation score (SIS) (0/1/2; 20.8%/48.1%/31.2% vs. 38.4%/38.4%/23.2%; P = 0.036), and postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade >= III) (33.8% vs. 20.5%; P = 0.041) were significantly higher in the elderly group than those in the non-elderly group.'], ['Ageing is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and with a decrease in muscle mass and strength.', 'These results show that resistance training, either in conditions of normoxia or hypoxia, is useful to deal with the chronic inflammation associated with ageing.'], ['METHODS: Islet cells were isolated from the pancreas of aged rats and exposed to Vinpocetine, dissolved in acetone and RPMI, for 48 h. Then, senescence-associated molecular parameters, including P16 and P38 gene expressions and beta-galactosidase activity, were investigated along with diabetic and inflammation markers.', 'CONCLUSION: The current study showed that Vinpocetine, a derivative of the secondary plant metabolite called Vincamine, could break this vicious cycle of oxidative stress and aging by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, thus inhibiting cellular aging.'], ['INTRODUCTION: cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic inflammation are implicated in the development of frailty.', 'Associations between incident frailty and biomarkers of cardiac dysfunction (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)) and inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) were examined, by tertile, with the lowest as reference.', 'CONCLUSION: IL-6 is associated with incident frailty, supporting the prevailing argument that inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of frailty.'], ['One component of the immune response is inflammation.', 'Where inflammation is excessive or uncontrolled it can damage host tissues and cause pathology.', 'Limitation of oxidative stress is one means of controlling inflammation.', 'In humans, orange juice was shown to limit the post-prandial inflammation induced by a high fat-high carbohydrate meal.', 'Consuming orange juice daily for a period of weeks has been reported to reduce markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein, as confirmed through a recent meta-analysis.', 'In summary, micronutrients and other bioactives present in citrus fruit juices have established roles in controlling oxidative stress and inflammation and in supporting innate and acquired immune responses.', 'Trials in humans demonstrate that orange juice reduces inflammation; its effects on innate and acquired immunity require further exploration in well-designed trials in appropriate population sub-groups such as older people.'], ['Intracellularly, caspase-1 cleaves and activates IL-37, and its mature form binds to Smad3; this complex translocates into the nucleus where it suppresses cytokine production, consequently reducing inflammation.', 'During inflammation, IL-37 suppresses the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokine in favor to the expression of the anti-inflammatory ones by the regulation of macrophage polarization, lipid metabolism, inflammasome function, TSLP synthesis and miRNAs function.', 'Finally, IL-37 may have a potential ability to reduce excessive inflammation since it is aberrantly expressed in patients with inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer, thus, it may be used as a marker for different types of diseases.'], ['The masticatory performance was improved (p < 0.001), whereas gingival inflammation was decreased (p < 0.001) over the 2-year period.'], ['Increasing evidence suggests that chronic inflammation plays a predominant role in the pathogenesis of dry AMD.'], ['BACKGROUND: The altered balance between oxidants/antioxidants and inflammation, changes in nitric oxide (NO) release, and mitochondrial function have a role in skin aging through fibroblast modulation.', 'OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of alpha-tocopherol on cell viability/proliferation, NO release, mitochondrial function, oxidants/antioxidants, and inflammation in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) subjected to oxidative stress.', 'Also, iNOS expression and NO release were inhibited, and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression was decreased, confirming the putative role of alpha-tocopherol against inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: alpha-Tocopherol exerts protective effects in HDF which underwent oxidative stress by modulating the redox status, inflammation, iNOS-dependent NO release, and mitochondrial function.'], ['Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation plays a pivotal role in Atherosclerosis.', 'However, the role of SIRT6 in vascular inflammation and its molecular mechanism is unknown.', 'Taken together, these results indicate that SIRT6 protects against vascular inflammation via its deacetylase activity and the NRF2-dependent signaling pathway.'], ['RESULTS: The healing period was uneventful, and no evidence of inflammation or swelling associated with the treatment was reported.'], ['Regular physical exercise practices, in turn, are associated with a decrease in the incidence of inflammatory diseases.'], ['Either absent or excess of inflammation during COVID-19 course would lead to the impairment of pulmonary diffusion function.'], ['BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to use nationally-representative data on Americans greater than 50 years of age to determine the association between grip strength and inflammation as independent predictors of incident disability, chronic multimorbidity and dementia.'], ['According to this hypothesis, these agents have capacity to evade the host immune system leading to chronic infection, inflammation, and subsequent deposition of Abeta and phosphorylated-tau in the brain.', 'This study determined the prevalence and distribution of neurodegenerative proteinopathies in patients with infection-induced acute or chronic inflammation associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis (n = 13) and neurosyphilis (n = 23).', 'Neuronal tau-immunoreactivity and neurites were observed in 8 HSV patients and 19 neurosyphilis patients, and in approximately half of these, this was found in regions associated with inflammation and expanding beyond regions expected from the Braak stage of neurofibrillary degeneration.'], ['These results are consistent with a contribution of inflammation to the higher risk of age-related comorbidities with HIV infection.'], ['White adipose tissue (AT) contributes significantly to inflammation - especially in the context of obesity.', "Several of AT's intrinsic features favor its key role in local and systemic inflammation: (i) large distribution throughout the body, (ii) major endocrine activity, and (iii) presence of metabolic and immune cells in close proximity.", 'In obesity, the concomitant pro-inflammatory signals produced by immune cells, adipocytes and adipose stem cells help to drive local inflammation in a vicious circle.', 'Although the secretion of adipokines by AT is a prime contributor to systemic inflammation, the lipotoxicity associated with AT dysfunction might also be involved and could affect distant organs.', 'The host metabolic status, the size of the pre-established viral reservoir, the quality of the immune restoration, and the natural ageing with associated comorbidities may mitigate and/or reinforce the contribution of antiretrovirals (ARVs) toxicity to the development of low-grade inflammation in HIV-infected patients.'], ['Here we will focus on the increasing evidence that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is characterized by inflammation that may carry over to the central nervous system and into the brain.'], ['Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of systemic inflammation, is also associated with poor outcome after acute ischemic stroke.'], ['The unique human REST binding sites are associated with genes involved in innate immunity processes and inflammation signaling which, on the basis of histology and recent public transcriptomic analyses, suggest that these new target genes are repressed in glia.', "Further, the REST-associated genes unique to human hippocampus represent a new set related to innate immunity and inflammation, where their gene dysregulation has been implicated in aging-related neuropathology, such as Alzheimer's disease."], ['A strong correlation has been demonstrated between worse COVID-19 outcomes, aging, and metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is primarily derived from obesity-induced systemic chronic low-grade inflammation with numerous complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).'], ['At 30 weeks and 50 weeks of age (n = 6 per strain each group), the left atrium was excised and placed on a multi-electrode array (MEA) for electrophysiological study; subsequent histological analyses and plasma samples were analyzed for biomarkers of extracellular matrix remodeling and cell adhesion and inflammation.', 'Young HCM mice demonstrated significantly shortened atrial action potential duration (APD), increased conduction heterogeneity index (CHI), increased myocyte size, and increased interstitial fibrosis without changes in effective refractory periods (ERP), conduction velocity (CV), inflammatory infiltrates, or circulating markers of extracellular matrix remodeling and inflammation.'], ['Our findings suggest that the development of lipodystrophy in patients with HGPS may be associated with an increased rate of cellular senescence and chronic inflammation.'], ['This review highlights inflammation as a possible underlying mechanism of HHcy-induced barrier dysfunction and neurovascular injury in aging diseases accompanied by HHcy, focusing on AD.'], ['The possible underlying molecular mechanisms that underly psychiatric diseases to telomere shortening include oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction linking.'], ["Metabolic changes, such as inflammation, excess catabolism, and anabolic resistance in patients with tumor-induced cancer alter the body's ability to use essential nutrients."], ['Although homeostatic levels of inflammatory signaling play an intricate role in HSC maintenance, activation, proliferation, and differentiation, acute or chronic exposure to inflammation can have deleterious effects on HSC function and self-renewal capacity, and bias their differentiation program.'], ['Two of the most common problems associated with chronic wounds are inflammation and infection, with the latter usually exacerbating the former.', 'This review aims at giving a brief introduction to the clinical need for chronic wound dressings, focusing on inflammation and evaluating how bio-derived and synthetic dressings may control excess inflammation and promote healing.'], ['It has been suggested that aging and inflammation play key roles in the development of delirium.'], ['In turn, in the Aged Group, the endothelial cells showed a significant loss of response to shear stress, changes in cell adhesion molecules, increased inflammation, brain-insulin resistance, lipidic alterations, and changes in the extracellular matrix.'], ['The exercised effects in lowering EPC aging and tissue inflammation were enhanced by immunostimulant Rg1, suggesting the involvement of immune stimulation on EPC rejuvenation.'], ['Gene expressions were correlated to a set of previously determined and reported inflammation-regulating genes and analyzed with respect to various clinical parameters.', 'RESULTS: MDD monocytes showed an overexpression of the apoptosis/growth/cholesterol and the TNF genes forming an inter-correlating gene cluster (cluster 3) separate from the previously described inflammation-related gene clusters (containing IL1 and IL6).', 'While upregulation of monocyte gene cluster 3 was a hallmark of monocytes of all MDD patients, upregulation of the inflammation-related clusters was confirmed to be found only in the monocytes of patients with childhood adversity.', 'The latter group also showed a downregulation of the cholesterol metabolism gene MVK, which is known to play an important role in trained immunity and proneness to inflammation.', 'The overexpression of the IL-1/IL-6 containing inflammation clusters and the downregulation of MVK in monocytes of patients with childhood adversity indicates a shift in this condition to a more severe inflammation form (pyroptosis) of the cells, additional to the signs of premature aging and inflammaging.'], ['BACKGROUND: Short-term exposures to air pollution and temperature have been reported to be associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'These pathways were involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, immunity, and nucleic acid damage and repair.', 'Those pathways were involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, immunity, and nucleic acid damage and repair.'], ['Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone present in Hop (Humulus lupulus), has been found to possess prominent activities against aging, diabetes, inflammation, microbial infection, and cancer.'], ['The infection is associated with weakening immune response, chronic inflammation, and potential direct pancreatic impairment.'], ['The absence of infection specificity combined with evidence of dose-response relationships between infectious disease burden and dementia risk support the hypothesis that increased dementia risk is driven by general inflammation rather than specific microbes.'], ['Frailty has become a medical and scientific concept to define pathologies where inflammation, depressed immune system, cellular senescence, and molecular aging converge.', 'The difficulty of tackling this problem is the combination of factors that influence frailty appearance, such as stem cells exhaustion, inflammation, loss of regeneration capability, and impaired immunomodulation.', 'This article summarizes the current efforts to understand frailty from their processes mediated by inflammation, aging, and stem cells to provide a new perspective that unifies the efforts in producing advanced therapies against medical conditions in the context of frailty.'], ['Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases, and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['Especially, zinc could help to inhibit inflammation, regulate autophagy, and reduce oxidative stress.'], ['AIMS: Women with menopausal symptoms show evidence of accelerated epigenetic ageing, vascular aging and low-grade systemic inflammation status.'], ['Surfactant protein C (SPC), which is secreted by AECIIs, reduces alveolar surface tension, repairs the alveolar structure, and regulates inflammation.', 'SPC deficiency in patients is associated with increased inflammation and delayed repair.'], ['To investigate the adverse health effects of organic components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected in Seoul, South Korea, we selected 12 PM2.5 samples from May 2016 to January 2017 and evaluated the effects of organic compounds of PM2.5 on inflammation, cellular aging, and macroautophagy in human lung epithelial cells isolated directly from healthy donors.', 'However, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes were the most relevant components of PM2.5 that correlated with neutrophilic inflammation.', 'Vegetative detritus and residential bituminous coal combustion sources strongly correlated with neutrophilic inflammation, aging, and macroautophagy activation.'], ['Low-grade systemic inflammation contributes to ageing-related cognitive decline, possibly by triggering a neuroinflammatory response through glial activation.', 'In the present study, we tested whether these metabolic differences may be related to low-grade systemic inflammation.', 'Together, these findings corroborate the role of glial cells, perhaps via their role in neuroinflammation, as part of the neurobiological link between systemic inflammation and cognitive ageing.'], ['Activation of a p16-driven suicide gene to remove p16+ vessel wall- and/or bone marrow-derived cells increased apoptotic cells, but also induced inflammation and did not change plaque size or composition.', 'However, ABT-263 did not reduce senescence markers in vivo, and significantly reduced monocyte and platelet counts and IL6 as a marker of systemic inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: We show that genetic and pharmacological senolysis have variable effects on atherosclerosis, and may promote inflammation and non-specific effects respectively.'], ['The mechanisms underlying the progression of atherosclerosis are oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'Inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with the increased incidence of metabolic syndrome.', 'Aim: The aim of this paper is to review the impact of the interplay of oxidant-antioxidant and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome in general as well as its components in the pathophysiology which underlies development of atherosclerosis in elderly individuals.', 'The analysis included the following terms: "atherosclerosis or metabolic syndrome" and "oxidative stress or inflammation" and "elderly" to find reports of atherosclerotic disease from asymptomatic to life-threatening among the elderly population with metabolic syndrome .', 'Current knowledge focuses on monitoring the inflammation and oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in disentangling atherosclerosis in patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.', 'The population-based studies described inflammation, increased oxidative stress and weak antioxidant defense systems as the mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis development.'], ['Cardiovascular disease and inflammation appear to be alleviated by the antioxidant effect of CoQ10.'], ['Aging in women is characterized by extreme hormonal changes leading them to develop a chronic low-grade inflammation that is linked to the development of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).'], ['Persistent immune activation and inflammation in people living with HIV (PLWH) are associated with immunosenescence, premature aging and increased risk of non-AIDS comorbidities, with the underlying mechanisms not fully understood.'], ['Reduced inflammation, increased insulin sensitivity, and protection against cancer are shared between humans and mice with GH/IGF1 deficiency.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation is a key feature of aging.', 'METHODS: Thirty-four blood markers relating to inflammation, B vitamin status and the kynurenine pathway were measured in 976 participants in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study at baseline (median age=59 years) and follow-up (median age=70 years).', 'CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the key role of the kynurenine pathway and vitamin B6 catabolism in aging, along with other well-established inflammation-related markers.'], ['The current review aims to provide an insight into the role of MetS components and inflammation for the development of atherosclerosis, CVD, and AMI in women.'], ["Older people often display a state of chronic inflammation, which is associated with an increased mortality risk and has been termed 'Inflammageing'."], ['This indicates that chronic inflammation in the MS cortex alone does not significantly predispose to the development of cortical AD pathology.'], ['Previous studies have shown that chitinase-3-like-1 (YKL-40) can promote microangiogenesis and inflammation, but its effect on CNV formation has not yet been studied.'], ['Findings that will improve understanding of the biologic mechanisms of brain injury in people with HIV were also presented and included evidence that host (eg, myeloid activation, inflammation, and endothelial activation) and viral (eg, transcriptional activity and compartmentalization) factors adversely affect brain health.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential association of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a representative chronic age-related degenerative disease of the retina associated with inflammation and aging, with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes.'], ['The IRF3 knockout (KO) mice develop obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and eventually type 2 diabetes with aging, which is associated with the development of white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial joint degenerative disease with low-grade inflammation.'], ['Genome instability is very often associated with aging or the above-mentioned diseases, and triggered by inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Solid evidence showed that the overexpression of HO-1 compensates high oxidation levels by increasing intracellular antioxidant levels and reduces inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory factors.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The electronic frailty index based on co-morbidities, inflammation, and nutrition information can readily predict mortality outcomes.'], ['BACKGROUND: Higher leptin and lower adiponectin levels have been linked to progressing systemic inflammation and diseases of aging.'], ['It contains inflammation resolving cytokines, growth factors, exosomes, and lipid mediators.', 'Skin aging is associated with reduced TGF-ß signaling and collagen synthesis and chronic (sub-acute) inflammation, among other factors.'], ['A plausible mechanism is the reduction of inflammation.', 'Health professionals, especially registered dietitians and health coaches, should create lifestyle interventions to reduce inflammation targeting change in more than one risky health behavior.'], ['Polyoxalate (POx) and copolyoxalate (CPOx) smart polymers are topics of interest the field of inflammation.', 'In this review we discuss the genesis and concept of oxylate smart polymer-based particles and a few innovative systemic delivery methods that is designed to counteract the inflammation and other aging-associated diseases (AADs).'], ['Since elevated oxidative stress and inflammation burden induced by chronic atopy and snoring may impact telomere length, this study aimed to investigate whether snoring would moderate the relationship between atopic diseases and telomere length in early adolescence.'], ["Aging also has a profound effect on microglia, leading to chronic inflammation and an increase in the brain's susceptibility to neurodegenerative processes that occur in Alzheimer's disease."], ['Since comorbidities are associated with chronic inflammation and are closely related to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), these individuals may already have a mild ACE1/ACE2 imbalance before viral infection, which increases their risk for developing severe cases of COVID-19.'], ['Lingonberries have been shown to prevent low-grade inflammation and diet-induced obesity in diabetic animals.'], ['Plasma exosomal miRNA profiles, circulating lipids, lipoproteins, inflammation levels, and immune cell phenotypes were also assessed.', 'CLL-FIT patients had higher HDL cholesterol, lower inflammation, and lower levels of triglyceride components (all p < 0.05).'], ['Inflammation is a major cause of several chronic diseases and is reported to be recovered by the immuno-modulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).'], ['One hallmark of human aging is increased brain inflammation represented by glial activation.'], ['As we age, leukocyte trafficking becomes dysregulated, contributing to the increased systemic, low-grade, chronic inflammation observed in older adults.', 'In particular, we focus on the changes that occur to leukocyte trafficking rhythmicity with increasing age and consider how this impacts inflammation and the development of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMIDs).'], ['CONCLUSION: Regular exercise showed positive effects on reducing inflammation and regulating lipid metabolism.'], ['The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the main pathway mediating adaptation to ER stress, but it can also trigger deleterious cascades of inflammation and cell death leading to cell dysfunction and neurodegeneration.'], ['In the current review, novel research on the cannabinoid-mediated analgesic effect on arthritis is presented, with particular emphasis on the role of the CB2 receptor in arthritis-related pain and the suppression of inflammation.'], ['This review mainly introduced the research progress of UTI in inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, acute kidney injury and renal fibrosis.'], ['Moreover, we must consider the impact of inflammation on coagulation due to the crosstalk between inflammation and coagulation.', 'In this review, we discuss the various degrees of inflammation in older adults after being infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the adverse effects of aging on the inflammatory response and coagulation system.'], ['Inflammation scans and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a previously undetected vertebral lesion between the seventh and eighth thoracic vertebra.'], ['Inflammation plays a substantial role in COVID-19 pathophysiology.'], ['Dysregulated systemic inflammation is a classic characteristic of sepsis, and suppression of HMGB1 may ameliorate inflammation and improve patient outcomes.'], ['Despite a high infectious disease burden, Tsimane forager-horticulturists of Bolivia have the lowest prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis of any studied population and present few cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors despite a high burden of infections and therefore inflammation.', 'Such reduced rates of BV decrease, together with a subsistence lifestyle and low CVD risk, may protect brain health despite considerable chronic inflammation related to infectious burden.'], ['Previous studies have suggested that inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the pathophysiology of delirium.', 'However, it remains unclear whether neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an indicator of systematic inflammation, is associated with delirium.'], ['Rationale: Cigarette smoke (CS) inhalation triggers oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to accelerated lung aging, apoptosis, and emphysema, as well as systemic pathologies.'], ['UA enhances cellular health by increasing mitophagy and mitochondrial function and reducing detrimental inflammation.'], ['Both dynapenia and obesity are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, sharing common signaling pathways.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study can help to understand the association of inflammation, obesity and muscle strength to promote interventions in order to avoid or delay the negative outcomes associated with dynapenia and sarcopenia in older adults.'], ['Pathologically, accumulation of AGEs-mediated receptor for AGEs (RAGE) triggers oxidative stress and inflammation, which is the major deleterious effect of AGEs in host and intestinal microenvironment of diabetic and ageing conditions.', 'Therefore, targeting RAGE with its ligands mediated oxidative stress and chronic inflammation is considered as an additional intervention strategy for DKD and ageing kidney.', 'In this review, we summarize AGEs/RAGE-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation signaling pathways in DKD and ageing kidney, discussing opportunities and challenges of targeting at AGEs/RAGE-induced oxidative stress that could hold the promising potential approach for improving DKD and ageing kidney.'], ['We will review recent advances about the differentiation, activation, and subtype specification of circulating monocyte to resolution or repair-type macrophages during the process we term regenerative inflammation, resulting in complete restoration of skeletal muscle in murine models of toxin-induced injury.'], ['Low-grade inflammation and arterial stiffness are key factors in the development of vascular aging.', 'However, the interplay between arterial stiffness and inflammation for cardiovascular (CV) disease is unclear.', 'We found no evidence that arterial PWV acted as an important mediator of the relationship between systemic inflammation and CV disease risk in this elderly population.', 'Our study supports the view that arterial stiffness and chronic inflammation affects CV risk mainly through separate causal pathways.'], ['Significance: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be regarded as a burden of lifestyle disease that shares common underpinning features and risk factors with the aging process; it is a complex constituted by several adverse components, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, early vascular aging, and cellular senescence.', 'Critical Issues: In the present review, currents concepts of inflammation and oxidative damage as key patho-mechanisms in CKD are addressed.'], ['Fish oil may prevent rosiglitazone-induced bone loss by inhibiting inflammation, osteoclastogenesis, and adipogenesis and by enhancing osteogenesis in the bone microenvironment.'], ['Risk factors associated with inflammation, aging, cardiovascular diseases, malnutrition, and organ dysfunction were evaluated by biochemical measurements.', 'Risk factors associated with inflammation and cardiovascular diseases were significantly lowered during or after Bigu (P < 0.05).'], ['Duplicate articles or those unrelated to at least one chronic comorbidity, senescence or inflammation and those that studied only patient clinical characteristics, laboratory tests or treatments were excluded.', 'Low-grade chronic inflammation is characteristic of all these conditions, reflected in a pro-inflammatory state, endothelial dysfunction, and changes to innate immunity; mainly of the monocyte-macrophage system with changes in polarization, inflammation, cytotoxicity and altered antigenic presentation.', "In the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, mechanisms involved in acute inflammation overlap with the patient's pro-inflammatory state, causing immune system dysfunction.", 'In asthma, chronic eosinophilic inflammation protects against infection by producing a reduced interferon-mediated response and a reduced number of ACE2 receptors.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Low-grade chronic inflammation present in advanced age and chronic diseases-but not in bronchial asthma-produces a pro-inflammatory state that triggers a dysregulated immune response, favoring development of severe forms of COVID-19 and increasing lethality.'], ['Therefore, we investigated mechanisms of autophagy, inflammation, and cellular senescence by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) staining in senescent HDFs.'], ['The main areas covered include; changes to anthropometrics, energy metabolism, cardiometabolic health, inflammation and immune function, physical fitness, health behaviors, and mental health in response to weight loss (1-year) and weight loss maintenance (2-year).Expert opinion: CR presents a novel and effective therapeutic approach for improving healthspan and biomarkers of lifespan.'], ['It was found that prenatal exposure to human-relevant doses of PrP exacerbated ovarian oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, which promoted follicular atresia by activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.'], ['The pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) inflammation, and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation, hypertrophy and collagen remodelling are the important pathophysiological components of PVR.', 'The study was aimed to investigate the role of endothelial cell- (EC-) derived SO2 in the progression of PAEC inflammation, PASMC proliferation, hypertrophy and collagen remodelling in PVR and the possible mechanisms.', 'Taken together, these findings revealed that EC-derived SO2 inhibited p50 activation to control PAEC inflammation in an autocrine manner and PASMC proliferation, hypertrophy, and collagen synthesis in a paracrine manner, thereby inhibiting hypoxic PVR.'], ['Forkhead box O 3 (FOXO3) is a transcription factor involved in cell metabolism, inflammation and longevity.'], ['Sarcopenia was associated with being older; inflammation; poorer renal function; and lower serum albumin, total testosterone, and haemoglobin.'], ['Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the most significant propagators of systemic damage with implications for widespread pathologies such as vascular disease, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, inflammation, and traumatic injury.'], ['Protein glycosylation is a frequent posttranslational modification, highly responsive to inflammation and ageing.', 'We have investigated whether weight loss interventions affect inflammation- and ageing-associated IgG glycosylation changes, in a longitudinal cohort of bariatric surgery patients.'], ['Severe infection leads to aggravation of inflammation.'], ['Disease pathogenesis is multifactorial, and stresses such as inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, turbulent flow, and mechanical stress and strain contribute to the osteogenic differentiation of valve endothelial and valve interstitial cells.'], ['The oxidative stress and inflammation played the key roles in the development of atherosclerotic coronary plaques.', 'In conclusion, these findings indicated that the imbalance between prooxidant/proinflammatory and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory status was associated with complex reocclusion lesions, suggesting that oxidative stress and inflammation played the key roles in progression of complex reocclusion lesions in the elderly patients with very long stent implantations.'], ['In conclusion, it appears that acute bouts of endurance exercise and short-term chronic exercise training exercise are appropriate methods to enhance mucosal immune function, reduce systemic markers of inflammation, and promote anti-inflammatory processes in elderly individuals.'], ['The literature surveys exhibited that the ethnomedicinal uses of A. graminifolia, such as detoxification, anti-inflammation and the ability to cure trauma and pain associated with infections, are correlated with its modern pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anti-oxidation, anti-lipid peroxidation.'], ['DISCUSSION: Aging-associated inflammation in post-reproductive mothers with a higher number of sons supports the hypothesis of trade-offs between reproduction and health.'], ['Changes in adipokine levels contribute to aging by modulating changes in systemic metabolism and inflammation.'], ['These external factors can cause aging through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inflammation, as well as aged skin is a source of circulatory inflammatory molecules which accelerate skin aging and cause aging-related diseases.'], ['Various stimuli such as eczema, microbial infection, ultraviolet light exposure, mechanical injury, and aging provoke skin inflammation.', 'Understanding of mechanisms of skin pigmentation due to inflammation helps to elucidate the relationship between inflammation and skin pigmentation regulation and can guide development of new therapeutic pathways for treating pigmented dermatosis.', 'This review covers the mechanistic aspects of skin pigmentation caused by inflammation.'], ["The potential application of these naturally occurring SIRT6 modulators in the amelioration of major human diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, aging, diabetes, inflammation, and cancer has also been delineated."], ['These genes are involved in inflammation, platelet activation, and phospholipase D and estrogen signaling.'], ['Indeed, obese subjects, as well as animal models of obesity, develop pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammation and metabolic disorders.'], ['This study used RPE generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-RPE), which were derived from human donors with or without AMD and genotyped for the complement factor H (CFH) AMD high-risk allele (rs1061170, Y402H) to investigate whether donor disease state or genotype had a detrimental effect on mitochondrial function and inflammation.'], ['Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance, diabetes type 2 and CVD.', 'Since studies on women were scarce, in order to improve diagnosis and treatment of CVD, there is a need to improve understanding of the role of inflammation in the development of CVD in women.', 'The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an inexpensive and widely available marker of inflammation, and has been studied in cardio-metabolic disorders.', 'The aim of this review is to comprehend the available evidence on this issue, and to discuss sex specific differences in the lifetime course of NLR in the light of immune and inflammation mechanisms.'], ['With increasing age, the immune system undergoes a remodeling process, affecting the shift of T cell subpopulations and the development of chronic low-grade inflammation.', 'Since lifestyle factors can play a significant role in reducing the hallmarks of immune aging and inflammation, we investigated the effect of a 6 week low-dose combined resistance and endurance training program.'], ['Lastly, selective autophagy of TNIP1 enhanced senescence-associated inflammation.'], ['Background: Chronic inflammation contributes to aging and organ dysfunction in the general population, and is a particularly important determinant of morbidity and mortality among people with HIV (PWH).', 'The effect of cannabis use on chronic inflammation is not well understood among PWH, who use cannabis more frequently than the general population.', 'Further prospective studies with measured cannabis components are needed to clarify the impact of these compounds on inflammation.'], ['In summary, we show that myotubes conditioned with serum from older individuals had decreased myotube diameter and MPS compared with younger individuals, potentially driven by low-grade systemic inflammation.'], ['Metabolic disorders have been linked to the effect of cART as well to the effects of immune activation and chronic inflammation.', 'Whereas it is known that aging is intrinsically associated with hyperinflammation and immune system deterioration, the relative impact of chronic HIV infection on such inflammatory and immune activation has not yet been studied focusing on an elderly HIV-infected population.The objectives of the study were to assess 29 blood markers of immune activation and inflammation using an ultrasensitive technique, in HIV-infected patients aged >=75 years with no or 1 comorbidity (among hypertension, renal disease, neoplasia, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, dyslipidemia, and osteoporosis), in comparison with age-adjusted HIV-uninfected individuals to identify whether biomarkers were associated with comorbidities.', 'Despite those differences, PCA to determine clusters associated with a group or a specific comorbidity did not reveal clustering nor between healthy control and HIV-infected patients neither between the presence of comorbidity within HIV-infected group.In this highly selected geriatric HIV population, HIV infection does not seem to have an additional impact on age-related inflammation and immune disorder.', 'Close monitoring could have led to optimize prevention and treatment of comorbidities, and have limited both immune activation and inflammation in the aging HIV population.'], ['As these individuals become older, cellular senescence leads to a state of chronic inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To compare a designated shared oral care intervention in a group of public nursing home residents with a standard oral care programme, focusing on levels of oral plaque and oral inflammation.', 'The primary outcomes were plaque and inflammation levels measured with the mucosal plaque index (MPS); this was assessed at baseline, after three and six months (end of intervention), and at follow-up (six months postintervention).', 'After three and six months, those receiving the shared oral care intervention had significantly lower plaque and inflammation than the control group.', 'At follow-up, plaque levels and oral inflammation had approached the pre-intervention level, with no remaining statistically significant group differences.'], ['Sustained innate immune activation and inflammation are common features observed across most chronic wound types.'], ['KEY POINTS: Ageing is associated with increased systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction that contributes to the development of age-associated diseases.', 'ABSTRACT: Ageing and obesity are both characterized by inflammation and a deterioration in metabolic health.', 'It is now clear that adipose tissue plays a major role in inflammation and metabolic control in obesity, although little is known about the role of adipose tissue in human ageing.'], ['As people age, they become more susceptible to disease and disability due to various factors like low immunity, decreased functionality of cells, DNA damage, higher incidence of inflammation, etc.'], ['Palmitate-treated podocytes showed increased apoptosis, intracellular ROS, ER stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, and these were significantly attenuated by klotho administration.'], ['In this study, we investigated various characteristics of the AM, focusing on the influence of inflammation and fibrosis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The AM hyperplasia was influenced by aging and could be a result of inflammation and fibrosis through cytokine secretion from the inflammatory cells and fibroblasts in the AM.'], ['These therapeutic agents possess the following multifunctionalities: (1) compared with frequently used aggregation inhibitors restricted by intrinsically feeble and sensitive noncovalent interactions, multifunctional agents can efficiently block Abeta aggregation by exploiting two or more Abeta-specific inhibition strategies simultaneously; (2) apart from regulating Abeta aggregation, multipronged agents can also target and modulate other pathological factors in AD pathogenesis, such as increased oxidative stress, abnormal copper accumulation, and irreversible neuron loss; (3) multifunctional platforms with both diagnostic and therapeutic modalities through integrating in situ imaging, real-time diagnostics, a multitarget direction, stimuli-responsive drug release, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) translocation features are instrumental in improving drug levels at trouble sites, diminishing off-target adverse reactions, evaluating therapeutic effects, and averting overtreatment.Given the fact that amyloid aggregation, local inflammation, and metal dyshomeostasis are universal biomarkers shared by various neurodegenerative disorders, this Account provides a perspective for the evolution of customized therapeutic agents with multiple reactivities for other neurodegenerative diseases.'], ['Therefore, various studies have reported promising results from the studies investigating their efficacy as a therapeutic strategy in various disorders such as human malignancies, cardiovascular diseases, nervous system impairments, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, aging, and inflammation-associated disorders, as well as a polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).'], ['Considering the indications presented by COVID-19 patients who present similarly with inflammatory conditions, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration has been examined as a possible route to reduce proinflammatory markers such as ESR, CRP and ferritin by reducing inflammation, based on its anti-inflammatory effects as indicated by utilisation of IVIG for numerous other inflammatory conditions.'], ['Higher levels of omega-3 track with longer telomeres, lower inflammation, and blunted sympathetic and cardiovascular stress reactivity.', 'Whether omega-3 supplementation alters the stress responsivity of telomerase, cortisol, and inflammation is unknown.', 'By lowering overall inflammation and cortisol levels during stress and boosting repair mechanisms during recovery, omega-3 may slow accelerated aging and reduce depression risk.'], ['The ratio of K to T (K:T) and neopterin were indicators of inflammation; 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were markers of bacterial translocation.'], ['T cells are essential for eradicating microorganisms and cancer and for tissue repair, have a pro-cognitive role in the brain, and limit Central Nervous System (CNS) inflammation and damage upon injury and infection.'], ['Since arterial stiffness is affected by inflammation and oxidative stress, it may be improved by curcumin supplementation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to test the hypothesis that associations of dairy foods with biomarkers of lipid metabolism, insulin-like growth factor signaling, and chronic inflammation may provide clues to understanding how dairy can influence cardiometabolic health.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Inflammation and infection are causative factors of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).'], ['The main variables common to women with sarcopenic obesity were higher food security, lower PA and chronic inflammation.'], ['Some previous observational studies investigated the association between circulating inflammatory markers and sarcopenia components to evaluate chronic inflammation as a risk factor for sarcopenia in the elderly population.', 'Nevertheless, the association between circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) and hs-CRP, as the recognized markers of systemic inflammation and components of sarcopenia, is unclear.'], ['ABSTRACT: Obesity is associated with detrimental changes in cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, including blood pressure, dyslipidemia, markers of systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance.'], ["Olive oil's constituents are having potent anti-inflammatory activities and thus restrict the progression of various inflammation-linked diseases ranging from arthritis to cancer.", 'So, it can be concluded that olive oil consumption is beneficial for human health, and particularly for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, and inflammation.'], ['These risk factors include (1) deviations in brain structure and biomarkers, (2) psychosocial stress responses, (3) pregnancy, menopause, and sex hormones, (4) genetic background (i.e., APOE), (5) inflammation, gliosis, and immune module (i.e., TREM2), and (6) vascular disorders.'], ['Cox regression models adjusting for the GRACE score (composite of age, heart rate systolic blood pressure, creatinine, cardiac arrest at admission, ST segment deviation, abnormal troponin enzyme and Killip classification), preexisting diabetes and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein).'], ['RESULTS: We found that rural residence, poor physical functioning ability, uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, cancer, a high level of systemic inflammation, and poor kidney functioning are strong predictors of mortality among older Chinese.'], ['Furthermore, newly completed studies assessing inflammation marker albuminuria and age-related syndrome frailty have been found in a higher prevalence than in non-HIV people, with increased morbidity and mortality.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Ongoing low-level HIV replication in treated PWH leads to immune activation and chronic inflammation contributing to the destabilization of normally autoregulated physiologic systems in response to environmental and biologic challenges characteristic of frailty.'], ['The role of systemic inflammation in AMD remains unclear specifically in patients with intermediate AMD (iAMD).', 'We sought to determine whether systemic inflammation was associated with future iAMD progression.Methods Combinations of 27 circulating inflammatory markers including complement factors, cytokines, chemokines, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were evaluated in iAMD patients recruited into a Colorado AMD registry.', 'This suggests that studying systemic inflammation in iAMD can provide insights into early pathologic events and potentially identify patients at highest risk for the development of severe AMD.'], ['Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common causes of foregut inflammation, leading to peptic ulcer disease (PUD).'], ['The expression of VEGF will be up-regulated in specific pathological conditions in PD patients, such as with non-biocompatible peritoneal dialysate, uremia and inflammation, and so on.'], ['It has been suggested that circadian disruption may play a role in chronic inflammation, but there has been limited study that investigated the overall profile of 24-hour rest-activity rhythms in relation to inflammation using longitudinal data.', 'Future studies should clarify the dynamic relationship between rest-activity rhythms and inflammation in different populations, and evaluate the effects of improving rest-activity profiles on inflammation and related disease outcomes.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is an inflammatory disorder, more common in the elderly, characterised by girdle pain and stiffness, constitutional symptoms and raised serological markers of inflammation.'], ["Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are known to be the world's leading cause of death, and different factors are known to increase the risk of death, including aging, mainly due to increased oxidative stress and inflammation observed in older people."], ['Notably, activin, a multiple regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as an endocrine modulator in reproduction and an organizer in early development, might promote aging-associated disorders, such as inflammation and cancer.'], ['RESULTS: Results: The NSE administration normalized pancreas morphology which was more affected in the old IR group; the signs of inflammation, edema, fibrosis and steatosis were somehow diminished and PI area became significantly increased.'], ['Chronic infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), contribute to the inflammation process among older adults and are associated with the immunosenescence process.'], ['Chronic inflammation is thought to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in aging, but whether similar mechanisms underlie dysfunction in infection-associated chronic inflammation is unclear.', 'We found shared alterations in aging-associated and infection-associated chronic inflammation including T cell memory inflation, up-regulation of intracellular signaling pathways of inflammation, and diminished sensitivity to cytokines in lymphocytes and myeloid cells.', 'Our findings indicate that in the HIV and HCV cohorts, a broad remodeling and degradation of the immune system can persist for a year or more, even after the removal or drastic reduction of the pathogen load and that this shares some features of chronic inflammation in aging.'], ['There is an established association between air pollution and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is likely to be mediated by systemic inflammation.', 'Our findings suggest that air pollution may be an important factor in increasing systemic inflammation in older Chinese adults.'], ['Mounting evidence shows that the characteristics of the age-related clinical severity of COVID-19 are attributed to insufficient antiviral immune function and excessive self-damaging immune reaction, involving T cell immunity and associated with pre-existing basal inflammation in the elderly.', 'Age-related changes to T cell immunosenescence is characterized by not only restricted T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire diversity, accumulation of exhausted and/or senescent memory T cells, but also by increased self-reactive T cell- and innate immune cell-induced chronic inflammation, and accumulated and functionally enhanced polyclonal regulatory T (Treg) cells.', 'We also address potential combinational strategies to rejuvenate multiple aging-impacted immune system checkpoints by revival of aged thymic function, boosting peripheral T cell responses, and alleviating chronic, basal inflammation to improve the efficiency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccination in the elderly.'], ['RESULTS: The top 30 metabolic profile strongly distinguishes AS patients from healthy controls and includes 17 metabolites related to nitric oxide metabolism and 12 metabolites related to inflammation, in line with the known pathomechanism for calcific aortic valve disease.'], ['Key to these responses are type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs), which are involved in inducing an antiviral response, as well as controlling and suppressing inflammation and immunopathology.', 'IFNs support monocyte/macrophage-stimulated immune responses that clear infection and promote their immunosuppressive functions that prevent excess inflammation and immune-mediated pathology.', 'Understanding the implications of aging on IFN-regulated inflammation will give critical insights on how to treat and prevent severe infection in vulnerable individuals.'], ['Inflammation associated with normal aging, also called inflammaging is a primary risk factor for cognitive decline.', 'A phenolic, Palm Fruit Bioactive complex (PFBc) derived from the extraction process of palm oil from oil palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis), is reported to offset inflammation due to its high antioxidant, especially vitamin E, and polyphenol content.'], ['Pathways for apoptosis signaling, cholecystokinin receptor (CCKR) signaling, and inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling were common to both tissues.', 'Significant rare eQTLs in inflammation pathways included five genes in the blood (ALOX5AP, CXCR2, FPR2, GRB2, IFNAR1) that were previously linked to AD.', 'This study identified several significant gene- and pathway-level rare eQTLs, which further confirmed the importance of the immune system and inflammation in AD and highlighted the advantages of using a set-based eQTL approach for evaluating the effect of low-frequency and rare variants on gene expression.'], ['Older males with severe inflammation, gastrointestinal symptoms, and pre-existing comorbidities (diabetes, obesity, or hypertension) are more prone to malnutrition and subsequently poor COVID-19 prognosis both during the acute phase and during convalescence.'], ['The strong spread of COVID-19 and the significant number of deaths associated with it could be related to improper lifestyles, which lead to a low-grade inflammation (LGI) that not only increases the risk of chronic diseases, but also the risk of facing complications relating to infections and a greater susceptibility to infections themselves.'], ['Conclusions: The degree of systemic inflammation was the main factor that influenced the adverse outcome of LC in the elderly.'], ['Recent clarification of the cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA triggering innate immunity underscores the pivotal role of mitochondria in inflammation-related diseases.'], ['However, the pathogenic intricacies between the molecular pathways involved in OA prompted the study of certain drugs for more than one therapeutic target (amelioration of cartilage and bone changes, and synovial inflammation).'], ['Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes severe inflammation and airway pathology in children and the elderly by infecting the epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract.', 'This data suggests that BRD4 recruits transcription factors to target its RNA processing complex to regulate gene expression in innate immunity and inflammation.'], ['Pathological examination of the left adnexa showed tubal tissue with acute inflammation and inflammatory exudate, which were compatible with pyosalpinx, and pus culture yielded C. sakazakii.'], ['The elevated HSPs expression in turn attenuates the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates, reactive oxidative species, DNA damage and systemic inflammation in the brains of aging NELF-A depleted flies as compared to their control siblings.'], ['Impairments in physical function and increased systemic levels of inflammation have been observed in middle-aged and older persons with HIV (PWH).', 'We previously demonstrated that in older persons, associations between gut microbiota and inflammation differed by HIV serostatus.'], ['due to cumulated stress, inflammation or tobacco smoke, accelerate telomere shortening.'], ['CONCLUSION: Elevated circulating TNFR1 levels are independently associated with declined intrinsic capacity, suggesting that chronic inflammation may underlie intrinsic capacity decline.'], ['This pilot trial in OA was conducted to test the effect of GlyNAC supplementation and withdrawal on intracellular GSH concentrations, OxS, MFO, inflammation, endothelial function, genotoxicity, muscle and glucose metabolism, body composition, strength, and cognition.', 'Measurements included red-blood cell (RBC) GSH, MFO; plasma biomarkers of OxS, inflammation, endothelial function, glucose, and insulin; gait-speed, grip-strength, 6-min walk test; cognitive tests; genomic-damage; glucose-production and muscle-protein breakdown rates; and body-composition.', 'RESULTS: GlyNAC supplementation for 24 weeks in OA corrected RBC-GSH deficiency, OxS, and mitochondrial dysfunction; and improved inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, insulin-resistance, genomic-damage, cognition, strength, gait-speed, and exercise capacity; and lowered body-fat and waist-circumference.', 'CONCLUSIONS: GlyNAC supplementation for 24-weeks in OA was well tolerated and lowered OxS, corrected intracellular GSH deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased inflammation, insulin-resistance and endothelial dysfunction, and genomic-damage, and improved strength, gait-speed, cognition, and body composition.'], ['Indeed, elderly individuals exhibit dysregulated immune responses against pathogens, poor responses to vaccination, and increased susceptibility to many diseases including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and other chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['This includes perturbations in insulin resistance, fuel preference, reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, cell death pathways, neurohormonal mechanisms, advanced glycated end-products accumulation, lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity, and posttranslational modifications in the heart of the diabetic.'], ['Such data suggest that the age-related alterations of T lymphocyte subsets can facilitate the onset of leprosy in elderly patients, not to mention other chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ["Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 induces inflammation, possibly through damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling and 'cytokine storm,' causing insulin resistance and the adiponectin (APN) paradox, a phenomenon linking metabolic dysfunction to chronic disease."], ['Notably, GAS5-miR21-mediated DDR and T cell dysfunction are observed in PLHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART), who often exhibit immune activation due to low-grade inflammation despite robust virologic control.', 'Importantly, this inflammation-driven T cell over-activation and aberrant apoptosis in ART-controlled PLHIV and healthy subjects (HS) could be reversed by antagonizing the GAS5-miR-21 axis.'], ['Inflammation of the IVD and subsequent degeneration produce altered glycosylation profiles in several animal models of IVD injury and ageing, although the function of this altered glycosylation pattern in a human is unknown.', 'Altered N-glycome, specifically sialylated and fucosylated N-glycosylation motif expression, might play a role in inflammation and disease progression.', 'Small-molecule fluorinated sugar analogues (3Fax-Peracetyl Neu5Ac; 2F-Peracetyl-Fucose) were used to inhibit sialylation and fucosylation in an in vitro model of inflammation, to investigate their effects on the glycosignature, cell metabolism, extracellular matrix synthesis and cell migration.', 'In the in vitro model of IVD degeneration, cytokine-induced inflammation-induced hypersialylation was observed, as indicated by Sambucus nigra I binding.', 'Inhibition of sialylation and fucosylation modulates cell migration and protein translation of catabolic enzymes in response to inflammation.'], ['Vitamin D plays an important role in immune function and inflammation.'], ['Furthermore, type 1 MCs have been strongly associated with inflammation and severe LBP, while types 2 and 3 tend to be more stable and demonstrate less refractory pain.'], ['Common causes of CSVD include arteriosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), genetic small vessel angiopathy, inflammation and immune-mediated small vessel diseases, and venous collagenosis.'], ['It could be explained by a shift in balance between direct effects (increased dopamine synthesis) and indirect effects (neurodegeneration and chronic inflammation, which can decrease dopamine levels).'], ['Remarkably, TOMA treatment in young tau transgenic mice significantly attenuated vascular leakage, inflammation and RGC loss.'], ['The picture coming out of it is that of some, not easily proven, stress-induced cortisol increase accompanied by insulin resistance, both of which represent typical aging-like phenomena mediated by chronic low-grade inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: The Zinc for INflammation and Chronic disease in HIV (ZINC) trial randomized person who live with HIV (PLWH) who engage in heavy drinking to either daily zinc supplementation or placebo.'], ['The increased expression of inflammation-associated miRNA-483 in elderly patients may be the basis for the age-dependent decrease in melatonin secretion,that may play a role in the morbidity of sarcopenia.'], ['In this review, we will explore the role of complement system in AMD development and in the main molecular and cellular features of AMD, including complement activation itself, inflammation, ECM stability, energy metabolism and oxidative stress.'], ['Patients with acute exacerbated COPD (AECOPD) have increased systemic inflammation, which can intensify muscle dysfunction.'], ['Dry eye disease manifests as tear-layer instability and inflammation caused by osmotic hypersensitization in tear fluids; however, to our knowledge, no agent that treats both pathologies simultaneously is available.'], ['Also, PARP1 participates in inflammation and aging.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training improved endothelial function, alleviated insulin resistance and inflammation in the elderly with MetS.'], ['We measured serum cPLIN2 in a group of old people including centenarians in comparison with young subjects and tested possible correlations with parameters of body composition, fat and glucose metabolism, and inflammation.'], ['Inflammation and oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence alter the immunomodulatory ability of MSCs and hamper their pro-regenerative function, which in turn leads to an increase in disease severity, maladaptive tissue damage and the development of comorbidities.'], ['While inflammation, metabolic disturbance, and delirium at time of admission all demonstrated independent associations with mortality, there was no evidence for any interactions between delirium and these laboratory-measured aetiologies.'], ['Sepsis is caused by a dysregulated immune response and biomarkers reflecting a persistent inflammation, immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome (PICS) have been observed in CCI after sepsis.', 'Additionally, older (versus young) and older CCI (versus older RAP) patients had more persistent aberrations in biomarkers reflecting inflammation, immunosuppression, stress metabolism, lack of anabolism and anti-angiogenesis over 14 days after sepsis.'], ['Background: Oral-gut inflammation has an impact on overall health, placing subjects at risk to acquire chronic conditions and infections.', 'We accounted for gingival bleeding as a cofounder of oral inflammation, and here were no differences among groups regarding gender (P = 0.332) and age (P = 0.292).'], ['Mechanisms for the comorbidity remain unclear, but observational studies have implicated inflammation in both schizophrenia and cardiometabolic disorders separately.', 'We aimed to examine whether there is genetic evidence that insulin resistance and 7 related cardiometabolic traits may be causally associated with schizophrenia, and whether evidence supports inflammation as a common mechanism for cardiometabolic disorders and schizophrenia.', 'We conducted two-sample uni- and multivariable mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to test whether (i) 10 cardiometabolic traits (fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides representing an insulin resistance phenotype, and 7 related cardiometabolic traits: low-density lipoprotein, fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin, leptin, body mass index, glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes) could be causally associated with schizophrenia; and (ii) inflammation could be a shared mechanism for these phenotypes.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Systemic inflammation increases as a consequence of aging (inflammaging) and contributes to age-related morbidities.', 'Inflammation in people living with HIV is elevated compared with the general population even after prolonged suppression of viremia with anti-retroviral therapy.', 'Mechanisms that contribute to inflammation during aging and in treated HIV disease are potentially interactive, leading to an exaggerated inflammatory phenotype in people with HIV.', 'RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies highlight roles for anti-retroviral therapy, co-infections, immune system alterations, and microbiome perturbations as important contributors to HIV-associated inflammation.'], ['a disrupted sleep and inflammation, that leads to metabolic disorders.', 'In addition, melatonin exerts a significant cytoprotective action by buffering free radicals and reversing inflammation via down regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, suppression of low degree inflammation and prevention of insulin resistance.'], ['"Healthy" aging drives structural and functional changes in the heart including maladaptive electrical remodeling, fibrosis and inflammation, which lower the threshold for cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF).'], ['They exhibit multiple organ atrophy, arteriosclerosis characterized by vascular calcification, cardiac hypertrophy, sarcopenia, cognition impairment, frailty, and a shortened life span associated with chronic non-infectious inflammation.', 'CPPs have the ability to induce cell damage and inflammation, potentially contributing to accelerated aging.'], ['BACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), induced by tissue inflammation and mitochondrial stress, has received significant attention as a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction and has been implicated in various age-related diseases.'], ['BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific acute phase reactant elevated in infection or inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Suboptimal medication adherence is a serious problem in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['In univariate analyses, baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR), presence of anti-DNA titer, cellular crescents, interstitial inflammation, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and total chronicity index strongly impacted renal response.'], ['The receiver operating characteristic curve analyses and the corresponding areas under the curve (AUCs) were used to determine and compare the discriminatory ability of the inflammation-based markers.'], ['These experiments revealed that the beta-cell SASP is enriched for factors associated with inflammation, cellular stress response, and extracellular matrix remodeling across species.'], ['Yet, PWH may not experience full restoration of immune function which can manifest with non-AIDS comorbidities that frequently associate with residual inflammation and can imperil quality of life or longevity.', 'In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis underlying chronic inflammation and residual immune dysfunction in PWH, as well as potential therapeutic interventions to ameliorate them and prevent incidence or progression of non-AIDS comorbidities.'], ['Hence, we discuss SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and its inflammation-mediated infection.'], ['Previously, we showed that histone acetylation is implicated in ultraviolet (UV)-induced inflammation and matrix impairment.'], ['Here, we discuss the relationship between genetic factors, age-dependent iron tissue accumulation, and inflammation, focusing on AD.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: A higher adherence to several healthy dietary patterns and a lower inflammatory potential of diet were related to lower concentrations of GDF-15 in older adults, suggesting that improving diet quality may reduce inflammation and possibly promote healthy aging.'], ['In this review, we discuss the potential role of flavonoids in the modulation of signaling pathways that are crucial for COVID-19 disease, particularly those related to inflammation and immunity.', 'This review highlights the current state of knowledge of the utility of flavonoids in the management of COVID-19 and also points to the multiple biological effects of flavonoids on signaling pathways associated with the inflammation processes that are deregulated in the pathology induced by SARS-CoV-2.'], ['Aging, obesity, and pressure overload all upregulated pathways related to TGF-beta signaling and mesenchymal gene expression, inflammation, vascular permeability, oxidative stress, collagen synthesis, and cellular senescence, whereas exercise training attenuated most of the same pathways.'], ['These altered profiles associated with perturbed activity of the TCA cycle, pyruvate and amino acid metabolism linked to inflammation, oxidative stress and collagen destruction.'], ['BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated the effects of supplementation and exercise on the expression of genes associated with inflammation like CCL2, CRP, IL1, IL6, IL10 mRNA in elderly women.'], ['CR also aids in recovery from strenuous bouts of exercise by reducing inflammation.'], ['Periodic fasting (PF) is an increasingly popular approach that assists in the management of metabolic and inflammatory diseases as well as in preventing mechanisms involved in aging.'], ['Conversely, accumulating data suggest that modifiable lifestyle factors (MLFs), such as healthy diet, exercise and cognitive engagement, can reliably afford cognitive benefits by potentially suppressing inflammation in the aging brain.'], ['BACKGROUND: The metabolomic signatures of short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5 have been reported and linked to inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'These pathways are involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, immunity, and nucleic acid damage and repair.'], ['Silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) is linked to the senescence, inflammation, oxidative stress and platelet adhesion of endothelial cells.'], ['The GSE4 peptide is able to rescue cells from senescence, DNA and oxidative damage, inflammation, and induces telomerase activity.'], ['We tested the association of a panel of 12 immune activation and inflammation biomarkers with spirometry and single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco).', 'METHODS: Participants were enrolled from the Inflammation, Aging, Microbes and Obstructive Lung Disease cohort of PWH at two US sites.', 'CONCLUSION: Among PWH, different markers of immune activation and inflammation are associated with FEV1% predicted than with DLco% predicted and with an iso DLco, representing possible unique pathways of chronic lung disease.'], ['Older age, hypertension, obesity, chronic inflammation, and diabetes are significant atrial fibrillation risk factors, suggesting that modern urban environments may promote atrial fibrillation.', 'Objective: Here we assess atrial fibrillation prevalence and incidence among tropical horticulturalists of the Bolivian Amazon with high levels of physical activity, a lean diet, and minimal coronary atherosclerosis, but also high infectious disease burden and associated inflammation.', 'These findings provide additional evidence that a subsistence lifestyle with high levels of physical activity, and a diet low in processed carbohydrates and fat is cardioprotective, despite frequent infection-induced inflammation.'], ['Low serum levels of CPK in patients with myositis with malignancy represented a low degree of muscle destruction/inflammation, which might be attributed to activation of the PD-L1 pathway by tumor cells, thus inducing T-cell dysfunction mediating immune responses in myofibers.'], ['Three major avenues of neuroimaging research are covered with a particular emphasis on inflammation, aging, and substance use in persons living with HIV (PLWH).', 'HIV triggers a strong neuroimmune response and may lead to a cascade of events including increased chronic inflammation and cognitive decline.'], ['The etiology of LUTS is multifactorial, involving benign prostatic hyperplasia, smooth muscle and neurologic dysfunction, inflammation, sexually transmitted infections, fibrosis, and potentially dysbiosis, but this aspect remains poorly explored.'], ['Regardless of the improvement of the pathological assessment of aortic diseases by the recent consensus statements on surgical pathology of the aorta, histology can be confusing since medial degenerative changes (MDC) can be prominent in a background where inflammation is sometimes limited.', 'This raises the question of the role of aging or other degenerative process versus the role of inflammation in the damage to aorta wall.', 'PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, besides inflammation, we evaluated aorta samples from aortitis cases focusing on the histological scoring of MDC.'], ['Various common pathways likely to link neurodegenerative mechanisms of PD include abnormal mitochondrial function, inflammation, apoptosis/autophagy and insulin signalling/glucose metabolism in T2DM.'], ['An unbalanced microbial ecosystem on the human skin is closely related to skin diseases and has been associated with inflammation and immune responses.'], ['Indicated biochemistry biomarkers are tightly associated with inflammation, iron overload, and oxidative stress.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by multiple potential contributing factors such as bacterial biofilm infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth and environmental determinants and a dysregulated host response for modifying and resolving the inflammation.', 'KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease and dysregulated host response.', 'Decreased telomere lengths with periodontitis are seemingly related to chronic infection and persistent local and systemic inflammation.'], ['Independent risk factors for delayed discharge after ALC in the elderly were male sex, octogenarian status, prolonged operation time, arrhythmia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, a previous operation in the upper abdomen, acute inflammation of gallbladder and a gallbladder wall thicker than 3 mm (P < 0.05, respectively).'], ['This review presents the role of phytochemicals-related polyphenolic compounds as an accompanying therapy model to avoid neuropathologies linked to AD, PD and to simultaneously enhance two stochastic stressors, namely inflammation and oxidative stress, promoting their disease pathologies.'], ['Senescent cells produce chronic inflammation that contributes to the diseases and debilities of aging.', 'Our results highlight senescence changes in epithelial cells and how they might contribute to chronic inflammation and age-related diseases.'], ["Zinc deficiency is the most prevalent malnutrition in the world and may be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease potentially through enhanced inflammation, although evidence for this is limited.", 'The NLRP3-inflammasome complex is one of the most important regulators of inflammation, and we show here that zinc deficiency in immune cells, including microglia, potentiated NLRP3 responses to inflammatory stimuli in vitro, including amyloid oligomers, while zinc supplementation inhibited NLRP3 activation.', "Inflammation is known to contribute to the risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease; thus, we hypothesized that zinc status would affect Alzheimer's disease progression.", "In an animal model of Alzheimer's disease, zinc deficiency worsened cognitive decline because of an enhancement in NLRP3-driven inflammation."], ['Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, has been reported to be a risk factor for developing AF in Western countries.'], ['Telomere length (TL) is a marker of ageing and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an early marker of inflammation caused by oxidative stress.'], ['Subclinical cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication is associated with strong cellular immune response and chronic inflammation, which could contribute to aging-related conditions such as cardiovascular disease and frailty.'], ['Inflammation in persons above the age of 90 years old might be linked to abnormal fibrinogen and IL-6 levels.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays an important role in the ageing process in which monocytes/macrophages are important players.'], ['The following discussion highlights pressing questions and challenges in the HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 syndemic, including (i) age, sex, and race as drivers of COVID-19 severity; (ii) whether chronic inflammation common in PLWH influences immune response; (iii) whether disease severity and trajectory models for COVID-19 ought to be calibrated for PLWH; (iv) vaccine considerations, and finally, (v) long-term health outcomes in PLWH that are further burdened by coinfection with SARS-CoV-2.'], ['Numerous studies have shown that SHP2 plays important roles in the regulation of inflammatory diseases, including cancer-related inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic diseases.'], ['Chronic inflammation contributes to multiple diseases including cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, metabolic disorders, and psychiatric conditions.', 'Exogenous melatonin reduced levels of inflammatory markers and may be useful for prevention and adjuvant treatment of inflammatory disorders.', 'Melatonin is safe with few side effects, which makes it an excellent agent for prevention of inflammatory disorders.', 'Because chronic inflammation increases with aging and inflammation plays a role in the etiology of numerous diseases that affect older populations, melatonin has the potential to be widely used particularly in older adults.'], ['Since aging, inflammation, and atrial substrate remodeling have a well-established role in AF pathogenesis, AF burden, and patient prognosis, we analyzed available data exploring the possible use of RDW in identifying patients at higher risk of AF and as a biomarker of worse outcomes for AF patients.'], ['PURPOSE: This study investigates whether the degree of weekly tennis participation exhibits differences in primary cardiometabolic parameters, including arterial stiffness, inflammation, and metabolic biomarkers in elderly tennis players.'], ['We recently published a systematic review which highlighted early-stage vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) as one of the potential underlying mechanisms of physical frailty and the role of inflammation in modulating this association.'], ['CONCLUSION: Changes in serum PA level in patients with spinal tuberculosis during the perioperative period are consistent with the trend of inflammation control and nutrition improvement, and are correlated with the incidence of incision complications after surgery.'], ['Aging is associated with a decline in immune function and chronic activation of inflammation that contributes to enhanced viral susceptibility and reduced responses to vaccination.'], ['PUFAs and their anti-inflammatory metabolites influence the activity of SIRT6 and other SIRTs and thus, bring about their actions on metabolism, inflammation, and genome maintenance.'], ['One HU decrement in SMD was associated with 10% elevated odds of low jump power (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.10, p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, height, inflammation, and insulin resistance markers, whereas the association of SMA with low jump power was attenuated (aOR 1.00, p = 0.721).'], ['Activated monocytes increase glycolysis, reduce oxidative phosphorylation, and accumulate citrate and succinate, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites that promote inflammation-this metabolic shift may contribute to NCI and slowed gait speed in PWH.'], ['Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that tart cherries, rich in hydroxycinnamic acids and anthocyanins, protect against age-related and inflammation-induced bone loss.', 'of juice once (TC1X) or twice (TC2X) per day for 90 d. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were performed to determine bone density at baseline, and pre- and post-treatment serum biomarkers of bone formation and resorption, vitamin D, inflammation, and oxidative stress were assessed.'], ['They discover photo- and inflammation-related changes already in middle age and find that restoring youthful expression of KLF6 and HES1 may dial back some age-associated changes.'], ['However, as a neurodegenerative disorder with systemic inflammation, the periphery organs may also play a key role in AD pathology.', 'Our results demonstrated the increased inflammation response and declined antioxidative capacity of periphery organs in aged APP/PS1 mice, which suggesting that a more comprehensive perspective to study AD were necessary.'], ['METHODS: We examined cross-sectional associations of insomnia symptoms with biological mechanisms of HIV-CVD (immune activation, systemic inflammation, and coagulation) among 1,542 people with HIV from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Biomarker Cohort.'], ['Other covariates were: socio-demographic characteristics, conventional risk factors, markers of inflammation, reported myocardial infarction, and stroke.'], ['Excessive energy intake and adiposity cause systemic inflammation, whereas calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition, exerts a potent anti-inflammatory effect.', 'We discuss emerging data of observational studies and randomized clinical trials on CR that have been shown to reduce inflammation and improve human health.'], ['As the skin is an organ that is frequently exposed to oxidative-, chemical- and thermal stress, and to injury and inflammation, it is an ideal organ to study epilipidome dynamics, their causes, and their biological consequences.'], ['METHODS: Baseline, 1-month, and 9-month (or last visit) plasma samples of HOMAGE participants were measured for protein biomarkers (n = 276) by using Olink Proseek-Multiplex cardiovascular and inflammation panels (Olink, Uppsala, Sweden).', 'Spironolactone reduced biomarkers of collagen metabolism (e.g., COL1A1, MMP-2); brain natriuretic peptide; and biomarkers related to metabolic processes (e.g., PAPPA), inflammation, and thrombosis (e.g., IL17A, VEGF, and urokinase).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Proteomic analyses suggest that spironolactone exerts pleiotropic effects including reduction in fibrosis, inflammation, thrombosis, congestion, and vascular function improvement, all of which may mediate cardiovascular protective effects, potentially slowing progression toward heart failure.'], ['Eighteen hours later, despite no inflammatory M1 macrophage infiltration, inflammation-related genes were upregulated exclusively in the BAT of Pg mice compared with Co mice.'], ['Furthermore, the incidence of these neurocognitive disorders is augmented among People Living with HIV (PLWH); the physical ramifications of stress increase the likelihood of HIV acquisition, pathogenesis, and treatment, as both stress and HIV infection are characterized by chronic inflammation, which creates a more opportunistic environment for HIV.'], ['Here, we observed that after 3 months of age mice lacking the G protein-coupled leukocyte chemotactic receptor Fpr1 (N-formyl peptide receptor 1) began to develop bilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts that progressed to lens rupture and severe degeneration, without evidence of either systemic or local ocular infection or inflammation.'], ['This leads us to propose that concurrent DSBs and induction of inflammation occurring throughout life may be the underlying cause of ageing, degenerative disorders, and cancer.'], ["Dysregulation of Treg cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation, while aging is characterized by an accumulation of inflammatory markers in the peripheral blood, a phenomenon known as 'inflammaging'."], ['Sarcopenia, broadly defined as the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, quality, and function, is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and an increased likelihood of adverse health outcomes.'], ['Air pollutants are believed to induce or exacerbate a range of skin conditions, such as aging, inflammatory diseases (atopic dermatitis, cellulitis, and psoriasis), acne, hair loss, and even skin cancers (mainly melanoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma) through various mechanisms.'], ['Finally, we hypothesized that alpha-Klotho might serve as a neurobiological link between depression and dementia through the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['MBI not only induces psychological changes, such as alleviation of depression, anxiety, and stress, but also physiological changes like parasympathetic activation, lower cortisol secretion, reduced inflammation, and aging rate delay, which are all risk factors for T2D.'], ['Changes with age lead to impaired responses to infections, malignancies and vaccination, and are accompanied by chronic, low-degree inflammation, which together is termed immunosenescence.'], ['Their contractility plays a role in changes observed during ageing, especially in processes such as wound healing, inflammation, wrinkling and scar tissue formation as well as structural changes on extracellular matrix.'], ['Several studies suggest that microbial alterations (dysbiosis) are intimately linked to chronic inflammation occurring upon aging.'], ['lactis BS01 (LMG P-21384), and is enriched with zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), in reducing the incidence of infections and modulating inflammation.', 'Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured to study inflammation.', 'Results of this "IntegPRO" study showed that Proxian is potentially safe, easy to administer and promising for further studies but it appears not to change the incidence of infections or modulate inflammation in elderly treated with HEN.', 'The utility of Proxian in reducing the incidence of infections and modulating inflammation in these subjects needs to be investigated by a larger multi-center clinical trial, and by using additional analyses on inflammatory markers and markers of infections.'], ['Depression is also associated with increased markers of inflammation, suggesting a potential role for anti-inflammatory agents.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To identify modifiable, social factors that moderate the relationship between early-life stress (ELS) and health outcomes as measured by depressive symptoms and inflammation.', 'This study used hierarchical regression analyses to first test the main effects of ELS on depressive symptoms and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein).', 'Four social factors (perceived support, frequency of social contact, network size, and volunteer activity) were assessed as moderators of the ELS-depression and ELS-inflammation relationships.'], ['However, at high concentrations, iron may induce oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Iron accumulation is also a well-established consequence of aging and inflammation, which are major theories of disease pathogenesis.'], ['Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, gait speed, physical activity, lifestyles, and chronic inflammation were assessed.', 'CONCLUSION: Elevated NT-proBNP levels were associated with decreased intrinsic capacity in older persons, independent of age, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and chronic inflammation.'], ['In a subgroup of patients, HIV DNA and inflammation/coagulation marker levels were also analyzed until week 24.', 'HIV DNA, inflammation, and coagulation marker levels did not significantly change during follow-up.'], ["CNS inflammation is a key factor in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but its relation to pathological Abeta, tau, and APOE4 is poorly understood, particularly prior to the onset of cognitive symptoms.", 'To better characterize early relationships between inflammation, APOE4, and AD pathology, we assessed correlations between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory markers and brain levels of Abeta and tau in cognitively normal older adults.', 'Parallel voxelwise regressions assessed relationships between each CSF inflammatory marker and FTP and FBP SUVR, as well as APOE4*CSF inflammation interactions.'], ['Increasing evidence suggests that adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, produced and secreted by adipocytes, are involved in regulating systemic inflammation and may be important targets for interventions to reduce the chronic systemic inflammation linked to some conditions common in aging (e.g., atherosclerosis).', 'Lower leptin levels and higher adiponectin levels in peripheral circulation have been associated with less systemic inflammation.', 'While some studies have shown that marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and/or docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) have effects on leptin and adiponectin in the context of inflammation, the extent of their effects remain unclear.'], ['Experimental studies show that inflammation impairs the ability to interpret the mental state of another person, denoted theory of mind (ToM).', 'The current study attempted a conceptual replication in states associated with elevated low-grade inflammation, i.e., high body weight and advanced age.', 'Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) level was measured to index low-grade inflammation.', 'The present observational study replicated experimental results showing that elevated low-grade inflammation is correlated with a lower ability to infer the mental states of others.', 'These findings suggest that also naturalistic conditions of (protracted) low-grade inflammation may alter emotion recognition.'], ['The laboratory rat (R. norvegicus) is a central experimental animal in several fields of biomedical research, such as cardiovascular diseases, aging, infectious diseases, autoimmunity, cancer models, transplantation biology, inflammation, cancer risk assessment, industrial toxicology, pharmacology, behavioral and addiction studies, and neurobiology.'], ['Aging-associated chronic inflammation is postulated to compromise immunity in aged mice and humans.', 'Furthermore, we demonstrate that transgenic expression of interleukin-37 (IL-37) in aged mice reduces or prevents aging-associated chronic inflammation, splenomegaly, and accumulation of myeloid cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) in the bone marrow and spleen.'], ['Some of these similarities include loss of microbiota biodiversity, increased representation of microbes that are associated with inflammation and disease (i.e Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes), a relative decrease in protective microbes with "anti-inflammatory" properties (i.e Firmicutes) and a subsequent compromise to the intestinal barrier, leading to leakage of proinflammatory microbial components in both groups.'], ['Hospitalized preterm infants frequently experience elevated oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which contribute to telomere shortening.'], ['Our results illustrate circulating ACE2 as a potential interface between chronic inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 susceptibility.'], ['The second group includes inflammation, the pathophysiology of which contributes to an accelerated process of vascular remodelling and atherogenesis in autoimmune diseases.'], ['Despite ART-mediated suppression of viral replication, ART is not a cure and is associated with viral persistence, residual inflammation, and metabolic disturbances.'], ['Therefore, new approaches are urgently needed, that can efficiently and swiftly downregulate TNFalpha, IL-6, and the inflammatory cytokine cascade, in order to curb inflammation and prevent fibrosis, and lead to disease remission.', 'Cannabis sativa has been proposed to modulate gene expression and inflammation and is under investigation for several potential therapeutic applications against autoinflammatory diseases and cancer.', 'Here, we hypothesized that the extracts of novel C. sativa cultivars may be used to downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathways involved in inflammation and fibrosis.', 'Initially, to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of novel C. sativa cultivars, we used a well-established full thickness human 3D skin artificial EpiDermFTTM tissue model, whereby tissues were exposed to UV to induce inflammation and then treated with extracts of seven new cannabis cultivars.', 'We noted that out of seven studied extracts of novel C. sativa cultivars, three (#4, #8 and #14) were the most effective, causing profound and concerted down-regulation of COX2, TNFalpha, IL-6, CCL2, and other cytokines and pathways related to inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['Interestingly, ACE2 was elevated in PAD and positively associated with inflammatory markers, suggesting compensatory upregulation in the setting of chronic inflammation.'], ['Restriction spectrum imaging could be useful for monitoring microstructural changes indicative of neuronal loss or shrinkage, demyelination, or inflammation that accompany age-related cerebrovascular dysfunction.'], ['The mean score of chronic inflammation, neutrophil activity, glandular atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia was significantly higher in the antrum than in the corpus.'], ['These fibrosis-related factors include genetic modifiers, degree of muscle inflammation, and induction of microRNAs in muscle that bind to dystrophin mRNA and down-regulate dystrophin protein content in patient muscle.'], ['Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine changes in autophagy, the HSR, inflammation, and apoptosis following increasing levels of ex vivo heat stress representative of physiologically relevant increases in body core temperatures (37-41 C).', 'Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and protein markers of autophagy, the HSR, acute inflammation, and apoptosis were examined.', 'However, an increase in acute inflammation was observed above baseline following moderate heat stress (39 C), with further increases in inflammation and apoptosis observed during severe heat stress (41 C).'], ['Nevertheless, aggressive nutrition therapy is usually contraindicated in cases of refractory cachexia, acute disease or injury with severe inflammation, and bedridden patients with severe dementia and reduced activity.'], ['Four decades later, these problems persist, but currently, they are attributed to HIV-induced inflammation, the long-term effects of combination antiretroviral therapy, lifestyle (i.e., physical activity, drug use), psychiatric, and age-associated comorbidities (i.e., heart disease, hypertension).'], ['CONCLUSION: Our study highlights that asthmatics older than 70 years old have higher bronchial neutrophilic inflammation, a poorer lung function, signs of air trapping and lower airway variability.', 'The role of immunosenescence inducing chronic low-grade inflammation in this asthma subtype remains to be elucidated.'], ['Mitophagy-mediated elimination of mitochondria plays an important role in many processes including early embryonic development, cell differentiation, inflammation, and apoptosis.'], ['In Patients, elevated GDF15 levels at ED admission were associated with poorer resolution of inflammation (soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor [suPAR]), slowing of gait speed, and declining nutritional status between admission and 30-day follow-up.'], ['Aging leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, which is characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, the relationship between inflammation and HA metabolism is not clear.', 'Thus, we have shown that HYBID-mediated HA metabolism is negatively regulated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine mixture, providing novel insights into the relationship between inflammation and HA metabolism in the skin.'], ['The ageing process is accompanied by the gradual development of chronic systemic inflammation (inflamm-ageing).', 'Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is associated with inflammation and known to be a stress-induced factor.'], ['OSA occurs most often with aging, but also in cases of some chronic diseases and is exacerbated with the presence of low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI).'], ['Aging, stress, and inflammatory stimuli reduced the Pls contents in cells, and addition of Pls inhibited inflammatory processes, which could suggest that reduction of Pls might be one of the risk factors for the diseases associated with inflammation.'], ['Impaired mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction were causally linked to bioenergetic deficiency, oxidative stress, microglial activation, and chronic inflammation, thereby aggravating the Abeta and tau pathologies and leading to neuron loss in AD.'], ["Interactions among calorie intake, meal frequency, diet quality, and the gut microbiome modulate specific metabolic and molecular pathways that regulate cellular, tissue, and organ homeostasis as well as inflammation during normal brain aging and CNS neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, among others."], ['BACKGROUND: Long-term exposures to air pollution has been reported to be associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'These pathways are related to inflammation, oxidative stress, immunity, and nucleic acid damage and repair.'], ['circRSU1 was induced by IL-1beta and H2O2 stimulation, and it subsequently regulated oxidative stress-triggered inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) maintenance in HCs, by modulating the MEK/ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB cascades.'], ['It looks feasible in the future to recapitulate the stagnant inflammation in DFU (thought to impede wound healing) using OoC, diseased cells, and an endogenously produced extracellular matrix.'], ['However, metformin ingestion exacerbated pathways related to inflammation signaling.'], ['Among chronic conditions, those with a certain degree of chronic inflammation may predispose to a more severe evolution of COVID-19.', 'Conversely, COVID-19 can predispose or aggravate psychiatric disorders, as it induces a cytokine storm, causing systemic hyper inflammation.', 'It may damage the blood-brain barrier, resulting in inflammation in the central nervous system.', "Stress and disorders may potentiate the elderly's inflammation and COVID-19 symptoms."], ['In particular, neuroinflammation is a major pathological hallmark of NDs and miR146a is a crucial regulator of inflammation.'], ['INTRODUCTION: We investigate dementia risk in older adults with different disease patterns and explore the role of inflammation and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype.', 'DISCUSSION: Individuals with neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, and sensory impairment/cancer patterns are at increased risk for dementia and APOE epsilon4, and inflammation may further increase the risk.'], ['In patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), the accumulation of uremic toxins, caused by a combination of decreased excretion secondary to reduced kidney function and increased generation secondary to aberrant expression of metabolite genes, interferes with different biological functions of cells and organs, contributing to a state of chronic inflammation and other adverse biologic effects that may cause tissue damage.'], ['We will overview these findings with a focus on the contents of phytosterols and oxyphytosterols in food and their dietary intake, as well as their origins in the brain, and illustrate molecular pathways through which they affect brain health, in terms of inflammation, cholesterol homeostasis, oxidative stress, and mitochondria function.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIM: Increased intestinal permeability (IP) can occur in older people and contribute to the activation of the immune system and inflammation.', 'These findings may represent an initial breakthrough for further intervention studies evaluating possible dietary treatments for the management of IP, inflammation and gut function in different target populations.'], ['We focus in particular on the role of inflammaging, the chronic, low-grade inflammation characteristic of elderly physiology, which can propagate and transmit both locally and systemically.'], ['The decrease of Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium may increase the risks of cognitive impairment and lower the anti-inflammation and anti-cancer efficacy in human body, respectively.', 'Subdoligranulum relates to poor metabolism and chronic inflammation and it happens more in people aged over 40 than young people who are among 20-40 years old.'], ['Metabolic diseases and aging share a profile of low-grade inflammation and innate immunity activation, which may have disturbances of GM composition as the leading mechanism.'], ['Background and Objectives: preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) is a common spirometric pattern that causes respiratory symptoms, systemic inflammation, and mortality.'], ['Stress-induced senescence serves as a physiological barrier to oncogenesis in vivo, while it activates senescence-associated secretary phenotype, inducing chronic inflammation.'], ['The mechanisms leading to the physical abnormalities during embryonic development have not been clearly elucidated, however FA has features of premature aging with chronic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, which results in tissue attrition, selection of malignant clones and cancer onset.'], ['In order to evaluate the changes of airway inflammation and pulmonary functions in the elderly in response to individual exposure of particles (PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10), we analyzed 43 elderly subjects with either asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or Asthma COPD Overlap (ACO) and 40 age-matched subjects without asthma nor COPD in an urban community in Shanghai, China.'], ['Ischemic stroke, the third leading cause of death in the Western world, affects mainly the elderly and is strongly associated with comorbid conditions such as atherosclerosis or diabetes, which are pathologically characterized by increased inflammation and are known to influence the outcome of stroke.', 'Here, we show that acute peripheral inflammation aggravates stroke-induced neuronal damage and motor deficits specifically in aged mice.', 'Nascent transcriptomics data with mature microRNA sequencing were used to identify the neuron-specific miRNome, in order to decipher dysregulated miRNAs in the brains of aged animals with stroke and co-existing inflammation.', 'Our results underline the impact of peripheral inflammation on the outcome of stroke in aged subjects and pinpoint molecular targets for restoring endogenous neuronal capacity to combat ischemic stroke.'], ['This discussion is based on a synopsis of 162 published neuroimaging studies (01/2013-12/2019) that applied the FreeSurfer hippocampal subfield segmentation in a broad range of domains including cognition and healthy aging, brain development and neurodegeneration, affective disorders, psychosis, stress regulation, neurotoxicity, epilepsy, inflammatory disease, childhood adversity and posttraumatic stress disorder, and candidate and whole genome (epi-)genetics.'], ['Aging, inflammation and complement dysregulation affecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), are considered significant contributors in its pathogenesis and several evidences have linked tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and complement component 3 (C3) with AMD.'], ['The detected changes demonstrate an activationof the antioxidative defense system in patients with CHD, while AH is associated with the expression of genes ofangiogenesis and immune inflammation.', 'It was shown an increase in the expression of genes associated with apoptosis and kinase activity (BCL2, CLSTN2, CDKN2), immune inflammation (CSF2, IL1B, TNF) in Chornobyl clean-upworkers with BPP.'], ['It is responsible for the increased inflammation and the characteristic symptoms associated with this disease.'], ['Sleep disturbances and inflammation may be key mechanisms underlying accelerated aging in adults with BD.', "Linear regression analyses tested relationships of mean and iSD sleep variables with inflammatory marker levels; time-lagged analyses tested the influence of the previous evening's sleep on inflammation."], ['Most of the animal studies using inflammation-induced cognitive change have relied on behavioral testing without objective and biologically solid methods to quantify the severity of cognitive disturbances.', 'In the present study, we aimed to apply our bispectral EEG (BSEEG) method, which can detect patients with delirium, to a mouse model of delirium with systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) injection.', 'Our results suggest that BSEEG method can objectively "quantify" level of neuro-Inflammation induced by systemic inflammation (LPS), and that this BSEEG method can be useful as a model of delirium in mice.'], ['BACKGROUND: An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a complex disease of the aging population that is associated with inflammation and the cellular immune response.'], ['The distribution and type of variants were similar in IBM muscle and controls indicating an accelerated aging process in IBM muscle, possibly associated with chronic inflammation.'], ['Indeed, both thrombosis and inflammation interplay one with the other in a feed forward manner amplifying the whole process.', 'Among the different miRNAs implicated in inflammation, miR-146a is of special interest because: (1) it regulates among others, Toll-like receptors/nuclear factor-kappaB axis which is of paramount importance in inflammatory processes, (2) it regulates the formation of NETs by modifying their aging phenotype, and (3) it has expression levels that may decrease among individuals up to 50%, controlled in part by the presence of several polymorphisms.', 'In addition, we will detail how miR-146a is implicated in the development of two paradigmatic diseases in which thrombosis and inflammation interact, cardiovascular diseases and sepsis, and their association with the presence of miR-146a polymorphisms and the use of miR-146a as a marker of cardiovascular diseases and sepsis.'], ['BACKGROUND: The direct relationship between inflammation and depression in patients with diabetes is still unclear.'], ['AIM OF STUDY: The NLR is a simple and inexpensive parameter that is useful as a marker of subclinical inflammation.'], ['The few studies available on neuro-inflammation tend to report associations with exposure to air pollution.'], ['Furthermore, another line of recent research showed that DNA and chromatin leaking from disrupted MNi triggers the innate immune cGAS-STING mechanism that promotes inflammation which can cause a wide-range of age-related diseases if left unresolved.'], ['In this study, we examined whether a mixture of plant extracts obtained from agrimonia, houttuynia, licorice, peony, and phellodendron (hereafter AHLPP), which are well-known for their effects on skin, could affect skin barrier function, inflammation, and aging in human skin cells.'], ['Neurosensory abnormalities, ocular surface inflammation and damage, film instability, and hyperosmolarity are major and proven pathologies responsible for a poor quality of life.'], ['In this comprehensive review, we summarize the critical roles of SIRT6 in the onset and progression of human diseases including cancer, inflammation, diabetes, steatohepatitis, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections, renal and corneal injuries, as well as the elucidation of the related signaling pathways.'], ['We find that TERT KO in the Pdgfra+ cell lineage results in adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis in SAT, while TERT KO in the Pdgfrb+ lineage leads to adipocyte hypertrophy in both SAT and VAT.'], ['Also, exercise may increase the abundance of bacteria associated with anti-inflammation such as Verrucomicrobia, reduce the abundance of bacteria associated with pro-inflammation such as Proteobacteria.'], ['These subjects develop local and systemic hyper-inflammation, which are associated with thrombotic complications and multi-organ failure.', 'Therefore, understanding SARS-CoV-2 induced hyper-inflammation in elderly men is a pressing need.', 'Here we focus on the role of extracellular DNA, mainly mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and telomeric DNA (telDNA) in the modulation of systemic inflammation in these subjects.', 'We propose that an increase in extracellular mtDNA, concomitant with the reduction of the anti-inflammatory telDNA reservoir may explain hyper-inflammation in elderly male affected by COVID-19.', 'This scenario is reminiscent of inflamm-aging, the portmanteau word that depicts how aging and aging related diseases are intimately linked to inflammation.'], ['We evaluated mechanisms underlying MSC vesiculation and the effects of inflammation and aging on this process.'], ['BACKGROUND: Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae) has been traditionally used in Thai folk medicine as a diuretic and anthelmintic, for longevity preparations, and for wound and inflammation treatment.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide more evidence to support the traditional use of D. bulbifera for the treatment of wounds and inflammation.'], ['Impaired energy homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation are well-described phenomena associated with aging.', 'Together, these findings indicate that age- and sex-related increased inflammation and disturbance of mitochondrial homeostasis occurs in male individuals with DCM.'], ['We will measure and analyse biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the blood, exercise capacity (graded exercise test and spiroergometry), blood pressure, lung function (spirometry), cardiac autonomic regulation and anthropometry (body composition).'], ["Moreover, although Alzheimer's disease is influenced by inflammation, which itself has known sex differences, no study has investigated whether sex differences in memory are moderated by peripheral inflammatory activity.", "Therefore, high peripheral inflammation levels may lead to a sex-specific memory vulnerability relevant for Alzheimer's disease."], ['BACKGROUND: Even in the era of suppressive antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV (PWH) suffer greater exposure to inflammation than their uninfected peers.', 'Although poor social support and social isolation have been linked to systemic inflammation in the general population, it is not known whether this is true also among PWH.', 'CONCLUSION: These results suggest that enhancing social support might be an intervention to reduce inflammation and its associated adverse outcomes among PWH.'], ['Associations between protein intake and AGE-RAGE biomarkers were examined using linear regression models adjusted for demographics, height, lifestyle behaviors, prevalent disease, cognitive function, inflammation, and other dietary factors.'], ['Aging-associated inflammation, telomere dysfunction, and adaptive immune system senescence may also contribute to frailty.'], ["The brain shrinkage, functional network alterations, and brain metabolite disruption seen in individuals with HIV/AUD have been attributed to several interacting pathways: viral proteins and EtOH are directly neurotoxic and exacerbate each other's neurotoxic effects; EtOH reduces antiretroviral adherence and increases viral replication; AUD and HIV both increase gut microbial translocation, promoting systemic inflammation and HIV transport into the brain by immune cells; and HIV may compound alcohol's damaging effects on the liver, further increasing inflammation."], ['Background: The endothelium is the first line of defence against harmful microenvironment risks, and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in vascular inflammation may be promising therapeutic targets to modulate atherosclerosis progression.', 'In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which microRNA-216a (miR-216a) modulated inflammation activation of endothelial cells.', 'MiR-216a markedly increased endothelial inflammation and adhesive capability to monocytes in PDL8 cells by promoting the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha and then activating NF-kappaB signalling pathway.', 'When inhibiting endogenous miR-216a, the Smad7/IkappaBalpha expression was rescued, which led to decreased endothelial inflammation and monocytes recruitment.', 'Conclusion: In summary, our findings suggest a new mechanism of vascular endothelial inflammation involving Smad7/IkappaBalpha signalling pathway in atherosclerosis.'], ['Markers related to inflammation, redox homeostasis and tissue structure were analyzed.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIM: A state of chronic, subclinical inflammation known as inflammaging is present in elderly people and represents a risk factor for all age-related diseases.'], ['Some cytokines produced by the failing heart induce mild inflammation promoting carcinogenesis, as it has been recently suggested by an experimental model of HF in mice.'], ['The characteristic clinical manifestations and laboratory examinations of elderly patients support their excessive inflammation and weak immune defenses against 2019-nCoV.'], ['AGEs, by binding to receptors for AGE (RAGEs), alter innate and adaptive immune responses to induce inflammation and immunosuppression via the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI).'], ['Furthermore, biomechanical properties of tissues or cells may be altered in disease and inflammation.'], ['Normal aging is accompanied by escalating systemic inflammation.'], ['Malassezia spp is also found to be associated with anterior blepharitis, the seborrheic inflammation of the other counterpart of sebaceous gland in the eyelid-the Zeis gland.'], ['Global transcriptome analysis revealed differences in activities of regulatory networks associated with inflammation and proliferation.'], ['In a minority of patients, the presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy triggers an autoimmune inflammatory reaction, referred to as cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation, which is often responsive to immunosuppressive treatment in the acute phase.', 'Diagnosis and management of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation will be presented separately.'], ['Although 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency, homocysteine levels, low-grade inflammation (persistently increased C-reactive protein 3-10 mg/L), gray matter, and hippocampal volume were significantly associated with incident frailty in unadjusted models, these associations disappeared after adjustment for age, sex, and other confounders.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging-related traits, including gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and chronic inflammation, are linked to altered body composition and impaired physical functionality, which are important contributing factors to the disabling process.'], ['Chronic kidney disease and stroke share very similar traditional cardiovascular risk factor profiles such as hypertension and diabetes, though novel chronic kidney disease-specific risk factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress have also been proposed.'], ['A plethora of studies globally have suggested the existence of a sex disparity in the severity and outcome of COVID-19 patients, mainly due to mechanisms of virus infection, immune response to the virus, development of systemic inflammation, and consequent systemic complications, particularly thromboembolism.', 'Based on present evidence, women appear to be relatively protected from COVID-19 because of a more effective immune response and a less pronounced systemic inflammation, with consequent moderate clinical manifestations of the disease, together with a lesser predisposition to thromboembolism.'], ['This review highlights the origins of microglia, their heterogeneity throughout normal ageing and their contribution to pathology and repair, with a specific focus on autoimmunity and MS. As phenotype dictates function, the emerging heterogeneity of microglia and macrophage populations in MS offers new insights into the potential immune mechanisms that result in inflammation and regeneration.'], ['Further analysis revealed progressive accumulation of photoaging-related changes and increased chronic inflammation with age.', 'Furthermore, inhibition of key transcription factors HES1 in fibroblasts and KLF6 in keratinocytes not only compromised cell proliferation, but also increased inflammation and cellular senescence during aging.'], ['Sarcopenia that occurs with advancing age is characterized by a gradual loss of muscle protein component due to the activation of catabolic pathways, increased level of inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.', 'Here, with the purpose to reproduce the chronic low-grade inflammation characteristics of senescent muscle in an in vitro system, we exploited the role of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF) and we analyzed the effect of taurine in the modulation of different signaling pathways known to be dysregulated in sarcopenia.'], ['Additionally, inflammation and asthenic immune surveillance with aging may facilitate tumor formation and development.', 'However, few studies have comprehensively analyzed the relationship between aging-related genes (AGs) and the prognosis, inflammation and tumor immunity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).'], ['Kidney disease in this population is multifactorial, with several contributors including HIV infection of kidney cells, chronic inflammation, genetic predisposition, aging, comorbidities, and coinfections.'], ['Consequently, many therapeutic strategies against AD have been designed to reduce neuro-inflammation, with very promising results improving cognitive function in preclinical models of the disease.'], ['Here we investigated the effects of PPARgamma agonists in preventing aging and increasing longevity, given their known properties in lowering inflammation and decreasing glycemia.', 'These effects were associated with decreased inflammation and reduced tissue atrophy, improved cognitive function, and diminished anxiety- and depression-like conditions, without any adverse effects on cardiac and skeletal functionality.'], ['Osteoarthritis (OA) is an ageing-related disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation and joint inflammation.', 'Here, we report circANKRD36 prevents OA chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation by targeting miR-599, which specifically degrades Casz1.', 'FACS analysis and Western blot showed that the knockdown of circANKRD36 promotes the apoptosis and inflammation of chondrocytes in IL-1beta stress.', 'Casz1 helps to prevent apoptosis and inflammation of chondrocytes in response to IL-1beta.', 'In conclusion, our results proved circANKRD36 sponge miR-599 to up-regulate the expression of Casz1 and thus prevent apoptosis and inflammation in OA.'], ['The proteins with greater discriminatory ability represented the inflammation, blood coagulation, and cell growth pathways.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic low-grade inflammation is receiving much attention as a critical pathology that induces various aging phenotypes, a concept known as "inflammaging".'], ['), a vitamin C supplementation can modulate inflammation, with potential positive effects on immune response to infections.'], ['In this context, chronic inflammation is likely to play a pivotal role, both directly and indirectly through other systems, such as the musculoskeletal, endocrine, and neurological systems.', 'Rheumatic diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation and accumulation of deficits during time.', 'Not surprisingly, frailty is more prevalent in patients affected by rheumatic diseases than in healthy controls, regardless of age and is associated with high disease activity to affect the clinical outcomes, largely due to chronic inflammation.'], ['Older patients experience a decline in their physiologic reserves as well as chronic low-grade inflammation named "inflammaging."'], ['There were no associations between inflammation and infectious disease status and maternal leukocyte telomere length.'], ['Amongst them, there is a regulation of nitric oxide production, suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, influence on the insulin-like growth factors and fibroblast growth factors signaling, modulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism, synthesis of vitamin D and other.'], ['Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a major receptor for some coronavirus infection, including SARS-COV-2, but is also a crucial determinant in anti-inflammation processes during the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) functioning - converting angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7.'], ['Treatment of ASMC with either AGEs or S100B at concentrations detected in T2D patients increased markers of inflammation and apoptosis.'], ['Statins appear to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and may reduce cancer risk, particularly among PWH as they experience chronic inflammation and immune activation.'], ['Malnutrition, inflammation, and stroke factors were identified.', 'C statistics and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to assess the impact of different numbers of malnutrition, inflammation, and stroke factors on 2-year longevity.', 'The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that 2-year longevity was worse as the number of malnutrition, inflammation, and stroke factors increased from 0 to 3 in both the GNRI-based model (92% vs 68% vs 46% vs 12%, respectively; P<.001) and the CONUT score model (87% vs 75% vs 49% vs 10%, respectively; P<.001).', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the association and crucial role of malnutrition, inflammation, and stroke factors in assessing 2-year longevity in older patients with LEAD.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of CVD, and are closely associated with senescent vascular endothelial cells.', 'Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations were estimated using assay kits to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in HUVECs.', 'The present study indicated that Mtp ameliorated H2O2-induced inflammation and oxidative stress potentially by regulating NF-kappaB/AP-1.'], ['Pyuria is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD), which could be due to either urinary tract infection (UTI) or renal parenchymal inflammation.', 'Pyuria was defined as >= 50 WBC per high-power field (hpf) and was correlated to old age, female, diabetes, hypoalbuminemia, lower eGFR, and higher inflammation status.'], ['This review examines the impact of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption on chronic inflammation, osteogenesis, bone architecture, and strength and explores the hypothesis that dietary polyunsaturated fats have a beneficial effect on osteogenesis, reducing bone loss by decreasing chronic inflammation, and activating bone resorption through key cellular and molecular mechanisms in our aging population.'], ['Mitochondrial dysfunction is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species and development of inflammation.', 'Telomere damage in cardiomyocytes leads to the activation of the DNA damage response system, histone H2A.X phosphorylation, p53 activation and p21 and p16 protein synthesis, resulting in the SASP phenotype (senescence-associated secretory phenotype), increased inflammation and cardiac dysfunction.'], ['Dysfunctional mitochondria is associated with defective immunological response to viral infections and chronic inflammation.', 'We suggest here that chronic inflammation caused by mitochondrial dysfunction is responsible of the explosive release of inflammatory cytokines causing severe pneumonia, multi-organ failure and finally death in COVID-19 patients.'], ['This review summarizes the regulatory functions of exosomal miRNA in vascular aging because they interact with the ECM, and participate in vascular cell senescence, and the regulation of senescence-related functions such as proliferation, migration, apoptosis, inflammation, and differentiation.'], ['ND has been identified as the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide and is associated with various risk factors such as ageing, certain genetic polymorphisms, inflammation, immune and metabolic conditions that may induce elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and subsequent oxidative stress.'], ['However, immune activation and inflammation remain elevated, even after viral suppression, and contribute to morbidity and mortality in these individuals.Areas covered: We review aspects related to immune activation and inflammation in PLWH, their consequences, and the potential strategies to reduce immune activation in HIV-infected individuals on ART.Expert opinion: When addressing a problem, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the topic.', 'This is the main limitation faced when dealing with immune activation and inflammation in PLWH since there is no consensus on the ideal markers to evaluate immune activation or inflammation.'], ['Clear links between abuse histories and inflammation exist.', 'RESULTS: Compared to their nonabused peers, those who had experienced any type of abuse in childhood demonstrated steeper rises in inflammation across time.', 'Inflammation rose more steeply for individuals with physical and emotional abuse histories compared to those without such histories.', 'CONCLUSION: Overall, these data suggest that childhood abuse histories may quicken age-related increases in inflammation, contributing to accelerated aging, morbidity, and early mortality.'], ['However, people living with HIV experience tradeoffs with quality of life often developing age-associated co-morbid conditions such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, or neurodegeneration due to chronic immune activation and inflammation.'], ['Most aged individuals develop chronic low-grade inflammation, which is an important risk factor for morbidity, physical and cognitive impairment, frailty, and death.', 'At any age, chronic inflammatory diseases are major causes of morbimortality, affecting up to 5-8% of the population of industrialized countries.', 'Genetics accounts for only a small fraction of chronic-inflammatory diseases, whereas environmental factors appear to participate, either with a causative or a promotional role in 50% to 75% of patients.', 'The interaction between inflammation and the environment offers important insights on aging and health.', 'Poor psychological environments and other sources of stress also result in increased inflammation.', 'However, the mechanisms underlying the role of environmental and psychosocial factors and nutrition on the regulation of inflammation, and how the response elicited for those factors interact among them, are poorly understood.', 'Whereas certain deleterious environmental factors result in the generation of oxidative stress driven by an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation, other factors, including nutrition (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and behavioral factors (exercise) confer protection against inflammation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and thus ameliorate their deleterious effect.', 'Here, we discuss processes and mechanisms of inflammation associated with environmental factors and behavior, their links to sex and gender, and their overall impact on aging.'], ['NO decreases dramatically in the elderly, the hyperglycaemic and the patients with low levels of vitamin D. However, eNOS derived NO occurs at low levels, unless it is during inflammation and co-stimulated by bradykinin.'], ['These fundamental aging mechanisms include, among others, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, stem cell/ progenitor dysfunction, DNA damage, epigenetic changes, metabolic shifts, destructive metabolite generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, misfolded or aggregated protein accumulation, and cellular senescence.'], ['CONCLUSION: Various studies have found that metformin can target several nutrient-sensing, anti-ageing and immune pathways, leading to reductions in oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage as well as providing effects similar to those of calorie restriction.'], ['Several environmental pollutants are known to affect the skin, inducing premature aging through mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, and impairment of skin functions.'], ['Insulin resistance, arteriosclerosis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction may be common mechanisms shared by frailty and cognitive impairment.'], ['The occurrence of the adenocarcinoma appeared to be closely related to aging, and to clinical evidence of chronic inflammation.', 'Aging and chronic inflammation seem to be risk factors for a secondary adenocarcinoma more than time from implant.'], ['The etiology remains unclear, although several hypotheses have been proposed, such as trauma, blood vessel infarction, aging and inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Low PhA was associated with dysmobility syndrome and its components, independent of age, sex, body mass index, nutritional status, and inflammation.'], ['Its active ingredients have a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-oxidative, anti-aging, anti-inflammation, analgesia, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-abortion, and anti-rheumatoid arthritis, as well as protective effects on cerebral ischemia and liver injury.'], ['GDF11-treated mice showed mildly exacerbated hepatic collagen deposition, accompanied by weight loss and without changes in liver steatosis or inflammation.'], ['We conclude that a relative deficiency of the B cell product IL-38 is associated with increased systemic inflammation in aging, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and is consistent with IL-38 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine.'], ['HIV-associated immune dysfunction and inflammation have been suggested to contribute to this age advancement and increased risk of comorbidities.', 'Results: We observed that age advancement in all three groups combined was associated with a monocyte immune phenotypic profile related to inflammation and a T cell immune phenotypic associated with immune senescence and chronic antigen exposure.', 'Impact: The identified monocyte and T cell immune phenotypic profiles that were associated with age advancement, were strongly related to inflammation, chronic antigen exposure and immune senescence.'], ['Histopathological findings indicate that COVID-19 has direct cytopathic effects and causes liver function test derangements secondary to inflammation, hypoxia, and vascular insult.'], ['Visfatin is a novel adipokine and has a strong correlation with inflammation.'], ["Oxidative stress and inflammation play vital roles in Parkinson's disease (PD) development."], ['Mediation analysis revealed that mediators of the aforementioned associations in men were the arterial distensibility and total testosterone, while, in women, inflammation, insulin resistance, and arterial distensibility.'], ['AMPK plays essential roles in glucose and lipid metabolism, cell survival, growth, and inflammation.'], ['The objective of this review is to provide an up-to-date description of existing techniques for the development of liposomes and their use as transporters of bioactive compounds in skin conditions such as melanoma and skin inflammation.'], ['Functional ID, in which IR are high or normal, is due to inflammation, which is also frequent in OAs, particularly in its chronic form.'], ['There may also be complex physiologic interactions between metabolic syndrome (e.g., hypertension and inflammation) and brain arteriolar pathology.'], ['Human skin is exposed daily to environmental stressors, which cause acute damage and inflammation.'], ['These 393 CpGs were located in 280 genes enriched in immune and inflammation response pathways.Conclusions: We identified a panel of DNAm features associated with mortality risk in PLWH.'], ['Induction therapy with prednisolone resulted in the rapid amelioration of her symptoms and inflammation.'], ['We describe host immune response to hCoV infections derived from studies of young and aged animal models and discuss the potential role of age-associated increases in sterile inflammation (inflammaging) and virus-induced dysregulated inflammation in causing age-related severe disease.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Examine subjective sleep quality and inflammation among healthy older adults participating in the Australian Research Council Longevity Intervention (ARCLI).', 'DISCUSSION: Subjective sleep-onset difficulties are associated with systemic inflammation.'], ['All these proteins were in lower abundance in long-lived men and included a variety involved in inflammation or complement activation.', 'Overall, these results suggest that complex pathways, prominently including inflammation, are linked to the likelihood of attaining longevity.'], ['Administering immunomodulators has not yielded conclusive improvements in other pathologies characterized by dysregulated inflammation such as sepsis, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS.', 'The success of these drugs at reducing COVID-19-driven inflammation is still anecdotal and comes with serious risks.', 'We also examine the role of inflammation in other diseases and conditions often comorbid with COVID-19, such as aging, sepsis, and pulmonary disorders.'], ['A prominent risk factor for developing age-related morbidities is immunosenescence, characterized by increased chronic low-grade inflammation, resulting in T-cell exhaustion and senescence.'], ['There is a reduction in population of immunocompetent cells during aging and subsequently induced ineffective inflammation in the faces of some infections.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of daily consumption of fortified yogurt with beta-Hydroxy beta-Methyl Butyrate (HMB) and vitamins D and C on measures of sarcopenia, inflammation, and quality of life in sarcopenic older adults.'], ['Therefore, here, we review the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sarcopenia in HF as well as current knowledge regarding the beneficial effects of exercise on sarcopenia in HF and related mechanisms, including hormonal changes, myostatin, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and insulin resistance.'], ['AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We aimed to determine the association of depression with dementia risk in people with type 2 diabetes, and to explore the possible mediating role of inflammation in this relationship.', 'The potential mediating effect of systemic inflammation was assessed by adjusting models for a generalised inflammation factor, derived from four inflammatory markers measured at baseline (C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-alpha and fibrinogen), and carrying out an exploratory mediation analysis.', 'Additional adjustment for the generalised inflammation factor and other covariates did not attenuate the size of association between depression and incident dementia and mediation analysis showed that it was not a mediator.', 'Some inflammatory markers were associated with depression, but systemic inflammation does not appear to mediate the relationship between depression and dementia.'], ['Low muscle mass and frailty are especially prevalent in older women and may be accelerated by age-related inflammation.', 'Habitual physical activity throughout the life span (lifelong exercise) may prevent muscle inflammation and associated pathologies, but this is unexplored in women.', 'This investigation assessed basal and acute exercise-induced inflammation in three cohorts of women: young exercisers (YE, n = 10, 25 +- 1 yr, [Formula: see text]: 44 +- 2 mL/kg/min, quadriceps size: 59 +- 2 cm2), old healthy nonexercisers (OH, n = 10, 75 +- 1 yr, [Formula: see text]: 18 +- 1 mL/kg/min, quadriceps size: 40 +- 1 cm2), and lifelong aerobic exercisers with a 48 +- 2 yr aerobic training history (LLE, n = 7, 72 +- 2 yr, [Formula: see text]: 26 +- 2 mL/kg/min, quadriceps size: 42 +- 2 cm2).', 'Thus, aging in women led to mild basal and exercise-induced inflammation that was unaffected by lifelong aerobic exercise, which may have implications for long-term function and adaptability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We previously reported a positive effect of lifelong exercise on skeletal muscle inflammation in aging men.', 'This parallel investigation in women revealed that lifelong exercise did not protect against age-related increases in circulating or muscle inflammation and that preparedness to handle loading stress was not preserved by lifelong exercise.'], ['Cellular stress response and neurodegeneration gene signatures were aberrantly expressed in CAVD, pointing to a mechanistic link between chronic inflammation and biological aging.'], ['BACKGROUND: Increased evidence suggests chronic inflammation is significant in the progression of sarcopenia in older adults.', 'In this study, we aimed to compare the level of systemic inflammation markers (White blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets and their derived ratios) between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic individuals and investigate the association of these inflammatory markers with sarcopenia.', 'After adjusting for potential confounders, logistic regression analysis indicated that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) were significantly associated with sarcopenia.'], ['The anti-inflammation effects of n-butylidenephthalide were reversed by SIN-1.'], ['In addition, adipogenesis-related miRNAs (miR-103a-3p, -103b, -143-5p, -146b-3p, -146b-5p, -17-5p, -181a-2-3p, -181b-5p, -199a-5p, -204-3p, and -378c), anti-adipogenesis-related miRNAs (miR-155-3p, -448, and -363-3p), myogenesis-related miRNAs (miR-125b-1-3p, -128-3p, -133a-3p, 155-3p, -181a-2-3p, -181b-5p, -199a-5p, -223-3p, and -499a-5p), and inflammation-related miRNAs (miR-146b-3p, -146b-5p, -155-3p, -181a-2-3p, and -181b-5p) were changed significantly in the older adults after training (fold change >2, p < 0.05).'], ['OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to address the concerns around ongoing immune activation, inflammation, and resistance in those ageing with HIV that represent current challenges for clinicians.', 'There is a growing appreciation that many non-AIDS-related co-morbidities are caused, at least in part, by persistent, low-grade immune activation, inflammation, and hypercoagulability, despite suppressive ART.'], ['Drusen accumulation causing retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell damage is the hallmark of AMD pathogenesis, in which oxidative stress and inflammation are the well-known molecular mechanisms.'], ['We can do better for stroke treatment, especially when targeting inflammation following stroke.'], ['We additionally investigated the mediating effect of subclinical inflammation parameters on these associations via a causal mediation analysis.', 'The effects remained stable in the presence of various confounders such as diabetes and were partially mediated by the white blood cell count, indicating a subclinical inflammation process.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIMS: A growing number of studies have shown that body fat and inflammation are associated with age-related changes in body muscle composition.'], ['More importantly, SIRT6 performs as an indispensable role in glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation and genomic stability for the occurrence and development of various CVDs.'], ['Nevertheless, common mechanisms are shared by both these diseases, particularly related to inflammation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.'], ['The interaction of chronic inflammation with age-associated degeneration places these individuals at increased risk of accelerated aging and other neurodegenerative diseases and no treatments are available that effectively halt these processes.', 'The adverse effects of aging and inflammation may be mediated, in part, by an increase in the expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) which shifts the balance of neurotrophin signaling toward less protective pathways.'], ['OA in most patients is considered to be an overuse injury that results in degenerative inflammation of the joints with the associated formation of bony outgrowths.'], ['Furthermore, we explore the potential roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, vasoactive mediator imbalance, dysregulated endocannabinoid and autonomic nervous systems and endothelial dysfunction in mediating the complex interplay between the liver and the systemic vasculature that results in the development of the extrahepatic complications of chronic liver disease.'], ['We argue that going forward scientific research on the relationship of aging, inflammation and cancer, including identification of biomarkers and the development of novel therapeutic interventions, should become one of the priorities in the post-COVID agenda of both oncologists and infectious disease scientists.'], ['Similarly, the sex-specific effects of APOE epsilon2 were further observed on lipidic and inflammation biomarkers.'], ['While Nrf2-regulated proteins (e.g., NQO1) were significantly up-regulated, the majority (78 to 97%) of proteins from inflammation and other pathways were down-regulated by NSOA exposure (e.g., Rho GTPases).'], ['AGEs also bind to receptors, such as the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), and induce inflammation by intracellular signal transduction.'], ['Chronic stress erythropoiesis and inflammation incited by SCD and HU therapy have long been suspected of causing premature aging of the hematopoietic system, and potentially increasing the risk of hematological malignancies.'], ['NAFLD results from a fat deposition into the liver parenchyma that may evolve to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a state of hepatocellular inflammation and injury in response to the accumulated fat leading to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.'], ['An increase in oxidants beyond the antioxidant capacity of its defense system causes oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in the body.'], ["In this study, selected markers, such as obesity, insulin resistance, angiogenesis and inflammation markers related to EC type 1 progression and patients' survival data were analyzed.", 'It is likely that angiogenesis and inflammation associated with obesity have a significant impact on EC type 1 progression and survival rate of patients.'], ['Local treatments have some impact on neovascularization, inflammation or tissue remodeling in animal models, but evidence from clinical trials remains too weak to establish an accurate management plan, and further studies will be necessary to evaluate their value.'], ['In addition, human primary chondrocytes were cultured, the expression of Tra2beta in chondrocytes by cell transfection was changed, and its effects on extracellular matrix, inflammation, and apoptosis in chondrocytes were examined.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Tra2beta activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, reduces the degradation of extracellular matrix of chondrocytes, reduces the level of inflammation and apoptosis of chondrocytes, and thus, plays a role in the treatment of OA.'], ['Tryptophan metabolites as ligands can activate AHR signaling in various diseases such as inflammation, oxidative stress injury, cancer, aging-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and chronic kidney diseases (CKD).'], ['CONCLUSION: Aging, inflammation, low serum albumin to total proteins ratio and low phase angle values as indicators of malnutrition are predictors of severe CVC in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis.'], ['Aging is a biological process during which chronic low-grade inflammation is present due to changes in the immune system of the elderly.', 'The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of resistance training associated with dietary advice on chronic inflammation in the elderly.'], ['The role of inflammation in these links was also investigated.', 'Likelihood of pain on follow-up was heightened when baseline loneliness was accompanied by elevated C-reactive protein concentration (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.00, P = 0.006), whereas inflammation did not predict future loneliness or contribute to the association between baseline pain and future loneliness.'], ['We reported that higher Th17 inflammation during aging was secondary to dysregulation in T cell autophagy.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that AL, as measured by a summary index of parameters for cardiovascular function, metabolism and chronic inflammation, is not a significant mediator of SES-related differences in cognitive function in the elderly.'], ["Although distress can heighten inflammation, little is known about how fluctuations in distress during and after treatment impact a woman's own inflammation - the primary question of this study.", 'In contrast, the average cancer-related distress was not associated with inflammation.', "CONCLUSION: Larger increases in a women's cancer-related distress was linked with higher inflammation across visits.", "Comparing a survivor's own cancer-related distress to her average levels may prove useful in identifying links between distress and inflammation."], ['Gene expression analysis revealed strong positive correlation between ACE-Ang II-AT1 axis with markers for inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['Three main mechanisms have been proposed, involving 1) tooth loss leading to compromised nutrition and then leading to poorer central nervous system (CNS) function; 2) tooth loss resulting in fewer interocclusal contacts and so less somatosensory feedback to the CNS, leading to impaired cognition; and (3) chronic periodontitis resulting in tooth loss, but not before the inflammation has affected the CNS, impairing cognition.'], ['However, HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells produced increasing levels of TNF-alpha with increasing age of the HIV+, suggesting continued inflammation.'], ['Chronic low-grade inflammation has been investigated because of its relationship to ageing and its role in the gap between chronological and biological ageing.'], ['These findings suggested that foods supplemented with TiO2-NPs should be carefully consumed by people with high protein requirements, such as children, the elderly, and patients with high metabolic disease or intestinal inflammation.'], ['Inflammation factors are important for COVID-19 mortality, and we aim to explore whether the baseline levels of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reaction protein (CRP) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19.'], ['To date, the role of the interplay between inflammation and telomere dynamics in the pathophysiology of severe psychiatric disorders has been scarcely investigated.', 'Our study suggests that patients with severe psychiatric disorders present reduced TL and increased inflammation.'], ['One current hypothesis is that postoperative inflammation promotes the progression of POCD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation may lead to frailty, however the potential for anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin to prevent frailty is unknown.'], ['The association of several inflammation-related genetic markers with AD and the early activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in AD suggest inflammation as a plausible therapeutic target.', 'VX-765 delays inflammation without considerably affecting soluble and aggregated amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) levels.', 'These results suggest that Caspase-1-mediated inflammation occurs early in the disease and raise hope that VX-765, a previously Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for human CNS clinical trials, may be a useful drug to prevent the onset of cognitive deficits and brain inflammation in AD.'], ['Analysis of cell type-specific aging-associated transcriptional changes revealed increased systemic inflammation and compromised virus defense as a hallmark of cardiopulmonary aging.'], ['We present the hypothesis that pre-existing vascular damage (due to aging, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension or other conditions) facilitates infiltration of the virus into the central nervous system (CNS), increasing neuro-inflammation and the likelihood of neurological symptoms.'], ['Several mechanisms may be involved, including the sympathoadrenal system, hypokalaemia, endothelial dysfunction, coagulation, platelets, inflammation, atherothrombosis and impaired autonomic cardiac reflexes.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess whether physical fitness/exercise training (ET) alleviates inflammation in adipose tissue (AT), particularly in combination with omega-3 supplementation, and whether changes in AT induced by ET can contribute to an improvement of insulin sensitivity and metabolic health in the elderly.', 'RESULTS: Trained women had lower mRNA levels of inflammation and oxidative stress markers, lower relative content of CD36+ macrophages, and higher relative content of gammadeltaT-cells in AT when compared with untrained women.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In older women, physical fitness is associated with less inflammation in AT.'], ['iVECs induced from old donors revealed upregulation of GSTM1 and PALD1, genes linked to oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial junction stability, as vascular aging markers.'], ['Preliminary studies in COVID-19 patients with severe disease suggests a reduction in NK cell number and function, resulting in decreased clearance of infected and activated cells, and unchecked elevation of tissue-damaging inflammation markers.'], ['Ageing is characterized by a low-grade chronic inflammation marked by elevated circulating levels of inflammatory mediators.', 'This chronic inflammation occurring in the absence of obvious infection has been coined as inflammageing and represents a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in the geriatric population.'], ['The differences seen are notable for their roles in neutrophil attraction (IL-8), neuronal-microglial-immune cell interactions (fractalkine), and chronic inflammation (IL-6).'], ['HIV infection also contributes to hypertension by direct effects on the RAAS that intertwine with inflammation by the RAAS also contributing to T cell activation.', 'Recent data suggest that in addition to current ART, therapeutic targeting of the MetS and hypertension in PWH, by interfering with the RAAS, treating insulin resistance directly or by use of immunomodulators that dampen inflammation, may be critical for preventing or treating these risk factors and to improve overall cardiovascular complications in the HIV-infected aging population.'], ['Here we identify interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) as a gamma-secretase modulatory protein, and establish a mechanism by which inflammation affects the generation of amyloid-beta.'], ['High fat and high sugar diets account for the development of a low-grade inflammation, which is the pathogenic common denominator of various chronic diseases.'], ['Previously, we found an association of increased progerin mRNA with overweight and chronic inflammation (hs-CRP).', 'We conclude that chronic inflammation is associated with increased expression of ZMPSTE24 and lamin A/C mRNA.'], ['Platelets control hemostasis and play a key role in inflammation and immunity.'], ['Importantly, the loss of central NE may contribute to the chronic inflammation in, and progression of, PD.'], ['Iron deposits can contribute to the development of inflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, and degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the progressive decline in cognitive processes, contributing to pathophysiology of stroke and dysfunctions of body metabolism.'], ['Comparisons were made between people who did and did not have sarcopenia for pulmonary function, exercise capacity, quality of life, muscle strength, gait speed, physical activity levels, inflammation/oxidative stress, and mortality.'], ['Systemic inflammation associated with chronic rheumatological diseases has been postulated to be key driver of cognitive decline.', 'It is proposed that strict control of systemic inflammation will significantly lower the risk of cognitive impairment among patients with rheumatic disease.'], ['These include age-related physiological differences in immunological responses, cross-neutralizing antibodies, and differences in levels and binding affinity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the SARS-CoV-2 target receptor; antibody-dependent enhancement in adults manifesting with an overexuberant systemic inflammation in response to infection; and the increased likelihood of comorbidities in adults and the elderly.'], ['Higher SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in severe cases were apparently a result of impaired immune control associated with dysregulation of inflammation.'], ['A large variety of NCR is expressed by central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell types and is associated with CNS homeostasis, interactions with peripheral immunity and CNS inflammation and disease.', 'We highlight expression of VISTA across cell types and CNS diseases and discuss the function of VISTA in microglia and during CNS ageing, inflammation and neurodegeneration.'], ['AD appears to depend on several functional organ impairments that develops frequently during aging: lack of normal hepatic synthesis, defective detoxification of ammonia, gut microbiome dysbiosis, the development of insulin resistance, diminished adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone, nutrient depletion, impaired immune processes with persistent chronic neuro-inflammation, and persistent infectious processes are important components of this system-wide disorder.'], ['Inflammation plays a central role in NCDs, so targeting it is relevant to disease prevention and treatment.', 'The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are known to reduce inflammation and promote its resolution, suggesting a beneficial role in various therapeutic areas.'], ['Inflammation of the lungs is the main factor leading to respiratory distress in patients with chronic respiratory disease and in patients with severe COVID-19.', 'Several studies have shown that inflammation of the lungs in general and Type 2 diabetes are accompanied by the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), especially heparan sulfate (HS).'], ['We discuss approaches such as neurostimulation and pharmacological neuromodulation to reduce tissue inflammation with the aim of preventing respiratory failure.'], ['Circulating markers of inflammation have been linked to risk and severity of PAD but the contribution of local inflammation to myopathy remains unknown.', 'TGFbeta1 and CCL5 and their gene transcripts were increased in PAD muscle, consistent with increased age-associated inflammation in these patients.', 'We have identified a cytokine profile of autoimmune inflammation in calf muscles of a significant proportion of claudicating PAD patients, in association with decreased limb function, and a second independent profile consistent with increased "inflammaging" in all PAD patients.'], ['This review is aimed at characterizing the complex network of molecular mechanisms underpinning acute and chronic neurodegeneration, focusing on the disturbance in redox homeostasis, as a common mechanism behind five pivotal risk factors: aging, oxidative stress, inflammation, glycation, and vascular injury.'], ['Intracellular reactive apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in ultraviolet- (UV-) induced inflammation and aging reaction in human dermal tissues.'], ['Once positive, individuals were classified as malnourished according to some phenotypic (body mass index, grip strength and unintentional weight loss) and etiologic (disease burden/inflammation and reduced food intake or assimilation) criteria.'], ['We excluded subjects with acute inflammation from this study and defined RI as the presence of urinary albumin-creatinine ratio 30-300 mg/g or an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.'], ['Chronic inflammation is associated with physical frailty and functional decline in older adults; however, the molecular mechanisms of this linkage are not understood.', 'A mouse model of chronic inflammation showed reduced motor function and partial denervation at the neuromuscular junction.', 'These results suggest that kynurenines mediate neuromuscular dysfunction associated with chronic inflammation and aging.'], ['SGs participate in various biological functions including response to apoptosis, inflammation, immune modulation, and signalling pathways; moreover, SGs are involved in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, viral infection, aging, cancers and many other diseases.'], ['It is uncertain if tau is directly responsible for these vascular changes by interacting directly with microvessels, and/or if it contributes indirectly via neurodegeneration and concurrent neuronal loss and inflammation.'], ['A strain of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 (KW3110), activates M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory reactions and mitigates aging-related chronic inflammation and blue-light exposure-induced retinal inflammation in mice.', 'Our findings reveal a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of LAB and the effect of KW3110 on caspase-1 activation is expected to contribute to constructing future preventive strategies for inflammation-related disorders using food ingredients.'], ['Pathway enrichment analysis and miRNA-gene-pathway-network displayed that 23 differential expression microRNA including cel-miR-85-3p, cel-miR-793, cel-miR-241-5p, and cel-miR-5549-5p could regulate the longevity-related pathways and inflammation signaling pathways, etc.'], ['BACKGROUND: Research suggests that frailty is associated with higher inflammation levels.', 'We investigated the longitudinal association between chronic inflammation and frailty progression.', 'Future research, which further explores different domains of frailty, as well the associations between improving frailty and inflammation levels, may elucidate the pathway through which inflammation influences frailty progression.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Senescent cells are now known to accumulate in multiple tissues with aging and through their inflammation (the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, SASP) contribute to aging and chronic diseases.'], ['The field of immunometabolism implies a bidirectional link between the immune system and metabolism, in which inflammation plays an essential role in the promotion of metabolic abnormalities (e.g., obesity and T2DM), and metabolic factors, in turn, regulate immune cell functions.', 'Obesity as the main inducer of a systemic low-level inflammation is a main susceptibility factor for T2DM.', 'Obesity-related immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress promote metabolic impairments in the insulin-sensitive tissues and finally, insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging occur.', 'Hyperglycemia and the subsequent inflammation are the main causes of micro- and macroangiopathies in the circulatory system.'], ['The gut microbiota changes with age, but it is not clear to what degree these changes are due to physiologic changes, age-associated inflammation or immunosenescence, diet, medications, or chronic health conditions.', 'Studies in model organisms demonstrate that age-related microbial dysbiosis causes intestinal permeability, systemic inflammation, and premature mortality, but identifying causal relationships have been challenging.'], ['Then, levels of autophagy-related proteins and inflammation-related proteins (TNF-alpha, IL-Ibeta) were detected, indicating that Chloroquine and Sirtinol reversed the protective effect of H2S on SH-SY5Y cells induced by MPP~+.'], ['We also show that cells with a senescent-associated secretory phenotype accumulate in the AT of mice and humans with age, where they secrete several factors involved in the establishment and maintenance of local inflammation, oxidative stress, cell death, tissue remodeling, and infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells.', 'With the increase in human lifespan, it is crucial to identify strategies of intervention and target senescent cells in the AT to reduce local and systemic inflammation and the development of age-associated diseases.'], ['Despite the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in suppressing virus replication, chronic inflammation remains one of the cardinal features intersecting HIV-1, cART, drug abuse, and likely contributes to the accelerated neurocognitive decline and aging in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) that abuse drugs.'], ['Notably, COVID-19 promoted age-induced immune cell polarization and gene expression related to inflammation and cellular senescence.'], ['Neutrophils are the first cells involved in inflammation and pathogen elimination, but they have a short lifespan.'], ['Renal accelerated aging under DM conditions is associated with multiple stresses such as accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), hypertension, oxidative stress, and inflammation.'], ["Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) especially in Alzheimer's disease patients and research in Parkinson's disease have implicated inflammation and the innate immune response as risk factors."], ['These products aimed to reduce skin aging, inflammation or provide photoprotection against UV radiation.'], ['BACKGROUND: To understand and measure the association between chronic inflammation, aging, and age-related diseases, broadly applicable standard biomarkers of systemic chronic inflammation are needed.', 'We tested whether elevated blood levels of the emerging chronic inflammation marker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were associated with accelerated aging, lower functional capacity, and cognitive decline.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide initial support for the utility of suPAR in studying the role of chronic inflammation in accelerated aging and functional decline.'], ['Objective: to verify the relationship between sarcopenia and inflammation in hemodialysis patients.', 'Inflammation was assessed by C-reactive protein.', 'The prevalence of sarcopenia was 29.1 % and that of inflammation was 50.2 %.', 'Conclusion: the prevalence of sarcopenia can be considered high in this study, as well as inflammation.'], ['In PMR, whether subclinical chronic inflammation can lead to long-term damage is less clear.'], ['In this study, we investigated the association between short-term exposure to different sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and biomarkers of coagulation and inflammation in two different panels of elderly and healthy young individuals in central Tehran.', 'In contrast, most of the PM2.5 sources showed insignificant associations with biomarkers of inflammation in the panel of healthy young subjects.', 'Therefore, findings from this study indicated that various PM2.5 sources increase the levels of inflammation and coagulation biomarkers, although the strength and significance of these associations vary depending on the type of PM sources, demographic characteristics, and differ across the different time lags.', 'However, no studies have ever been conducted in Tehran to examine the association between specific PM2.5 sources and biomarkers of coagulation and systemic inflammation as indicators of cardiovascular disorders.', 'Indeed, this is the first study in the area investigating the association of source-specific PM2.5 with biomarkers of inflammation including white blood cells (WBC), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor-soluble receptor-II (sTNF-RII), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and von Willebrand factor (vWF).'], ['Both total-body iron stores and inflammation influence the concentration of ferritin in the blood.'], ['We also give an in-depth review of hypotheses and possible mechanisms which may underlie these associations including hormone dysregulation, impaired glucose metabolism, and inflammation.'], ['Upon binding to ACE2, SARS-CoV-2 causes its downregulation, thus lowering angiotensin-(1-7) levels, which can mimic/worsen the vasoconstriction, inflammation, and pro-coagulopathic effects that occur in preeclampsia.'], ['The desialylation conveys neurons to become susceptible to phagocytosis, as well as triggers a microglial phagocytosis-associated oxidative burst and inflammation.'], ['Here, we will review recent studies linking clonal hematopoiesis to altered immune function, inflammation, and nonmalignant diseases of aging.'], ['There is, also, increasing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in promoting cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, thereby contributing to atheroma growth.'], ['Inflammation on hospitalisation was lower in frail older adults.', 'Fever, dyspnoea, delirium and inflammation were associated with mortality.'], ['Ginseng has been used as reinforcing drugs or for traditional Chinese medicine in aging, inflammation, stress, diabetes mellitus, hepatic diseases and cancer.', 'Inflammation is an immune response that protects human from pathogens, toxins and other dangers, which is initiated by recognizing pathogen- or danger- associated molecular patterns.', 'It also has applications regarding the development of anti-inflammatory remedies by ginsenoside-mediated targeting inflammasomes, which could prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.'], ['The long-term and potentially neurotoxic exposure to ART and the deleterious consequences of chronic infection with HIV and its associated neuro-inflammation have been described for health.'], ['Theses reviewed in this issue include "Characterization and Purification of Putative Stem Cells from the Adult Murine Pancreas," "Inhibition of TLR4 Minimizes Islet Damage due to Sterile Inflammation and Improves Islet Transplant Outcomes," "Liquefaction of the Brain Following Stroke Shares Multiple Characteristics with Atherosclerosis and Mediates Secondary Neurodegeneration in an Osteopontin-Dependent Mechanism," "Manipulating the Segregation of Human Mitochondrial DNA," "Role of Mitochondria in Plasma Membrane Repair and Pathogenesis of Muscular Dystrophy," and "The Role of Cytosolic Accumulation of Nuclear DNA in Retinal-Pigment Epithelium Dysfunction and Age-Related Macular Degeneration."'], ['Multisystem cardiometabolic stress was defined for 668 Puerto Rican individuals in the BPRHS as a multidimensional composite of hypothalamic-adrenal axis activity, sympathetic activation, blood pressure, proatherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and inflammation.', 'A total of 260 metabolites associated with cardiometabolic stress were identified in the BPRHS, involving known and novel pathways of cardiometabolic disease (eg, amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation).'], ['Overall, we have discovered a pathway mediated by TNF signalling acting not as a trigger of inflammation, but as a cytoprotective factor in the retina.'], ['There is also a significant relationship of the length of football playing career with p-tau pathology, inflammation, white matter rarefaction, and age at death in CTE.', 'While p-tau pathology, inflammation, white matter rarefaction, and arteriolosclerosis contribute to dementia in CTE, whether they also influence the behavioral and mood symptoms in CTE has yet to be determined.'], ['Visceral fat (VAT) was significantly higher in patients requiring intensive care (p = 0.032), together with age (p = 0.009), inflammation markers CRP and LDH (p < 0.0001, p = 0.003, respectively), and interstitial pneumonia severity as assessed by a Lung Severity Score (LSS) (p < 0.0001).'], ['BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis (HD) tend to have more hemodynamic changes than peritoneal dialysis (PD), which aggravates inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Aging is accompanied by a progressive decline in muscle mass and an increase in fat mass, which are detrimental changes associated with the development of health conditions such as type-2 diabetes mellitus or chronic low-grade inflammation.'], ['Others have shown that GM-CSF is an effective treatment for both bacterial and viral pneumonias, and their associated inflammation, in animals and that it has successfully treated pneumonia-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in humans.'], ['CONCLUSION: Adipose cell-free derivatives delivery can promote cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, suppress cell apoptosis, and inflammation, as well as reduce oxidative stress and immune regulation.'], ['Of the nine sites, three (cg20045320, cg07839457, cg07677157) were associated with lower incidence of heart disease risk and two (cg20045320, cg07839457) with smoking and inflammation in prior CHARGE analyses.'], ['Adipose tissue eosinophils (ATEs) are important in the control of obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic disease.', 'Here, we show that ATEs undergo major age-related changes in distribution and function associated with impaired adipose tissue homeostasis and systemic low-grade inflammation in both humans and mice.', 'We find that exposure to a young systemic environment partially restores ATE distribution in aged parabionts and reduces adipose tissue inflammation.', 'Approaches to restore ATE distribution using adoptive transfer of eosinophils from young mice into aged recipients proved sufficient to dampen age-related local and systemic low-grade inflammation.'], ['Persistent immune activation and inflammation may play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis; however, the burden of morbidities in the older HIV infected population may be exacerbated and driven by distinct mechanisms.'], ['The aim of the present study was to determine if the training status decreases inflammation, slows down senescence, and preserves telomere health in skeletal muscle in older compared with younger subjects, with a specific focus on satellite cells.', 'All together, we found that the endurance training status did not slow down senescence in skeletal muscle and satellite cells in older compared with younger subjects despite reduced inflammation in skeletal muscle.', 'These findings highlight that the link between senescence and inflammation can be disrupted in skeletal muscle.'], ['In this study, we identified a link between mitochondrial stress-induced GDF15 production and protection from tissue inflammation on aging in humans and mice.', 'Mendelian randomization links reduced GDF15 expression in human blood to increased body weight and inflammation.', 'GDF15 deficiency promotes tissue inflammation by increasing the activation of resident immune cells in metabolic organs, such as in the liver and adipose tissues of 20-month-old mice.', 'Taken together, these data reveal that GDF15 is indispensable for attenuating aging-mediated local and systemic inflammation, thereby maintaining glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in humans and mice.'], ['Early pilot trials of senolytics suggest they decrease senescent cells, reduce inflammation and alleviate frailty in humans.'], ["BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease as a common neurodegenerative disease, has been found to be related to inflammation."], ['MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search of publications in academic electronic databases, and government and public health organization web sites on T, aging, inflammation, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) due to coronavirus (CoV) 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and COVID-19 disease state and outcomes was performed.'], ['Many cancers are predominantly diagnosed in older individuals and chronic inflammation has a major impact on the overall health and immune function of older cancer patients.', 'Chronic inflammation is a feature of aging, it can accelerate disease in many cancers and it is often exacerbated during conventional treatments for cancer.', 'This review will provide an overview of the factors that lead to increased inflammation in older individuals and/or individuals with cancer, as well as those that result from conventional treatments for cancer, using ovarian cancer (OC) and multiple myeloma (MM) as key examples.', 'We will also consider the impact of chronic inflammation on immune function, with a particular focus on T cells as they are key targets for novel cancer immunotherapies.', 'Overall, this review aims to highlight specific pathways for potential interventions that may be able to mitigate the impact of chronic inflammation in older cancer patients.'], ['Metabolites belonging to biogenic amine (creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine; ADMA, kynurenine, trans-4-hydroxyproline), amino acid (citrulline, proline, arginine, asparagine, phenylalanine, threonine) and acylcarnitine classes were observed to have positive correlations with plasma NF-L, suggesting a link between neurodegeneration and biological pathways associated with neurotransmitter regulation, nitric oxide homoeostasis, inflammation and mitochondrial function.'], ['Nutrition has an impact on numerous biochemical processes, including oxidation, inflammation and glycation, which may result in clinical effects, including modification of the course of skin ageing and photoageing.'], ['Inflammation and oxidative stress are the main molecular mediators of the evolution of aortic stenosis in patients and these mediators regulate both the degradation and remodeling processes.'], ['Two of the biggest complaints of OA patients are joint pain and inflammation.', 'Currently, people are relying on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids to control pain and inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Since it is known that Nam has anti-inflammatory properties, we tested whether Nam can inhibit environmental stress-induced inflammation and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) biomarkers.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Inflammation and vascular dysregulation may contribute to the development of depression and impose a burden on erythropoiesis.'], ['Ecological sensing and inflammation have evolved to ensure optima between organism survival and reproductive success in different and changing environments.'], ['The association between specific biomarker profiles related to inflammation and the diverse clinical disease presentations in TB has been extensively studied in adults.', 'We used multidimensional statistical analyses to characterize the impact of age on the overall changes in the systemic inflammation profiles in subpopulation of TB patients.', 'Furthermore, there were unique differences in the biomarker perturbation patterns and the overall degree of inflammation according to disease site and age.'], ['Telomere attrition can be accelerated by oxidative stress and inflammation, both commonly present in patients with chronic kidney disease.'], ["Here we review how bats' ability to control inflammation may be contributing to their longevity."], ['Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease affecting the majority of over 65 year old people and characterized by cartilage degeneration, subchondral abnormal changes, and inflammation.'], ['This includes a range of topics such as extracellular vesicle-mediated communication, neurohormonal regulation, inflammation, cardiac remodelling, cardio-oncology as well as cardiac development and regeneration, collectively highlighting the wide-spread involvement and importance of ncRNAs in the cardiovascular system.'], ['One patient even showed absorption of inflammation compared with previous hypostatic pneumonia.'], ["The effects of age and inflammation on the ratio of intracellular metabolites (IMs; tenofovir diphosphate [TFVdp] and FTCtp) to their endogenous nucleotides (ENs; dATP and dCTP), a potential treatment efficacy marker, were assessed among participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), who ranged from 25 to 75 years."], ['In summary, Klotho could alleviate apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in human neuroblastoma cells after Abeta challenge and its beneficial effect is partially exerted through appropriate modulation of Wnt1/pCREB/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.'], ['BACKGROUND: Leptin and adiponectin are adipose-tissue derived hormones primarily involved in glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: With leptin as a known promoter of atherosclerosis and inflammation, our findings point to a pathogenic role of leptin in age-related cognitive impairment that may be limited to non-obese individuals and warrants further investigation.'], ['Obesity-associated low-grade systemic inflammation may induce/heighten inflammatory activation of the coronary microvascular endothelium, leading to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy/ stiffness, myocardial fibrosis, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.'], ['BACKGROUND: The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), integrated by peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, is used as an objective biomarker that reflects the balance between host inflammatory and immune response status in cancer patients.'], ['Enrichment analyses of these DEPs (57 upregulated and 38 downregulated proteins) based on the GO, KEGG, and KOG databases revealed functional clusters associated with immunity and inflammation, oxidative stress, biosynthesis and metabolism, proteases, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis.'], ['For the prevention and treatment of ASCVD, it is important to address the putative cause of ASCVD -- immunosenescence, rather than the signs or symptoms such as inflammation or elevated cholesterol.'], ["AIMS: Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) episodes are primarily initiated by 'pulse' release of catecholamines inducing neutrophil infiltration and myocardial inflammation in susceptible individuals (largely ageing women).", "Evidence of myocardial inflammation and associated energetic impairment persists for >= 3 months post-acute TTS episodes, suggesting the existence of additional 'perpetuating' mechanisms.", 'CONCLUSIONS: (1) While TTS is associated with marked and prolonged release of BNP, there is virtually total loss of the ability of BNP to suppress neutrophil O2 - release and its impact on tissue inflammation.', '(2) BNP responses do not recover for at least 3 months post-attacks, suggesting that this might contribute to perpetuation of myocardial inflammation in TTS patients.'], ['An extensive battery of biobehavioral assessments will be used to understand the mechanisms of cognitive remediation, by using structural and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and metabolic and behavioral assessments.'], ['AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Chronic inflammation is an underlying feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus.', 'Hypovitaminosis D is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but whether it contributes to chronic inflammation is unclear.', 'We examined the effects of vitamin D on various immune markers to evaluate its contribution to systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus.', 'Given the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and elevated NLR among chronic disease patients and the elderly, our results suggest that clinical interpretation of NLR as a predictive marker of type 2 diabetes mellitus-related inflammation should consider vitamin D level, age and pre-existing morbidity.'], ["Due to the strong links between systemic inflammation, delirium and dementia we hypothesized that responses within the brain in patients who develop delirium could show biochemical overlap with patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)."], ['There is growing evidence for a link between loss of skeletal muscle, impaired muscle performance, and systemic markers of acute inflammation in hospitalized geriatric patients.', 'The present literature suggests a negative effect of acute inflammation at the time of hospital admission upon muscle performance and the change of this during the hospital stay, particularly in patients with persistent rather than resolved inflammation.', 'In conclusion, a negative association between the presence of acute and persistent systemic markers of inflammation and various aspects of muscle function and its recovery after bedrest is observed in geriatric patients.'], ['BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea may be associated with development of CKD through hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress.'], ['It is also the leading cause of infectious congenital birth defects and has been linked to chronic inflammation and immune aging (Ballard et al., 1979; Griffith et al., 2016; Jergovic et al., 2019).'], ['Most of the dysregulated thymic miRNAs in EOMG are associated with GC development, such as miR-7, miR-24, miR-139, miR-143, miR-145, miR-146, miR-150, miR-452, miR-548 or thymic inflammation, such as miR-125b, miR-146, or miR-29.'], ['Social isolation is likely to lead to a decline in physical activity, which could result in immune system dysfunction, thereby increasing infection susceptibility and exacerbating the pathophysiology of conditions that are common among older adults, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory disorders.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that partially neutralized GA formulations retain skin rejuvenating properties without causing irritation and inflammation and that their use can be tailored to individual needs based on the concentration of GA in the formulation.'], ['Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is an inflammatory disorder in the elderly and is characterized by pain in the shoulders and lower back.'], ['The emerging evidence has established HSCs as the major source of native hematopoiesis, helped to define the kinetics of HSC differentiation, and begun exploring native hematopoiesis in stress conditions such as aging and inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging induces meaningful changes in the immune system and inflammation response with increase in monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels.'], ['The current review provides a detailed survey of the literature on cosmeceutical potentials and applications of algae as skin whitening, anti-aging, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antimicrobial agents.'], ['We observed that participants with lower mitochondrial oxidative capacity exhibited hallmarks of inflammation, specifically markedly higher levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, as well as increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate when compared with participants with better oxidative capacity, independent of age and sex.', 'We speculate that this association reflects the observation that products of damaged mitochondria, such as mitochondrial DNA, activate multiple pathways that lead to inflammation.', 'Furthermore, excess production of oxidative species (ROS) by dysfunctional mitochondria could trigger inflammation either directly via NF-kappaB or through oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.', 'Longitudinal studies are necessary to ascertain whether and through which mechanisms mitochondrial dysfunction activate inflammation or whether both these phenomena derive from a common root.'], ['The results of this study indicate that ETA prevents cognitive deficits, endothelial dysfunction, peripheral and neuro-inflammation and decreament of neurotrophin expression in aged rats.'], ['Anamnesis, anthropometrics, biomarkers of aging, inflammation status and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed in all participants.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in brain aging and neurodegeneration.'], ['CONCLUSION: This study corroborates the emerging evidence of association between inflammation and brain volumes in BD.'], ['UVR causes cutaneous alterations such as acute (i.e., sunburn) and chronic inflammation, tanning, photoaging, skin cancer, and immune modulation.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIMS: Low-grade systemic inflammation is a crucial landmark in NAFLD favouring disease progression and comorbidities.', 'We evaluated the input of circulating bacterial antigens on systemic markers of inflammation in NAFLD patients.', 'CONCLUSION: Serum circulating bacterial antigens as well as age were BMI-independent factors related to increased systemic inflammation in NAFLD and provides insight on the multifaceted sources of inflammation in these patients.'], ['Tissues adjacent to melanoma lesions (skin) and distant organs (intestine) in tert mutants exhibited higher levels of senescence and inflammation.', 'Considering that inflammation is protumorigenic, we transplanted melanoma-derived cells into G2 tert zebrafish embryos and observed that tissue environment with short telomeres leads to increased tumor development.', 'To test if inflammation was necessary for this effect, we treated melanoma transplants with nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs and show that higher melanoma dissemination can be averted.', 'Thus, apart from the cell autonomous role of short telomeres in contributing to genome instability, we propose that telomere shortening with age causes systemic chronic inflammation leading to increased tumor incidence.'], ['Of these hallmarks, we focused on those that directly or indirectly interact with viral infections, including immunosenescence, inflammation and inflammasomes, adaptive immunosenescence, genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, telomere attrition, and impaired autophagy.'], ['In animals, joint injury increases glutamate release into the joint, acting on nerves to cause pain, and joint tissues to cause inflammation and degeneration.'], ['Beyond current evidence, these approaches showed that common findings of kidney failure environment such as sodium -sensitivity, micro-inflammation, arterial stiffness metabolic acidosis and sarcopenia could be delayed controlling dietary sodium.'], ['Aging is characterized by chronic inflammation (sometimes referred to as "inflammaging") that progresses insidiously during the course of aging-related diseases, including CVD.'], ['RESULTS: The aim of the present review was to summarize experimental data and clinical observations that linked the pathophysiology mechanisms of "inflamm-aging", mild-grade inflammation, and cytokine storm in some elderly adults with severe COVID-19 infection.'], ['In turn, this releases pro-inflammatory adipokines which induces chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI), a key player in the pathology of several diseases.'], ['3-OHB, the most prominent ketone body, binds to specific hydroxyl-carboxylic acid receptors and inhibits histone deacetylase enzymes, free fatty acid receptors, and the NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome, tentatively inhibiting lipolysis, inflammation, oxidative stress, cancer growth, angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis, and perhaps contributing to the increased longevity associated with exercise and caloric restriction.', '3-OHB also acts to preserve muscle protein during systemic inflammation and is an important component of the metabolic defense against insulin-induced hypoglycemia.'], ['While the majority of clinicians indicated a need for topical treatments to reduce inflammation, prevent scarring, and shorten time to healing, a standard of care was not observed.'], ['Whereas, malnutrition, inflammation and general aging may have impact on short-term mortality among patients.'], ['BACKGROUND: Periodontal infection induces inflammation, which may increase the risk of tumor-promoting effects.'], ['The disease progression can be divided into two phases: initiation phase associated with lipid deposition and inflammation response, and the later propagation phase with active calcification growth.'], ['Immune system response and inflammation have been found as a common hallmark of both diseases.', 'Most severe cases of COVID-19 and high-risk NMIBC patients at higher recurrence and progression risk are characterized by innate and adaptive immune activation followed by inflammation and cytokine/chemokine storm (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-6, IL-8).'], ['This score showed that extreme patterns of change affecting multiple cognitive domains simultaneously are rare in this study and that specific signatures of biomarkers of inflammation and metabolic disease predict severity of cognitive changes.'], ['Viral replication induces an ongoing inflammation process, with the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the activation of the immune system, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines.'], ['BACKGROUND: Ageing and biological senescence, both related to cardiovascular disease, are mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['In this review, we will focus on the similar physiological and cellular characteristics exhibited during pregnancy and aging, including induction of and response to oxidative stress, inflammation, and degradation of telomeres.'], ['One plausible reason is the interaction of intrinsic vitamin D with other biological conditions such as malnutrition and chronic inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: The heart failure (HF)-syndrome is associated with neuro-hormonal activation, chronic kidney disease (CKD), inflammation and alterations in the phosphorus-metabolism, all of which are involved in regulation of mineral bone density.'], ['In addition, human chondrocytes were cultured, and the effects of Fibulin-5 on the extracellular matrix (ECM) of chondrocytes and the level of inflammation were examined by means of cell transfection and cytokine intervention.', 'In addition, Fibulin-5 reduced IL-1beta-induced inflammation of chondrocytes, as well as expressions of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha.'], ['Importance: Depression is associated with increased inflammation, which may precede its onset, especially in older people.'], ['The aim of the study was to analyse the levels of circulating GDF15 in people of different age, characterized by different level of physical activity and to seek for correlation with hematological parameters related to inflammation.', 'Taken together, our data indicate that GDF15 is associated with decreased muscle performance and increased inflammation.'], ['In injury-induced murine TLT models, the stages advanced with the extent of kidney injury, and decreased with dexamethasone accompanied with improvement of renal function, fibrosis and inflammation.', 'Thus, our findings provide the insights into biological features of TLT in the kidney and implicate TLT stage as a potential marker reflecting local injury and inflammation.'], ["These are driven in part by new findings related to the polygenic nature of Alzheimer's as well as the interaction between this brain disease with factors such as brain vascular disease, insulin resistance, and/or brain inflammation."], ['We will discuss them here with an emphasis on murine models with overexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and loss of function of superoxide dismutase and interleukin 10, which reveal that altered oxidative stress and inflammation pathways are involved in the physiopathology of frailty.', 'In summary, we provide the current available evidence, from both human cohorts and experimental animal models, that highlights oxidative damage and inflammation as relevant biomarkers and drivers of frailty.'], ['A panel of 68 circulating mediators of inflammation, neurogenesis and neural plasticity, and amino acid metabolism was assayed.'], ['These factors contribute to senescence and inflammation in the endothelium and significant reductions in endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity in aged patients.'], ['Longitudinal outcome data can then be combined with other epidemics and old-age health data, to discover the best biomarkers to predict (i) coping with infection & inflammation and thus hospitalization or intensive care, (ii) long-term health challenges, e.g.', 'Biomarker studies are needed to test the hypothesis that resilience of the elderly during a pandemic can be improved by countering chronic inflammation and/or removing senescent cells.'], ['Besides the acute respiratory infection, CoVs are neuroinvasive causing additional inflammation and neurodegeneration.'], ['Pulp regeneration after transplantation of mobilized dental pulp stem cells (MDPSCs) declines in the aged dogs due in part to the chronic inflammation and/or cellular senescence.', 'Eotaxin-1/C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11) is an inflammation marker via chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3).', 'The study aimed to examine the effect of CCR3A on cellular senescence and anti-inflammation/immunomodulation in human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs).'], ['CONCLUSION: Perioperative application of oral probiotic prevents postoperative cognitive impairment in elderly patients following non-cardiac surgery, possibly via the limitation of peripheral inflammation and the stress response.'], ['In fatal cases of coronavirus disease 2019, the balance between the immune response and the inflammatory outcome fails and, therefore, patients at risk, mostly the elderly, show higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and enhanced inflammation in the lungs.'], ['Therefore, patients with SCD suffer from a chronic state of inflammation, which is responsible for multiple organ damage, ischemic attacks, and premature death.'], ['Our aim was to simultaneously investigate whether maternal depression is associated not only with increased allostatic load across cardiac control, inflammation, cellular aging, but also if this is transmitted to adolescent children, possibly increasing the risk for early onset of psychiatric conditions and disease in these offspring.', 'METHODS: A preregistered, case-control study of 180 low-income mothers (50% mothers depressed, 50% mothers nondepressed) and their adolescent offspring was conducted to determine how depressed mothers and their adolescent offspring systematically differ in terms of autonomic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic cardiac control; inflammation; cellular aging; and behavioral health in offspring, which are indicators suggestive of higher allostatic load.'], ['Upon high-fat feeding or reduced physical activity, phenotypic modulation of the cast of plastic innate immune cells ensues, leading to the production of mediators that affect inflammation, lipid handling, and metabolic signaling.'], ['The Framework of Research Priorities in HIV, Aging and Rehabilitation includes seven research priorities: (1) nature, extent and impact of disability, concurrent health conditions and chronic inflammation with HIV; (2) prevalence, severity and impact of frailty; (3) community and social participation aging with HIV; (4) strategies for chronic disease management and healthy aging with HIV; (5) facilitators and barriers to access and engagement in, rehabilitation; (6) effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for healthy aging with HIV; and (7) advancing development and use of patient reported outcome measures in HIV and aging.'], ['On the one hand, inflammation and protein glycation, directly associated with many pathological conditions and old age, can cause structural and functional modification of HSA, causing binding disorders.'], ["OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the C-terminal crosslinking telopeptides of type I collagen (CTXI) and the serum levels of total (TAP) and bone-specific (BAP) alkaline phosphatase are associated with the biological traits in nursing home women aged 80-92 years without inflammation and, if so, to indicate the best predictors of these BTM's blood concentrations.", 'CONCLUSIONS: In relatively healthy the oldest-old nursing home women without inflammation, total body weight was the best predictor of bone resorption shown by the CTX-I concentration, whereas the rate pressure product (DP) turned out to best predict osteoblastic activity determinable from serum alkaline phosphatase activity.'], ['It is likely a multifunctional protein that plays a role i) in inflammation and inflammatory diseases, ii) in cellular senescence, a mechanism participating in aging and age-related diseases including cancer, and iii) in membranous nephropathy (MN), a rare autoimmune kidney disease where PLA2R1 is the major autoantigen.', 'These models, especially the NeoR-hPLA2R1 conditional transgenic mouse line, will facilitate the future investigation of PLA2R1 functions in relevant pathophysiological contexts, including inflammatory diseases, age-related diseases and MN.'], ['Twelve biomarkers representing multiple systems including stress response (e.g., inflammation), endocrine system, and energy regulation were identified.'], ['Finally, several genes involved in inflammation are located on the X-chromosome, which also contains high number of immune-related genes responsible for innate and adaptive immune responses to infection.', 'Unexpectedly, the higher levels of ACE2 or ACE1/ACE2 rebalancing might improve the outcome of COVID-19 in both sexes by reducing inflammation, thrombosis, and death.'], ['PURPOSE: The connection between gut microbiota imbalance, inflammation and its role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) clustering factors has been increasingly recognized.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Metabolic disorders and inflammation of chondrocytes are major pathological changes in aging cells and osteoarthritis (OA).', 'Overexpression of MFN2 exacerbated inflammation and OA progress, while knockdown of MFN2 ameliorated inflammation and OA progress.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Elevated MFN2 contributes to metabolic changes and inflammation during aging of rat chondrocytes and osteoarthritis.'], ['PM has been demonstrated to cause intracellular inflammation in human keratinocytes, and is associated with various skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, eczema, and skin aging.', "Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on PM-induced skin inflammation and attempted to deduce the molecular mechanisms underlying resveratrol's effects."], ['We examined the influence of monocyte subpopulations on the clinical outcome, along with the degree of monocyte activation and further parameters of inflammation and platelet activation.', 'Mon2 showed the highest CD11b-expression and CD11b correlated with platelet activation and markers of systemic inflammation.', 'In contrast, a systemic inflammation response shortly after TAVI was not associated with early death.', 'Chronic inflammation in aging patients seems to be an important risk factor after TAVI.'], ['In recent years, the molecular mechanism of VR has been studied mainly from the aspects of myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, inflammation, myocardial energy disorder, apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis.', 'Exosomes have protective effects on VR after MI by inhibiting fibrosis, promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting inflammation and pyroptosis.'], ['The development and severity of adaptive inflammation depend on the level of tolerance to self-antigens.'], ['Because of their key role in inflammation and damage repair, macrophages are a key cell type in age-related inflammatory diseases.'], ["Persistent inflammation has been identified as a contributor to aging-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.", 'Several studies have suggested that the inflammation generated by certain strains of T. gondii infection can be neuroprotective in the context of a secondary insult like beta-amyloid accumulation or stroke.', 'At the end of the study, we evaluated CNS inflammation and parasite burden in the surviving mice.', 'We found that parasite infection had no impact on age-associated decline in learning and memory and that by 20 months post infection, in the surviving mice, we found no evidence of parasite DNA, cysts, or inflammation in the CNS.'], ['There is no sterilizing cure, therefore a continuous treatment is necessary, which caused the emerged idea of HIV as a chronic inflammatory disease that may also affect healthy aging.'], ['Hemodialysis (HD) patient are known to be susceptible to a wide range of early and long-term complication such as chronic inflammation, infections, malnutrition, and cardiovascular disease that significantly affect the incidence of mortality.'], ['Our data demonstrate that progerin, but not wild-type lamin-A, overexpression induces endothelial cell dysfunction, characterized by increased inflammation and oxidative stress together with persistent DNA damage, increased cell cycle arrest protein expression and cellular senescence.'], ['Respiratory viral infections are, in general, associated with cytokine production, inflammation, cell death, and other pathophysiological processes, which could be link with a redox imbalance or oxidative stress.'], ['Frailty is clinically characterized by multisystem pathophysiological processes, such as chronic inflammation, immune activation, dysregulation of the musculoskeletal and endocrine systems, oxidative stress, energy imbalances, mitochondrial dysfunction, and sarcopenia.'], ['Using biomarker data from 262 participants in the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study, we estimated the association between proximity to brownfields and heavy traffic and signal joint T-cell receptor excision circles (sjTRECs, a measure of naive T-cell production), C-reactive protein (CRP, a measure of systemic inflammation), and interleukin-6 (IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine).'], ['This study examined whether systemic low-grade inflammation mediated the association between polygenic scores for depressive symptomatology (DS-PGS) and subsequent somatic versus cognitive-affective depressive symptoms.'], ['AA amyloidosis is a disorder that results from the extracellular deposition of proteolytic cleavage products of serum amyloid A, which occurs in the setting of long-standing inflammation.'], ['Regular dietary supplementation of ProBeptigen is suggested to improve verbal short- and long-term memory as well as spatial working memory, and reduce inflammation in middle-aged healthy individuals with stress.'], ['These center on chronic inflammation leading to destabilization of autoregulated physiologic systems challenged by environmental and biologic challenges.'], ['Obesity causes systemic inflammation and adversely impacts immune function and host defense in a way that patterns immunosenescence.'], ['Inflammation of perivascular fat and loss of anticontractile factors play roles as well in microvessel remodelling.'], ['The aging process is characterized by the gradual development of a chronic subclinical systemic inflammation (inflamm-aging) and by acquired immune system impairment (immune senescence).', 'Here, we advance the hypothesis that four well-recognized features of aging contribute to the disproportionate SARS-CoV-2 mortality suffered by elderly men: i. the presence of subclinical systemic inflammation without overt disease, ii.', 'a blunted acquired immune system and type I interferon response due to the chronic inflammation; iii.'], ['Information related to clinical features, infectious complications, and markers of inflammation (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein) were prospectively collected, and their relationship with hemispheric volume change was evaluated using bivariate and multivariate statistics.', 'Stroke severity (NIHSS score or infarct volume) and inflammation related parameters (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio or systemic infections) remained independently and positively associated with volume loss in multivariate regression models.'], ['Hence control of cytosolic ferritin iron release is key to preventing UVA-induced inflammation.', 'These results confirm that antioxidant enzyme activity is the key factor in controlling intracellular iron levels, and hence maintenance of cell antioxidant capacity is vitally important in prevention of skin aging and inflammation initiated by labile iron and UVA.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Greater physical activity was associated with lower markers of inflammation in clinically normal older men, but not women - an effect consistently replicated across cohorts.'], ['In this narrative review, we examine studies that identify potential biological mechanisms underlying the development and propagation of physical frailty in both aging and critical illness (eg, inflammation, mitochondrial myopathy, and neuroendocrinopathy).'], ['Aging is associated with significant changes in the hematopoietic system, including increased inflammation, impaired hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function, and increased incidence of myeloid malignancy.', 'Inflammation of aging ("inflammaging") has been proposed as a driver of age-related changes in HSC function and myeloid malignancy, but mechanisms linking these phenomena remain poorly defined.', 'We identified loss of miR-146a as driving aging-associated inflammation in AML patients.', 'miR-146a expression declined in old wild-type mice, and loss of miR-146a promoted premature HSC aging and inflammation in young miR-146a-null mice, preceding development of aging-associated myeloid malignancy.', 'Reducing inflammation by targeting Il6 or Tnf was sufficient to restore single-cell measures of miR-146a-/- HSC function and subpopulation structure and reduced the incidence of hematological malignancy in miR-146a-/- mice.', 'miR-146a-/- HSCs exhibited enhanced sensitivity to IL6 stimulation, indicating that loss of miR-146a affects HSC function via both cell-extrinsic inflammatory signals and increased cell-intrinsic sensitivity to inflammation.'], ['Importance: Zinc supplementation can reduce alcohol-related microbial translocation and inflammation.', 'Objective: To assess whether zinc supplementation reduces markers of mortality and risk of cardiovascular disease, reduces levels of inflammation and microbial translocation, and slows HIV disease progression in people with heavy alcohol use who are living with HIV/AIDS.', 'Conclusions and Relevance: Zinc supplementation did not reduce mortality risk, CD4 cell counts, cardiovascular disease risk, and levels of inflammation or microbial translocation in people with heavy alcohol use who are living with HIV/AIDS.'], ['Here, we report that the natural extract of Polypodium leucotomos named Fernblock , known to reduce aging and oxidative stress induced by solar radiations, upregulates the NRF2 transcription factor and its downstream antioxidant targets, and this correlates with its ability to reduce inflammation, melanogenesis, and general cell damage in cultured keratinocytes upon exposure to an experimental model of fine pollutant particles (PM2.5).'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation is considered as a hallmark of gastric cancer (GC) and plays a critical role in GC progression and metastasis.'], ['Another important consequence of T-cell senescence is inflammation, which is known to have a strong relationship with both heart failure and frailty in older patients.'], ['Although multiple reports suggest that sirtuin activity is regulated by oxidative post-translational modifications of cysteines during inflammation and aging, no systematic comparative study of potential direct sirtuin cysteine oxidative modifications has been performed.'], ['Examination of fH-/- livers (3-24 months) for evidence of complement-mediated inflammation revealed widespread deposition of complement-activation fragments throughout the sinusoids, elevated transaminase levels, increased hepatic CD8+ and F4/80+ cells, overexpression of hepatic mRNA associated with inflammatory signaling pathways, steatosis, and increased collagen deposition.', 'These results indicate that CFH is critical for controlling complement activation in the liver, and in its absence, AP activation leads to chronic inflammation and promotes hepatic carcinogenesis.'], ['The included studies did not measure any of our other secondary outcomes: costs, other adverse events associated with retention of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth (pericoronitis, root resorption, cyst formation, tumour formation, inflammation/infection) and adverse effects associated with their removal (alveolar osteitis/postoperative infection, nerve injury, damage to adjacent teeth during surgery, bleeding, osteonecrosis related to medication/radiotherapy, inflammation/infection).'], ['Bladder diseases characterized by chronic inflammation are highly prevalent in older women, but mechanisms by which aging promotes these pathologies remain unknown.', 'Our results indicate that chronic, age-associated inflammation underlies a fundamental alteration to the bladder and establishes a resource for further investigation of the bladder immune system in homeostasis, aging, and disease.'], ['Laboratory evaluation revealed severe thrombocytopenia and elevated markers of inflammation.'], ["In addition to aging, adipose tissue disfunction and inflammation also contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcopenia by causing the combined state called 'sarcopenic obesity'."], ['Lymphatic systems play important roles in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis and undergo anatomical and physiological changes during inflammation and aging.'], ['Aging is characterized by low-grade systemic inflammation (i.e., inflammaging) that is often attributed to the progressive activation of immune cells over time, which may play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis.'], ['RESULTS: Saphenous graft failure is commonly the consequence of four different pathophysiological mechanisms, early acute thrombosis, vascular inflammation, intimal hyperplasia, and late accelerated atherosclerosis.'], ['The sirtuin protein family consist of seven members (SIRT1 - 7), which are mainly involved in various aging-related diseases by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function.'], ['The virus causes relatively minor damage to young, healthy populations, imposing life-threatening danger to the elderly and people with diseases of chronic inflammation.', 'Coronavirus causes inflammation in the lungs which requires inflammasome activity.'], ['Immunosenescence has been associated with chronic low-grade inflammation referred to as inflammaging, whose underlying mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated, including age-related changes affecting components of the innate and adaptive immune system.'], ['The clearance of senescent cells is expected to decrease chronic, low-grade inflammation and improve tissue repair capacity, thus attenuating the decline of physical function in aged organisms.', 'In aged mice, our compound effectively cleared senescent cells in different tissues, decreased the senescence- and age-associated gene signatures, attenuated low-grade local and systemic inflammation, and restored physical function.'], ['Both disease entities are centrally linked to systemic inflammation as well as aging, arterial stiffness, and several common biomarkers that led to the development of pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and reduced physical activity and exercise capacity.'], ['Oxidative stress amplifies chronic inflammation, stimulates fibrosis and emphysema, causes corticosteroid resistance, accelerates lung aging, causes DNA damage and stimulates formation of autoantibodies.'], ['Microglia regulate synaptic pruning during development and induce or modulate inflammation during aging and chronic diseases.'], ['Gut dysbiosis, namely dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota, and increased gut permeability lead to enhanced inflammation and are commonly seen in chronic conditions such as obesity and aging.', 'In people living with HIV (PLWH), several lines of evidence suggest that a depletion of gut CD4 T-cells is associated with gut dysbiosis, microbial translocation and systemic inflammation.', 'We hypothesize that gut microbiota rich in A. muciniphila can reduce microbial translocation and inflammation, preventing occurrences of non-AIDS comorbidities in PLWH.'], ['Mitochondrial dysfunction and systemic inflammation are major factors in the development of sarcopenia, but the molecular determinants linking the two mechanisms are only partially understood.'], ['Increased production of oxidized phospholipid products with deleterious effects is linked to the pathogenesis of various cardiopulmonary disorders such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, acute lung injury (ALI), and inflammation.', 'For example, full-length products of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine oxidation (OxPAPC) have prominent endothelial barrier protective and anti-inflammatory activities while most of the truncated oxidized phospholipids induce vascular leak and exacerbate inflammation.', 'The extensive studies from our group and other groups have demonstrated a strong potential of OxPAPC in mitigating a wide range of agonist-induced lung injuries and inflammation in pulmonary endothelial cell culture and rodent models of ALI.'], ['It is well established that inflammation in the body promotes organism aging, and recent studies have attributed a similar effect to senescent cells.'], ['Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results in gut microbiota alteration and this is associated with immune activation and chronic inflammation.'], ['In addition, they showed typical biochemical abnormalities related to energy metabolism, systemic inflammation and liver function.'], ['Negative appendectomy was defined as the absence of appendiceal diseases including inflammation, fibrosis, and neoplasm.'], ['Not only heritability but also oxidative stress, inflammation, environmental factors, and therapeutic interventions have an effect on telomere shortening, explaining the variability in telomere length across individuals.'], ['Yet, data on the combined effects of these lifestyle behaviors on metabolic health including low-grade systemic inflammation in aging populations remain scarce.'], ['Bioinformatic enrichment analyses of our 1,128 commonly identified proteins heavily implicated processes relevant to inflammation, the extracellular matrix, and gene regulation.'], ['Mechanisms underlying diabetic lung are unclear, however, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and premature aging convincingly contribute to them.', 'This system plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular proliferation and senescence, thus impacting metabolism-related diseases, chronic airway diseases and cancers.'], ['Depression and dementia as well as psychological stress are associated with poor antibody response and a higher range of inflammation markers.'], ['These results may have implications for: OP-associated inflammation; cardiovascular effects; and the dysregulation of RAS enzymes by OP.'], ['Growing amounts of evidence from clinical trials suggest that metformin can effectively reduce the risk of many age-related diseases and conditions, including cardiometabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, chronic inflammation and frailty.'], ['Inflammation is a major risk factor of morbidity and mortality in older adults.', 'Although its precise etiology is unknown, low-grade inflammation in older adults is commonly associated with increased intestinal epithelial permeability (leaky gut) and abnormal (dysbiotic) gut microbiota.', 'The increasing older population and lack of treatments to reduce aging-related microbiota dysbiosis, leaky gut, and inflammation culminates in a rise in aging-related comorbidities, constituting a significant public health concern.', 'Here, we demonstrate that a human-origin probiotic cocktail containing 5 Lactobacillus and 5 Enterococcus strains isolated from healthy infant gut prevented high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) microbiota dysbiosis, leaky gut, inflammation, metabolic dysfunctions, and physical function decline in older mice.', 'Probiotic-modulated gut microbiota primarily reduced leaky gut by increasing tight junctions, which in turn reduced inflammation.', 'The results suggest that such probiotic therapies could prevent or treat aging-related leaky gut and inflammation in the elderly.'], ['Testosterone may modulate vascular aging by mitigating the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation, although there is sex specificity to this effect.'], ['microRNA-128 (miR-128) is associated with aging, inflammatory signaling, and inflammatory diseases, such as PMOP.'], ['LINKAGE TO OTHER MAJOR THEORIES: Non-resolving inflammation with vascular disease that leads to cognitive impairments and dementia is increasingly important in risk stratification for AD in the aging population.'], ['We looked at the root of fistula challenges in the maintenance phase and found traces of inflammation.', 'Accordingly, we investigated the role of systemic inflammation in this phase to understand its effects on post-maturation function and extract knowledge to help extend fistula longevity.'], ['HIV virologic suppression with earlier antiretroviral therapy, reduced comorbidity, and reduced inflammation may prevent frailty progression and promote frailty recovery, consequently improving survival for persons aging with HIV and persons with prior injection drug use.'], ['The expression profiles of inflammation-related genes analyzed in resident immune cells demonstrated that these cells have a strong ability to regenerate adult skin stem cells and to produce endogenous substances such as growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11).'], ['Increased systemic inflammation is one pathophysiological pathway thought to explain this health risk.', 'However, few studies have examined systemic inflammation before and after widowhood.', 'PURPOSE: The current study examined the associations between inflammation and widowhood status before and after bereavement in a sample of married adults who became widowed between assessments in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.', 'METHODS: We examined levels and change over time in systemic inflammation, as assessed by C-reactive protein (CRP), among participants who became bereaved (n = 199).', "CONCLUSIONS: Widowed adults' systemic inflammation decreased significantly following bereavement, both as a group and compared to people who remained married.", 'We discuss possible explanations for this counterintuitive finding, including the measure of inflammation used in the study and the timing of the study measurements.'], ['Increasing knowledge on inflammatory mediators and bone metabolism highlights the relationship between inflammation and bone disease.', 'In case of long lasting, chronic inflammatory states a condition of maladaptive, smouldering inflammation is realized and negatively affects calcium bone balance.'], ['These proteins impact on mitochondrial energy metabolism, inflammation, as well as a number of housekeeping processes including protein degradation through the UPS and autophagy.'], ['Nevertheless, chronic age-related diseases in these individuals are more common and their underlying pathogenic mechanisms of these actions seem to involve accelerated aging and enhanced inflammation.', 'We isolated periheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and i) compared the expression of a panel of 14 genes related to inflammation and senescence in PBMCs of HIV-patients vs matched uninfected controls, ii) analyzed the expression in HIV-patients in association with a number of demographic, biochemical and immunological parameters and iii) in relation with the current cART they received.'], ['BACKGROUND: The class III NAD-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is an important regulator of senescence, aging, and inflammation.', 'Treatment with prednisolone, in combination with theophylline, curcumin or resveratrol increases SIRT1 expression, restores steroid sensitivity, and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production from these cells and may reduce systemic inflammation in COPD.'], ['Persistent low-grade inflammation and premature ageing are hallmarks of the uremic phenotype and contribute to impaired health status, reduced quality of life, and premature mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD).', 'Because there is a huge global burden of disease due to CKD, treatment strategies targeting inflammation and premature ageing in CKD are of particular interest.'], ['The expanding populations of memory T cells have a pro-inflammatory phenotype, add to low-grade inflammation already present in ESRD patients and destabilize atherosclerotic plaques.'], ['Chronic inflammation is an important factor in the development of ARHI.', 'Interleukin-1 (IL-1) plays a key role in inflammation and may be associated with ARHI.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation have been identified as mechanistic pathways in smoking-mediated HIV pathogenesis and HIV-associated neuropathogenesis.'], ['A number of major causal mechanisms of human aging involved in various organs have been described, such as inflammation, replicative cellular senescence, immune senescence, proteostasis failures, mitochondrial dysfunctions, fibrotic propensity, hormonal aging, body composition changes, etc.'], ['Using a human dermal model of acute inflammation, we found that, although inflammatory onset is similar between young and elderly individuals, the resolution phase was substantially impaired in elderly individuals.', 'This is the first resolution defect identified in humans that has been successfully reversed, thereby highlighting the tractability of targeting pro-resolution biology to treat diseases driven by chronic inflammation.'], ['Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is elevated in numerous cardiovascular pathological processes and DPP4 inhibition is associated with reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['AIMS: Here, main mechanisms of the immune ageing and neuro-inflammation will be discussed along with the dietary approaches for the modulation of age related diseases.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role in the age-related decline in the respiratory function.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging is characterized by adipose tissue senescence, inflammation, and fibrosis, with trunk fat accumulation.'], ['Unlike individuals with nutrient deficiency (P = .84), individuals with anemia of chronic inflammation and unexplained anemia revealed a higher prevalence of CH (P = .035 and P = .017, respectively) compared with their matched control individuals.'], ['More interestingly, our data agree with, and extend, the suggestion that inflammation and oxidative stress predict centenarian mortality.'], ['Evidence links aging to cytokine dysregulation and T-cell repertoire reduction, male population to relatively reduced anti-viral immunity, and COVID-19-related comorbidities to hyper inflammation.'], ['Transcriptome analysis showed expression changes of genes associated with cardiovascular homeostasis, nitric oxide production, angiogenesis, and inflammation.'], ['Genetic studies in susceptible individuals have linked this ocular disease to deregulated complement activity that culminates in increased C3 turnover, retinal inflammation and photoreceptor loss.'], ['In addition to lipid accumulation in the arterial wall, inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of plaque rupture and activating the thrombosis cascade.'], ['Cellular aging markers, including telomere length and mitochondrial function, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation markers influence each other and form a complex network, which is affected in diabetes.', 'Baseline LTL was found to be independently associated with the development of diabetes at the 3-year follow-up after the adjustment for mtDNAcn, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, and conventional diabetes risk factors.', 'Telomere shortening might be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes independently of conventional diabetes risk factors, mtDNAcn, or oxidative stress and inflammation pathways.'], ['The role of anti-aging proteins, particularly SIRT1 as biomarkers/predictors of oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases need further examination.'], ['We applied one such approach, the Mahalanobis distance (DM), to baseline measurements of various biomarkers (inflammation, hematological, diabetes-associated, lipids, endocrine, renal) in 3,279 participants from the Long Life Family Study (LLFS) with complete biomarker data.'], ['METHODS: We obtained data from the German Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Ageing.'], ['Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with physiological changes commonly observed with increasing age, such as inflammation and impaired immune function.'], ['It was recognized that advances in the understanding of basic mechanisms and the roles of inflammation, macrovascular and microvascular dysfunction, fibrosis, and tissue remodeling are needed and ideally would be obtained from (1) improved animal models, including large animal models, which incorporate the effects of aging and associated comorbid conditions; (2) repositories of deeply phenotyped physiological data and human tissue, made accessible to researchers to enhance collaboration and research advances; and (3) novel research methods that take advantage of computational advances and multiscale modeling for the analysis of complex, high-density data across multiple domains.'], ['Here, we profiled healthy and OA cartilage samples using mass cytometry to establish a single-cell atlas, revealing distinct chondrocyte progenitor and inflammation-modulating subpopulations.', 'These rare populations include an inflammation-amplifying (Inf-A) population, marked by interleukin-1 receptor 1 and tumor necrosis factor receptor II, whose inhibition decreased inflammation, and an inflammation-dampening (Inf-D) population, marked by CD24, which is resistant to inflammation.', 'We devised a pharmacological strategy targeting Inf-A and Inf-D cells that significantly decreased inflammation in OA chondrocytes.'], ['Depression symptoms and lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are associated with inflammation.', 'This multicenter dietary intervention was shown to reduce inflammation in older people.', 'Here, we describe the effects on HRQoL, anxiety, and depressive symptoms according to inflammation status.', 'Within the subgroups of subjects with medium/high inflammation a similar decrease in CES-D score occurred in all groups (A: -44.8%, p = 0.021; B, -46.7%, p = 0.024; C, -52.2%, p = 0.039; D, -43.8%, p = 0.037).', 'The effect of interventions on CES-D was not related to baseline inflammation.', 'In this trial with no control group, a decrease in depressive symptoms in healthy older volunteers was observed after a 2-month healthy diet intervention, independently of inflammation but with possible limitations due to participation.'], ['This body of research serves as guidance in recommending nutritional strategies that can combat the skin aging forces of oxidation, inflammation, and glycation.'], ['The tissue we obtained fulfilled quality criteria by the absence of inflammation markers and proteomic degradation.'], ['Burn care involves a high prevalence of known risk factors for delirium such as sedation, inflammation, and prolonged stay in hospital.'], ['One of the characteristics of the cerebral aging process is the presence of chronic inflammation through glial cells, which is particularly significant in neurodegeneration.'], ['Some studies have described a link between chronic LF inflammation and neovascularization but others have reported highly hypovascular LF tissue in LSS patients.', 'Samples were also histologically examined for the presence of chondroid metaplasia and inflammation.', 'No correlation was observed between Lv and the presence of inflammation or metaplasia; however, LSS patients had a significantly increased incidence of chondroid metaplasia and inflammatory signs.', 'A significantly higher incidence of chondroid metaplasia and inflammation was observed in LSS patients.'], ['"Mangaba" (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) fruit juice is popularly used in the treatment of several inflammatory disorders.'], ['inflammation?'], ['Preterm children often suffer from inflammation early in life.'], ['Additionally, a nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) model, previously used for investigating the mechanisms of processes such as aging, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and inflammation, is presented as an emerging approach for the study of polyphenols interacting gut microbiota.'], ['Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical model of premature ageing characterized by cardiovascular disease, persistent uraemic inflammation, osteoporosis muscle wasting and frailty.'], ['Treatment with recombinant Gal1 restored tolerogenic mechanisms and reduced salivary gland inflammation.'], ['Overall, our analysis suggests that cellular senescence and inflammation should be targeted for prevention of mobility disability.'], ['Gut dysbiosis and inflammation persist in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite receiving antiretroviral therapy, further contributing to non-AIDS comorbidities.', 'Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic agent, has been found to benefit microbiota composition, promote gut barrier integrity and reduce inflammation in human and animal models of diabetes.', 'Inspired by the effect of metformin on diabetes-related gut dysbiosis, we herein critically review the relevance of metformin to control inflammation in PLWH.', 'Metformin may improve gut microbiota composition, in turn reducing inflammation and risk of non-AIDS comorbidities.'], ['However, it is still controversial whether exercise can reduce aging-mediated inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: The functional and traditional training practices showed equivalent beneficial outcomes by increasing muscle power and reducing systemic markers associated with inflammation.'], ['When considering the substantial increase in the prevalence of IBD, without any anticipated decline, coupled with decreasing colectomy rates for dysplasia and expanding medical options for effectively controlling inflammation, it is predicted that the pool of people living with-and ageing with-colonic IBD, who are recommended to undergo lifelong colonoscopic surveillance for colorectal neoplasia, will strain existing resources and challenge the sustainability of current guideline-based surveillance recommendations.', "Here, we reappraise: 1] inflammation as a dynamic risk factor that considers patients' cumulative course; 2] time of screening initiation that is not based primarily on absolute disease duration; and 3] surveillance intervals as an iterative determination based on individual patient factors and consecutive colonoscopic findings."], ['BACKGROUND: Human aging is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammation suspected to contribute to reductions in skeletal muscle size, strength, and function.', 'Given the pervasive nature of inflammation among older adults, novel therapeutic strategies to reduce IL-6 as a means of preserving skeletal muscle health are enticing.'], ['Research has revealed that inflammation has an important role in predicting survival in some cancers.'], ['NeuroHIV, clinically defined as HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) and pathologically manifested by persistent inflammation in the CNS despite cART, is a significant co-morbid condition for PLWH.'], ['Thus, this diagnosis should be considered as a curable cause of unexplained cognitive impairment associated with weight loss and systemic inflammation.'], ['The pathogenesis of aging-related disorders, such as T2DM and DKD, involves multiple mechanisms, including inflammation, autophagy impairment, and oxidative stress, which are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.', 'Previous reports have shown that members of the mammalian Sirtuin family, SIRT 1-7, which are recognized as antiaging molecules, play a crucial role in the regulation of mitochondrial function and quality control through the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy.'], ['An increasing body of evidence suggests that age-related immune changes and chronic inflammation contribute to cancer development.', 'Recognizing that exercise has protective effects against cancer, promotes immune function, and beneficially modulates inflammation with ageing, this review outlines the current evidence indicating an emerging role for exercise immunology in preventing and treating cancer in older adults.'], ['TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) promotes repair of injured tissues and eliminates traumatic aseptic inflammation.'], ['Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized in the aetiology of a range of chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, and may therefore serve as a promising target in their prevention or treatment.', 'For sedentary populations, such as people with a disability, wheelchair users, or the elderly, the prevalence of chronic low-grade inflammation- related disease is further increased above that of individuals with a greater capacity to be physically active.', 'Here we discuss the potential benefits and mechanisms of active (i.e., exercise) and passive heating methods (e.g., hot water immersion, sauna therapy) to reduce chronic low-grade inflammation and improve metabolic health, with a focus on people who are restricted from being physically active.'], ['BA also provides beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and physical performance during military operations; however, whether BA can attenuate mood disruptions and cognitive dysfunction associated with the anticipatory stress prior to simulated military operations is unknown.Purpose: The present study examined the effects of 14 days of BA (12 g day-1) supplementation on cognitive function, mood, and circulating BDNF concentrations in recreationally-active, healthy males with limited inflammation and oxidative stress prior to a 24h simulated military operation.Methods: Participants were randomized into BA (n = 10) or placebo (n = 9; PL) for 14 days.'], ['The goal of the current study was to explore inflammation as an underlying mechanism of HHcy-induced pathology in age related diseases such as AMD, DR, and AD.', 'Therefore, elimination of excess Hcy or reduction of inflammation is a promising intervention for mitigating damage associated with HHcy in aging diseases such as DR, AMD, and AD.'], ["Aging-related cellular and molecular processes including low-grade inflammation are major players in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).", "Aging-related vascular and cardiac deposition of Alphabeta induces tissue inflammation and organ dysfunction, both important components of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid hypothesis."], ['We recently demonstrated reduced macrophage infiltration and delayed resolution of inflammation in the lungs of HIV-transgenic mice.'], ['Emerging clinical and molecular evidence suggests that inflammation exerts a significant influence on bone turnover, thereby on osteoporosis.'], ['Impaired mitochondrial function leads to the decline in the autophagic capacity and induction of inflammation and apoptosis in human RPE cells affected by AMD.Areas covered: This article evaluates the ameliorative effect of melatonin on AMD and examines AMD pathogenesis with an emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunction.', 'It also considers the potential effects of melatonin on mitochondrial function.Expert opinion: The effect of melatonin on mitochondrial function results in the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the retina; these findings demonstrate that melatonin has the potential to prevent and treat AMD.'], ['Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that inflammation (OR = 2.280, 95% CI, 1.524-3.410), underweight (OR = 1.653, 95% CI, 1.186-2.303), anemia (OR = 1.775, 95% CI, 1.250-2.521), and living with family (OR = 0.518, 95% CI, 0.302-0.888) were significant factors related to ADL disability.'], ['Further to providing an update of CR studies in humans, the present narrative review appraises the influence of these contemporary dietary strategies on mechanisms posited to drive CR-induced longevity in humans, including those involving energy metabolism, oxidative damage, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and functional changes in the neuroendocrine systems.'], ['Analyses of blood leukocytes have revealed a set of alterations that collectively lower their ability to fight infections and resolve inflammation later in life.'], ['Although JAK2V617F and CALR allele burden are the main transformation risk factors, inflammation plays a critical role by driving clonal expansion toward end-stage disease.', 'NF-kappaB is a key mediator of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis.'], ['The evaluation of this information highlights the central role that oxidative damage in the retina plays in contributing to major pathways, including inflammation and angiogenesis, found in the AMD phenotype.'], ['Biological samples are collected before and after each treatment period to evaluate markers related to IP, inflammation, vascular function, oxidative stress, gut and blood microbiomics, metabolomics.'], ['Moreover, LACCE suppressed inflammation and wrinkling; however, moisturizing activity was increased by LACCE.'], ['Together, these reports suggest the benefits of a walnut-enriched diet in brain disorders and in other chronic diseases, due to the additive or synergistic effects of walnut components for protection against oxidative stress and inflammation in these diseases.'], ['Dysfunction of multiple components of the BBB occurs in aging, inflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI, severe or mild repetitive), and in chronic degenerative dementing disorders for which aging, inflammation, and TBI are considered risk factors.', 'BBB permeability changes after TBI result in leakage of serum proteins, influx of immune cells, perivascular inflammation, as well as impairment of efflux transporter systems and accumulation of aggregation-prone molecules involved in hallmark pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases with dementia.'], ['Myotubularin-related protein 14 (MTMR14) is a member of the myotubularin (MTM)-related protein family, which is involved in apoptosis, aging, inflammation, and autophagy.'], ['VitD has additional roles in the body including modulation of cell growth, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, detoxification, immune function, and reduction of inflammation.'], ['SNHG12 knockdown accelerated atherosclerotic lesion formation by 2.4-fold in Ldlr -/- mice by increased DNA damage and senescence in the vascular endothelium, independent of effects on lipid profile or vessel wall inflammation.'], ['Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with a multitude of contributing genetic factors, many of which are related to inflammation.'], ['Even after a CAP episode, higher risk of death remains during a long period, a risk mainly driven by inflammation and patient-related co-morbidities.'], ['Inflammation is associated with increased risk for chronic degenerative diseases, as well as age-related functional declines across many systems and tissues.', 'Current understandings of inflammation, aging, and human health are based on studies conducted almost exclusively in high-income nations that rely primarily on baseline measures of chronic inflammation.', 'These results suggest that research across ecological settings, and with more dynamic measures of inflammatory response and regulation, may yield important insights into the associations among inflammation, aging, and disease.'], ['Moreover, a dysregulated hemostasis and chronic vascular inflammation further impede vascular function, where its mediators interact synergistically.'], ['This review highlights the complexity of immune dysregulation in MDS pathophysiology and the fine balance between smoldering inflammation, adaptive immunity, and somatic mutations in promoting or suppressing malignant clones.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation is a major risk factor for frailty, but n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been suggested as an anti-inflammatory agent.'], ['Modifications in food intake and body composition changes seem to influence the perception of fatigue, probably through the mechanisms of inflammation and/or mitochondrial dysfunction.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Aging and chronic HIV infection are clinical conditions that share the states of inflammation and hypercoagulability.'], ['Ocular surface temperature did not increase after cataract surgery, suggesting the absence of significant inflammation, and the temperature about 1 month after cataract surgery was comparable to that before surgery.'], ["Bioenergetic crisis and chronic low-grade inflammation are hallmarks of brain aging and menopause and have been implicated as a unifying factor causally connecting genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases."], ['BACKGROUND: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a chronic inflammatory disease.', 'Soluble extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can act as damage-associated molecular patterns and may induce valvular inflammation.', 'These novel findings indicate that soluble matrilin-2 may accelerate the progression of CAVD by inducing valvular inflammation and that Klotho has the potential to suppress valvular inflammation.'], ['It is unsurprising, then, that as physicians and scientists have searched for treatments for HGPS, they have targeted many pathways known to be involved in normal aging, including inflammation, DNA damage, epigenetic changes, and stem cell exhaustion.'], ['It is suggested that the senescence of the hair cells could be modulated by inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: The inflammation responses and oxidative stress were closely associated with coronary heart disease.', 'We tried to evaluate the effects of multiple stents, long stents and small-diameter stents on inflammation responses and oxidative stress in the elderly patients with long diffuse reocclusions.'], ['For mammals exceptionally long-lived for their body size, we find increased constraint in inflammation, DNA repair, and NFKB-related pathways.'], ['The gut barrier separates trillions of microbes from the largest immune system in the body; when compromised, a "leaky" gut barrier fuels systemic inflammation, which hastens the progression of chronic diseases.', 'In addition, the SPS-pathway is suppressed in the aging gut, and its reactivation in enteroid-derived monolayers reverses aging-associated inflammation and loss of barrier function.'], ['Because of abdominal pain and nausea, an abdominal CT and labs were performed, revealing evidence of pancreatic inflammation.'], ['Obesity and ageing share a similar spectrum of phenotypes such as compromised genomic integrity, impaired mitochondrial function, accumulation of intracellular macromolecules, weakened immunity, shifts in tissue and body composition, and enhanced systemic inflammation.', 'Additionally, other signs of ageing are seen in individuals with obesity including telomere shortening, systemic inflammation, and functional declines.'], ['MEASUREMENTS: We assayed fasting blood for markers of glycemia (glucose and hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]), insulin resistance (IR) (insulin and homeostatic model assessment of IR), obesity (resistin, adiponectin, and glucagon-like peptide-1), and inflammation (C-reactive protein).'], ['This paper aims to comprehensively review evidence of biological aging in BD and explore findings and controversies related to common biological clocks in patients, including telomere length, DNA methylation, mitochondrial DNA copy number, inflammation, and oxidative stress.'], ['Although low amounts of NO2Tyr are detected under basal conditions, significantly increased levels are found at pathological states related with an overproduction of reactive species, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation and aging.'], ['Osteopontin (OPN) is associated with airway inflammation and remodeling.', 'In conclusion, aging and exposure to viral infections may induce OPN release and consequently modulate inflammation and TGF-beta1/Smad3-related remodeling, contributing to the development of LOA.'], ['Telomere length and mitochondrial DNA content are considered biomarkers of cellular aging, oxidative stress, and inflammation, but there is almost no information on their association with tobacco smoke exposure in fetal and early life.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Particulate matter (PM), such as air pollutants and pollens, are known to cause skin ageing through skin inflammation.', 'METHODS: The microarray analysis was performed using total RNA extracted from a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) stimulated with urban aerosols or cedar pollen for 6 h in order to develop an epidermal inflammation model by PM for the evaluation of topical formulations.'], ['The de-repression of transposable elements (TEs) in mammalian genomes is thought to contribute to genome instability, inflammation, and ageing, yet is viewed as a cell-autonomous event.', 'It is proposed this horizontal transfer of TEs from microbe to host is a stochastic, ongoing catalyst of genome destabilization, resulting in structural and epigenetic variations, and activation of well-evolved host defense mechanisms contributing to inflammation, senescence, and biological ageing.', 'It is proposed that innate immunity pathways defend against the horizontal acquisition of microbial TEs, and that activation of this pathway during horizontal transposon transfer promotes chronic inflammation during ageing.'], ['The association between CVD/MetS and cognition decline is driven by still not well-understood mechanisms, but risk might well be the consequence of increased brain inflammation and vascular changes, notably cerebral small-vessel disease.'], ['The present study aims to fill a gap in the literature by better defining the complex interaction/s between inflammation, age-related comorbidities, telomere shortening and gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders.'], ['With the widespread uptake of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HF in PWH has become a chronic disease reflective of the aging population and associated comorbidities, albeit with a contribution from HIV-associated chronic immune dysregulation and inflammation.'], ['Diverse studies have shown a bidirectional relationship between Klotho and inflammation, a risk factor for the development of CVD.'], ['Although inflammation has been associated with cognitive impairment in dementia, less is known about its role in the cognition of middle to older aged healthy people.', 'This study utilised baseline data from the Australian Research Council Longevity Intervention (ARCLI) trial to investigate the relationship between markers of systemic inflammation (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, INF-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and hsCRP) and cognitive function in 286 healthy volunteers aged 60-75 years.', 'The relationship between episodic memory, speed of memory and inflammation varied with BMI.', 'In high BMI participants, increased inflammation was associated with worse cognitive function, while this association was reversed in those with low BMI.', 'Outside of the influence of IFN-gamma on attention, low-grade systemic inflammation was not robustly associated with cognitive function in this sample of middle to older aged healthy people.', 'Further research is required to understand the role of BMI in the intersection of inflammation and cognitive function.'], ['The aim of this study was to assess changes in AbetaPP ratio, ADAM10 and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress with ageing and obesity.', 'In addition, markers of inflammation (IL-6) and oxidative stress (8-Isoprostane) were assessed in plasma.'], ['BACKGROUND: Depression and inflammation are interrelated, and both are associated with the development of long-term conditions (LTCs).'], ['We have previously reported that the INSTI dolutegravir and maraviroc improved, and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir(atazanavir/r) worsened, inflammation and senescence in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC)s from adult controls.', "Here, we analyzed the pathways involved in the drugs' effects on inflammation, senescence and also insulin resistance.", 'RESULTS: Dolutegravir reduced inflammation by decreasing NFkappaB activation and IL-6/IL-8/sICAM-1/sVCAM-1 secretion, as did maraviroc with a milder effect.', 'From the transcriptomic analysis we selected USP18, previously shown to decrease inflammation and insulin-resistance.', 'USP18-silencing enhanced basal inflammation and senescence.', 'CONCLUSION: USP18 reduced basal inflammation, senescence and insulin resistance in coronary endothelial cells.', 'Dolutegravir and atazanavir/r, but not maraviroc, exerted opposite effects on inflammation and senescence that involved USP18.', 'Thus, in endothelial cells, dolutegravir and atazanavir/r oppositely affected pathways leading to inflammation, senescence and insulin resistance.'], ['AIMS: Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that plays a key role in DNA repair, inflammation and lipid regulation.'], ['Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is defined as a necrotizing granulomatous inflammation usually involving the upper and lower respiratory tract with necrotizing vasculitis affecting predominantly small to medium vessels.'], ['A complex interplay between inflammation, coagulation, and lipid metabolism pathways, influenced by epigenetic factors, is crucial in IS/PCS-induced arterial media calcification.'], ['However, with few exceptions, there was no significant difference in inflammation markers or stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells between young and older participants.'], ['RNA-sequencing analysis of LDAM revealed a transcriptional profile driven by innate inflammation that is distinct from previously reported microglial states.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a high prevalence of death due to cardiometabolic diseases.'], ['Fibrosis was accelerated in older mice on FFD, and Shc inhibition by LV in older mice or hepatocyte-specific deletion resulted in significantly improved inflammation, reduction in senescence markers in older mice, lipid peroxidation, and fibrosis.'], ["Sleep deprivation is reported to cause oxidative stress and is hypothesized to induce subsequent aging-related diseases including chronic inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular disease."], ['In recent decades, many studies that have evaluated the role of HCMV in inflammation and malignancies, especially in high-grade gliomas, have reported inconsistent results.'], ['Inflammation was evaluated by analyzing the secretion of cytokines and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB.'], ['Although abdominal computed tomography and total colonoscopy (TCS) revealed a tumor with circumferential ulcer in the transverse colon, histopathological analysis of a biopsy specimen of this lesion showed only nonspecific inflammation.'], ['Gene expression levels related to inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin [IL]-1beta, and IL-6) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase [SOD]1, SOD2, SOD3, glutathione reductase [GSR], glutathione peroxidase [GPx]3, and catalase [CAT]) responses were evaluated in the brain, small intestine, and liver.', 'Gene expression levels of inflammation and oxidative stress responses were higher (p < 0.05) in brains of CP-YOUNG and CP-ADULT mice, compared with PBS-YOUNG and PBS-ADULT, and the gene expression levels were higher (p < 0.05) in brains of CP-ADULT mice than CP-YOUNG mice.'], ['Here we propose that rDNA instability leads to the activation of innate immunity and inflammation via the interaction with the cytoplasmic DNA sensing machinery.'], ['The exact physiopathology remains unclear, but numerous studies highlight the role of inflammation and multiple risk factors.', 'Periodontal diseases lead to the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, mainly caused by the periodontal infection inducing a chronic inflammation.'], ['We found that the microbiota of ICU patients with sepsis has an increased abundance of microbes tightly associated with inflammation, such as Parabacteroides, Fusobacterium and Bilophila species.'], ['Mitophagy efficiency decreases with age leading to accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria enhancing the severity of age-related disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, diabetes and many more.'], ['Aged humans display a chronic and low-grade inflammation, termed "inflammaging", which has been potentially linked to the subsequent development of some aging-associated systemic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer\'s disease and obesity.', 'Though the origin of aging-associated systemic inflammation is uncertain, epidemiological studies show that inflammatory dermatoses (psoriasis and eczema) are risk factors for some aging-associated systemic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.', 'Moreover, recent studies demonstrate that epidermal dysfunction in aged skin not only causes cutaneous inflammation, but also a subsequent increase in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that the skin could be a major contributor to inflammaging.', 'Therefore, correction of epidermal dysfunction could be a novel approach for the prevention and mitigation of certain inflammation-associated chronic disorders in aged humans.'], ['Most studies indicated that the NAD+ precursors NAM, NR, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and to a lesser extent NAD+ and NADH had a favourable outcome on several age-related disorders associated with the accumulation of chronic oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired mitochondrial function.'], ['We then tracked these two groups longitudinally with structural MRI and biomarkers of inflammation, including soluble sTREM2 levels in the CSF and complement C3 expression in the blood transcriptome.', 'Consistent with the known anti-inflammatory influence of the peripheral cholinergic pathways on macrophages, our findings indicate that a loss of central cholinergic input originating from the basal forebrain might remove a key check on microglial inflammation induced by amyloid and tau accumulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the peripheral nervous system, cholinergic modulation holds the reactivity of macrophages to blood-based pathogens in check, promoting clearance while preventing runaway inflammation and immune-triggered cell death.', 'Here, we demonstrate that a loss of cholinergic integrity in the CNS, indexed by longitudinal decreases of basal forebrain volume, interacts with multiple biomarkers of inflammation in cognitively normal older adults with abnormal amyloid and tau pathology.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Based on literature and biological plausibility, it is reasonable to state that periodontitis patients with a low proportion of residual periodontal pockets and little inflammation are more likely to have stability of clinical attachment levels and less tooth loss over time.'], ['BACKGROUND: Walnut consumption counteracts oxidative stress and inflammation, 2 drivers of cognitive decline.'], ['Combining independent lines of evidence including the short half-life and spontaneous activation of neutrophils, we calculate that even without inter-current inflammation, a major source of lifetime ROS exposure may actually be neutrophil NOX-derived.'], ["Ocular inflammation resulting from a lens pathology is rare in the absence of a cataract or lens trauma because of the lens' immune privilege.", 'The lens can be a source of ocular inflammation when the capsule is broken or when lens proteins leak out through an intact capsule.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The association between PA and lung function is mediated by CRP, suggesting that this association may be partially explained by an inflammation-related biological mechanism.', 'This finding highlights the possible importance of PA in systemic inflammation and lung function, thus, middle-aged and older adults should be encouraged to enhance PA levels.'], ['Elevated levels of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) and lower expression of STAT1- or NFkappaB-regulated genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, and apoptosis/senescence were present in mouse PVAT, whereas PIAS1 was reduced in the PVAT of patients with atherosclerotic vessel disease.'], ['Furthermore, the response of early passage young cells was different from that of the late passage near-senescent cells, especially with respect to the expression of cell cycle-related and inflammation-related genes.'], ['As the major constituent of the dermal matrix, collagen strengthens the skin, enhances its elasticity and protects it from external factors, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays, skin inflammation, intracellular metabolites, and aging.'], ['In our research, we found CID16020046 to have distinct atheroprotective properties such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and inhibition of monocyte attachment to endothelial cells.'], ['Chronic inflammation, which is called "inflamm-aging" , is characterized by an increased level of inflammatory cytokines in response to physiological and environmental stressors, and causes the immune system to function consistently at a low level, even though it is not effective.', 'Inflammation has a role in the development of many age-related diseases, such as frailty.', 'Low grade chronic inflammation can also increase the risk of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance which are the leading mechanisms in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).', 'As it is well known that the risk of CVD is higher in older people with frailty and the risk of frailty is higher in patients with CVD, there may be relationship between inflammation and the development of CVD and frailty.'], ['The probable common underlying pathophysiologic feature is inflammation and associated phenomena, possibly having its root in the inflammageing.'], ['Physical frailty and sarcopenia (PF&S) share multisystem derangements, including variations in circulating amino acids and chronic low-grade inflammation.', 'We analyzed the gut microbial taxa, systemic inflammation, and metabolic characteristics of older adults with and without PF&S.'], ['Assessments are done at week 0 for patients and controls, and at week 16 and week 52 for patients only, including written questionnaires, a psychiatric and medical examination, blood, urine and saliva collection and a cycle ergometer test, to gather information about biological aging (telomere length and telomerase activity), mental health (depression and anxiety disorder characteristics), general fitness, metabolic stress-related biomarkers (inflammation, metabolic syndrome, cortisol) and genetic determinants.'], ['A dysfunctional immune system in HIV-infected individuals undergoing cART may be characterized by immune activation, early aging of immune cells, or persistent inflammation.'], ['Added to the inflammation in the context of aging (inflammaging), low-grade chronic inflammation (metaflammation) accompanies metabolic diseases.', 'Peripheral and central inflammation underlie metabolic syndrome - related cognitive dysfunction.'], ['Originally viewed as a disorder due solely to abnormalities in left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, our understanding has evolved such that HFpEF is now understood as a systemic syndrome, involving multiple organ systems, likely triggered by inflammation and with an important contribution of aging, lifestyle factors, genetic predisposition, and multiple-comorbidities, features that are typical of a geriatric syndrome.'], ['BACKGROUND: /Objectives: AGE and their receptors like RAGE and Galectin-3 can activate inflammatory pathways and have been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['METHODS: Human total knee replacement samples were subjected to histology and micro-CT analysis to determine the pathological changes in the cartilage and subchondral bone and to assess the expression of inflammation-related markers in the synovial tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC), qRT-PCR, and Western blot.'], ['An underlying state of inflammation is central to the development of sarcopenia and muscle wasting in heart failure; however, additional research in human models is needed to further delineate the pathophysiology of muscle wasting in these patients.'], ["Formulated according to the nutritional requirements of the newborn as a substitute for mother's milk, formula milk is a rich source of primary adducts, such as carboxy-methyl lysine, which render an infant prone to inflammation, dementia, food allergies, and other diseases."], ['A review paper was developed to explore DM-associated skin changes and possible benefits of cleanser and moisturizer use.METHODS: For this purpose, an expert panel of physicians involved in the care of patients with DM selected information from literature searches coupled with expert opinions and experience of the panel.RESULTS: A defective skin barrier predisposes the skin to water loss leading to dryness, hyperkeratosis and inflammation.'], ['Results show the Alastin product upregulates a large array of genes within areas of skin renewal, extracellular matrix remodeling, barrier function, and inflammation after 72 hours.'], ['Other methods are also used to diagnose iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia; soluble transferrin receptor, serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation are most common biomarkers of iron status that are frequently affected by inflammation, chronic diseases, and in the normal aging process (except soluble transferrin receptor).', 'RESULTS: According to this review, CHr has a moderate sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing iron deficiency, and is less affected by inflammation than serum iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin and is an early predictor of treatment response.', 'It is used in screening of iron deficiency, diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia, and diagnosis of functional iron deficiency anemia in acute or chronic diseases or inflammation.'], ['Mouse-model studies raise questions about the potential for effects of paternal experiences on human offspring TL, as they suggest that smoking, inflammation, DNA damage, and stressors all shorten sperm TL.'], ['Sarcopenia in patients with malignancies is a multifactorial problem, caused by chronic inflammation associated with malignancies, aging, nutritional deficiency, inactivity, and antineoplastic treatment.'], ['We investigated whether angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL 2), a factor that accelerates the progression of aging-related and noninfectious inflammatory diseases, was associated with increased mortality risk in hemodialysis patients.'], ['On the other hand, senescent cells secrete many proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, collectively termed as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which causes chronic inflammation and tissue dysfunction.'], ['Vascular degenerative disorders of posterior eye are the vision threatening disorders, involving inflammation as one of the main pathological mechanisms.'], ['SUMMARY: Senescence is a hallmark of aging-related diseases that is characterized by stable cell cycle arrest and chronic inflammation.'], ['An explanation might be that minor depression in later life reflects depressive symptoms due to underlying aging-related processes, such as inflammation-based sickness behavior, frailty, and mild cognitive impairment, which have all been associated with increased mortality.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The voriconazole trough concentrations in the elderly patients were significantly higher than those in the adult patients who received voriconazole therapy and were significantly affected by severe inflammation as evaluated by the procalcitonin concentration.', 'Frequent monitoring of the voriconazole serum concentration and procalcitonin concentration during and after severe inflammation is critical to maintain the voriconazole serum concentration within the therapeutic range.'], ['Ageing is associated with a changing immune system, leading to inflammageing (increased levels of inflammation markers in serum) and immunosenescence (reduced immune cells and reduced responses towards pathogens).', 'In serum, markers involved in inflammation were generally increased in elderly.'], ['In animal models, menopause leads to increased gut permeability and inflammation.', "Our exploratory objectives were to examine whether greater gut permeability is associated with more inflammation and lower bone mineral density (BMD).METHODSWe included 65 women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).", 'Key measures were markers of gut permeability (gut barrier dysfunction, fatty acid binding protein 2 [FABP2]) and immune activation secondary to gut microbial translocation (LPS binding protein [LBP], soluble CD14 [sCD14]), inflammation (high-sensitivity CRP), and lumbar spine (LS) or total hip (TH) BMD.RESULTSIn our primary analysis, FABP2, LBP, and sCD14 increased by 22.8% (P = 0.001), 3.7% (P = 0.05), and 8.9% (P = 0.0002), respectively, from pre- to postmenopause.', 'In exploratory, repeated measures, mixed-effects linear regression (adjusted for BMI, age at the premenopausal visit, race/ethnicity, and study site), greater gut permeability was associated with greater inflammation, along with lower LS and TH BMD.CONCLUSIONGut permeability increases during the MT.', 'Greater gut permeability is associated with more inflammation and lower BMD.', "Future studies should examine the longitudinal associations of gut permeability, inflammation, and BMD.FUNDINGFunding for this research was provided by NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, through the National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Nursing Research, and NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (U01NR004061, U01AG012505, U01AG012535, U01AG012531, U01AG012539, U01AG012546, U01AG012553, U01AG012554, and U01AG012495)."], ['BACKGROUND: Aberrant DNA methylation is induced by aging and chronic inflammation in normal tissues.', 'The induction by inflammation is widely recognized as acceleration of age-related methylation.', 'Here, we analyzed methylation targets by aging and inflammation, taking advantage of the potent methylation induction in human gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori infection-triggered inflammation.', 'RESULTS: DNA methylation microarray analysis of 482,421 CpG probes, grouped into 270,249 genomic blocks, revealed that high levels of methylation were induced in 44,461 (16.5%) genomic blocks by inflammation, even after correction of the influence of leukocyte infiltration.', 'A total of 61.8% of the hypermethylation was acceleration of age-related methylation while 21.6% was specific to inflammation.', 'Regions with H3K27me3 were frequently hypermethylated both by aging and inflammation.', 'Basal methylation levels were essential for age-related hypermethylation while even regions with little basal methylation were hypermethylated by inflammation.', 'When limited to promoter CpG islands, being a microRNA gene and high basal methylation levels strongly enhanced hypermethylation while H3K27me3 strongly enhanced inflammation-induced hypermethylation.', 'Inflammation was capable of overriding active transcription.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Methylation by inflammation was not simple acceleration of age-related methylation.'], ['PURPOSE: Chronic inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of age-related renal disease and the diet can moderate systemic inflammation.'], ['Conclusion: Dance training is a nonpharmacological strategy to reduce inflammation and improve neutrophil clearance in patients with T2DM.'], ['Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a member of the zinc finger family, has emerged as a transcription factor involved in a wide variety of inflammatory diseases.'], ['Unhealthy aging is associated with increased adiposity, inflammation and oxidative stress (OS), but the interactions between them have been poorly investigated in people growing old under vigorous lifelong exercise regimens.', 'Therefore, we compared and analyzed the relationships between markers of inflammation, OS and adiposity in master athletes (MA), young (YC) and middle-aged controls (MC).', 'Fifty-nine participants (MA, n = 30, 51.56 +- 8.61 yrs, minimum of 20 yrs of training; YC, n = 17, 22.70 +- 3.92 yrs; MC, n = 12, 45.54 +- 9.86 yrs) underwent body composition measurements, blood sampling for inflammation and OS measurements, and provided information regarding general health and training status.', 'In conclusion, markers of OS and inflammation did not differ between MA and YC and were associated with adiposity.', 'Thus, lifelong training clearly attenuates inflammation, OS, and adiposity, supporting an attenuated and healthy aging.'], ["Different animal and human studies from last two decades in the case of Parkinson's disease (PD) have concentrated on oxidative stress due to increased inflammation and cytokine-dependent neurotoxicity leading to induction of dopaminergic (DA) degeneration pathway in the nigrostriatal region.", 'Chronic inflammation, the principle hallmark of PD, forms the basis of neurodegeneration.', 'A family of inducible transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), is found to show expression in various cells and tissues, such as microglia, neurons, and astrocytes which play an important role in activation and regulation of inflammatory intermediates during inflammation.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Aging cohorts suggest HIV as a paradigm of chronic inflammation and immune activation with specific aging trajectory patterns in which antiretroviral therapy may play a role.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients, inflammation level and physical activity level, along with initial smear grade may have a significant impact on delayed sputum conversion.'], ['It is usually accepted that acute inflammation is responsible for hypercatabolism.', 'TEE was not increased in hospitalized patients and was not influenced by inflammation, while the relationship between REE and inflammation was uncertain.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging and HIV have adverse effects on the central nervous system, including increased inflammation and neural injury and confer risk of neurocognitive impairment (NCI).'], ['BACKGROUND: The importance of systemic inflammation, measured by C-reactive protein, in cognitive decline has been demonstrated; however, the role of vascular inflammation is less understood.', 'Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a novel marker of vascular inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: We found that vascular inflammation was significantly associated with cognitive decline in older women, but not men.'], ['The Wnt pathway regulates genes associated with inflammation, cell cycle, angiogenesis, fibrinolysis and other molecular processes.'], ['The interplay between oral diseases and malnutrition with frailty and sarcopenia may be explained through biological and environmental factors that are linked to the common burden of inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['We explored the relationship among iron metabolism, muscle mitochondrial homeostasis, inflammation, and physical function in older adults and young controls.'], ['Catabody are superior to ordinary antibodies because of catalyst reuse for thousands of target destruction cycles with little or no risk of causing inflammation, a must for non-toxic removal of abundant targets such as amyloids.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation is implicated in functional decline and the development of disability in aging.', 'This study aimed to investigate the association of inflammation with physical function and muscle strength in older adults with obesity and increased cardiometabolic risk.', 'A composite inflammation score combining all 3 inflammatory markers showed the strongest inverse association with 6MWT (p<0.01).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Chronic inflammation was associated with poorer physical function and specific strength in older adults with obesity and increased cardiometabolic risk.', 'Physical activity levels below current recommendations mitigated the deleterious effects of inflammation on lower body mobility, underscoring the benefits of exercise for preserving physical function with age.'], ['HIV infection leads to a phenomenon of inflammaging, in which chronic inflammation induces an immune aged phenotype, even in individuals on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) with undetectable viremia.'], ['Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are likely to play a role in determining the simultaneous involvement of the two vascular compartments.'], ['N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) is a natural hormone secreted by the pineal gland which has been shown to participate in several physiological and pathological progresses, such as aging, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and autophagy regulation.', 'In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that melatonin could modulate ECM remodeling by IL-1beta in vitro and attenuate the IVDD and induction of inflammation in a rat tail puncture model in vivo.'], ['Similarly, consistently high CRP levels in the top tertile at baseline and 2 years later, were associated with OR of 2.85 (95%CI 1.29-6.30); p = .01 for GDS >=5 at T2.Conclusions: Presence and persistence of low-grade inflammation in men with CHD during midlife are associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms twenty years later.', 'Among middle aged men with CHD, low-grade inflammation may provide an important added value for prediction of depression in old age.'], ['In neurons 1,25(OH)2D3 suppresses oxidative stress, inhibits inflammation, provides neuroprotection, down-regulates a variety of inflammatory mediators and up-regulates a wide variety of neurotrophins.'], ['BACKGROUND: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a common disorder that results in oxidative stress and inflammation and is associated with multiple age-related health outcomes.'], ['The purpose of this study was to develop a novel, writing-based intervention to increase feelings of generativity and test the effect of this intervention on well-being and inflammation in a sample of older women.', 'Self-reported measures of social well-being, mental health, and physical health, as well as objective measures of systemic and cellular levels of inflammation (plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha; genome-wide RNA transcriptional profiling), were assessed pre- and post-intervention.', 'Thus, this study provides preliminary evidence for the ability of a novel, low-cost, low-effort intervention to favorably impact inflammation and well-being in older women.'], ['Inflammation could also adversely affect cognitive function.', 'This study explored whether systemic inflammation may be one biological mechanism through which sleep influences cognitive performance.', 'Analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for socio-economic circumstances, health behaviours, limiting long-standing illness, medication, depressive symptoms, and baseline inflammation and cognition.', 'In conclusion, baseline short and long sleep duration is associated with follow-up cognitive performance in older men, but we found no evidence of any mediating effects of inflammation.'], ['Most of the participants with dementia presented gingival bleeding or inflammation and they suffered from the periodontal disease more than people without dementia.'], ['Age-associated chronic basal inflammation compromises muscle mass and adaptability, but exercise training may exert an anti-inflammatory effect.', 'This investigation assessed basal and exercise-induced inflammation in three cohorts of men: young exercisers [YE; n = 10 men; 25 +- 1 yr; maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max), 53 +- 3 mL kg-1 min-1; quadriceps area, 78 +- 3 cm2; means +- SE], old healthy nonexercisers (OH; n = 10; 75 +- 1 yr; Vo2max, 22 +- 1 mL kg-1 min-1; quadriceps area, 56 +- 3 cm2), and lifelong exercisers with an aerobic training history of 53 +- 1 yr (LLE; n = 21; 74 +- 1 yr; Vo2max, 34 +- 1 mL kg-1 min-1; quadriceps area, 67 +- 2 cm2).', 'Lifelong exercise may positively impact muscle health throughout aging by promoting anti-inflammation in skeletal muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study assessed a unique population of lifelong aerobic exercising men and demonstrated that their activity status exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in skeletal muscle and circulation.'], ['The most frequent cause of FUO was non-infectious inflammatory disease.'], ['We also focus on the dimorphism that exists between males and females in microglial-induced inflammation and energy metabolism after CNS injury.'], ['DESIGN: this cross-sectional study used data from the Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study ranging from 2013 to 2017.'], ['Small pupils have been an eternal challenge for cataract surgeons; insufficient pupil dilation is associated with increased complication rates, including capsule rupture, vitreous loss, iris trauma or postoperative inflammation.'], ['Therefore imbalance in cascade secretion of a number of Th-1 (pro-inflammatory cytokines) and/or Th-2 (anti-inflammatory cytokines) in CLL patients with their pleiotropy, redundancy, synergistic and antagonistic activity and parallelism can cause variety of clinical manifestations as recurrent infections, systemic inflammation/sepsis, immunodeficiency, autoimmune disorder, indolent antiself malignancy, and/or other diverse secondary tumours.'], ['In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), a simple tool designed for assessing nutrition-related risks in the elderly population, is associated with unique aspects of CKD such as fluid status, residual renal function, proteinuria, and inflammation, and whether it predicts clinical outcomes.'], ['The microvascular dysfunction score was associated with a worse cognitive function score (standardized beta, -0.087 [95% CI, -0.127 to -0.047]), independent of age, education level, sex, type 2 diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, total/HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, lipid-modifying medication, prior cardiovascular disease, depression and plasma biomarkers of low-grade inflammation.'], ['These DMS were enriched in genes mostly associated with immune cell metabolism and ageing and in binding sites for several transcription factors involved in immune response and inflammation, among other functions.'], ['dHACM is an important adjunct when performing minimally invasive grafting for implant procedures, as it possesses signaling proteins that can facilitate wound healing and regulate inflammation and pain.'], ['In summary, rhADAMTS13 lessens inflammation in allografts by reducing NET burden, resulting in enhanced allograft survival.'], ['On the other hand, glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat the chronic inflammatory disorders, but long-term exposure to GCs can induce osteoporosis.'], ['Development of OBSP could be mediated by a crosstalk between the visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) and the skeletal muscle under conditions of low-grade local and systemic inflammation, inflammaging.', 'Inflammation may increase the risk of ACVD events in a hyperlipidemia-independent manner.', 'Significant reduction of ACVD event rates, without the lowering of plasma lipids, following a specific targeting of key pro-inflammatory cytokines confirms a key role of inflammation in ACVD pathogenesis.', 'In OBSP, AT dysfunction and inflammation induce, in concert with dysbiosis, lipotoxicity and other pathophysiological processes, thus exacerbating sarcopenia and CHF.', 'Administration of specialized, inflammation pro-resolving mediators has been shown to ameliorate the inflammatory manifestations.'], ['Telomeric DNA is highly susceptible to oxidative damage and dietary habits may make an impact on telomere attrition rates through the mediation of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.'], ['In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of RSV infection and disease, focusing on how chemokines regulate virus-induced inflammation.'], ['Key abnormalities driving cardiovascular risk in old age include endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and the pro-atherosclerotic effects of chronic, low-grade, inflammation.', 'Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies have shown that methotrexate, a first-line synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, significantly reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, a human model of systemic inflammation, premature atherosclerosis, and vascular aging.', 'Therefore, methotrexate has the potential to be repurposed for cardiovascular risk management in old age because of its putative pharmacological effects on inflammation, vascular homeostasis, and blood pressure.'], ['These findings suggest that older age is associated with persistence of dysfunctional mitochondria in CD4+ T lymphocytes caused by defective mitochondrial turnover by autophagy, which may trigger chronic inflammation and contribute to the impairment of immune defense in older persons.'], ['It is also influenced by cumulative exposure to inflammation and oxidative stress as well as the availability of telomerase, the telomere-lengthening enzyme.'], ['As aging is a multifactorial process, apart from genetic predisposition, other environmental factors, such as chronic sterile inflammation and cellular senescence, contribute as crucial participants and have been targeted to reverse their deleterious effects on tissue homeostasis and functional integrity.'], ['In addition, we have revealed that the Mst1/2 kinases are critical in regulating T cells activation and Mst1/2-TAZ axis regulates the reciprocal differentiation of Treg cells and Th17 cells to modulate autoimmune inflammation by altering interactions between the transcription factors Foxp3 and RORgammat.', 'These results indicate that Hippo signaling maintains the balance between tolerance and inflammation of adaptive immunity.'], ['AG has an antibacterial effect on a wide variety of bacteria, which is reflected in the inhibition of bacterial pathogenic factors and the regulation of immunity to downregulate infectious inflammation caused by bacteria.'], ['The ASK1-signalosome p38 MAPK and SAPK/JNK signaling networks promote senescence (in vitro) and aging (in vivo, animal models and human cohorts) in response to oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'These networks contribute to the promotion of age-associated cardiovascular diseases of oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'In this review we focus on whether the (a) ASK1-signalosome, a major center of distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated stress signals, plays a role in the promotion of cardiovascular diseases of oxidative stress and inflammation; (b) The ASK1-signalosome links ROS signals generated by dysfunctional mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes to the p38 MAPK stress response pathway; (c) the pathway contributes to the sensitivity and vulnerability of aged tissues to diseases of oxidative stress; and (d) the importance of inhibitors of these pathways to the development of cardioprotection and pharmaceutical interventions.'], ['Furthermore, the EVs were assessed for three key microRNAs involved in cancer, inflammation and hypoxia.'], ['Previous work suggests that inflammation and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) increases sympathetic drive.', 'Importantly, chronic inflammation in several brain regions is commonly observed in aged populations, and a growing body of evidence suggests neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in HF.'], ['BACKGROUND: The relations between diet, chronic inflammation, and musculoskeletal health are unclear, especially among older men.'], ['Literature review of these identified genera indicated that for individuals with advanced ages, some beneficial genera are lost while some genera related with inflammation and cancer increase.'], ["BACKGROUND: Elevated peripheral levels of different cytokines and chemokines in subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD), as compared with healthy controls (HC), have emphasized the role of inflammation in such a disease."], ['Intestinal barrier dysfunction is hypothesized to be a contributing determinant of two prominent characteristics of aging: inflammation and decline in physical function.', 'We measured inflammation, MT, and physical function in 288 overweight/obese older patients with cardiometabolic disease and self-reported mobility limitations who were enrolled in a weight loss and lifestyle intervention study.', 'Lifestyle interventions improved body mass and some functional measures; however, MT and inflammation were unchanged.', 'MT is reliably related to inflammation, and to poorer physical function in older adults with comorbid conditions.'], ['Plasma fatty acids (FAs) and oxidant status contribute to the etiology of sarcopenia in the elderly concurring to age-related muscle loss and elderly frailty through several mechanisms including changes in FA composition within the sarcolemma, promotion of chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance.'], ['These findings suggest that quercetin can directly target PKCdelta and JAK2 in the skin to elicit protective effects against UV-mediated skin aging and inflammation.'], ['The analysis demonstrated that the unique independent risk predictors for vascular ageing are age, the EPC reduced migratory activity and senescence, high grade of expression of genes inducing EPC senescence and chronic tissue and systemic inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Given the evidence of multi-parameter risk factors in shaping cognitive outcomes in aging, including sleep, inflammation, cardiometabolism, and mood disorders, multidimensional investigations of their impact on cognition are warranted.', 'We sought to determine the extent to which self-reported sleep disturbances, metabolic syndrome (MetS) factors, cellular inflammation, depressive symptomatology, and diminished physical mobility were associated with cognitive impairment and poorer cognitive performance.'], ['Agerelated Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset, neurodegenerative retinal disease that shares several clinical and pathological features with AD, including stress stimuli such as oxidative stress, inflammation and amyloid formations.'], ['Moreover, central characteristics of the MetS like inflammation, obesity and insulin resistance have been associated with the frailty syndrome.'], ['In the case of our patient, we conclude that these deposits were likely recipient-derived, and postulate that the cumulative burden of inflammation from rejection, and underlying medical conditions led to increased lipofuscin deposition.'], ['Long considered to be a "wear and tear" disease, OA is now seen as a low-grade inflammation disease that affects all tissues of the joint, involving cartilage degradation, bone remodelling, osteophytes, and synovitis.', 'The process, called inflammaging, is characterised by the association of low-grade inflammation, profound changes in intra-cellular mechanisms, and the decreased efficiency of the immune system with ageing.', 'These molecules are released in the extracellular media after cell stress or damage, bind to pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and activate the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, leading to joint inflammation.', 'Moreover, such sterile inflammation triggers cell senescence, characterised by a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).', 'This review will focus on age-related sterile inflammation in OA and highlight the various innovative and promising therapies targeting the mechanisms of aging.'], ['The course of the diseases may be influenced by germline predispositions, modifying mutations, their order of acquisition and environmental factors such as aging and inflammation.'], ['There is an interplay between low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, hormonal changes, a sedentary lifestyle, eating habits, and aging.'], ['Some characteristics such as age, education, time spent watching TV, cycling and a biomarker of inflammation (C-reactive protein) were associated with frailty in men and women.'], ['However, little is known on the association between depression symptom course and metabolic and inflammation dysregulation.', 'Inflammation and metabolic risk profile scores were obtained from plasma and diagnostic-based indicators in the follow-up, using a robust latent-factor approach.', 'Participants depicting a high-symptom trajectory showed the greatest inflammation profile score and high metabolic risk.', 'Moderate-symptom trajectory was also related to high inflammation and metabolic risk.', 'To sum up, at-risk trajectories of symptoms were associated with high inflammation and risk of metabolic diseases.'], ['OBJECTIVE: In this study, we explored the effect of zinc supplementation on markers of inflammation and monocyte activation in antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV infection.', 'METHODS: This is a phase I open-labeled randomized double-arm study, exploring the efficacy and safety of zinc supplementation on inflammation in >=18-year-old people living with HIV in the US, on stable antiretroviral therapy and with zinc levels <=75 microg/dL in the last 60 days.'], ['Experimental, clinical and epidemiological data suggest that intestinal inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of PD, and the increasing number of studies suggests that the condition may start in the gastrointestinal system years before any motor symptoms develop.', 'Gene association study has found a genetic link between IBD and PD, and an evidence from animal studies suggests that gut inflammation, similar to that observed in IBD, may induce loss of dopaminergic neurons.'], ['As fundamental processes of immune homeostasis, autophagy, and apoptosis must be maintained to mitigate risk of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases.'], ['Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammation and senescence are the cause of many severe age-related diseases, with both biological processes highly upregulated during aging.', 'However, until now, it has remained unknown whether specific inflammation- or senescence-related genes exist that are common between different species or tissues.'], ['These findings suggest a natural mechanism for alleviating the inflammatory response during cellular senescence and aging in Spalax, which can prevent age-related chronic inflammation supporting healthy aging and longevity.'], ['OBJECTIVES: There is a large literature linking inflammation with mental ill health, but a much smaller literature focusing on mental wellbeing.', 'Specifically, it remains unclear whether mental wellbeing is longitudinally and independently associated with inflammation or only via associated changes in mental ill health.', 'Fixed effects modelling was performed to identify the longitudinal relationship between wellbeing and inflammation, adjusting for time-varying mental ill health and other identified confounders.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study builds on the strong literature showing a relationship between mental ill health and inflammation by showing that there is also an apparently independent relationship between mental wellbeing, in particular eudemonic wellbeing, and inflammation that is unexplained by socio-economic or other time-constant factors and in some instances persists independent of time-varying confounders.'], ['There is little evidence for semantic memory deficit in HIV infection, while there are suggestions that the neural substrate of implicit memory may be damaged by the effects of HIV infection and inflammation.'], ['Furthermore, the gene expression profiles associated with astrocytic and neuronal EAAT2 deletion are substantially different, with the former associated with inflammation and synaptic function similar to changes observed in human AD and gene expression changes associated with inflammation similar to the aging human brain.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: DPP-4 inhibition can improve vascular aging in stressed mice, possibly by improving oxidative stress production and vascular inflammation.'], ['Notably, all new synthetized hybrids exhibit a H2S-donor profile in vitro and elicit protective effects in a model of LPS-induced microglia inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Considering consumers need in heavily polluted areas, we developed a multipurpose formulation comprised of unique active complexes toward pollution, pollution induced inflammation, skin brightening, and antiaging concerns with beneficial results demonstrated by in vitro and ex vivo studies.'], ['35 consecutive patients with SVD at brain MRI and 35 age- and sex-matched controls, between January 2016 and February 2018, underwent an extended screening for thrombophilia, autoimmunity and evaluated levels of blood markers of inflammation and endothelial activation.'], ['Our model successfully enabled visualization of the suppressive effects of a citrus flavonoid derivative, glucosyl-hesperidin, on inflammation and fibrosis in kidney disease, indicating that this model could be widely used in exploring therapeutic agents for fibrotic diseases.'], ["A treat-to-target approach may achieve the aim of controlling inflammation and preserving patient's functioning and quality of life, and would require pursuit and evaluation of clinical, laboratory, imaging, and structural targets to tackle the different manifestations of GCA and PMR."], ['We summarize how these environmental factors negatively impact skin cells: by upregulating xenobiotic metabolism (and bioactivation) and inducing oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to premature aging and a disrupted barrier function.'], ['Moreover, low-grade inflammation is implicated in the aetiology of CVD.', 'Accordingly, our aim was to investigate the association between several markers of inflammation - C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and white blood cell count - and hearing impairment.', 'Inflammatory marker data from both wave 4 (baseline, 2008/09) and wave 6 (2012/13) were averaged to measure systemic inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: While white blood cell count was positively associated with hearing impairment in older adults, no relationships were found for two other markers of low-grade inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVES: A 1-y randomized controlled trial [New Dietary Strategies Addressing the Specific Needs of the Elderly Population for Healthy Aging in Europe (NU-AGE)] was carried out in older Europeans to investigate the effects of consuming a Mediterranean-style diet on indices of inflammation and changes in nutritional status.'], ['DR arises as the result of prolonged hyperglycemia and is characterized by leaky retinal vasculature, retinal ischemia, retinal inflammation, angiogenesis, and neovascularization.', 'Besides vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular proliferation, several other mechanisms are important in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, including vascular inflammation.', 'This review attempts to summarize the proteomic biomarkers of DR-associated retinal inflammation identified over the last several years.'], ['However, the hypertrophic response to PRT is variable, and this may be due to muscle inflammation susceptibility.', 'Metformin reduces inflammation, so we hypothesized that metformin would augment the muscle response to PRT in healthy women and men aged 65 and older.'], ['An expected culprit for the decline in effective immunity is the rise of the systemic levels of pro-inflammatory molecules during aging, establishing a chronic low-grade inflammation.', 'Indeed, numerous alterations affecting directly or indirectly B cells in old people and mice are reminiscent of various effects of acute inflammation on this cell type in young adults.', 'The present mini-review will highlight the possible adverse contributions of the persistent low-level inflammation observed in susceptible older organisms to the inadequate B-cell physiology.'], ['While inflammation clearly contributes to vision loss in AMD, the mechanism remains controversial.', 'LCN-2 promotes inflammation by modulating integrin beta1 levels to stimulate adhesion and transmigration of activated neutrophils into the retina.'], ['Ultraviolet (UV) exposure has been demonstrated as the most critical factor causing extrinsic skin aging and inflammation.', 'Sesamin could reduce UVB-induced inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia, collagen degradation, and wrinkle formation in hairless mice.'], ['As senescent cells persist in tissues, they cause local inflammation and are harmful to surrounding cells, contributing to aging.'], ['BACKGROUND: Senescent cells, which can release factors that cause inflammation and dysfunction, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), accumulate with ageing and at etiological sites in multiple chronic diseases.'], ['Traditionally, research has largely focused on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, but interest in the importance of inflammation in the progression of the disease has recently been increasing.'], ['Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of airway affecting people from childhood to old age, and is characterized by airway epithelial dysfunction.', 'Cucurbitacin E (CuE), a tetracyclic triterpene isolated from Cucurbitaceae plants, has been recently proved to exert anti-inflammation and immunology regulation activities.', 'Consequently, these findings highlight that CuE can ameliorate human bronchial epithelial cell insult and inflammation under LPS-simulated asthmatic conditions by blocking the HMGB1-TLR4-NF-kappaB signaling, thereby supporting its usefulness as a promising therapeutic agent against asthma.'], ['In women, aging is evidenced by physiological hormonal alterations that trigger changes in body composition, emergence of chronic low-grade inflammation, which is an important pre-disposition to the development of chronic diseases such as Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).', "Therefore, this study's objective was to evaluate the inflammation in diabetic and hypertensive elderly women, and their association with fat mass."], ["Dementia is one of the most-commom neurodegenerative aging diseases, in which inflammation-related Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia.", 'We propose that the effects of PAW of reducing the amyloid burden and improving memory function cannot be attributed to synthesis/degradation of amyloid-betaprotein but probably in preventing aggregation of amyloid-beta proteins or other mechanisms, including anti-inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Accumulating evidences suggest that chronic systemic inflammation (CSI) is independently associated with large number of major non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) ranging from metabolic disorders to cancers, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been accepted as a novel, convenient marker for CSI response.'], ['Our primary exposures of interest are cytomegalovirus and varicella zoster reactivation, changes in HIV plasma viral load, and markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial function.'], ['The present study aimed to assess the impact of long-lasting professional physical training (endurance and sprint) performed at a young age on the endothelial function and arterial stiffness reported in older age in relation to glycocalyx injury, prostacyclin and nitric oxide production, inflammation, basal blood lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis.', 'Moreover, no effect of training performed at a young age (P>0.05) on blood lipid profile, markers of inflammation, and glycocalyx shedding were observed in the former athletes.'], ['However, very limited data is available on residual inflammation and immune activation in the populations who are on first-generation anti-HIV drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine that have more toxic side effects.', 'Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of systemic inflammation and understand the risk of age-associated diseases in PLHIV on long-term suppressive ART using a large number of biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation.', 'Samples were analyzed for 92 markers of inflammation, sCD14, sCD163, and telomere length.', 'Many of these markers are associated with age-related co-morbidities including cardiovascular disease, neurocognitive decline and some of these markers are being reported for the first time in the context of HIV-induced inflammation.'], ['This review summarizes the functions of SIRT2 in the nervous system, mitosis regulation, genome integrity, cell differentiation, cell homeostasis, aging, infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy.'], ['Alternatively, these types of cancers could also be indirectly stimulated by HPV-induced chronic inflammations, which in turn are also caused by HPV oncogenes activity.', 'Chronic inflammation is associated with repeated tissue injury and development of mutations in the vital tumor suppressor genes.', 'Thus, it is important to understand that the persistent HPV infection and its associated chronic inflammation is responsible for the progression of HPV-induced cancers.', 'This pathway is assumed to be the main cause of HPV-induced inflammation.', 'The upregulation of such cytokines accelerates the incidence of inflammation following HPV infection.', 'Other factors such as microRNAs, which are involved in the inflammation pathways and aging, give rise to the increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and could also be responsible for the acceleration of HPV-induced inflammation and consequent cervical cancer.', 'In this review, the exact roles of HPV oncogenes in the occurrence of inflammation in cervical tissue, and the effects of other factors in this event are evaluated.'], ['It is plausible that extracellular vesicles from senescent airway epithelium transmit senescent signals to airway fibroblasts to stimulate fibrosis and inflammation.'], ['Noteworthily, M2 polarization effectively suppressed the particle-induced inflammation in both young and aged macrophages.', 'These results suggest that aging of the innate immune system per se plays no significant role in the response of macrophages to titanium particles, whereas induction of M2 polarization appears a promising strategy to limit macrophage-mediated inflammation regardless of age.'], ['Men may be more susceptible to loneliness-associated disease risks signaled by biological changes, including systemic inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze if low-grade inflammation (LGI) (chronically raised C-reactive protein - CRP) and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) were associated with variation in IC domains (mobility, cognition, psychological and vitality) and in a combined IC Z-score over a 5-year follow-up among non-demented, community-dwelling older adults at risk of cognitive decline.', 'RESULTS: IC Z-score decreased among groups with no inflammation and LGI after 5 years, but this decrease was more pronounced among the LGI group (unadjusted mean group difference: 0.09, 95%CI: 0.01 to 0.16; p = 0.032).'], ['It has been suggested that high- and low-B12 concentrations link to increased mortality through accelerated genomic aging and inflammation.', 'In LB12 and HB12 subjects, mortality and accelerated telomere shortening might be driven by homocysteine and inflammation, respectively.'], ['Immune activation and inflammation in cardiovascular disease patients associate with higher phenylalanine/tyrosine ratios.'], ['Aging is accompanied by altered intercellular communication, deregulated metabolic function, and inflammation.', 'MANF deficient flies exhibit enhanced inflammation and shorter lifespans, and MANF heterozygous mice exhibit inflammatory phenotypes in various tissues, as well as progressive liver damage, fibrosis, and steatosis.', 'We show that immune cell-derived MANF protects against liver inflammation and fibrosis, while hepatocyte-derived MANF prevents hepatosteatosis.'], ['However, as they are more commonly non-atopic, causative factors other than classical atopic sensitization, such as Staphylococcus aureus specific IgE sensitization, are suggested to drive the type 2 inflammation.'], ['Mechanistically, water restriction yields stable metabolism remodeling toward metabolic water production with greater food intake and energy expenditure, an elevation of markers of inflammation and coagulation, accelerated decline of neuromuscular coordination, renal glomerular injury, and the development of cardiac fibrosis.', 'In humans, analysis of data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study revealed that hydration level, assessed at middle age by serum sodium concentration, is associated with markers of coagulation and inflammation and predicts the development of many age-related degenerative diseases 24 years later.'], ['Furthermore, the expression of inflammation-related proteins, cyclooxygenase-2, heme oxygenase-1, and prostaglandin E2 was also suppressed.'], ['Immunosenescence involves a series of ageing-induced alterations in the immune system and is characterized by two opposing hallmarks: defective immune responses and increased systemic inflammation.'], ['Histologic evaluations of ATN, inflammation, glomerulosclerosis (GS), interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and arterial sclerosis were performed.'], ['Uremic-specific risk factors including chronic inflammation, retention of uremic toxins, and abnormal bone mineral metabolism have independently been linked to the pathogenesis of premature vascular aging, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease.'], ['CONCLUSION: The positive correlation between cortisol excretion and low-grade inflammation suggests a common mechanism driving both hormonal and inflammatory changes.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation, firmly established driving forces of age-related CV dysfunction, also play an important role in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and rupture.'], ['While several external parameters (genetic, behavioral, environmental and physiological) contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; intrinsic metabolic and functional determinants such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, inflammation, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia are considered to be dominant factors.'], ['The atherosclerotic process is linked to a low grade of systemic inflammation with the involvement of many cytokines and inflammatory proteins.'], ['Overproduction of ROS is associated with the development of various human diseases (including cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders), inflammation, and aging.'], ['These results show that AZ improves extracellular matrix integrity with retinoid-like effects on differentiation and inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: We found a correlation between cognitive function and the serum A/G ratio in community-dwelling older people, suggesting that nutritional status and chronic inflammation might influence cognitive function.'], ['The complement system is a group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign invaders, trigger inflammation, and remove debris from cells and tissues.'], ['Associations of telomere length with spirometric parameters were tested by linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders of sex, age, body mass index, socioeconomic position, physical activity, inflammation, asthma, pubertal status, and smoking.'], ['The underlying mechanisms may involve inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'As for inflammation and oxidative stress, IL-1beta was inversely correlated with GSK-3beta activity, while 8-isoPGF2alpha was positively correlated with GSK-3beta activity and GSK-3beta/BDNF ratio.'], ['Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in aging, inflammation, and cancer.'], ['Further, changes in dopamine can influence the development of inflammation and the regulation of immune function, which are also implicated in the progression of NeuroHIV and depression.', 'This review will discuss those interactions, first examining the etiology of NeuroHIV and depression in older adults, then discussing the interrelated effects of dopamine and inflammation on these disorders, and finally reviewing the activity and interactions of cART drugs and antidepressants on each of these factors.'], ['The most likely explanation relates to low-grade urate crystal induced inflammation.'], ['gamma-Tocopherol is ubiquitous in the diet and levels appear to be physiologically regulated such that levels rise in response to inflammation and deficiencies in certain key vitamins.'], ['MDP levels were linked to systemic inflammation and evidence of oxidative stress in the muscle, two hallmark features of premature aging and uremia.'], ['Human SH2B3 is involved in growth factor and inflammation signaling.'], ['The primary outcomes of the fasting study was weight loss/recovery and the associated changes in blood pressure and circulating levels of surrogate markers linked to organ and system functions-including cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammation.'], ['Upper Zone of Growth Plate and Cartilage Matrix Associated (UCMA) is a member of vitamin K-dependent protein family, and is involved in inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and OA.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic systemic inflammation accelerates early vascular ageing.'], ['Diet-induced metabolic endotoxemia has been proposed as a major root cause of inflammation and these pathways emerge as detrimental factors of healthy ageing.'], ['Ageing and inflammation strongly drive the risk of cardiovascular disease.', 'We propose that the mutations leading to clonal haematopoiesis contribute to the increased inflammation seen in ageing and thereby explain some of the age-related risk of cardiovascular disease.'], ['Human gut microbiota, which comprises an extremely diverse and complex community of microorganisms inhabiting the intestinal tract, may be associated with inflammation and age-related chronic health conditions.', 'Food homologues to human miR-21, miR-155 and miR-146a were found in cow fat, cow milk, and eggs suggesting that they may be able of targeting, and probably exacerbating, inflammation related pathways.'], ['Inflammation has been implicated in ICH pathogenesis and is a potential therapeutic target for ICH.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation contributes to the risk of osteoporosis and fracture.'], ['Peroxisomes have recently been identified as pivotal regulators of immune functions and inflammation in the development and during infection, defining a new branch of immunometabolism.', 'This review summarizes the current evidence that has helped to identify peroxisomes as central regulators of immunity and highlights the peroxisomal proteins and metabolites that have acquired relevance in human pathologies for their link to the development of inflammation, neuropathies, aging and cancer.'], ['We investigated the association between serum muscle biomarkers and sarcopenia among patients with OA, considering the presence of pain and inflammation.', 'Pain and inflammation were measured using the numeric rating scale and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, respectively.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Serum CK was associated with sarcopenia, suggesting the potential usefulness for sarcopenia detection regardless of pain or inflammation in OA.'], ['Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an archetype of systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by the presence of diverse autoantibodies and chronic inflammation.', 'Recently, many authors noted that "inflammaging", consisting of immunosenescence and inflammation, is a common feature in aging people and patients with SLE.'], ['A conglomerate of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlies the effects of aging on cardiovascular function, the most important being excessive oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation superimposed on the limited cardiac regeneration capacity.'], ['Increasing incidence, combined with population ageing, adds urgency to explain diverticular formation, to understand factors that trigger or provoke their inflammation/infection, and to clarify treatment and (self-)management pathways.'], ['Aging and inflammation are thought to promote AMD pathogenesis in people with genetic predisposition.'], ['Similar to human sepsis, old mice demonstrated low-grade systemic inflammation 14 days after cecal ligation and puncture + daily chronic stress and evidence of immunosuppression, as determined by increased serum concentrations of multiple pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines when compared with young septic mice.', 'In addition, it effectively created a state of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and weight loss, thought to be a key aspect of chronic sepsis pathobiology and increasingly more prevalent after human sepsis.'], ['This is discussed in the context of the emerging importance of inflammation in depression.'], ['In recent years, interest in human microglia and neuroinflammation has been renewed due to the identification of inflammation-related AD genetic risk factors, in particular the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2.'], ['We could show that glycation, but not treatment with AGE-modified serum proteins, increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-8 but also affected IL-10 and TNF-alpha expression, resulting in increased inflammation.'], ['The extracts and secondary metabolites from Euphorbia plants may act as active principles of medicines for the treatment of many human ailments, mainly inflammation, cancer, and microbial infections.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to summarize the role and significance of inflammation as a putative additional factor contributing to lower urinary tract symptoms and the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia.', 'We review (1) the histologic definition of prostatic inflammation and its prevalence, (2) the effects inflammation in the prostate including on risk of acute urinary retention, and (3) the effects of systemic inflammation on the prostate and on voiding.', 'RECENT FINDINGS: Inflammation is a highly prevalent finding in the prostate, both on a histological and biochemical level.', 'Men with inflammation have higher IPSS scores and increased prostate size; however, these differences appear to be imperceptibly small.', 'Men with inflammation do experience a significantly increased risk of developing acute urinary retention, an event that is associated with significant morbidity.', 'Recently, attempts have been made to identify more specific biochemical markers of local inflammation, and to identify regional patterns of inflamed tissue within the prostate which may be associated with higher IPSS scores, accelerated progression, and AUR.', 'Inflammation is a common finding in prostates of aging men, but its contribution to lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia progression appears to be small when considered as a clinically relevant entity.', 'Advances in the understanding of different forms of inflammation, and their impact when experienced in different locations within the prostate, may refine this knowledge.', 'Systemic inflammation affects voiding, including in the absence of a prostate, but again significant effects of systemic inflammation on the prostate itself are also difficult to demonstrate.'], ['CRP is an important promoter of vascular inflammation.', 'Thus, systemic inflammation may actively contribute to the progression of vascular calcification.'], ['Oestrogen-mediated vascular actions are mainly attributed to oestradiol and exerted by oestrogen receptors (ERalpha, ERbeta and G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor), through rapid and/or genomic mechanisms, but these effects depend on ageing and inflammation.', 'On the one hand, the timing hypothesis, which states that oestrogen-mediated benefits occur before the detrimental effects of ageing are established in the vasculature; on the other hand, ageing and/or hormonal-associated changes in ER expression that could lead to a deleterious imbalance in favour of ERbeta over ERalpha, generally associated with higher inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.', 'Thus, the present Symposium Review aims to postulate the role of ERalpha in oestrogen modulation of endothelium-derived mediators and vascular physiology, as well as its relationship with miRNA and inflammation, and elucidate how physiological changes in postmenopausal women counteract the observed effects.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Chronic low-grade inflammation is a key underlying mechanism in several age-related chronic conditions and previous studies have shown that diet can modulate the inflammatory process.', 'CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with the ability of the DII to predict inflammatory biomarker concentrations and suggest that diet plays a role in the regulation of inflammation, even after controlling for potential confounders.'], ["For example, progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's has been linked to increased inflammation from gut microbiota in old mammals, which, in turn, may be linked bidirectionally with reduced ISC function."], ["Systemic inflammation is known to increase the risk for cognitive decline in human neurogenerative diseases including Alzheimer's.", 'Systemic inflammation reduced microglial clearance of amyloid-beta in APP/PS1 mice.', 'NLRP3 inhibition may thus represent a novel therapeutic target that may protect the brain from toxic peripheral inflammation during systemic infection.'], ['Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of acute liver failure (ALF) as a result of accumulated drugs in the human body metabolized into toxic agents and helps generate heavy oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, which induces necrosis in hepatocytes and ultimately damages the liver.', 'The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell- (NF-kappaB-) mediated inflammation signaling pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress also contribute to aggravate DILI.'], ['Recently, human genetics provided a new paradigm linking aging, inflammation, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).'], ['Purpose: Systemic hypertension is a risk factor of age-related macular degeneration, a disease associated with chronic retinal inflammation.'], ['The body distribution of the tumor appearance was also unique and different from other bullous diseases, being concentrated in the hands and around the oral cavity, which are areas of high inflammation in this disease.'], ['CONCLUSION: Frail elderly, compared to their age- and sex-matched peers, endure a chronic and stable low-grade inflammation, which is associated with a myeloid cell lineage expansion.'], ['This requires multi-target treatments, which should simultaneously attenuate neuronal inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.'], ['MicroRNAs are implicated in various pathological processes, including inflammation and apoptosis.', 'In this study, we aim to investigate the biological functions of miR-21-3p in inflammation and apoptosis caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells.'], ['Importantly, airway inflammation was associated with impaired perception and a history of severe or near-fatal asthma.'], ['Therefore, we used microarrays for comparative global gene expression analysis, and employed assays to analyse parameters of adipocyte biology, inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'Moreover, fMAT adipocytes secrete high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to inflammation and impairment of plasma cell function in the BM, suggesting that fMAT has more immune regulatory functions than tsWAT.'], ['In vivo, pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of MRE11A resulted in tissue deposition of mtDNA, caspase-1 proteolysis, and aggressive tissue inflammation.'], ['This review summarizes and synthesizes what is known about the contribution of inflammation to age-related arterial dysfunction.', 'This review details observational evidence for the relationship of age-related inflammation and arterial dysfunction, insight from autoimmune inflammatory diseases and their effects on arterial function, interventional evidence linking inflammation and age-related arterial dysfunction, insight into age-related arterial inflammation from preclinical models and interventions to ameliorate age-related inflammation and arterial dysfunction.', 'Increasing inflammation with advanced age is likely to play a role in this arterial dysfunction.', 'The purpose of this review is to synthesize what is known about inflammation and its relationship to age-related arterial dysfunction.', 'This review discusses both the initial observational evidence for the relationship of age-related inflammation and arterial dysfunction and the evidence that inflammatory autoimmune diseases are associated with a premature arterial ageing phenotype.', 'We next discuss interventional and mechanistic evidence linking inflammation and age-related arterial dysfunction in older adults.', 'Lastly, we discuss interventions in both humans and animals that have been shown to ameliorate age-related arterial inflammation and dysfunction.', 'The available evidence provides a strong basis for the role of inflammation in both large artery stiffening and impairment of endothelium-dependent dilatation; however, the specific inflammatory mediators, the initiating factors and the relative importance of the endothelium, smooth muscle cells, perivascular adipose tissue and immune cells in arterial inflammation are not well understood.', 'With the expansion of the ageing population, ameliorating age-related arterial inflammation represents an important potential strategy for preserving vascular health in the elderly.'], ['Human gut microbiota is able to influence the host physiology by regulating multiple processes, including nutrient absorption, inflammation, oxidative stress, immune function, and anabolic balance.'], ['The contribution of individual genetic determinants of aging to the adverse clinical outcomes and altered inflammation mediator networks characteristic of aged trauma patients is unknown.', 'These findings suggest that an aging-related SNP, rs2075650, may influence clinical outcomes and inflammation networks in aged patients following blunt trauma, and thus may serve as a predictive outcome biomarker in the setting of polytrauma.'], ['High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) are inflammation markers but are also related to cardiovascular diseases, disability, or higher risk of death.', 'Although inflammation is considered to be associated with frailty, data regarding the association between hsCRP or Hcy and frailty are controversial or scarce, especially with respect to their association with prefrailty.', 'Thus, our results highlight the importance of inflammation in age-related physical decline and, in particular, its association with fatigue, low strength, and decreased physical activity.'], ['AIM: Recent studies have suggested that oral bacteria induce systemic inflammation through the alteration of gut microbiota.'], ['We also find modifications of the NMJ: dysfunctional mitochondria, modifications in the innervation of muscle fibers and motor units, uncoupling of the excitation-contraction of muscle fibers, inflammation.'], ['Inflammation as an important role in OA progression, in that anti-inflammatory agents could effectively inhibit the development of OA with minimal side effects, therefore developing a nature anti-inflammatory compound will be a promising therapy for treating OA.'], ['MPs might be accepted as vascular inflammation and damage markers and used as follow up tools of medical treatment of vascular inflammation-related diseases.'], ['Because of increased blood-brain barrier permeability following inflammation, leukocytes infiltrate the CNS and are also supplemented by proinflammatory mediators.'], ['Since chronic subclinical inflammation is thought to contribute to most aging-related diseases, suppression of bacterial biofilm has potential value in delaying age-related pathology.'], ['FN reduced both senescence and inflammation and increased autophagy in both ageing human and OA chondrocytes whereas PPARalpha knockdown conferred the opposite effect.'], ['Chronic inflammation is characteristic of both HIV and aging ("inflammaging") and may contribute to the accelerated aging observed in people living with HIV (PLWH).', 'We examined whether three inflammation-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were risk factors for accelerated aging and HIV-associated, non-AIDS (HANA) conditions among PLWH.'], ['As inflammation present before surgery might predispose to POD and post-operative NCD development, we aim to determine associations between pre-operative C-reactive protein (CRP) and the incidence of POD and post-operative NCD.', 'This strengthens the role of inflammation in the development of POD.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The accumulation of microvesicles in erythrocyte concentrates during storage or irradiation may be responsible for clinical symptoms such as inflammation, coagulation and immunization.'], ["Autophagy mediators' expression decreased more in combined than in aerobic, which experienced a higher increase in inflammation and mitochondrial regulators' expression."], ['The levels of cathepsin Z mRNA were not significantly higher in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders in these two groups compared to those without (P = 0.774 and 0.666, respectively).'], ['Advanced glycation end products (AGE), the most known aging biomarker, may cause "inflamm-aging" (i.e., chronic low-grade inflammation that develops with aging) in both aged and diabetes groups.'], ['Macrophages are crucial drivers of tumor-promoting inflammation, which is a source of survival, growth and angiogenic factors.', 'Immune suppression associated with inflammation may play a key role in skin metastasis development.'], ['Adiponectin is a metabolic hormone affecting insulin sensitivity and inflammation, and is active in the brain.', 'Assessments included measures of psychopathology, physical health, cognitive function, and circulating biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction (HMW adiponectin, lipids, insulin resistance) and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or hs-CRP, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-10).'], ['This review examines the potential relationship between serum inflammation markers and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).', 'Inflammation markers have been proposed as prognostic markers for the development of T2DM and its complications.'], ['Objective: Glucocorticoid treatment of inflammatory disorders is associated with significant adverse effects related to glucocorticoid excess as well as adrenal insufficiency.'], ['Women with PCOS share many characteristics commonly associated with aging including chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, which may be associated with "sarcopenic obesity", a term used to describe low appendicular skeletal muscle mass relative to total body mass.', 'We hypothesized there would be a high prevalence of sarcopenic obesity, and that % appendicular skeletal muscle mass and markers of inflammation and insulin resistance would be inversely correlated in this population.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Women with PCOS have a high prevalence of sarcopenic obesity, which is correlated to insulin resistance and inflammation.'], ['We found that PAPLAL treatment caused no skin inflammation, while nPd administration caused only slight skin inflammation compared to the palladium chloride-induced severe reaction in an experimental metal allergy model.', 'Even in human clinical trials using patches containing metal nanoparticles, nPd and PAPLAL failed to induce significant skin inflammation.', 'These results suggest that mixing with nPt in PAPLAL suppresses the inflammation response of nPd.'], ['Clinical observations and accumulating laboratory evidence support a complex interplay between coagulation, inflammation, innate immunity and fibrinolysis in venous thromboembolism (VTE).', 'While in the clinical setting, anticoagulation therapy is successful in preventing propagation of venous thrombi, current therapies are not designed to inhibit inflammation, which can lead to the development of PTS.', 'Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of fibrinolysis and inflammation in the resolution of VTE.'], ['Outcome data after 10 y with respect to tooth loss, periodontitis, obesity, and inflammation were shown to be better for biologically younger subjects than as expected by their chronological age, whereas for the older subjects, data were worse.'], ['In people with AD, women were less likely to initiate DOACs than men, whereas presence of arrhythmias or pain/inflammation increased likelihood of initiating DOACs.'], ["Methylglyoxal (MG) is a toxic glycolytic by-product associated with increased levels of inflammation and oxidative stress and has been linked to ageing-related diseases, such as diabetes and Alzheimer's disease."], ['Immune senescence is typified by alterations in T cell memory, such as the accumulation of highly differentiated end-stage memory T cells, as well as a constitutive low-grade inflammation, which drives further immune differentiation.', 'We show here in a preliminary study that people living with type 2 diabetes have a higher circulating volume of senescent T cells accompanied with a higher level of systemic inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Telomere length (TL) can serve as a potential biomarker for conditions associated with chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, such as asthma.'], ['Collectively, our data suggest that heavy-ion-induced chronic stress and ongoing DNA damage is promoting SASP in a fraction of the ISCs, which has implications for gastrointestinal function, inflammation, and carcinogenesis in astronauts and patients.'], ['Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related disease marked by synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction arising from synovitis, joint swelling and pain.'], ['Evidence suggests that the complex process of senescence is involved in the development of a plethora of chronic diseases including metabolic and inflammatory disorders and tumorigenesis.', 'Recently, several human and animal studies have emphasized the involvement of senescence in the pathogenesis and development of liver steatosis including the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as characterized by the additional emergence of inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, and liver fibrosis.'], ['CONCLUSION: Whey protein combined with RT increased ALST, and decreased total and trunk fat mass, improving sarcopenia and decreasing SO in older women, with a limited impact on inflammation.'], ["Previous research has inconsistently linked Alzheimer's disease (AD), viral burden, and inflammation to the onset of HAND in HIV-infected individuals."], ['Various markers of inflammation are associated with clinical and/or laboratory features of APS.'], ['Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a natural progression of the aging process associated with inflammation.', 'In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the role of higenamine in interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced inflammation in human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs).', 'In conclusion, the present study proved that higenamine exhibited anti-inflammatory activity against IL-1beta-induced inflammation in NPCs via inhibiting NF-kappaB signaling pathway.'], ['Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein (MCPIP), a transcription factor that induces a series of inflammation and cell death procedures, has been indicated to cause cardiomyocyte death in ischemic cardiomyopathy.'], ['Several factors are involved in renal aging, such as loss of telomeres, cell cycle arrest, chronic inflammation, activation of renin-angiotensin system, decreased klotho expression, and development of tertiary lymphoid tissues.'], ['Importantly, we provide evidence that older poststroke mice exhibited elevated intestinal inflammation and disruption in gut barriers critical in maintaining colonic integrity following stroke, including reduced expression of mucin and tight junction proteins.'], ['Sustained release of OPG from vascular endothelial cells (ECs) has been demonstrated in response to inflammatory proteins and cytokines, suggesting that OPG/RANKL/RANK system plays a modulatory role in vascular injury and inflammation.'], ['Abnormal advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation occurs in DM and promotes tissue damage in various organs through degeneration and inflammation.'], ['Chronic low-grade inflammation has been observed in major depression and other major psychiatric disorders and has been implicated in metabolic changes that are commonly associated with these disorders.', 'The purpose of this review is to examine the contribution of inflammation and hypercortisolaemia, which are frequently associated with major depression, to neurodegeneration and how they detrimentally impact on brain energy metabolism.', 'Identifying the possible metabolic changes initiated by inflammation opens new targets to ameliorate the adverse metabolic changes.'], ['Thus, any future clinical studies investigating the efficacy of this cord blood cell therapeutic would strongly benefit from the inclusion of methodologies to determine changes in both markers of inflammation and the response of immune tissues, such as the spleen, in subjects receiving cell infusion.'], ['Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other CVD lead to vascular dysfunction that involves multiple pathological processes such as oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and autophagy.', 'Presently, drugs targeting epigenetics have applications in malignant tumors and inflammation.'], ['Chronic inflammation is now understood to be an underlying pathological condition in which inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages infiltrate into fat and other tissues and accumulate when people become obese due to overeating and/or physical inactivity.', "Chronic inflammation is also involved in sarcopenia that brings hypofunction in the elderly, dementia, osteoporosis, or cancer and negatively affects many chronic diseases and people's healthy life expectancy.", 'In this paper, outlines of such studies are introduced in terms of homeostatic inflammation, which occurs chronically due to the innate immune system and its abnormalities, while focusing on the efficacy of exercise from aspects of immunology and oxidative stress.', 'The challenges and future directions in understanding the role of exercise in the control of chronic inflammation are discussed.'], ['Inflammation is increasingly implicated as a risk factor for dementia, stroke, and small vessel disease (SVD).', 'We systematically reviewed the existing literature on the associations between markers of inflammation and SVD (i.e., white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), cerebral microbleeds (CMB)) in cohorts of older people with good health, cerebrovascular disease, or cognitive impairment.', 'Based on distinctions made in the literature, markers of inflammation were classified as systemic inflammation (e.g.', 'C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, fibrinogen) or vascular inflammation/endothelial dysfunction (e.g.', 'Evidence from 82 articles revealed relatively robust associations between SVD and markers of vascular inflammation, especially amongst stroke patients, suggesting that alterations to the endothelium and blood-brain barrier may be a driving force behind SVD.', 'Conversely, cross-sectional findings on systemic inflammation were mixed, although longitudinal investigations demonstrated that elevated levels of systemic inflammatory markers at baseline predicted subsequent SVD severity and progression.', 'Importantly, regional analysis revealed that systemic and vascular inflammation were differentially related to two distinct forms of SVD.', 'Specifically, markers of vascular inflammation tended to be associated with SVD in areas typical of hypertensive arteriopathy (e.g., basal ganglia), while systemic inflammation appeared to be involved in CAA-related vascular damage (e.g., centrum semiovale).', 'Nonetheless, there is insufficient data to establish whether inflammation is causal of, or secondary to, SVD.'], ['The biological substrate for frailty is sarcopenia, which is potentiated by chronic inflammation and depletion or impairment of endogenous precursor and stem cells.'], ['AATD is classically a disease of neutrophilic inflammation, with an aggressive and damaging innate immune response contributing to emphysema and other pathologies.', 'Aging itself is associated with organ dysfunction, including emphysema and airflow obstruction, inflammation, altered immune cell responses (termed immunosenescence) and a loss of proteostasis.'], ['Estrogen-mediated effects, including increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, contribute to preserving endothelial health.'], ['Gene set enrichment analyses predicted that genes involved in myelin generation, inflammation, and cerebrovascular health were differentially expressed in brains from WD-fed compared to control diet-fed mice.'], ['ECSIT links inflammation with the continued age-related downwards trajectory of mitochondrial complex I gene expression (FDR < 0.01%), implying that sustained inhibition of ECSIT may be maladaptive.'], ['Although age-related differences in the gut microbiota composition correlate with age-related loss of organ function and diseases, including inflammation and frailty, variation exists among the elderly, especially centenarians and people living in areas of extreme longevity.'], ['In the context of the vascular effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), it is known that this gaseous endogenous biological modulator of inflammation, oxidative stress, etc.'], ['The interplay between zinc and inflammation has been explored in other parts of the body but, so far, has not been extensively researched in the eye.', 'In this review, the distribution and the potential role of zinc in the retina-choroid complex is outlined, especially in relation to inflammation and immunity, and the clinical studies to date are summarized.'], ['We investigated the association of residential exposure to road traffic noise and annoyance due to road traffic noise with cognitive function in a cohort of 288 elderly women from the longitudinal Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Aging (SALIA) in Germany.'], ['The studies reviewed here suggest no adverse effects in adults of increased ARA intake up to at least 1000-1500 mg/d on blood lipids, platelet aggregation and blood clotting, immune function, inflammation or urinary excretion of ARA metabolites.'], ['Moreover, apoptosis, protein- and mRNA-expression levels of factors of the p53/MDM2 signaling cascade and inflammation- and oxidation-related genes were investigated.'], ["In this study, we assessed whether genes associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), inflammation, cholesterol transport, dopamine and myelin regulation, and DNA repair may influence cognitive outcome in this population.", 'We genotyped genes/SNPs in these pathways: (i) LOAD risk/inflammation/cholesterol transport, (ii) dopamine regulation, (iii) myelin regulation, (iv) DNA repair, (v) blood-brain barrier disruption, (vi) cell cycle regulation, and (vii) response to oxidative stress.', 'RESULTS: Multivariable linear regression analysis with Bayesian shrinkage estimation of SNP effects, adjusting for relevant demographic, disease, and treatment variables, indicated strong associations (posterior association summary [PAS] >= 0.95) among tests of attention, executive functions, and memory and 33 SNPs in genes involved in: LOAD/inflammation/cholesterol transport (eg, PDE7A, IL-6), dopamine regulation (eg, DRD1, COMT), myelin repair (eg, TCF4), DNA repair (eg, RAD51), cell cycle regulation (eg, SESN1), and response to oxidative stress (eg, GSTP1).', 'CONCLUSION: This novel study suggests that polymorphisms in genes involved in aging and inflammation, dopamine, myelin and cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair and response to oxidative stress may be associated with cognitive outcome in patients with brain tumors.'], ['Also, emerging evidence indicates that impaired myocardial perfusion and inflammation secondary to multiple comorbidities are key mechanisms in HFpEF.'], ['The only common risk factor in these different anatomic position was the possibility of active or chronic inflammation.', 'The occurrence of the de novo carcinoma was related to ageing, supporting the hypothesis of a major role of inflammation in facilitating deregulation of the immune system, associated with ageing.'], ['Aging and psychosocial stress are associated with increased inflammation and disease risk, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear.', 'Accordingly, experiments in immune cells showed that higher FKBP5 promotes inflammation by strengthening the interactions of NF-kappaB regulatory kinases, whereas opposing FKBP5 either by genetic deletion (CRISPR/Cas9-mediated) or selective pharmacological inhibition prevented the effects on NF-kappaB.', 'Further, the age/stress-related epigenetic signature enhanced FKBP5 response to NF-kappaB through a positive feedback loop and was present in individuals with a history of acute myocardial infarction, a disease state linked to peripheral inflammation.', 'These findings suggest that aging/stress-driven FKBP5-NF-kappaB signaling mediates inflammation, potentially contributing to cardiovascular risk, and may thus point to novel biomarker and treatment possibilities.'], ['This review illuminates the probable biological links between neighborhood disadvantage and predominantly BC risk, with an emphasis on stress reactivity and inflammation, epigenetics and telomere length in response to adverse neighborhood conditions.'], ['In particular, the presence of CFTR in smooth muscle and endothelial cells, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress could explain vascular alterations in these patients.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation is more common among African Americans (AAs), and it is associated with frailty, poor physical performance, and mortality in community-dwelling older adults.', 'Given the elevated inflammation levels among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, inflammation may be associated with adverse health outcomes such as frailty, physical impairment, and poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and these associations may differ between AA and non-AA ESRD patients.'], ['Approaches for targeting inflammation or expanding functional Tfh may improve vaccine responses in healthy aging and those aging with HIV infection.'], ['Inflammatory conditions included anterior scleritis with zoledronic acid, focal eyelid inflammation with veliparib, bilateral chemosis with R-CHOP, iritis, and blepharospasm with IFN-alpha(2b).'], ['Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with an enhanced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, but mechanisms that regulate these processes are poorly understood.', 'Decreased klotho levels may play a role in enhanced systemic inflammation in OSA and may be a future target for drug development.'], ['METHODS: The Inflammation, Aging, Microbes, and Obstructive Lung Disease (I AM OLD) Cohort is a prospective cohort of adults with pneumonia in Uganda.'], ['Studies suggest that microbiota compositions are altered in AD patients and animal models and that these changes may increase intestinal permeability and induce inflammation.'], ['The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between systemic inflammation and quality of life in patients with CP.', 'Systemic inflammation with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Eotaxin, IL-1beta, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-16, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1a, TARC, TNFss) was associated with diminished quality of life in general and specific domains including pain, physical and cognitive functioning.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Systemic low-grade inflammation has been associated with the onset of depression, but the exact mechanisms underlying this relationship remain elusive.', 'No direct association was found between systemic low-grade inflammation and future depressive symptoms.', 'CONCLUSION: These results suggest that low PA is a significant partial mediator of the relationship between systemic low-grade inflammation and subsequent elevated depressive symptoms in a nationally representative cohort of older adults.'], ['CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The specific genetic features related to energy metabolism, biological processes regulation, cognition, and inflammation highlighted by this preliminary analysis offer useful insights for finding biologically meaningful biomarkers of frailty that allow early diagnosis and treatment.'], ['Few studies excluded individuals with iron deficiency or inflammation, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn regarding normal reference ranges.'], ["To start examining this possibility, we investigated whether older adults' daily experiences of anger and sadness were differentially associated with two biomarkers of chronic low-grade inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and C-reactive protein [CRP]) and the number of chronic illnesses (e.g., heart disease, cancer, etc.)."], ['We also assessed the Brunnstrom stage (BR stage), subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness, time since stroke, age, body weight, sex, number of medications, and nutritional and inflammation status.'], ['We also assessed the moderating role of inflammation in the mortality risk in this population.'], ["Type 2 diabetes mellitus is especially notable as the disease shares many overlapping pathologies observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease, including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and cognitive dysfunction, as described in Chap."], ['Poorly conserved and up-regulated genes have overlapping functional properties that include responses to age-associated tissue damage, such as apoptosis and inflammation.'], ['Human and murine macrophages showed enhanced DNER expression in response to inflammation.'], ['METHODS: To determine whether a cocoa supplement enriched in flavonoids can improve plasma markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, physical performance and frailty in middle-aged and older subjects, we conducted a two-phase, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Regular flavonoids consumption positively affects blood oxidative stress and inflammation end points, cardiometabolic risk markers, physical performance, and quality of life.'], ['The dissection of the PF&S "cytokinome" will provide novel insights into the role played by inflammation in the disabling cascade and allow designing personalized treatment strategies.'], ['Specifically, transcriptional studies of epidermal differentiation, skin aging, effects of cytokines, inflammation with emphases on psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and wound healing are reviewed.'], ['Background data: Accumulated advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) promote increased oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as cross-linking of proteins leading to tissue damage and several diseases, including diabetes.'], ['Persistent or repeated infections of the central nervous system (whether subclinical or diagnosable) can cause damage to neurons directly or indirectly through inflammation resulting in incremental neuronal damage, thus eroding cognitive reserve.'], ['AREAS OF CONTROVERSY: What is the best method for ameliorating trauma-induced neuroinflammation while preserving inflammation-based wound healing.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Malnutrition and inflammation are closely linked to vascular calcification (VC), the severity of which correlate with adverse outcome.', 'However, there were few studies on the interplay between malnutrition, inflammation and VC progression, rather than VC presence per se.', 'We aimed to determine the relationship of malnutrition, inflammation, abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) progression with survival in hemodialysis (HD) patients.', 'METHODS: Malnutrition and inflammation were defined as low serum albumin (< 40 g/L) and high hs-CRP (>= 28.57 nmol/L), respectively.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition and inflammation were significantly associated with AAC progression.'], ['To our surprise, FGF23 and KL coadministration led to a significant reduction in fibrosis and inflammation in IPF-FB; FGF23 administration alone or in combination with KL stimulated KL upregulation.', 'We conclude that in IPF downregulation of KL may contribute to fibrosis and inflammation and FGF23 may act as a compensatory antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory mediator via inhibition of TGF-beta signaling.', 'Upon restoration of KL levels, the combination of FGF23 and KL leads to resolution of inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['This review topic deals to how efficient is RSV towards alterations during the aging process; obtained from recent data of clinical trials, preclinical studies, and cell culture approach; especially RSV protecting effect on brain aging of elderly; its role on the microglial cells playing a central role in the neuro-inflammation; and in its anti-inflammatory effects on ocular diseases.'], ['Evidence confirmed that inflammation contributes widely to multiple chronic diseases and is closely linked with oxidative stress.'], ['Contact dermatitis is characterized by an inflammation of the skin caused by an interaction between the skin and external agents and is divided into irritant and allergic contact dermatitis.'], ['Biochemical and pharmacological studies reveal that PCP is the major bioactive component in Poria cocos and has a wide range of biological activities including antitumor, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, anti-hepatitis, anti-diabetes, and anti-hemorrhagic fever effects.'], ['Inflammation plays an important role in aging and age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and CVD.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: HIV+ postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants have less CVL E. coli bactericidal activity, reflecting a reduction in Lactobacilli and a greater proportion of Gardnerella and A. vaginae, and more HSV-2 inhibitory activity, reflecting increased mucosal inflammation.', 'Promotion of a lactobacillus dominant vaginal microbiome and reduced mucosal inflammation may improve vaginal health and reduce risk for shedding of HIV and potential for HIV transmission in HIV+ menopausal women.'], ['Modulating the initial inflammatory phase toward a reduced pro-inflammation launches new treatment options for delayed or impaired healing specifically in the elderly.', 'Overall, our presented data confirms a possible strategy to modulate the early inflammatory phase in aged individuals toward a physiological healing by a downregulation of an excessive pro-inflammation that otherwise would impair healing.'], ['Our results in ultraviolet B radiation (UVB-R)-induced inflammation model demonstrated that both live bacteria and the lysate of L. reuteri DSM 17938 reduced proinflammatory IL-6 and IL-8, illustrated in both reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) and native skin models.'], ['Systemic inflammation may influence trajectories of depressive symptoms over time, perhaps differentially by sex and race.', 'Findings suggest that serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), z-inflammation composite score [ICS, combining elevated hsCRP and ESR with low serum albumin and iron], and serum interleukin (IL) 1beta were positively associated with DeltaCES-Dtotal (Delta: annual rate of increase) among Whites only.', 'Overall, systemic inflammation was directly linked to increased depressive symptoms over time and at baseline, differentially across sex and race groups.'], ['Chronic inflammation, including that driven by autoimmunity, is associated with the development of B-cell lymphomas.', 'We herein investigated whether concomitant exacerbated inflammation and autoimmunity caused by the deficiency of IL1R8 could recapitulate autoimmunity-associated lymphomagenesis.'], ['Our data suggest that BMI strongly correlates with progerin mRNA expression and inflammation.'], ['In the elderly, other factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation amplify senescence of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells.'], ['Background: Menopause and deficiency in vitamin D (VD) are two health problems usually associated with aging women.Objective: We aimed to study inflammation in visceral adipose tissue when bilateral ovariectomy is combined with dietary restriction in VD.Methods: We studied 60 female C57BL/6 mice 3 months of age.', 'When combined, these insults might enhance PAT inflammation.'], ['Inflammation is a risk factor for bone health, and diet is a potential source of inflammation.'], ['In line, 1-year-old PAR2-knockout (PAR2ko) mice suffered from DD with preserved systolic function, associated with an increased age-dependent alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, collagen deposition (1.7-fold increase, P = 0.0003), lysyl oxidase activity, collagen cross-linking (2.2-fold increase, P = 0.0008), endothelial activation, and inflammation.', 'The treatment with the PAR1 antagonist, vorapaxar, reduced cardiac fibrosis by 44% (P = 0.03) and reduced inflammation in a metabolic disease model (apolipoprotein E-ko mice).'], ['Oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and inflammation play a key role in the progression of NAFLD.'], ['The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of PMs on epidermal inflammation and skin ageing using a co-culture of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts (HDF).'], ['CKD in elderly patients is accompanied by not only chronic inflammation, which is more severe than that in nonelderly patients, but also changes in the secretion of sex hormones with aging and decreases in erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.'], ['These highly cytotoxic CD4 T cells were isolated from disease-affected tissues in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, or other chronic inflammatory diseases and their numbers appeared to be linked to disease severity.'], ["BACKGROUND: Chronic systemic inflammation has been positively associated with structural and functional brain changes representing early markers of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and cognitive decline.", 'The current study examined associations between systemic inflammation and cognitive performance among African-Americans and Whites urban adults.'], ['BACKGROUND: Obesity adversely affects health and is associated with subclinical systemic inflammation and features of accelerated aging, including the T-cell immune system.'], ['CONCLUSION: Higher grip strength is associated with lower levels of inflammation at 8-year follow-up, and inflammatory markers partly explained the association between handgrip strength and mortality.'], ['Evidence suggests that a deficiency in micronutrients may contribute to bone loss during aging and exert generalized effects on chronic inflammation.'], ['The present study aims to explore links between two dietary constructs and biomarkers of systemic inflammation and metabolic health in older women, while considering time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA).'], ['Autophagy has been reported to inhibit inflammation and reduce chondrocyte apoptosis in OA.', 'As the microRNA (miRNA)-335-5p has been linked to both inflammation and autophagy, this study aimed to investigate its potential role in regulating autophagy during the pathogenesis of OA.', 'SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that miRNA-335-5p can significantly alleviate inflammation in human OA chondrocytes by activating autophagy.'], ['To date, experimental evidence suggests that ageing-related subclinical inflammation could be an important causative factor in sarcopenia.', 'Intensive lifestyle interventions could significantly improve muscle mass, reduce inflammation, and restore metabolic hormone levels in sarcopenic patients.'], ['Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein involved in inflammation, proliferation, cell death, neoplastic disease, Alzheimer disease and aging.', 'Moreover, CLU silencing points out its role in the modulation of tissue damage repair and inflammation, proposing it as a new diagnostic marker for muscle degeneration and a potential target for specific therapeutic intervention in OP related sarcopenia.'], ['Aging-related, nonresolving inflammation in both the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery predisposes individuals to the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs).', 'Inflammasomes are thought to be especially relevant to immune homeostasis, and their dysregulation contributes to inflammation and NDDs.'], ['Aging is associated with increased inflammation and alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis, which promote the development of cardiovascular diseases.'], ['Significantly higher levels of cytokines in tear compared to aqueous humour were detected suggesting that tear and aqueous humour are not identical in terms of inflammation response.'], ['Both the traditional cardiovascular risk factors (age, sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension), and systemic inflammation (i.e.'], ['Vasculature also represents a source of low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress which contribute to endothelial dysfunction in obese patients.', 'Oxidative stress, inflammation, and enzymatic pathways are important players in the pathophysiology of obesity-related vascular disease.'], ['Current treatments for DED aim at lubricating and controlling inflammation of the ocular surface.'], ['There is growing evidence of the prominent role of low-grade chronic inflammation in age-related changes in the neuromuscular system.', 'The purpose of the study was to identify the inflammatory mediators responsible for deficit in functional fitness and to explain whether inflammation is related to changes in body composition and the decline of muscle strength in older men.'], ['Inflammation and oxidative damage are established causes of TL loss; moreover, males have shorter telomeres compared with females.'], ['Data on FGF21 in humans are inconsistent and FGF21 has not yet been investigated in old patients with cachexia, a complex syndrome characterized by inflammation and weight loss.'], ["Inflammation is a common process involved in aging, multiple sclerosis (MS), and age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), but there is limited evidence for the effects of aging on inflammation in the central nervous system."], ['This paper aims to compare mental and physical health, cognitive functioning, and selected biomarkers of aging reflecting metabolic pathology and inflammation, in outpatients with schizophrenia from two residential settings: residential care facilities (RCFs) and living with someone in a house/apartment.'], ['Gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has been linked with chronic inflammation associated with MS in a general non-infected population.', 'The aim of this study was to analyze bacterial translocation, inflammation, and GM composition in HIV-infected patients with and without MS. A total of 51 HIV-infected patients were recruited and classified according to the presence of MS (40 patients without MS and 11 with MS).', 'Markers of bacterial translocation, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk were measured and GM was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing.', 'No significant changes were observed at phylum level although a decrease in the abundance of seven genera and seven bacterial species, including some anti-inflammatory bacteria, was observed in HIV-infected patients with MS. To summarize, the presence of MS was not accompanied by major changes in GM, although the reduction observed in some anti-inflammatory bacteria may be clinically useful to develop strategies to minimize inflammation and its future deleterious consequences in these HIV-infected patients.'], ['In the light of current literature, we describe three different linkages between the present gut microbiome hypothesis and the other major theories for the pathogenesis of AD as follows: bacterial metabolites and amyloids can trigger central nervous system inflammation and cerebrovascular degeneration; impaired gut microbiome flora inhibits the autophagy-mediated protein clearance process; and gut microbiomes can change the neurotransmitter levels in the brain through the vagal afferent fibres.'], ['Chronic low-grade inflammation is linked to the majority of the well-established risk factors of GDM such as old age, obesity and PCOS.', 'This review provides an overview of the present knowledge on the pathology of GDM, the screening criteria applied, the role of inflammation in the development of GDM and the use of markers of inflammation namely cytokines, oxidative stress markers, lipids, amino acids and iron markers in screening and diagnosis of GDM.'], ['These cells are central players during acute inflammatory responses, although a growing body of evidence supports a crucial role in chronic inflammation and chemokines and cytokines related to it as well.', 'Neutrophil extracellular trap generation and NETosis have been considered as very important weapons in sterile inflammation.'], ['Thus, targeting caspase-5 may reduce inflammation and limit the deleterious effects of accumulated senescent cells during disease and Aging.'], ['This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) linked to the progression of synovial inflammation in RA using bioinformatics analysis.', 'CONCLUSIONS The findings from this bioinformatics network analysis study identified molecular mechanisms and the key hub genes that may contribute to synovial inflammation in patients with RA.'], ['Both chronic inflammation and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome are believed to be major contributors to this phenomenon, however carefully controlled studies investigating the impact of long-term (>10 years) controlled HIV (LTC-HIV) infection are lacking.'], ['Various molecular signaling pathways including inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and angiogenesis are involved in this progression of ovarian cancer.'], ['The present study is aimed at evaluating the association between olfactory dysfunction, frailty, and mortality and whether such association might be mediated by inflammation.', 'Inflammation might represent the possible link between these conditions.'], ['Systemic inflammation and premature telomere shortening have been discussed as potential mechanisms linking these conditions.'], ['Adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction are associated with obesity-related insulin resistance and diabetes, but mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear.'], ['In recent years, it became clear that ESRD patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection exhibit enhanced aging-related immune changes than CMV-seropositive individuals without renal disease, including chronic inflammation, decreased numbers of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, increased clonality of memory T cells with skewed repertoire and shortened telomeres.'], ['Interest in understanding the roles of white matter (WM) inflammation and damage in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been growing significantly in recent years.', 'However, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for imaging inflammation are still lacking.', 'An advanced diffusion-based MRI method, neuro-inflammation imaging (NII), has been developed to clinically image and quantify WM inflammation and damage in AD.', 'This may suggest that WM inflammation occurs earlier than WM damage following abnormal Abeta accumulation in AD.', 'The negative correlation between NII-derived cellular diffusivity and CSF Abeta42 level (a marker of amyloidosis) may indicate that WM inflammation is associated with increasing Abeta burden.', 'NII may serve as a clinically feasible imaging tool to study the individual and composite roles of WM inflammation and damage in AD.'], ['Decoupling age-associated systemic inflammation from chronological aging by using transgenic Nfkb1KO mice, we determined that the elevated inflammatory environment, and not chronological age, was responsible for the decrease in SSPC number and function.', 'These data identify aging-associated inflammation as the cause of SSPC dysfunction and provide mechanistic insights into its reversal.'], ['In silico functional analysis highlights target gene enrichment in inflammation-related pathways.'], ['The accumulation of damage including DNA damage contributes to driving cell signaling pathways that, in turn, can drive different cell fates, including senescence and apoptosis, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation.'], ['Resveratrol, rapamycin, metformin and aspirin, showing effectiveness in model organism life- and healthspan extension mainly target the master regulators of aging such as mTOR, FOXO and PGC1alpha, affecting autophagy, inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'In humans, these drugs were demonstrated to reduce inflammation, prevent CVD, and slow down the functional decline in certain organs.'], ['How all these changes may contribute to low-grade inflammation, sometimes dubbed "inflammaging", is considered.'], ['Previous studies have demonstrated that insulin resistance and inflammation predict frailty onset.', 'Primary outcome is frailty; secondary outcomes are physical function (Short Physical Performance Battery), systemic and skeletal muscle tissue inflammation, muscle insulin signaling, insulin sensitivity (insulin clamp), glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test), and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry).'], ['It is well documented that age-related impaired functioning of immunocompetent cells is associated with an increase in the rates of chronic inflammatory diseases.', 'CD62L, also known as L-selectin, is required for the entry of lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs, sites of tumor growth and chronic inflammation through high endothelial venules.', 'Melatonin administration up-regulated the levels of surface CD62L on NK and T cell populations in aged mice under non-inflammatory conditions and on CD8+ T cells in aged mice with chronic inflammation.', 'The obtained results suggest that melatonin can modulate lymphocyte homing into lymph nodes and sites of chronic inflammation and, therefore, can stimulate immune responses in chronic inflammatory conditions associated with aging.'], ['Annotation clustering analysis showed that the DEGs were preferentially enriched in gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to proliferation, development, survival, and inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: MEF2A knockdown accelerates HCAEC senescence, and the underlying molecular mechanism may be involved in down-regulation of the genes related with cell proliferation, development, inflammation and survival, in which PIK3CG may play a key role.'], ['Disruption of elastic fibers due to congenital defects, inflammation, or aging dramatically reduces aortic elasticity and affects overall vessel mechanics.'], ['METHODS: The sample comprised 309 white, non-Hispanic genotyped veterans with measures of epigenetic age (DNA methylation age), telomere length (n = 252), inflammation (C-reactive protein), psychiatric symptoms, metabolic function, and white matter neural integrity (diffusion tensor imaging; n = 185).'], ['Chronic inflammation is a driving force for the development of metabolic disease including diabetes and obesity.', 'We also found that T-cell senescence is associated with systemic inflammation and alters hepatic glucose homeostasis.'], ['The prevalence of these comorbidities was evaluated in a cohort of long-term-monitored ART-controlled HIV-infected patients, then followed by a search into whether oxidative stress, like inflammation, might be associated with metabolic parameters and/or comorbidities.', 'Also measured were circulating biomarkers to explore oxidative stress (Lp-PLA2, oxLDL, oxLDL/LDL ratio, paraoxonase and arylesterase activities), inflammation/immune activation (hsCRP, hsIL-6, D dimer, soluble CD14, beta2 microglobulin, cystatin C), adipokines and insulin resistance.', 'Diabetes and atherogenic dyslipidaemia were associated with increased oxidative stress and independently with inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: In long-term-treated HIV-infected patients with frequent comorbid conditions, oxidative stress could be contributing to diabetes and LDL-related and atherogenic dyslipidaemias independently of inflammation.'], ['Senescent cells secrete multiple inflammatory proteins known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation, which further drives senescence.'], ['The goal of this article was to review prior research studies investigating interventions for frailty and review the literature with regard to the role of insulin resistance and inflammation in the development of frailty.', 'Several studies now show that obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and diabetes are associated with and predict frailty.', 'Because metformin targets insulin resistance and inflammation, it is a plausible pharmacologic agent to prevent frailty.'], ['However, severe pain and accompanying end plate inflammation is only found in a small subset of patients, who can be of a younger age than most people with severe disc degeneration, with no apparent cause.', 'We hypothesized that deficiencies in B regulatory (Breg) cells might contribute to the aberrant inflammation in these patients.', 'Together, we demonstrated that the patients with end plate inflammation did not present a reduction in CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Breg frequency, but presented a reduction in CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Breg function.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIMS: Aging is characterized by progressive decline in physiologic reserves and functions as well as prolonged inflammation, increasing susceptibility to disease.'], ['In traditional medicine, its stem bark is used to treat a variety of health disorders, including cancer, diabetes, arthritis, uterine inflammation, and gynecological infections.'], ['CONCLUSION : The results indicate that oxidative stress and inflammation are contributing factors in the formation of PEX.'], ['Building on designated immune-to-brain pathways, we aimed to determine how a short-term induced inflammation response impacts self-reported health status.', 'The effect on current health in Experiment 2 was mediated by increased inflammation and sickness behaviour in response to lipopolysaccharide injection (beta = -0.28, p = 0.01).', 'The findings are consistent with notions that inflammation forms part of health-relevant interoceptive computations of bodily state, and hint at one mechanism as to why subjective health predicts longevity.'], ['CONCLUSION: The results of this preliminary study suggest that a larger clinical trial should be performed to confirm whether improving epidermal function also can reduce circulating pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in aged humans, while also possibly attenuating the downstream development of chronic inflammatory disorders in the aged humans.'], ['Hyperammonaemia and peripheral inflammation act synergistically to induce these neurological alterations.', 'We also summarize studies in animal models of MHE on the role of peripheral inflammation in neuroinflammation induction, how neuroinflammation alters neurotransmission and how this leads to cognitive and motor alterations.', 'These alterations are reversed by treatments that reduce peripheral inflammation (anti-TNFalpha, ibuprofen), neuroinflammation (sulphoraphane, p38 inhibitors), GABAergic tone (bicuculline, pregnenolone sulphate) or increase extracellular cGMP (sildenafil or cGMP).', 'The mechanisms identified would also occur in other chronic diseases associated with inflammation, aging and some mental and neurodegenerative diseases.'], ['Some studies indicate the important roles of inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in bladder tumour pathogenesis.', 'The aim of this study was to examine the levels of selected markers of OS, inflammation and angiogenesis in blood plasma/serum samples derived from patients with BC, and a healthy control group.', "Increased values of OS parameters, angiogenesis and inflammation markers, in combination with reduced TAS subfractions activity in BC are important in its pathogenesis and will be helpful in estimation of patients' condition."], ['Blockade of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-mediated DNA damage signaling reduced both inflammation and calcification.'], ["RECENT FINDINGS: Part II of this review discusses physiological mechanisms, including inflammation and appetite hormones, by which sleep impacts multiple facets of women's health during pregnancy and postpartum."], ['Several factors contribute to HIV-associated CAD, with chronic inflammation and immune activation likely representing the primary drivers.', 'Increased monocyte activation, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia present in chronic HIV infection also mirror the pathophysiology of plaque rupture.', 'In addition to inflammation and immune activation in general, persons with HIV have a higher prevalence than uninfected persons of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and tobacco use.'], ['miR-9-5p knockdown attenuated MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells, as evidenced by the enhancement in cell viability, and the suppression in cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress.'], ['However, this also simultaneously increases their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) either related to ART, aging, hypertension, immunosenescence, inflammation, immune activation, or other comorbidities.'], ['The drivers of age-related increase in systemic inflammation are unclear but one potential contributor may be a persistent infection with Cytomegalovirus (CMV).'], ['Human aging is a physiological process characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation.'], ['Inflammaging describes the complexity between low-grade chronic inflammation with the pathogenesis of brain aging and Alzheimer s disease (AD).'], ["BACKGROUND: Decreased levels of the neuroprotective growth factors, low-grade inflammation, and reduced neurocognitive functions during aging are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease."], ['OA is initiated by multiple factors, including injury, aging, abnormal joint mechanics, and atypical joint shape, which can produce microtrauma, remodeling of joint tissues, and synovial inflammation.', 'Although studies have separately investigated inflammation-driven orofacial pain, acute activity of the trigeminal nerve, or TMJ tissue degeneration and/or damage, the temporal mechanistic factors leading to chronic TMJ pain are undefined.'], ['Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still present persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation.', 'All of these factors can create a vicious cycle that does not allow the full control of immune activation and inflammation, leading to an increased risk of developing non-AIDS co-morbidities such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.', 'This review aims to provide an overview of the most recent data about HIV-associated inflammation and chronic immune exhaustion in PLWH under effective ART.', 'Furthermore, we discuss new therapy approaches that are currently being tested to reduce the risk of developing inflammation, ART toxicity, and non-AIDS co-morbidities.'], ['This compound has many properties, including activity against glycation, oxidative stress, inflammation, neurodegeneration, several types of cancer, and aging.'], ['One aspect of this is the altered neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which in other domains have been associated with inflammation and angiogenesis, and therefore investigated in patients with AMD in several papers.'], ['Several markers of inflammation responded to the Protein group: leptin (p < 0.001), hs-CRP (p < 0.01), and ICAM-1 (p < 0.01) were decreased and adiponectin increased (p < 0.01).'], ['Selected articles were obtained from a PubMed search covering cartilage, subchondral bone, inflammation, ageing, pain and animal models.'], ['Among 40 cytokines studied, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was increased 4-fold in inflammation antibody array.'], ['The important inflammasome sensor, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), has been linked to both viral-induced and age-related inflammation.', 'Importantly, this reduction of inflammation had no impact on the overall viral loads.', 'Our results elucidate an important mechanism through which bats dampen inflammation with implications for longevity and unique viral reservoir status.'], ['Air pollutants prompt and promote chronic inflammation, tumourigenesis, autoimmune and other destructive processes in the human body.', 'Citrullinated proteins and citrullinating enzymes, deiminases, are more prevalent in patients with COPD and correlate with ongoing inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['BACKGROUND: The factors contributing to the eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remain elusive.', 'Hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections were used to study characteristics of inflammation and tissue remodeling.', 'CONCLUSION: Eosinophilic inflammation has been significantly augmented over time, which is associated with increased Th2 response and IgE production, and accompanied by exaggerated epithelium remodeling in CRSwNP patients from central China.', 'Age has no significant influence on eosinophilic inflammation.'], ['There are a number of mechanisms through which chronic HIV disease alone or in combination with antiretroviral therapy and other comorbidities (e.g., drug use, hepatitis C virus (HCV)) might be contributing to HAND in individuals over the age of 50 years, including (1) overlapping pathogenic mechanisms between HIV and aging (e.g., decreased proteostasis, DNA damage, chronic inflammation, epigenetics, vascular), which could lead to accelerated cellular aging and neurodegeneration and/or (2) by promoting pathways involved in AD/ADRD neuropathogenesis (e.g., triggering amyloid beta, Tau, or alpha-synuclein accumulation).'], ['A link between inflammation and fibrosis in the heart has long been appreciated, but has mechanistically remained undefined.', 'ECM1 may be a novel intermediary between inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['The aging process is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in both humans and rodents, commonly called inflammaging.', 'At the same time, there is a gradual decline in the functional capacity of adaptive and innate immune systems, i.e., immunosenescence, a process not only linked to the aging process, but also encountered in several pathological conditions involving chronic inflammation.', 'Given that the appearance of MDSCs significantly increases with aging and MDSCs are the enhancers of other immunosuppressive cells, e.g., regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells (Bregs), it seems likely that MDSCs might remodel the immune system, thus preventing excessive inflammation with aging.'], ['Thus, anti-inflammation represents a new target for cardiac reprogramming associated with aging.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Accelerated epigenetic age in adolescence was associated with inflammation, BMI measured 5 years later, and probability of middle age CVD.'], ["Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might be an alternative therapeutic agent for sarcopenia due to their anti-inflammatory properties, which target the 'inflammaging', the age-related chronic low-grade inflammation which is assumed to contribute to the development of sarcopenia."], ['(1) Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as an inflammatory disorder that presents an increasingly prevalent health problem.'], ['It seems likely that better eating patterns retard ageing in at least two ways including (i) by reducing pervasive damaging processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress/redox changes and metabolic stress and (ii) by enhancing cellular capacities for damage management and repair.'], ['In addition, telomeres can be transcribed, and the transcription products called TERRA are involved in telomere length regulation.Thus, telomere length and their integrity are regulated at many different levels, and we only start to understand this process under conditions of increased oxidative stress, inflammation and during diseases as well as the ageing process.This chapter aims to describe our current state of knowledge on telomeres and telomerase and their regulation in order to better understand their role for the ageing process.'], ['Microbes from old, but not young, mice induce inflammation when added to germ-free mice suggesting that microbes become more harmful to the host with age.', 'These studies implicate broad classes of bacteria, particularly members of the phylum Proteobacteria, as drivers of ageing in a feed-forward loop with intestinal degradation and inflammation.'], ['Ang II-induced senescent progression and inflammation were attenuated by angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan.'], ['Accumulation of senescent cells during aging contributes to chronic inflammation and age-related diseases.'], ['At baseline, speed decliners demonstrated greater age, inflammation, and cognitive complaints compared with speed-stable adults; memory decliners were more likely to be male and had lower depressive symptoms, gray matter volumes, and white matter hyperintensities compared with memory-stable adults.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging is characterized by chronic inflammation plus loss of muscle mass and strength, termed sarcopenia.'], ['Sacro-coccyxal fistula should be treated early because chronic inflammation can determine neoplastic degeneration.'], ['Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) play critical roles in regulating immunity, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis in mice.'], ['Immunosenescence is defined as the general deterioration of the immune system with age, and it is characterized by functional changes in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and specific blood cell types as well as changes in levels of numerous factors, particularly those involved in inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between blood-based markers of inflammation and fall events in a sample of elderly Hispanic adults.', 'Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the link between inflammation and fall events.'], ['METHODS: Data were analysed from the prospective SALIA (Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Aging) study (n=601).'], ['Platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is a novel marker of inflammation that has gained popularity, especially in prognostication of cardiac diseases and malignant conditions.'], ['Immunosenescence is primarily driven by chronic immune activation and physical activity interventions have demonstrated the potential to reduce the risk of complications in the elderly by modulating inflammation and augmenting the immune system.'], ['SUMMARY: Asthma is a consequence of complex gene-environment interactions, with diversity in clinical presentation and the type and intensity of airway inflammation and remodeling.'], ['BACKGROUND: It has been reported that chronic inflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of several serious diseases and could be modulated by diet.'], ['Thus, elevated dietary phosphorus consumption may influence inflammatory disease by altering cytokine levels.'], ["During inflammation, the glycolytic flux cannot cope with increasing ATP demands, limiting the immune response's extent."], ['Intestinal inflammation was determined by measuring fecal myeloperoxidase (MPO).'], ['The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes with cognitive dysfunction involves hyperglycaemia, macrovascular and microvascular diseases, insulin resistance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disorders of neurotransmitters.'], ['Therefore, this study investigates the cross-sectional association between quality of life and inflammation in older Brazilian adults.', 'Inflammation was assessed using CRP serum levels and quality of life (QoL) was measured using the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) questionnaire.'], ['Although many genetic mutations have been implicated to be genetically linked to PD, the low incidence of familial PD carried with mutations suggests that there must be other factors such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of misfolded proteins, and enhanced inflammation, which are contributable to the pathophysiology of PD.'], ['In the current article, detailed information about the potential molecular mechanisms of actions of tocotrienols in different cancer models has been presented and the possible effects of these vitamin E analogues on various important cancer hallmarks, i.e., cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and inflammation have been briefly analyzed.'], ['Early insidious perturbations such as subclinical hypertension or inflammation may trigger first fibrotic events, while more dramatic triggers such as myocardial infarction and myocarditis give rise to full blown scar formation and ongoing fibrosis in diseased hearts.'], ['In addition, HIV+ men had lower blood CD4/CD8 ratios (P<.001) and higher Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index scores (P=.04) and T-cell activation (P<.001) but did not differ in levels of inflammation (P=.30) or testosterone (P=.83).'], ['Systemic inflammation is central to aging-related conditions.', 'However, the intrinsic factors that induce inflammation are not well understood.', 'We previously identified a cell-autonomous pathway through which damaged nuclear DNA is trafficked to the cytosol where it activates innate cytosolic DNA sensors that trigger inflammation.', 'These results led us to hypothesize that DNA released after cumulative damage contributes to persistent inflammation in aging cells through a similar mechanism.', 'We hypothesize a direct role for excess DNA in aging-related inflammation and in replicative senescence, and propose DNA degradation as a therapeutic approach to remove intrinsic DNA and revert inflammation associated with aging.'], ['Ultraviolet (UV) radiation of the sunlight, especially UVA and UVB, is the primary environmental cause of skin damage, including topical inflammation, premature skin aging, and skin cancer.'], ['The role of inflammation, which has been described in the ICU setting, could also be a crucial determinant.'], ['The age-dependent senescence, the frailty-related stem cell depletion, chronic inflammation, imbalance of immune homeostasis, and the reduction of multipotent stem cells collectively suggest the rational hypothesis that it is possible to (partially) cure frailty with stem cells.'], ['A successful BETonMACE trial would raise the question as to whether RVX-208 operates via lipids, inflammation, or other means, because several previous HDL-C modulators and anti-inflammatories have not provided effective means of treating cardiovascular disease and reducing overall mortality.', 'As such, any effects of RVX-208 on cardiovascular disease might be the result of reducing androgens, of which higher HDL-C and reduced inflammation are biomarkers.'], ['Increasing evidence suggests that systemic inflammation adversely affects social experiences and behaviors of older adults by changing the functional state of the brain.', 'In this study, we investigated the relationships among systemic inflammation, functional network connectivity (FNC) of the whole brain, and social-network size using complete social-network data of older adults residing in a Korean village.', 'High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured as an inflammation marker.', 'An exploratory mediation analysis supported the observation that increased systemic inflammation contributes to reduced out-degree social-network size among older adults by changing frontotemporal FNC.', 'The present findings provide meaningful insight into the complex relationship between systemic inflammation and social quality of life.'], ['BACKGROUND: HIV-1 infection and physiological aging are independently linked to elevated systemic inflammation and changes in enteric microbial communities (dysbiosis).', 'However, knowledge of the direct effect of HIV infection on the aging microbiome and potential links to systemic inflammation is lacking.', 'INTERPRETATION: The age effect on the gut microbiome and associations between microbiota and microbial metabolites or systemic inflammation differed based on HIV serostatus, raising important implications for the impact of therapeutic interventions, dependent on HIV serostatus or age.'], ['Overall, the results indicate an association between chronic low-grade inflammation and LTLs.'], ['Infusion of Abeta on the T2D phenotype exacerbated and prolonged the memory deficits over approximately 4 months, and induced more severe aberrant regulation of proteins associated with autophagy, inflammation and glucose uptake from the periphery.'], ['Exposure to murine seminal fluid markedly reduced eosinophilic airway inflammation in 2-month-old female mice upon ovalbumin inhalation.'], ['A novel meta-analysis of microarray data from OA patient tissue was used to create a Cytoscape network representative of human OA and revealed the importance of inflammation.'], ['Moreover, in several age-related CNS diseases, chronic inflammation and altered metabolism have been reported.', 'Since people with HIV (PWH) are reported to experience rapid aging with chronic inflammation, altered brain metabolism is likely to be exacerbated.'], ['We investigated relationships between diet quality or patterns and incident physical frailty in older British men and whether any associations were influenced by inflammation.', 'These associations were not mediated by C-reactive protein (marker of inflammation).'], ['Turmeric an Indian yellow gold and universal spice is described in Ayurveda, an ancient treatise on longevity and quality life for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.'], ['However, it is group 2 that revealed significant decreases in the protein concentrations associated with inflammation (eg/immunoglobulin and apolipoprotein), and improved knee functional status.'], ['Objective: Eosinophilic inflammation is thought to play a role in childhood asthma.'], ['Oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are implicated as important mechanisms underlying many kidney diseases, modulate the autophagy activation and inhibition and lead to cellular recycling dysfunction.'], ['The implicated genes are involved in inflammation, pancreatic beta-cell function, and T2DM pathogenesis.'], ['Enhanced inflammatory responses have been suggested decades after radiation exposure in atomic-bomb survivors, but cellular and molecular alterations related to prolonged inflammation remain unclear.', 'This study, utilizing longitudinal haematological data over 50 years for 14 000 persons, investigated whether radiation exposure promoted the relative increase in peripheral myeloid cells, known as an aging-associated indicator of low-grade inflammation.'], ['It has also become clear that cellular senescence can be triggered by a number of stimuli such as radiation, chemotherapy, activation of oncogenes, metabolic derangements, and chronic inflammation.'], ['We aimed to investigate the expression of several AGEs and Glo-1 in human OA cartilage and to study chondrocytic Glo-1 regulation by inflammation, mediated by interleukin (IL)-1beta.', 'CONCLUSION: Glo-1 is impaired by inflammation mediated by IL-1beta in chondrocytes through oxidative stress pathways and may explain age-dependent accumulation of the AGE CML in OA cartilage.'], ['Definitive etiological links exist between mutations in genes that control autophagy and human disease, especially neurodegenerative, inflammatory disorders and cancer.'], ['Indeed, many of the pathways that are commonly altered in neurodegeneration-misfolded protein accumulation, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired iron homeostasis, epigenetic modifications-have been often correlated also with healthy aging.'], ['Smoking, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity as conventional risk factors as well as systemic inflammation are among the modifiable risk factors for both CV events and bone loss.', 'In rheumatic patients, systemic "high-grade" inflammation may be the primary driver of accelerated atherogenesis and bone resorption.', 'In the general population, in which some individuals might have low-grade systemic inflammation, a holistic approach to drug treatment and lifestyle modifications may have beneficial effects on the bone as well as the vasculature.', 'In rheumatic patients with accelerated inflammatory atherosclerosis and bone loss, the rapid and effective suppression of inflammation in a treat-to-target regime, aiming at clinical remission, is necessary to effectively control comorbidities.'], ['Here, we show that UroA and its potent synthetic analogue (UAS03) significantly enhance gut barrier function and inhibit unwarranted inflammation.', 'Cumulatively, the results highlight how microbial metabolites provide two-pronged beneficial activities at gut epithelium by enhancing barrier functions and reducing inflammation to protect from colonic diseases.'], ['Its strong potency against obesity, metabolic disorders, vascular disease, inflammation, and various cancers has already been reported.'], ['The DNA damage response machinery activates inflammation and type I interferon signaling.', 'These data suggest that centenarians are endowed with restrained DNA damage-induced inflammatory response, that may facilitate their escape from the deleterious effects of age-related chronic inflammation.'], ['Kallistatin exerts pleiotropic effects on angiogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and tumor growth.', 'Conversely, endothelial-specific depletion of kallistatin aggravates vascular senescence, oxidative stress, and inflammation, with further reduction of Let-7g, SIRT1, and eNOS and elevation of miR-34a in mouse lung endothelial cells.', 'These findings indicate that endogenous kallistatin displays a novel role in protection against vascular injury and senescence by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Exposure of the dorsal skin of hairless mice to UVB radiation and subsequent topical application of sanshool delayed the progression of skin inflammation, leading to autophagy and inhibiting the activation of JAK2-STAT3 signaling.'], ['The events allowing secondary infections to gain a foothold have been studied for many years and include poor nutrition, anxiety, mental health issues, underlying chronic diseases, resolution of acute inflammation, primary immune deficiencies, and immune suppression by infection or medication.'], ['At 3 weeks post-infection, diminished pathogen-specific antibody production in coinfected young, but not older mice, as compared to mice infected with each pathogen individually may also contribute to increased inflammation observed due to B. burgdorferi infection, thus causing persistent Lyme disease observed in coinfected mice and reported in patients.'], ['RAGE is involved in chronic inflammation, oxidative stress-based diseases and ageing.'], ['UBE2C mediated OS-induced endothelial inflammation and endothelial-mesenchymal transition by increasing the HIF-1alpha (hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha) level.', 'The miR-483 mimic protected against endothelial inflammation and endothelial-mesenchymal transition in human AV endothelial cells and calcification of porcine AV leaflets by downregulating UBE2C.'], ['Compared with the no depression/pauci-symptomatic class, the no depression/somatic only and severe depression classes were characterized by more frequent comorbidities with poorer functional status and higher levels of inflammation.'], ['Prior studies have suggested that chronic inflammation and premature aging may contribute to the development of malignancy and pulmonary disease in people with A-T. To further examine the link between A-T and inflammation, we hypothesized that subjects with classic A-T would have greater enrichment of inflammatory pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared to non A-T age-matched controls.', 'RESULTS: RNAseq revealed 310 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including genes involved in inflammation, immune regulation, and cancer.', 'CONCLUSION: RNAseq using PBMCs from subjects with classic A-T uncovered differential expression of immune response genes and biological processes associated with inflammation, immune regulation, and cancer.', 'These findings support a role for inflammation as a contributing factor in A-T phenotypes.'], ['The main cellular factors that converge in the aging process are mitochondrial dysfunction, antioxidant impairment, inflammation, and immune response decline, among others.'], ['While both estrogens and androgens attenuate cerebrovascular inflammation, pro-inflammatory effects of androgens under physiological conditions have also been demonstrated.'], ['Inflammation is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in the elderly.', 'The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a marker of systemic inflammation that integrates the information of the leukocyte differentials into one variable.'], ['Ageing-related alterations in cardiovascular structure and function are commonly associated with chronic inflammation.'], ['Alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) is a molecule generally associated with inflammation, and chronic inflammation is associated with ageing and cancer.', 'The degree of inflammation was recently proposed to be considered as a biomarker of biological ageing.'], ['This finding suggests the gout patients should be screened for depression and may trigger research to assess the role of inflammation and oxidative stress pathways in older people with depression.'], ['Genotoxins are also involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic degenerative diseases, including hepatic, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disorders; diabetes; arthritis; cancer; chronic inflammation; and ageing.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The levels of inflammation cytokine IL-6, anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-6/IL-10 ratio were increased in elderly sarcopenia subjects.'], ['BACKGROUND: Low-grade chronic inflammation, characterized by elevations in plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6), is an independent risk factor of impaired mobility in older persons.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These results do not support the use of these interventions to prevent mobility loss in older adults at risk of disability with low-grade chronic inflammation.'], ['P25/C70-COOH exhibits great anti-inflammation capacity, whereas P25/C60-COOH exhibits great anti-oxidative stress and anti-DNA damage capacity.', 'Our results suggest that most of our P25/fullerene composite materials have the ability to reduce free radicals and exhibit high biomedical potential in anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, and anti-aging applications.'], ['Patients with TAV maintained biomechanical properties, apart from aneurysmal dimensions and high levels of inflammation.', 'Patients with TAV and AscAA present with increased inflammation.'], ['This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) THRIL on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoarthritis cell injury model (ATDC5 cell inflammatory injury), as well as the possible internal molecular mechanisms.', 'RESULTS: LPS significantly induced ATDC5 cell inflammatory injury and up-regulated the expression of THRIL.', 'Overexpression of THRIL aggravated the LPS-induced ATDC5 cell inflammatory injury.', 'miR-125b participated in the effects of THRIL overexpression on LPS-induced ATDC5 cell inflammatory injury.', 'Overexpression of THRIL promoted LPS-induced ATDC5 cell inflammatory injury by down-regulating miR-125b and then activating JAK1/STAT3 and NF-kappaB pathways.'], ['However, rarefaction was accompanied by increased markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging of collateral endothelial and mural cells.', 'These findings demonstrate that mouse models of AD promote rarefaction of pial collaterals and implicate inflammation-induced accelerated aging of collateral wall cells.', 'Strategies that reduce vascular inflammation and/or increase nitric oxide may preserve collateral function.'], ['Every 3 weeks, blood was collected and TLR responses of pDCs and mDCs, and inflammation-related markers in serum were measured.'], ['Selenium contributes to the alleviation of reduced reactive oxygen species-mediated inflammation, reduced DNA damage and prolonged telomere length and thereby plays roles in fighting aging and preventing aging-related diseases.'], ['Altered inflammation likely influences other biological processes as well.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Age-related alterations of intestinal microbiota composition may negatively influence muscle protein synthesis and function by promoting chronic systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and reducing nutrient bioavailability.'], ['The intrinsic functional reduction in immune competence is also associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, termed "inflamm-aging," which further perpetuates immune dysfunction.'], ['Altered inflammation likely influences other biological processes as well.'], ['The pig model shows high face and target validity for human IAV infection, making it suitable for modeling many aspects of influenza, including increased risk of severe disease and impaired vaccine response due to underlying pathologies such as low-grade inflammation.'], ['Adiponectin secreted from adipocytes into plasma has anti-aging, anti-obesity and anti-inflammation effects.'], ['In metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes (T2D), adipose tissue (AT) is infiltrated by macrophages and other leukocytes - which secrete many bioactive peptides leading to local and systemic low-grade chronic inflammation - and undergoes remodeling and aberrant fibrosis.', 'It exerts both intracellular apoptotic function and extracellular functions, leading to tissue injury, inflammation and repair.', 'Elevated circulating GrB levels have been found in aging- and inflammation-associated diseases and a role for GrB in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases has been reported.', 'In conclusion, our results show that increased levels of circulating GrB are associated with T2D diagnosis and correlates with markers of AT-linked systemic inflammation, suggesting a potential role for GrB in the inflammatory and reactive processes occurring in metabolic diseases.'], ['Neutrophil-driven inflammation in aged patients with CRS might be less likely to respond to corticosteroids and might be closely linked to chronic microbial infection or colonization.'], ['In this study we aimed at investigating how increased susceptibility to pneumococcal infection relates to inflammation kinetics in the aged mouse pneumonia model by determining pulmonary cytokine and chemokine levels and comparing these parameters to those measured in young adult mice.'], ['In this review, we focus on the role of inflammation and senescence in fetal membrane biology.'], ['Osteoclasts (OCLs) are multinucleated phagocytes of monocytic origin responsible for physiological and pathological bone resorption including aging processes, chronic inflammation and cancer.'], ['This suggests that inflammation and innate immune system activation contribute to progression to multiorgan system failure and death after MCSD surgery.'], ['However, age-related MSC changes involve loss of function and acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which can contribute to the maintenance of a chronic state of low-grade inflammation in tissues and organs.In a previous study we isolated, characterized, and differentiated RPESCs.'], ['Atherosclerosis is one kind of chronic inflammatory disease, in which multiple types of immune cells or factors are involved.', 'Data from experimental and clinical studies on atherosclerosis have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in such process.'], ['Pharmacological studies reveal that polysaccharide is the most abundant substance in Poria cocos and has a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-ageing, antihepatitis, antidiabetics and anti-haemorrhagic fever effects.'], ['Preliminary data indicate that poor vitamin K status may compromise bone health and that increased inflammation may be in the causal pathway.', 'We performed an ancillary analysis of data collected in the frame of prospective observational cohort studies exploring various aspects of bone health in de novo renal transplant recipients to investigate the association between vitamin K status, inflammation, bone mineral density, and incident clinical fractures.', 'Parameters of mineral metabolism (including biointact PTH and FGF23, sclerostin, calcidiol, calcitriol) and inflammation (CRP and IL-6), osteoprotegerin, bone turnover markers (P1NP, BsAP, and TRAP5B), and dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein (dp-ucMGP) were assessed on blood samples collected immediately prior to kidney transplantation in 468 patients.', 'In conclusion, poor vitamin K status associates with inflammation and low aBMD in patients with ESRD and confers an increased risk of incident fractures in de novo renal transplant recipients.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction occur in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection despite stable antiretroviral therapy (ART).', 'Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been shown to correlate with markers of inflammation in non-HIV conditions.'], ['Although E. gingivalis is highly enriched in people with periodontitis (a disease in which inflammation and bone loss correlate with changes in the microbial flora), the potential role of this protozoan in oral infectious diseases is not known.', 'Though not pathognomonic, inflammation is always present in periodontitis.'], ['RESULTS: Premature immunosenescence phenotype of B and T cells in HIV-infected children is mediated through immune system activation and chronic inflammation.', 'Ongoing inflammation processes have been documented by increased levels of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), increased mitochondrial damage, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a positive correlation between sCD14 levels and percentages of activated CD8+ cells.'], ['RNAi-mediated downregulation of WRN reduces cell motility and enhances the expression of factors regulating adhesion, inflammation, hemostasis and vasomotor tone.'], ['POPULATION AND METHODS: Clinical data (medical history, comorbidities, treatments, geriatric syndromes) and biological parameters were collected from 166 hospitalized geriatric patients (67-106 yrs) presenting with acute inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) > 10 mg/l) and were compared according to the presence/absence of infection.'], ['In the present study, we investigated age-related expression patterns of TDP-43 in neurons and glia and its role as modulator of inflammation following ischemic injury.', 'The role of TDP-43 in modulation of inflammation was assessed using immunofluorescence, Western blot analysis, and in vivo bioluminescence imaging.', 'CONCLUSION: Together, our findings suggest that the level of cytoplasmic TDP-43 increases with aging and may act as an age-related mediator of inflammation and neuronal injury after stroke.'], ['The protective mechanisms of ER and ER mimetics for renal injury include increasing AMP-activated protein kinase and sirtuin type 1 (Sirt1) levels and autophagy and reducing mammalian target of rapamycin, inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Significantly, excessive accumulation of senescent cells is associated to a decline of regenerative capacity and chronic inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease associated with inflammation and hormone imbalance.'], ['However, organ-specific toxicities of some antiretrovirals and persistent inflammation and immune activation due to residual virus replication account for a high burden of age-associated comorbidities in the HIV population.'], ['Overall, human transcriptomics research indicates that although there are common alterations of the regular expression patterns of the energetic and oxidative metabolism, extracellular matrix regulation and inflammation pathways, ageing seems to be gender and tissue-specific in general.'], ['The aim of present study is to investigate the correlation among the distribution of H. pylori, mucosal inflammation, gastric microenvironment and age.', 'Biopsies were obtained from each patient in five locations: great curvature (mid-corpus, mid-antrum), lesser curvature (mid-corpus, mid-antrum) and incisura angularis (IA), analyzed for H. pylori density, mucosal inflammation and histopathology.', 'The mucosa inflammation scores were consistent with the severity of H. pylori colonization among three age groups.', 'A significant positive correlation among aggravating severity of H. pylori infection, mucosal inflammation and pyloric metaplasia in corpus with increasing age (p < 0.001) was occurred.', 'Pyloric metaplasia in corpus was correlated with the risk of aggravated H. pylori colonization and associated inflammation in elderly population.'], ['Mechanisms of action include altering cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, redox balance and metabolic and energy homeostasis.'], ['METHODS: In the present study, we are aimed to evaluate anti-aging effects of EA (0.01-10 muM) on DG-induced aging model in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, using assessment of cell proliferation, lipid peroxidation (MDA), intra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation (TNF-alpha), total glutathione content (GSH), Beta-Galactosidase (beta-GAL) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels.'], ['After pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation, oocytes and ovaries of aged mice were collected, cumulus-free oocytes were activated by SrCl2 and gene expression levels related to inflammation, apoptosis, follicle development and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in ovaries were compared.', 'Based on these data, we suggest that treatment with hEPCs attenuates reproductive aging and dysfunction potentially via regulation of inflammation, apoptosis and ER stress.'], ['Cardiometabolic abnormalities were defined as three or more cardiometabolic risk factors (inflammation, central obesity, raised triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, hypertension, and hyperglycaemia or diabetes).'], ['BACKGROUND: Ageing-related low-grade inflammation is suggested to aggravate sarcopenia and frailty.', 'This systematic review investigates the influence that drugs with anti-inflammatory effects (AIDs) have on inflammation and skeletal muscle.', 'METHODS: PubMed and Web of Science were systematically screened for articles reporting the effects of AIDs on inflammation on one hand and on muscle mass and/or performance on the other.', 'Articles on older humans with acute inflammation showed evidence that celecoxib and piroxicam could reduce inflammation and improve performance and that ibuprofen improves exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy and gains in strength.', 'Indomethacin increased acute exercise-induced inflammation and reduced satellite cell differentiation in exercising muscle.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Although AIDs showed significant reduction in inflammation-induced muscle weakness in older hospitalised patients with acute inflammation, robust evidence is still lacking.'], ['This study aimed to determine whether systemic inflammation, indexed by blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), mediates associations between everyday discrimination and episodic memory over 6 years.'], ['Conclusion: Systemic inflammation (increased CRP level), prediabetes, and aging may influence enhanced AGE accumulation in patients with psoriasis without any comorbidities.'], ['This deregulation can affect proliferation, metastasis, chemotherapy resistance, and immunosuppression in virus-induced cancers and help to chronic viral infection, development of gluconeogenic responses, and inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that tau deposition in the CN group seems to induce a compensatory response against early neuronal injury or chronic inflammation associated with normal aging, whereas the coexistence of amyloid and tau in the AD-spectrum group seems to outweigh the compensatory response leading to decreased connectivity, suggesting that amyloid plays a crucial role in alternating structural connectivity.'], ['In this review, the pathophysiological roles of fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired resistance to molecular stressors, chronic low-grade inflammation, genomic instability, cellular senescence, epigenetic alterations, loss of protein homeostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, and stem cell dysfunction in the vascular system are considered in terms of their contribution to the pathogenesis of both microvascular and macrovascular diseases associated with old age.'], ['This review explores mechanisms that influence age-related large elastic artery stiffening and endothelial dysfunction at the tissue level via inflammation and oxidative stress and at the cellular level via Klotho and energy-sensing pathways (AMPK [AMP-activated protein kinase], SIRT [sirtuins], and mTOR [mammalian target of rapamycin]).'], ['In addition, the kojyl cinnamate esters that function as PPARalpha/gamma dual modulators inhibited ultraviolet B irradiation-induced inflammation in human epidermal keratinocytes.'], ['BACKGROUND: Whether physical activity can reduce cognitive frailty-a relatively new "compound" phenotype proposed in 2013-and whether the effect of physical activity differs based on levels of inflammation are unknown.'], ['This condition requires her to be managed with broad spectrum immunosuppression to prevent joint inflammation that results in significant joint destruction and bone loss.'], ['We aimed to investigate the role of inflammation on the ventricular-vascular coupling in patients with MetS.', 'After additional adjustment for CRP and IMT, the slope of aPWV was respectively reduced by 16% and 62%, suggesting that inflammation and intima-media thickening could contribute to aortic stiffening in patients with MetS.', 'CONCLUSION: MetS is characterized by an inflammation-dependent acceleration in cardiovascular ageing.'], ['It increases antibacterial defense of gingival epithelial cells and decrease gingival inflammation, improves postoperative wound healing after periodontal surgery and is an important supplement used as prophylaxis in periodontology.', 'An analysis of the literature shows that vitamin D plays a significant role in maintaining healthy periodontal and jaw bone tissues, alleviating inflammation processes, stimulating post-operative healing of periodontal tissues and the recovery of clinical parameters.'], ['METHODS: This analysis was based on 834 women from the Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung Function, Inflammation and Ageing cohort in Germany.'], ['Preoperative psoas muscle mass index and intramuscular adipose tissue content were evaluated using preoperative computed tomographic images, and the correlation between body composition status and several SIR markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin level, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio, and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) was assessed using statistical methods.'], ['Individual calculi form when the secretory tube is blocked by inflammation, prostatic secretions, or corpora amylacea.'], ['Indeed, while core-fucosylation of IgG Fc-glycans greatly affects the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity function, with obvious repercussions in the design of therapeutic antibodies, sialylation can reverse the antibody inflammatory response, and galactosylation levels have been linked to aging, to the onset of inflammation, and to the predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis.'], ['This normal process can be disturbed in a variety of pathologic processes, including localized or generalized inflammation, metabolic and endocrine disorders, primary and metastatic cancers, and during aging as a result of low-grade chronic inflammation.', 'TRAF3 also limits osteoclast formation induced by TNF, which mediates inflammation and joint destruction in inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.', 'Mice genetically engineered to have TRAF3 deleted in osteoclast precursors and macrophages develop early onset osteoporosis, inflammation in multiple tissues, infections, and tumors, indicating that TRAF3 suppresses inflammation and tumors in myeloid cells.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that features inflammation and immune responses of innate and adaptive immunity.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that persistent inflammation is associated with reduction of hippocampal and gray matter volumes in older patients with BD.'], ['Numerous physiological functions of melatonin have been demonstrated including anti-inflammation, suppressing neoplastic growth, circadian and endocrine rhythm regulation, and its potent antioxidant activity as well as its role in regeneration of various tissues including the nervous system, liver, bone, kidney, bladder, skin, and muscle, among others.', 'We update the current state of knowledge related to the molecular processes, mainly including anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and anti-inflammation as well as other properties of melatonin and NAS.'], ['Mechanotransduction is an important part of normal cell functions, as well as endothelial dysfunction which leads to inflammation and pathological conditions.'], ['Young and old mice were fed with either a standard diet (SD) or a HFD then their trachea and lung were examined for histological changes, inflammation, and mitochondrial function.'], ['Expression changes of other NCRs (PD-1, PD-L1/L2, CTLA-4) during inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) were previously demonstrated, but VISTA expression in the CNS has not yet been explored.'], ['Eleven male-specific pathways (inflammation and immunity genes) and 34 female-specific pathways (tryptophan metabolism and PGC-1alpha induced) were significantly associated with longevity (P < .005; false discovery rate < 0.05).'], ['Escherichia coli are a primary producer of trimethylamine and inflammation in the human gut, and the abundance of this bacteria was increased in patients with a reduced exercise capacity (LDA score > 4.0).'], ['Here, we report plasma markers of inflammation with age (inflammaging) in patients with PCV, patients with neovascular AMD and a healthy age-matched control group.'], ['p-cresyl sulfate, trimethylamine-N-oxide) dictate a secretory associated senescence phenotype and chronic low-grade inflammation, features shared in the physiological process of ageing ("inflammaging") as well as in T2DM ("metaflammation") and in its microvascular complications.'], ['In the last decade, we have demonstrated the unique actions of quercetin-3-O-glucuronide at sites of inflammation, including specific accumulation in macrophages and the following deconjugation into active aglycone, catalyzed by the macrophage-derived beta-glucuronidase.'], ['Acquired HLH is less well characterized and usually occurs in younger adults in the setting of severe inflammation triggered by infection or malignancy.'], ['Expert commentary: The appreciation of RBCs as an organ impacting systemic metabolic homeostasis and other cell functions while engaging in complex metabolic activity beyond oxygen transport can foster the development of novel therapeutic interventions in pathologic hypoxemia, inflammation, neurodgenerative diseases, aging, and cancer.'], ['Given the systemic nature of TX excretion, involving predominantly platelet but also extraplatelet sources, urinary TXM may reflect either platelet cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)-dependent TX generation or COX-2-dependent biosynthesis by inflammatory cells and/or platelets, or a combination of the two, especially in clinical settings characterized by low-grade inflammation or enhanced platelet turnover.'], ['Parameters indicating chronic inflammation (CRP) and renal function decline (creatinine clearance) were significantly and independently correlated with increased serum prolactin concentrations in multiple regression analysis.', 'CONCLUSIONS When assessing the relationships between prolactin and CV risk factors in older people with multiple CV risk factors, the effect of renal function decline and chronic inflammation should receive attention.'], ['The consequences of having senescent B-MSCs are not completely understood, but the decrease in their ability to respond to normal activation and the risk of having a negative impact on the local niche by inducing inflammation and senescence in the neighboring cells suggests a new link between B-MSC and the onset of the disease.'], ['In recent years, the morbidity and mortality of CRC have increased in the world due to increasingly ageing population, modern dietary habits, environmental change, genetic disorders and chronic intestinal inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation has been linked with geriatric-related conditions, including dementia.'], ["Secondary aims are to assess SLT's mechanisms of action via electroencephalography (EEG), autonomic function, brain blood flow, and inflammation, as well as its safety in this cohort."], ['We compared a range of serum biomarkers of inflammation, fibrosis, and catabolism in three distinct cohorts, consisting of young patients with myocardial infarction, age-matched healthy volunteers, and disease-free centenarians.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Disease-free centenarians had significantly lower levels of inflammation, fibrosis, and catabolism biomarkers than young patients with myocardial infarction.'], ['Exercise-linked proteomic patterns were related to pathways involved in wound healing, regulation of apoptosis, glucose-insulin and cellular stress signaling, and inflammation/immune responses.', 'Exercise-associated modules included proteins related to inflammation, stress pathways, and immune function and correlated with clinical and physiological indicators of healthspan.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Air pollution continues to be a global health concern and recent studies have shown that air pollutants can cause skin damage and skin aging through several pathways that induce oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and skin barrier dysfunction.'], ['Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has diverse anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, and anti-apopytosis effects on endothelium and is associated with endothelial aging and dysfunction.'], ['Cytoplasmic (cy) and cell-free (cf) DNA pools trigger inflammation and innate immunity at local and systemic level.'], ['We determined the profile of fecal phenolic-derived metabolites, microbiota, biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, and daily intake of bioactive compounds in 71 elderly volunteers.'], ['One was a downregulated co-expression module enriched for neuron function related genes and the other was an upregulated immune/inflammation-related module.', 'The results indicate that a co-expression module related to neuronal function is downregulated and an immune/inflammation related co-expression module is upregulated, and associated with cells of the blood vessels, in both schizophrenia and in normal aging.'], ['The diagnosis includes clinical data, routine laboratory tests for inflammation, calprotectin in stool, coloscopy, ultrasound, CT and magnetic resonance.'], ['BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms and inflammation are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality.', 'Mortality was ascertained from national registers and associations with depressive symptoms and inflammation were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models.', 'In women, neither depressive symptoms or inflammation alone or the combination of both significantly predicted CVD or all-cause mortality.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The combination of depressive symptoms and increased inflammation confers a considerable increase in CVD mortality risk for men.'], ['Recent studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota may be involved in frailty physiopathology by promoting chronic inflammation and anabolic resistance.', 'Modulation of vagal activity and bacterial synthesis of substances active on host neural metabolism, inflammation and amyloid deposition are the main mechanisms involved in this physiopathologic link.'], ['Skin aging is caused by DNA damage in nuclei and mitochondria, inflammation, glycation, decreased function of keratinocytes and fibroblasts and breakdown of heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, collagen, and elastin.'], ['Taken together, our results demonstrate that PM10 contributes to skin inflammation and skin aging via impaired collagen synthesis.'], ['We selected miRNAs known to be involved in crucial cellular processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular senescence related to aging.'], ['In conclusion, our results demonstrate that IF inhibits inflammation in OA via the regulation of NF-kappaB signaling, and suggest that IF may be a potential therapeutic agent for OA.'], ['AIM: To explore possible inter-relationships of various biomarkers of inflammation and lifestyle and other cardiovascular risk factors (age, gender, smoking history, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, alteration of circadian rhythms, body mass index, calf circumference, thigh circumference, abdominal circumference) in the Mugello study oldest old.'], ['RESULTS: CKD was associated with an increase in immune senescence and inflammation biomarkers, as follows: low thymic output (197 +- 25 versus 88 +- 13 versus 73 +- 21 CD4+CD45RA+CD31+ T cells/mm3), an increased proportion of terminally differentiated T cells (CD8+CD28-CD57+) (24 +- 18 versus 32 +- 17 versus 35 +- 19%) restricted to cytomegalovirus-positive patients, telomere shortening (1.11 +- 0.36 versus 0.78 +- 0.24 versus 0.97 +- 0.21 telomere:single copy ratio) and an increase in C-reactive protein levels [median 2.9 (range 1.8-4.9) versus 5.1 (27-9.6) versus 6.2 (3.4-10.5) mg/L].'], ['Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglyceamic clamp), lean mass, muscle function, skeletal muscle subfraction, fibre-specific, and serum ceramide content and indices of skeletal muscle inflammation were assessed.', 'Body fat did not change and only minimal changes in muscle inflammation were noted across the intervention.'], ['This review summarizes the literature data concerning olfactory dysfunction in autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and systemic lupus erythematosus; animal models thereof; and inflammation in the olfactory bulb.'], ['Fibrillarin knockdown prior to infection increases intracellular bacterial clearance, reduces inflammation, and enhances cell survival.'], ['Telemedicine interventions improve glycemic control, and certain functional medicine strategies could be adjuvant interventions to reduce inflammation and stress, but more studies focused on the elderly population are needed.'], ['Excessive exposure to UV radiation can lead to increased production of free radicals and hence to skin damage such as inflammation, premature skin ageing and skin cancer.'], ['Although the relation between inflammation and depression has been studied extensively, the distinct role of inflammation in early and late-onset depression in older patients has not been addressed before.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that low-grade inflammation is more strongly associated with late-onset than early-onset depression in older adults, suggesting a distinct inflammatory etiology for late-onset depression.'], ['DIAGNOSES: Colonoscopy demonstrated severe inflammation in the colon, mucosal congestion, and edema, and multiple hemorrhages and ulcerations, with purulent adhesions.'], ['Background: In high-income countries, inflammation has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals despite treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART).'], ['Elevated red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a simple measure of red blood cell size heterogeneity, has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity in the elderly population, which might reflect systemic inflammation and malnutrition.', 'Elevated RDW was associated with prevalent morphometric VF in community-dwelling elderly individuals, independent of anemia, inflammation, and nutritional status.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that a possible association between blood lipids and the observed loss of galactose and sialic acid, as well as the addition of bisecting GlcNAcs, which might be related to the chronic inflammation accompanying with the development and procession of dyslipidaemia.'], ['Our results suggest that TNF-alpha is associated with cognitive and functional decline and that inflammation could be a substrate of cognitive impairment at early clinical stages of dementia.'], ['The pathological cellular and molecular mechanisms, involved in CAVD, are extracellular matrix degradation, aberrant matrix deposition, fibrosis, mineralization, inflammation, lipid accumulation, and neo-angiogenesis.'], ['This study investigated the effects of long noncoding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cell inflammatory injury.', 'We found that LPS treatment remarkably induced ATDC5 cell apoptosis and inflammatory injury.', 'Overexpression of MALAT1 significantly reversed the LPS-induced ATDC5 cell inflammatory injury, while suppression of MALAT1 had opposite effects.', 'To conclude, our research verified that MALAT1 alleviated LPS-induced ATDC5 cell inflammatory injury by upregulating miR-19b and inactivating Wnt/beta-catenin and NF-kappaB pathways.'], ['All eligible women were screened with TCT, HPV, FRD testing, and colposcopy.A total of 216 women include 137 (63.4%) cases of cervical inflammation, 27 (12.5%) cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1), 51 (23.6%) cases of CIN 2, 34 (15.7%) cases of CIN 3, and 12 (5.6%) cases of cervical cancer.'], ['Large vessel GCA (LV-GCA) often presents as an inflammatory syndrome and is only detected by imaging modalities such as: colour duplex sonography (CDS), computed tomography (CT) / CT angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) / CT.'], ['MCPyV as well as Epstein-Barr virus, which are normally connected with humans under the form of subclinical infection, are thought to be involved at various degrees in several neoplastic and inflammatory diseases.', 'In this review, we cover two types of Langerhans cell neoplasms, the Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), represented as either neoplastic or inflammatory diseases caused by MCPyV.'], ['AA amyloidosis may develop in patients with active chronic inflammation.', 'Serum amyloid A (SAA), the precursor of the AA protein, is strongly amplified in the liver under the stimulation of inflammation-associated cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF, and IL-1.', 'Sustained inflammation, aging, and polymorphisms in the SAA1.3 genotype are dependent risk factors for the formation of AA amyloidosis.'], ['AIM: Aging is associated with increased inflammation, particularly in frailty.'], ['Compared with the low/decreasing group, membership in the light/stable and moderate/increasing trajectory groups was associated with a more favorable cardiometabolic profile and lower levels of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.'], ['This multicausal energy dissipation, posited as the universal origin of cancer initiation, relates to cellular heat generation, disrupted metabolism, and inflammation.'], ['Three inflammation-related miRNAs (miR-21, miR-146a, and miR-223) and one miRNA related with the control of melatonin synthesis (miR-483) were analyzed.'], ['Health authorities are alarmed worldwide about the increase of obesity and overweight in the last decades which lead to adverse health effects including inflammation, cancer, accelerated aging and infertility.', 'ROS formation and lipid peroxidation were found in several investigations and may be caused by increased insulin, fatty acid and glucose levels or indirectly via inflammation.'], ['Despite good immunovirological control, HIV causes chronic inflammation and accelerated immunosenes-cence.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, low immunogenicity of Abeta in healthy controls may prevent inflammation while the generation of specific IgM antibodies may help in the clearance of Abeta in healthy subjects.'], ['Despite the potential detrimental effects of systemic inflammation on muscle mass, which is mainly observed in patients with pathologic diseases, its role in muscle strength, especially in a healthy general population reflecting subclinical low-grade inflammation, is unclear.', 'These findings provide clinical evidence that chronic subclinical low-grade inflammation may contribute to the deterioration of muscle strength seen with aging, especially in men.'], ['These results suggest that regular exercise results in better cellular metabolism and antioxidant capacity via maintaining physiological state of mitochondria and efficient ATP production and decreasing ageing-related inflammation as indicated by the lower level of miR-7 in master athletes.'], ["BACKGROUND: Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota in the elderly can cause a leaky gut, which may result in silent systemic inflammation and promote neuroinflammation - a relevant pathomechanism in the early course of Alzheimer's disease.", 'OBJECTIVE: The rebalancing of the microbiome could benefically impact on gut inflammation and immune activation.', 'Biomarkers of immune activation - serum neopterin and tryptophan breakdown - as well as gut inflammation markers and microbiota composition in fecal specimens were analyzed in 18 patients before and after probiotic supplementation for 4 weeks.'], ['Sarcopenia results from complex and interdependent pathophysiological mechanisms that include aging, physical inactivity, neuromuscular compromise, resistance to postprandial anabolism, insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, endocrine factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation.'], ['UVB radiation of the sun is a major challenge for the skin and can induce inflammation, aging, and eventually skin cancer.'], ['To solve this considerable issue, we need to further understand the mechanism and consequences of aging, such as chronic inflammation, sarcopenia, and especially the structure of frailty.'], ["Background: Aging and its complications such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation entitled age-associated inflammation.", 'However, the main mechanisms whichinduce age-associated inflammation in aging and AD are yet to beclarified.', 'L-23/IL-17A axis plays important roles in the induction of inflammation and consequently autoimmune disease.', 'This review evaluates the main roles played by IL-17A, IL-23, and IL-17A/IL-23 axis in the pathogenesis of age-associated inflammation in AD patients.', 'Result: IL-23/IL-17A axis, is an important factor participate in the pathogenesis of age-associated inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Parenteral nutrition (PN)-dependent adults and elderly individuals who are admitted to hospital treatment are potentially susceptible to mineral disorder complications due to depleted physiological reserves, loss of lean body mass, and increased fat mass, thus worsening inflammation.'], ['Recently, CHIP was unexpectedly found to be an important risk factor for cardiovascular events, with accumulating evidence supporting a mechanism of accelerated atherogenesis as a result of vascular inflammation driven by clonally derived monocytes/macrophages.'], ['Accumulation of senescent cells can trigger chronic inflammation, which may contribute to the pathological changes in the elderly.'], ['Oligodendrocytes are affected following different insults to the central nervous system including ischemia, traumatism, and inflammation.'], ['Oxidative damage and inflammation coexist in healthy human brain aging.', 'The present study analyzes levels of protein adduction by lipid peroxidation (LP) end-products neuroketal (NKT) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as markers of protein oxidative damage, cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels, as a marker of inflammation, and cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2), responsible of generation of neuroprotective products, in twelve brain regions in normal middle-aged individuals (MA) and old-aged (OA) individuals.'], ['In older patients, inflammation is slower to resolve and impedes healing.'], ['Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disease in which inflammation plays a central role.'], ['In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers.'], ['The growing association between neurodegeneration and inflammation has led researchers to investigate interactions of sirtuins with inflammatory markers in neurodegenerative diseases.', "We analyzed SIRT1's association with chronic inflammation in dementia as an age-related neurodegenerative condition through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and interleukin-7 (IL7) for the first time."], ['This study aims to elucidate whether this association exists, independent of confounding factors such as nutritional status, kidney function, inflammation, and insulin resistance.'], ['Such background inflammation is linked to a range of adverse outcomes, including all-cause mortality, sarcopenia and other markers of frailty.'], ['Sphingolipids are bioactive molecules associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases, but poorly studied in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a prevalent sight-threatening disease of the ageing retina.'], ['Inflammageing is also a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, depression, dementia, and sarcopenia, but whether modulating inflammation beneficially affects the clinical course of non-CVD health problems is controversial.', 'This uncertainty is an important issue to address because older patients with CVD are often affected by multimorbidity and frailty - which affect clinical manifestations, prognosis, and response to treatment - and are associated with inflammation by mechanisms similar to those in CVD.', 'The hypothesis that inflammation affects CVD, multimorbidity, and frailty by inhibiting growth factors, increasing catabolism, and interfering with homeostatic signalling is supported by mechanistic studies but requires confirmation in humans.'], ['Even more importantly, we discovered that Foxc1 promoted cell proliferation by upregulation PI3K/AKT signaling, which was inflammation-dependent.'], ['Mitochondrial protein Bim plays an essential role in regulating inflammation, restraining oxidative stress, and maintaining the balance of the mitochondrial membrane potential and energy production.'], ['Multi-variable linear regression models were used to assess the association between adiposity and cognitive function adjusting for insulin resistance, inflammation and cerebrovascular disease.'], ['Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms include inflammation and cellular senescence.', 'COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with secretion of numerous inflammatory mediators, many of which play a documented role in the promotion of cancer cell progression.'], ['Our studies indicate that HUVECs underwent premature senescence associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and altered eNOS activation.'], ['Remarkably, VAT was negatively correlated with HSR (r = - 0.49, p < 0.01) while RT improved the HSR and reduced inflammation [TNF-alpha: from 51.5 +- 9 to 40.7 +- 4 pg/mL and TNF-alpha/IL-10 ratio: from 1.55 +- 0.3 to 1.16 +- 0.2 (p < 0.001)], without affecting other parameters.'], ["It plays a key role in the control of inflammation, and in turn, its' composition is significantly influenced by inflammation."], ['Changes in redox homeostasis in infected cells are one of the key events that is linked to infection with respiratory viruses and linked to inflammation and subsequent tissue damage.'], ['However, we do not know whether risk for inflammatory disease predisposes unaffected individuals to late-life cognitive deficits or AD-related neuropathology.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that global risk of inflammatory disease does not strongly influence aging-related cognitive decline but that susceptibility variants that influence peripheral immune function also alter microglial density and immune gene expression in the aging brain, opening a new perspective on the control of microglial and immune responses within the central nervous system.'], ['Iron deficiency (with or without anemia), anemia of inflammation, and anemia of chronic disease are all widespread in the elderly and, once identified, should be investigated further as they are often indicative of underlying disease.'], ['While current research on AD has focused on amyloid-betapeptide deposition, tau-pathology, and microglial activation and inflammation, greater attention to the cerebrovascular contribution to this neurodegenerative disease presents an additional target for therapeutic prevention and intervention.'], ['We argue that increased concentrations of circulating PICs are not only markers of chronic low-grade inflammation, but they also serve as an important pathophysiological link between CV health and ageing.'], ['OBJECTIVES: The increased cardiovascular risk seen in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be due to combination of oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and damage to leukocyte telomere length (LTL) seen with aging.'], ['This group of rare diseases represents a key model for tackling the pathogenic mechanisms involving mitochondrial biology relevant to much more common disorders that affect our currently ageing population, such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders, and cancer.'], ['Gut dysbiosis can trigger the innate immune response and chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to many age-related degenerative pathologies and unhealthy aging.'], ['BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between systemic inflammation and chronic kidney disease (CKD), and whether this association changes with aging in adults, by using neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an inflammation marker.'], ['Despite strong genetic associations, compelling human histological data and numerous hypotheses generated with supportive animal data, the mechanisms of inflammation or inflammatory control of cell health during progression of age-related macular degeneration arguably remain elusive.', 'This perspective delivers a view that maintaining tissue health requires active immune cellular and tissue pathways, but when responses are perturbed or exaggerated, chronic inflammation is destructive.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the association between diurnal cortisol profiles, inflammation, and functional limitations, among adults ranging in age from 34-84 years.', 'Previously validated diurnal cortisol profiles (i.e., normative, flattened, or elevated) were examined in relation to concurrent inflammation risk burden and to predict long-term changes in functional limitations.', 'RESULTS: Compared with participants with normative profiles across all interview days, participants with dysregulated profiles across all interview days (i.e., all days elevated, flattened, or a combination of elevated and flattened) showed greater concurrent inflammation risk burden and more functional limitations at follow-up.', 'Regions of significance testing indicated that the association was significant beginning at age 60 for inflammation risk burden and beginning at age 66 for functional limitations.'], ['In addition, ageing-induced effects are difficult to disentangle from the influence of other factors that are common in older people, such as chronic diseases, inflammation, and low nutritional status, all of which can also affect endocrine systems.'], ['We examined the impact of stress and aging on macrophage-related inflammation and cognition in clinically normal adults.'], ['One mechanistic hypothesis for these associations involves faster cellular aging of immune cells, which could plausibly contribute to chronic disease pathogenesis by compromising host resistance and/or up-regulating inflammation.'], ['There is interplay between aging, sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy dietary habits, and insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress, resulting in a quantitative and qualitative decline in muscle mass and an increase in fat mass.'], ['ROS-macromolecular-induced damage is significantly greater in OA cartilage and OA is described as low-grade chronic systemic inflammation.'], ['Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern [NU-AGE (New Dietary Strategies Addressing the Specific Needs of the Elderly Population for Healthy Aging in Europe)] on indexes of inflammation with a number of secondary endpoints, including bone mineral density (BMD) and biomarkers of bone and collagen degradation in a 1-y multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT; NU-AGE) in elderly Europeans.'], ["There is a growing body of evidence that both local and systemic inflammation are important in dementia; with cerebral inflammation occurring secondarily to beta-amyloid plaques, raised levels of serum inflammatory molecules and cytokines being present in Alzheimer's disease patients and systemic inflammation being associated with cerebral microvasculature disease in vascular dementia."], ['Leptin levels may affect mortality through its link to inflammation and obesity.'], ['Our results suggest a potential link between the known widespread low-grade systemic inflammation of old age, termed "inflammaging," with the elderly\'s specific susceptibility to developing active TB.'], ['This study aimed to explore the function of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway in inflammatory injury and apoptosis in the perihematoma tissues of patients with ICH.', 'Our study sheds light on the regulation of inflammation and apoptosis as potential novel targets to prevent secondary injury after ICH.'], ['HAND could also reflect the neurological impact of HIV infection superimposed on comorbidities linked to age and chronic inflammation, leading to a higher prevalence of neurocognitive impairment across the age span (accentuated aging).'], ['Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease that causes the most heart attacks and strokes in humans, is the leading cause of death in the developing world; its principal clinical manifestation is coronary artery disease.'], ['Secretomic analysis also showed that decreased NAD triggered interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) secretion, which activated integrin-beta-catenin, TGFbeta-MAPK, and inflammation signaling pathways to sustain the signaling required for EMT.'], ['One of the mechanisms through which caregiving is associated with disease risk is chronic inflammation.', 'Chronic inflammation may accelerate cellular aging via telomere dysfunction and cell senescence, although this has not been examined in human cells from healthy people.'], ['Physical exercise is a potential strategy for improving the immune system dysfunction and chronic inflammation that accompanies aging.', 'However, there is a need to differentiate between aerobic and resistance exercise training regarding human immune system and systemic inflammation among the elderly Saudi population.'], ['Microvas-cular endothelial injury in sepsis due to microbial inflammation encompasses small blood vessels (< 100 mum in diameter).'], ['These data indicate cellular degeneration via stress-induced premature senescence and associated inflammatory responses abetted by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and reflect an increased expression of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Brain "inflammaging," a low-grade and chronic inflammation, is a major hallmark for aging-related neurodegenerative diseases.', 'Although both groups show promoter H3K27ac, the Age-Up genes, enriched for inflammation-related functions, are additionally marked by broad H3K27ac distribution over their gene bodies, which is progressively reduced during aging.'], ['Flavonoids have been proven to be active against hypertension, inflammation, diabetes and vascular diseases.'], ["BACKGROUND: The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is linked to cellular stress and inflammation during Alzheimer's disease (AD)."], ['In this review, we are primarily concerned with exploring the latest advances in understanding SIRT6 and how it can alter the course of several life-threatening diseases such as processes related to aging, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease, and diabetes (SIRT6 has also shown to be involved in liver disease, inflammation, and bone-related issues) and any recent promising pharmacological investigations or potential therapeutics that are of interest.'], ['We identified a total of 1,014 unique proteins, many of which are linked to inflammation and the complement cascade, revealing the inflammation processes in retinal diseases.'], ['Diabetes-related conditions such as chronic hyperglycemia and related oxidative stress and inflammation were repeatedly associated with accelerated telomere shortening in epidemiological studies, although some findings are inconsistent.'], ['PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that serum uric acid levels and inflammation are associated with bone mineral density.', 'Gout, a disease characterized by hyperuricemia and inflammation, contributes to the risk of osteoporotic fractures.'], ['High protein availability accelerates resolution of muscle inflammation and promotes muscle increment after training.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation are intricately interlinked as aetiological factors in the context of ageing and chronic disease-related accelerated ageing.', 'Previous research by our group has highlighted the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of grape-derived polyphenols in the context of acute inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Studies on muscle cells and animal models of muscle wasting, have identified the therapeutic potential of the amino acid, glycine, to reduce inflammation, attenuate muscle atrophy, and re-sensitize muscle to anabolic stimuli.'], ['To illustrate this point, the association between inflammation and MD in old psychiatric inpatients is sparsely investigated even though an association between inflammation and treatment resistance among younger adults with MD has been reported.'], ['At 24 hours after IRI, compared to old wild-type mice, the old mice with IRI had significantly damaged renal histology, decreased renal function, increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.', 'Compared to old mice with IRI, old-old parabiosis mice with IRI did not show differences in renal histological damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, or autophagy, but did exhibit improved renal function.', 'Renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were significantly decreased, and autophagy was significantly increased.', 'Thus, a youthful systemic milieu may decrease oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and increase autophagy in old mice with IRI.'], ['OBJECTIVE: N-acylethanolamines play different roles in energy balance; anandamide (AEA) stimulates energy intake and storage, N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) counters inflammation, and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) mediates anorectic signals and lipid oxidation.'], ['We found that in cells expressing FANCC at different levels, there are representative alterations in metabolites associated with aging (glycine, citrulline, ornithine, L-asparagine, L-tyrosine, L-arginine, L-glutamine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-proline and L-alanine), Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (carbon monoxide, collagens, fatty acids, D-glucose, fumaric acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, C3), inflammation (inosine, L-arginine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, hypoxanthine, L-methionine), and cancer ( L-methionine, sphingomyelin, acetyl-L-carnitine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, niacinamide, phospho-rylethanolamine).', 'Collectively, featured-metabolic alterations are readouts of functional mechanisms underlying reduced tumorigenicity driven by FANCC, demonstrating close links among cancer, aging, inflammation and DM.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Increasing data suggests that chronic inflammation has an essential role on development of muscle dysfunction and progression of sarcopenia in aging population.', 'Complete blood count, biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)) of all patients were measured.', 'CONCLUSION: Increased NLR levels may indicate that inflammation may have a significant role in development of sarcopenia in the elderly population.'], ['This study investigated the association between MS and asthma and the contribution of insulin resistance (IR) and systemic inflammation to this MS-asthma association in the elderly.', 'Mediation analyses were performed to examine whether IR and systemic inflammation mediates the MS-asthma association.', 'Participants with IR and systemic inflammation were associated with higher prevalence of asthma.', 'Prevalence of IR and systemic inflammation were higher in participants with MS or with each MS component.', 'The MS-asthma association was substantially mediated by IR and systemic inflammation.', 'MS might affect asthma through both IR and systemic inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Positive psychological characteristics in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with better health and longevity, and one plausible physiological mechanism involves lower markers of inflammation.'], ['Here we show that L2-Cmu preferentially improves female healthspan and increases median lifespan by 9% (P = 0.03) in females, along with a reduction in neoplasms and inflammation (P <= 0.05).'], ['Even long-term suppression of HIV seemed to be accompanied by an excess of deleterious inflammation that could promote these complications.'], ['Our findings suggest that interventions targeting physical activity, obesity, smoking, and low-grade inflammation in middle age might reduce socioeconomic differences in later-life frailty.'], ['The exact role of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in older patients with chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap (ACO) remains unclear.'], ['In order to explore a possible role of NLRP3 in male infertility, associated with sterile testicular inflammation, we studied a mouse model of male infertility.', 'These human aromatase-expressing transgenic mice (AROM+) develop testicular inflammation and impaired spermatogenesis during aging, and the present data show that this is associated with strikingly elevated Nlrp3 expression in the testes compared to WT controls.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflammation stand out as key features of physiological skin ageing.'], ['Peroxisomes are actively involved in apoptosis and inflammation, innate immunity, aging and in the pathogenesis of age related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cancer.'], ['This chapter also describes how prion disease pathogenesis and susceptibility may be influenced by inflammation, co-infection with other pathogens, and aging.'], ['However, there are increasing concerns about long-lasting effects of chronic inflammation and immune activation, leading to premature aging and HIV-related mortality.'], ['Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging.'], ['Prior studies suggest that intestinal permeability may contribute to increases in systemic inflammation-an aging hallmark-possibly via microorganisms entering the circulation.', 'To compare microbiota profiles in serum between healthy young (20-35 years, n = 24) and older adults (60-75 years, n = 24) as well as associations between differential microbial populations and prominent indices of age-related inflammation.', 'These data are the first to demonstrate that the richness and composition of the serum microbiome differ between young and older adults and that these factors are linked to indices of age-related inflammation.'], ['They shorten over the mammalian life span, especially in the presence of oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Chronic stress and stress hormone hypersecretion alone or associated with distinct disorders, such as anxiety, depression, obesity, metabolic syndrome, autoimmune disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), have been associated with psychological and somatic manifestations, typically, increased fat mass, osteosarcopenia/frailty, cellular dehydration, and chronic systemic inflammation.'], ['We intended to assess the effect of GL in atherosclerosis, an arterial condition associated with chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, using a carotid-artery-ligation mouse model.', 'GTs prevent atherogenesis by eliminating disturbed flow-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['The role of melatonin in the brain has been extended to its synthesis in the cerebellum as a response to inflammation, findings that exceed the earlier demonstration of aralkylamine Nacetyltransferase expression.', 'Various new data underline the stimulation of sirtuins 1 and 3 by melatonin in the context of aging and of inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Sepsis-related systemic inflammation resulted in microcirculatory dysfunction.'], ['Future studies should evaluate whether interventions that aim to reduce inflammation also attenuate fatigability.'], ['In non-human and human primates, CR causes changes that protect against several age-related pathologies, reduces inflammation, and preserves or improves cell-mediated immunity.'], ['BACKGROUND: Obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation have both been implicated in the onset of physical fatigue.', 'CONCLUSIONS: BMI and inflammation may both be suitable targets for intervention to reduce the burden of physical fatigability in later life.'], ['Moreover, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are potential markers of host immune response and inflammation.'], ['Vitamin K compounds (K vitamers) are required for the normal function of at least 15 proteins involved in diverse physiological processes such as coagulation, tissue mineralization, inflammation, and neuroprotection.', 'Increased vitamin K intake may also reduce the severity and/or risk of bone fracture, arterial calcification, inflammatory diseases, and cognitive decline.'], ['We hypothesized that inflammatory bowel disease patients with chronic, systemic inflammation have an increased arterial stiffness associated with the disease duration.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Chronic subclinical inflammation is responsible for dyslipidemia and accelerated atherosclerosis which consequently alterates arterial elasticity.'], ['Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effect of a symbiotic substance on symptoms of brain disorders and inflammation in the elderly.Methods: Forty-nine elders, both genders, assigned into two groups: S-group (synbiotic) and P-group (placebo).'], ['Multiple areas of clinical therapy skill-based learning, tailor-made to fit individual needs, will be discussed including: brain stimulating activities, restorative techniques, automatic negative thoughts and maladaptive thinking reduction, inflammation and pain management techniques, nutrition and culinary focused cognitive wellness, spirituality based practices and mindfulness, movement and exercise, alternative/complimentary therapies, relationship restoration/social engagement, and trauma healing/meaning.', 'Cognitive health rests upon the foundation of counteracting mind-body connection disruptions from multiple etiologies including inflammation, chronic stress, metabolic issues, cardiac conditions, autoimmune disease, neurological disorders, infectious diseases, and allergy spectrum disorders.'], ['inflammation and stress-induced inflammation have been associated with the development of depression via enhanced tryptophan breakdown.', 'The aim of this work was to verify whether independent and interacting associations of psychosocial stress and inflammation on tryptophan breakdown already exist in children and adolescents as a vulnerable age group.', 'Linear regressions with stress or inflammation as predictor were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, puberty, socio-economic status and country.', 'RESULTS: In both cohorts, inflammation as measured by higher levels of CRP, sVCAM1 and sICAM1 was associated with kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and thus enhanced tryptophan breakdown (beta: 0.145-0.429).', 'This data further contributes to our understanding of pathways to disease development, and may help identifying those more likely to develop stress or inflammation-related illnesses.'], ['Specific patterns of the N-glycosylation of human Igs have already been associated with various ailments such as autoimmune diseases, malignant transformation, chronic inflammation, and ageing.'], ['Background: Older people are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies, which can be under- or overestimated in the presence of inflammation.', 'Several methods have been proposed to adjust for the effect of inflammation; however, to our knowledge, none have been investigated in older adults in whom chronic inflammation is common.', 'Objective: We investigated the influence of various inflammation-adjustment methods on micronutrient biomarkers associated with anemia in older people living in aged-care facilities in New Zealand.', 'Four adjustment methods were applied to micronutrient concentrations: 1) internal correction factors based on stages of inflammation defined by CRP and AGP, 2) external correction factors derived from the literature, 3) a regression correction model in which reference CRP and AGP were set to the maximum of the lowest decile, and 4) a regression correction model in which reference IL-6 was set to the maximum of the lowest decile.', 'The greatest inflammation adjustment was observed with the regression correction that used IL-6.', 'Conclusions: Adjustment for inflammation should be considered when evaluating micronutrient status in this aging population group; however, the approaches used require further investigation, particularly the influence of adjustment for IL-6.'], ['Immune activation, senescence and inflammation could play an important role in this process.', 'METHODS: The CIADIS (Chronic Immune Activation anD Senescence) sub-study analyzed biomarkers of activation, differentiation and senescence of T cells in a cellular-CIADIS-weighted score, whereas biomarkers of inflammation were analyzed in a soluble CIADIS-weighted score using principal component analysis.'], ['Regulators of FGF23 production include parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, dietary phosphate, and inflammation.'], ['Fasting and two-hour glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, lipid profiles, markers of adiposity and inflammation, and blood pressure were assessed.'], ['However, the principles of the Mediterranean diet and relevant data linked to the examples of people living in the five blue zones demonstrate that the key to longevity and the prevention of chronic disease development is not the reduction of dietary or serum cholesterol but the control of systemic inflammation.', 'In this review, we present all the relevant data that supports the view that it is inflammation induced by several factors, such as platelet-activating factor (PAF), that leads to the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) rather than serum cholesterol.'], ['Next, we discuss the most likely risk factors to date that interact with biological sex, including (1) genetic factors, (2) sex hormones (3) deviations in brain structure, (4) inflammation and microglia, and (5) and psychosocial stress responses.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation have been pointed out as the leading causes of brain aging, which in turn alters the functionality of brain.'], ['We generated heterochronic bone marrow chimeras as a tool to determine the contribution of peripheral immune senescence to age- and stroke-induced inflammation.'], ['Aims: The gut microbiome influences metabolic syndrome (MetS) and inflammation and is therapeutically modifiable.'], ['Notably, since SCs spread inflammation at the systemic level through pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory signals, foods rich in polyphenols, which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, have the potential to be harnessed as "anti-senescence foods" in a nutraceutical approach to healthier aging.'], ['Inflammation in the male reproductive tract is frequently linked with bacterial or virus infections but also with a broad range of noninfectious processes.', 'However, in spite of the inflammation theory of disease, chronic inflammation in male urogenital system does not always cause symptoms.', 'Nevertheless, the incidence of inflammation in reproductive organs and ducts varies greatly among elderly men.', "Thus, further investigations are required to elucidate the precise cross-links between inflammation and male reproductive senescence, and to establish the impact of anti-inflammatory drug treatments on elder men's general health status."], ['In addition, no effects on markers of inflammation were observed.'], ['In particular, aging and trauma are the main risk factors identified for the development of OA; however, other factors such as genetic predisposition, obesity, inflammation, gender and hormones, or metabolic syndrome contribute to OA development and lead to a more severe outcome.'], ['Since caspases have a role in inflammation, cell proliferation, tumour suppression, cell differentiation, neural development and axon guidance and ageing, this may explain pleiotropic actions of AA and their metabolites.'], ['BACKGROUND: High levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines are characteristic of inflammaging, a term coined to describe age-related chronic systemic inflammation involved in the etiology of many age-related disorders including nonhealing wounds.'], ['The development of chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation in the elderly (inflammaging) has been associated with increased incidence of chronic diseases, geriatric syndromes, and functional impairments.', 'The aim of this study was to examine differences in habitual physical activity (PA), dietary intake patterns, and musculoskeletal performance among community-dwelling elderly men with low and elevated systemic inflammation.', 'Nonsarcopenic older men free of chronic diseases were grouped as ‘low’ (LSI: n = 17; 68.2 ± 2.6 years; hs-CRP: <1 mg/L) or ‘elevated’ (ESI: n = 17; 68.7 ± 3.0 years; hs-CRP: >1 mg/L) systemic inflammation according to their serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP).', 'These results provide evidence that elderly men characterized by low levels of systemic inflammation are more physically active, spend more time in MVPA, and receive higher amounts of antioxidant vitamins compared to those with increased systemic inflammation.'], ['Although inflammation is known to influence bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD), less is known about role of soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 (sTNFalpha-R1) in changes in bone turnover and BMD in the year after hip fracture.', 'Interventions that reduce systemic inflammation should be explored to reduce bone resorption and prevent a decline in BMD after hip fracture.'], ['Further, in recent years the close link between bone and inflammation has been better appreciated and a wide range of chronic inflammatory states (from rheumatoid arthritis to ageing) are being explored to discover the biochemical changes that ultimately lead to bone loss and OP.'], ['BACKGROUND: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production facilitates a shift from acute to chronic inflammation that may induce the development of some diseases and aging.', 'OBJECTIVE: to assess whether in elderly women without inflammation the widely used anthropometric obesity indices are associated with serum IL-6 level and, if so, to determine the best anthropometric predictor of this inflammatory biomarker.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that of all popular indices of adiposity neck circumference is the best predictor of serum IL-6 concentration in the oldest old women without inflammation.'], ['Enhanced betaarr S-nitrosylation characterizes inflammation and aging as well as human and murine heart failure.'], ['The major independent variable is caregiver-reported elder abuse, while outcome variables include cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peptic ulcer, digestive disorder, chronic hepatic disease, chronic renal disease, metabolic disease, acute inflammation, joint disease, tumor, and general injury.', 'After adjusting for potential confounders, abused older persons were more susceptible to cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peptic ulcer, digestive disorder, metabolic disease, acute inflammation, tumor, and injuries.'], ['The biomarkers identified may indicate the involvement of inflammation in frailty, especially for physical and cognitive frailty.'], ['BACKGROUND: Selenium has a wide range of pleiotropic effects, influencing redox homeostasis, thyroid hormone metabolism, and protecting from oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and renal disorders, and certain cancers are more common in this cohort, which is attributed to elevated rates of inflammation.'], ['In response to stress stimuli, Hsp90 is released, and NLRP3 can be activated to promote inflammation.', 'Controlled destruction of NLRP3 is a potential way to regulate the inflammation associated with chronic diseases, such as AMD.'], ['Epidemiological evidence indicates that regular physical activity and/or frequent structured exercise reduces the incidence of many chronic diseases in older age, including communicable diseases such as viral and bacterial infections, as well as non-communicable diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders.'], ['In the kidney, the most widely studied sirtuin is SIRT1, which exerts cytoprotective effects by inhibiting cell apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis together with SIRT3, a crucial metabolic sensor that regulates ATP generation and mitochondrial adaptive response to stress.'], ['Altogether, inflammation and tau aggregation are observed in preclinical stages, preceding the BNS of patients, which in turn are exhibited earlier than cognitive and functional impairment detected in AD.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects all age groups, but the prevalence appears to increase with age.', 'Although they can effectively reduce inflammation and retard radiological damage (disease modifying), the long-term use of glucocorticoids is associated with numerous adverse effects.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Despite robust interest in the association between inflammation and depression, anti-inflammatory markers have been scarcely investigated as predictors of the future risk of depression.'], ['Progerin mRNA levels were not influenced by inflammation in DCM hearts.'], ['We examined whether the pattern of middle- to late-life systemic inflammation was associated with white matter (WM) structural abnormalities in older adults.', 'High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, was measured at 3 visits (21 and 14 years before, and concurrent with, neuroimaging).', 'These results suggest that increasing and persistent inflammation in the decades spanning middle-to late-life may promote WM disease in older adults.'], ["Lifestyle practices of residents of California's Loma Linda Blue Zone, one of five worldwide longevity hotspots, may provide insight into inflammation remediation and chronic disease prevention.", 'Embedding the identified resiliency factors into chronic disease prevention frameworks has potential for mitigating systemic inflammation, alleviating chronic disease burden, and promoting a culture of health.'], ['Chronic inflammation of the skin often marks the beginning of various skin diseases.', 'Studies have shown that phytochemicals can alter processes involved in skin inflammation and alleviate the effects of aging, cancer, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and vitiligo.', 'In this review, we summarize recent findings on the effects of phytochemicals on skin inflammation and the mechanisms of action involved.'], ['The canonical correlation analysis indicated that initial N-glycan structures are significantly correlated with inflammation markers (r = 0.566, p < 0.001).'], ['Moreover, given that telomere length is modulated by oxidative stress and inflammation, an additional goal was to evaluate whether the latter may mediate possible telomere - diet associations.', 'Deep fried potato product consumption was also significantly associated with C-reactive protein (P = 0.032) and uric acid (P = 0.042), but not other inflammation and oxidative stress markers.'], ['Inflammation and remodeling of extracellular matrix have been suggested as concurrent mechanisms of SVD.'], ['CONCLUSION: Perturbations of innate immunity and inflammation signified by high CD11b on inflammatory monocytes are exacerbated with aging in HIV+ and negatively impact immune function involved in Ab response to influenza vaccination.'], ['We used unadjusted correlations and linear models to adjust for comorbidities and inflammation.'], ['Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell hyperplasia driven by persistent inflammation is a hallmark feature of remodeling in asthma.'], ['BACKGROUND: Among community-dwelling older adults, frailty is associated with heightened markers of inflammation and subsequent mortality.', 'Although frailty is common among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, the role of frailty and markers of inflammation in this population remains unclear.', 'We quantified these associations in patients on the kidney transplant waitlist and tested whether frailty and/or markers of inflammation improve waitlist mortality risk prediction.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Frailty and markers of inflammation were associated with increased waitlist mortality risk, but only markers of inflammation significantly improved ESRD risk prediction.'], ['We retrieved protein interactions of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein (MAPT) from NCBI and genes for oxidative stress from NetAge, for inflammation from NetAge and InnateDB databases.', 'After STRING PPIN analysis, 404 APP, 109 MAPT, 204 oxidative stress and 1014 inflammation related high confidence proteins were identified.', 'Our study demonstrated the role of viral etiology in AD pathogenesis by elucidating interaction of oxidative stress and inflammation causing candidate genes with common viruses along with the identification of potential AD drug candidates.'], ['In experimental stroke, middle-aged females have larger strokes and greater inflammation than age-matched males or younger females.', 'One potential factor is an age-related increase in systemic factors that induce inflammation.', 'Adipose tissue plays a key role in obesity-induced systemic inflammation, including increased pro-inflammatory cytokines.'], ['A subset of CCI patients will develop the persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS), and these individuals are predisposed to a poor quality of life and indolent death.'], ['Mitochondria are the energy powerhouses of the cell, and also regulate different processes involved in the pathogenesis of OA including inflammation, apoptosis, calcium metabolism and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).', 'mtDNA variation influences OA-associated phenotypes, including those related to metabolism, inflammation and even ageing, as well as nuclear epigenetic regulation.'], ['Participant characteristics, endothelium-independent dilation (sublingual nitroglycerin), and circulating markers of inflammation were not different (all P>0.1).'], ['One potential factor contributing to accelerated cognitive decline is chronic systemic inflammation, because it has been linked to cognitive impairment and increased dementia risk.', 'Certain lifestyle factors, such as excess body weight and sedentary behavior, can exacerbate a proinflammatory state in older adults, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation.', 'By critically examining the methodologies of those studies, we identified some limitations, one of which is that none of the studies explored the possibility that anti-inflammatory mechanisms were mediating cognitive benefits (i.e., no study tested participants with low-grade inflammation or measured inflammatory biomarkers).'], ['Worse outcomes in older individuals compared to younger adults could be attributed to exacerbated injury mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and bioenergetic dysfunction.'], ['Paradoxically, aging is also associated with a state of chronic inflammation ("inflammaging") and an increased likelihood of developing autoimmune diseases.', 'Epigenetic changes in non-dividing and dividing cells, including immune cells, due to environmental factors contribute to the inflammation and autoimmunity that characterize both the state and diseases of aging.'], ['The liver receives a constant flow of noxious entities that promote inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['BACKGROUND: Diet is a common source of inflammation, and inflammation is associated with depression.'], ['The results were affirmed in mouse lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and rat unilateral ureteral obstruction renal fibrosis models.'], ['Mechanisms underlying these associations (eg, inflammation, oxidative stress) should be explored.'], ['Chronic inflammation and Advanced Glycation End products (AGE) are associated with sarcopenia.', 'The influence of chronic inflammation and AGE in these neuromuscular mechanisms is not clear.', 'Linear regression showed significant relationships between chronic inflammation and six muscle activation parameters.', 'We conclude that in older relatively healthy persons antagonist muscle activation is influenced by chronic inflammation, contributing to age-related muscle weakness.'], ['Given that HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation, we investigated the relationship between cf-mtDNA and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the context of HIV infection.'], ['Multiple lines of evidence suggest that Nrf2 activation protects against aging, inflammation, and many diseases, including cancer.'], ['Data from experimental and clinical studies on hypertension have confirmed the key roles of immune cells and inflammation in the process.'], [': : Inflammation has over the last years been recognised as an important factor for both the symptomatology and disease course in KOA.', 'Synovitis, inflammation of the synovium, is the hallmark of intra-articular inflammation and has been associated with pain, symptoms and disease progression.', 'DCE-MRI may very well be a useful tool in facing these challenges especially in regards of the role of perfusion and inflammation in KOA and osteoarthri-tis in general.'], ['Mechanistically, miR-150 directly targets stearoyl-CoA desaturase-2, which coordinates macrophage-mediated inflammation and pathologic angiogenesis, as seen in AMD, in a VEGF-independent manner.'], ['Immunosenescence that occurs with aging, however, compromises the ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into functional subsets resulting in a multitude of dysregulated responses namely, delayed viral clearance and prolonged inflammation leading to increased pathology.'], ['Oxidative stress caused by inflammation, intrinsic cell factors or environmental exposures, contributes to the pathogenesis of many degenerative diseases and cancer.'], ['Aging is also characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation which could further impact immune cell function.'], ['This review summarizes studies of the possible involvement of dietary methionine restriction in improving insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and inflammation, with an emphasis on the fibroblast growth factor 21 and protein phosphatase 2A signals and autophagy in diabetes.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Development of colonic diverticula is substantially reduced in patients with UC, markedly among those with an early onset, a long history of inflammatory disease, and a high flare frequency.'], ['RESULTS: The full formula regimen caused a significantly (P equals 0.027) increased thickness of the epidermis as seen in histology, not seen in the placebo group, with no signs of inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: A 3-product skin care regimen containing alpha and beta defensins globally improves the visual appearance and structure of aging skin without irritation, dryness, or inflammation.'], ['Complement activation, inflammation, and the loss of choroidal endothelial cells have been established as key factors in both normal aging and AMD; however, the exact mechanisms for these events have yet to be fully uncovered.'], ['Alarmins also boost low-grade inflammation: the release of inflammatory molecules and chemokines sustained by continuous triggering of NF-kappaB within an altered cellular setting that allows its higher transcriptional activity.'], ['Overall, these findings increase our understanding of how PARP1 may suppress deleterious phenotypes associated to aging, inflammation and cancer in humans.'], ['Consequently, the skin may suffer alterations such as photo-ageing, immune dysfunction and inflammation which may significantly affect human health.'], ['There is growing evidence that A-T patients suffer from pathologic inflammation that is responsible for many symptoms of this syndrome, including neurodegeneration, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, accelerated aging, and insulin resistance.', 'AREA COVERED: This review summarizes clinical and molecular findings of inflammation in A-T syndrome.', 'Loss of ATM function may induce immune deregulation and systemic inflammation.'], ['Serum markers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), high sensitivity C-reactive protein), cerebrovascular disease (systolic blood pressure (SBP) 140+, hemoglobin A1C (HgbA1C), total cholesterol), and essential minerals (copper (Cu), magnesium, and calcium) were examined in relation to mean cortical thickness (MCT) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH), adjusting for age and gender.', "CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral markers of Cu, CVD risk, and inflammation are associated with MRI-markers of decreased brain health in dementia-free Okinawan elderly, with regional cortical thinning in areas involved in early accumulation of Alzheimer's disease pathology."], ['The human Sirtuin isoforms, SIRT1-7, are considered attractive therapeutic targets for aging-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.'], ['Itch, dry skin and inflammation were rated as most bothersome.'], ['Primary osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with aging, while post-traumatic OA (PTOA) is associated with mechanical injury and inflammation.', 'We found that miR-146a, a microRNA-associated with inflammation, is activated by cyclic load in the physiological range but suppressed by mechanical overload in human articular chondrocytes.', 'Thus, miR-146a may be used to counter both aging-associated OA and mechanical injury-/inflammation-induced PTOA.'], ['Multiple theories have focused on the oxidative, calcium, cholinergic, vascular, and inflammation hypotheses of brain aging, with recent evidence suggesting that reductions in insulin signaling may also contribute.'], ['Consistent with this, DNA microarray analysis of DKO mouse lungs revealed differential expression of genes involved in cell death, inflammation, and the sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) pathway.', 'Hence, CD9 and CD81 might coordinately prevent senescence and inflammation, partly by maintaining SIRT1 expression.'], ['TRF may be effective in preventing inflammation by decreasing natural killer cells.', 'As such, TRF could be a lifestyle strategy to reduce systemic low-grade inflammation and age-related chronic diseases linked to immunosenescence, without compromising physical performance.'], ['BACKGROUND/AIMS: Airborne particulate matter with a diameter of < 10 microm (PM10) causes oxidative damage, inflammation, and premature skin aging.'], ['Such an association seems to depend upon higher inflammation levels.'], ['However, older patients are less able to tolerate inflammation and their risk of mortality from severe disease is increased.'], ['C-reactive protein (CRP) is the prototypical acute phase reactant, increasing in blood concentration rapidly and several-fold in response to inflammation.', 'Recent evidence indicates that CRP has an important physiological role even at low, baseline levels, or in the absence of overt inflammation.'], ['Baseline and follow-up assessments included the California Verbal Learning Task (CVLT, main outcome), the ModBent task, anthropometry, markers of glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation and neurotrophins derived from fasting blood, multimodal neuroimaging at 3 and 7 T, and questionnaires to assess confounding factors.'], ['Background: While low-grade chronic inflammation has been suggested as a major modulator of healthy aging (HA), no study has yet investigated the link between the inflammatory potential of the diet and multidimensional concepts of HA.'], ['The modern lifestyle is characterised by various factors that cause accelerating ageing by the upregulation of oxidative stress and inflammation-two processes that are inextricably linked in an endless circle of self-propagation.', 'Inflammation in particular is commonly accepted as aetiological factor in many chronic disease states, such as obesity, diabetes and depression.', 'A brief overview of the most relevant and promising South African plants which have been identified in the context of inflammation, oxidative stress and chronic disease is provided here.', 'Of particular interest, specific cellular mechanisms have been identified as therapeutic targets of grape-derived polyphenols in the context of inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Moreover, multiple molecular pathways involving phagocytosis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, immune activation, and cholesterol transport were affected by hUTC in the RPE.'], ['Besides this, DXM protected the CIA mice from severe inflammation and cartilage destruction.', 'DXM seemed to protect cartilage from inflammation-mediated matrix degradation, which is an irreversible status in the disease progression of osteoarthritis.'], ['However, few epidemiologic studies have examined the influence of EDCs on measures of inflammation and cellular aging during pregnancy and postpartum.', 'OBJECTIVE: We investigated associations between prenatal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDE metabolites (OH-PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and per- and polyfluorochemicals (PFASs) with repeated biomarker measurements of inflammation and cellular aging in women during pregnancy and the postpartum period.', 'Inflammation biomarkers (interleukin 6 [IL-6], interleukin 10 [IL-10], and tumor necrosis factor [TNF-alpha]) and leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a biomarker of cellular aging, were measured at all three time points.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that exposure to specific EDCs is associated with increased inflammation among women during pregnancy and the postpartum period.'], ['Among those stresses, it has been established that UV induces skin pigmentation and accelerates premature skin aging due to the inflammation that results.', 'Moreover, the expression levels of mRNAs and proteins related to inflammation were evaluated by Real-time RT-PCR and ELISA assays, respectively.'], ['Elderly patients have a decreased and declining capacity to regulate the inflammation that develops postinfarction and this contributes to adverse outcomes from a neurological stand point.'], ['At present, most research focuses on the engine, but the close "cross talk" between age-associated adipose and skeletal muscle tissue inflammation calls for comprehensive interventions that affect both components alike.'], ['RESULTS: No differences in measures for inflammation and cortisol across subtypes were observed in uncorrected or for putative confounders corrected models.', 'DISCUSSION: In this cohort of depressed older adults, no differences in inflammation and cortisol measures between depression subtypes were observed.'], ['Taken together, our data suggested that miR-216a promotes endothelial senescence and inflammation as an endogenous inhibitor of Smad3/IkappaBalpha pathway, which might serve as a novel target for ageing-related atherosclerotic diseases.'], ['Female transgenics show also higher levels of diffuse microgliosis and inflammation, but the density of microglial cells surrounding Abeta plaques is less in females.'], ['Further works integrating other biomarkers known to play a role in the physiopathology of AD (tau, TDP-43, inflammation, etc.)'], ['Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease in older people and is characterized by the progressive destruction of articular cartilage, synovial inflammation, changes in subchondral bone and peri-articular muscle, and pain.'], ['These encompass widely reported features of ageing such as increased senescence and inflammation, reduced electron transport chain activity and reduced ribosome synthesis, but also reveal a surprising lack of gene expression responses to known age-linked cellular stresses.'], ['In people living with HIV (PLWHIV), coinfection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with inflammation, immunological ageing, and increased risk of severe non-AIDS related comorbidity.', 'The effect of CMV-specific immune responses on systemic inflammation, immune activation and T-cell senescence was evaluated in 53 PLWHIV treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).', 'Increased CMV-specific T-cell responses were associated with a higher ratio of terminally differentiated/naive CD8+ T-cells and with increased proportions of senescent CD8+ T-cells, but not with systemic inflammation or sCD14.'], ['Association between inflammation and depression, especially in elderly patients, leads to conclusions about their shared influence on risk of cardiovascular disease and death.'], ['Diabetes was associated with significantly increased odds of having naMCI (ORs = 3.10-3.41 for thresholds P < 0.05-0.50), consistent with naMCI having more vascular/inflammation components than aMCI.'], ['At the physiological level, CD38 has been implicated in the regulation of metabolism and in the pathogenesis of multiple conditions including aging, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, and inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: The pathophysiological changes occurring in the trabecular meshwork in primary open angle glaucoma are poorly understood, but are thought to include increased extracellular matrix deposition, trabecular meshwork cell apoptosis, inflammation, trabecular meshwork calcification and altered protein composition of the aqueous humor.'], ['Ageing, like obesity, is often associated with alterations in metabolic and inflammatory processes resulting in morbidity from diseases characterised by poor metabolic control, insulin insensitivity, and inflammation.', 'Ageing populations also exhibit a decline in immune competence referred to as immunosenescence, which contributes to, or might be driven by chronic, low-grade inflammation termed "inflammageing".', 'It is now clear that aberrant immune function within adipose tissue in obesity-including an accumulation of pro-inflammatory immune cell populations-plays a major role in the development of systemic chronic, low-grade inflammation, and limiting the function of adipocytes leading to an impaired fat handling capacity.', 'Considering the important role of the immune system in obesity-associated metabolic and inflammatory diseases, it is critically important to further understand the interplay between immunological processes and adipose tissue function, establishing whether this interaction contributes to age-associated immunometabolic dysfunction and inflammation.'], ['AIM: Inflammation is a major factor in the pathophysiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and it contributes to accelerated telomere shortening and cellular ageing.', 'At 10 years of age, we measured relative telomere length (RTL) in blood by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, lung function by spirometry and inflammation by fractional exhaled nitric oxide and blood cytokines.', 'Short RTL was associated with low forced expiratory flow, also after adjusting for gender, but was not affected by severity of BPD or ongoing inflammation.'], ['Thus, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise and taurine supplementation on peripheral markers of BBB, inflammation, and cognition of elderly women.', 'Exercise and taurine decreased inflammation, and maintained the BBB integrity in elderly women.'], ['We present 3 cases where patients presented primarily with signs of progressive fibrosis and no signs of prior active inflammation.', 'Although there were no signs of inflammation, each case was progressive, with 2 of the cases developing dysthyroid optic neuropathy that was relatively recalcitrant.'], ['SIRT6 is a member of the sirtuin family, which is involved in multiple cellular pathways related to aging, inflammation, epigenetics, and a variety of other cellular functions, including DNA repair (1).', 'Our results show that NF-kappaB was increased significantly (up to 400%) due to SIRT6 silencing in the absence of UVB, illustrating the master regulatory function of SIRT6 in inflammation.'], ['Nearly 75% reported abnormal biomarker levels among individuals with schizophrenia, including indices of inflammation, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, metabolic health, gene expression, and receptor/synaptic function, with medium to large effect sizes reported in many studies.'], ['Background: Elevated systematic inflammation is a hallmark of aging, but the association of long-term inflammation trajectories with subsequent aging phenotypes has been little examined.', 'Inflammation trajectories were computed using latent-class growth mixture modeling and were related to aging outcomes measured in 2012/2013: physical functioning, cardiometabolic, respiratory, mental health, and a composite "healthy aging" outcome.'], ['Impaired cardiac insulin metabolic signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, increases in oxidative stress, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, elevations in advanced glycation end products and collagen-based cardiomyocyte and extracellular matrix stiffness, impaired mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte calcium handling, inflammation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, microvascular dysfunction, and a myriad of cardiac metabolic abnormalities have all been implicated in the development and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy.'], ['Muscle strength, serum concentrations of myokines (irisin and IL-6), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), inflammation marker, glucose, branched amino acids and tryptophan were all assessed at baseline, 1 h after the first single training session and adequately at the end of the training programme.'], ['Furthermore, both of the two axes play key roles in the control of tumor progression, inflammation, immunity, and aging.'], ['Dysbiosis is associated with intestinal inflammation and reduced integrity of the gut barrier, which in turn increases circulating levels of bacterial structural components and microbial metabolites that may facilitate the development of CVD.'], ['Loss of muscle mass and strength commonly seen in sarcopenia is induced by impaired neuromuscular innervation, transition of skeletal muscle fiber type, and reduced muscle regenerative capacity, all attributable to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction.'], ['In this model, mTOR activation was sufficient to induce lung cell senescence and to mimic COPD lung alterations, with the rapid development of lung emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, and inflammation.'], ['Aging is often associated with elevated levels of low grade inflammation supposed to drive age-associated diseases.'], ['The prevalence of sarcopenia was significantly higher in patients with malnutrition (71.2% vs 12.3%; p < 0.001), especially in those with systemic inflammation (cachectic patients) (85.7% vs 61.3%; p < 0.001).', 'In addition, clear-cut changes in raw BIA variables were observed in malnourished patients with systemic inflammation and sarcopenic patients.'], ['SASP in brain could contribute to age-related inflammation and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.'], ['Inflammation and ageing are intertwined in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The histone deacetylase SIRT1 and the related activation of FoxO3 protect from ageing and regulate inflammation.'], ['Here, we review the current evidence for the relationship between inflammation and frailty in HIV, and the potential for novel, inflammation-targeted interventions.', 'RECENT FINDINGS: Dysregulated inflammation has been consistently associated with frailty in elderly HIV-uninfected persons.', 'Dysregulated inflammation is also central to HIV pathophysiology and several recent studies have demonstrated the important association of inflammation with frailty in HIV.', 'Inflammation has been implicated in frailty in HIV infection, and improved understanding of the role that inflammation plays in frailty pathogenesis is key to the development of effective therapies to slow or prevent frailty in the vulnerable HIV-infected population.'], ['Increased inflammation was suggested via an inflammatory biomarker, glycoprotein acetyls, but not via C-reactive protein.', "The adverse changes in multiple apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoprotein subclasses and increased inflammation may underlie women's increased cardiometabolic risk in their post-menopausal years."], ['Mortality-associated proteins included a variety involved in inflammation or complement activation; several have been previously linked to mortality (e.g., C-reactive protein, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin) and others are not previously known to be associated with mortality.'], ['Generally, a two-hit model is presumed to underlie transfusion-related acute lung injury with the first hit being risk factors present in the transfused patient (such as inflammation), whereas the second hit is conveyed by factors in the transfused donor blood (such as antileukocyte antibodies).'], ['Chronic epilepsy is typified by spontaneous recurrent seizures, cognitive dysfunction, and depression, which are associated with persistent inflammation, significantly waned neurogenesis, and abnormal synaptic reorganization.'], ['As the innate immune effector of the brain, microglia are involved in several functions: regulation of inflammation, synaptic connectivity, programmed cell death, wiring and circuitry formation, phagocytosis of cell debris, and synaptic pruning and sculpting of postnatal neural circuits.', 'This event determines alterations in the microglia activation status, associated with a chronic inflammation phenotype and with the loss of neuroprotective functions that lead to a greater susceptibility to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging.'], ['Thus, we proposed that the dysfunctional telomere and elevated systemic chronic inflammation contribute to the aging-associated diseases, which were highly developed among the POP exposure individuals.'], ['We used structural equation modeling (SEM) in a subset of 226 adults to evaluate whether measures of baseline peripheral inflammation (serum C-reactive protein levels; CRP), mediated the baseline contributions of genetic and metabolic risk, and physical activity, to regional cortical thickness in AD-relevant brain regions at study year 9.', 'Our findings support the role of metabolic risk and peripheral inflammation in age-related brain decline.'], ["BACKGROUND: 'Healthy' aging drives structural and functional changes in the heart including maladaptive electrical remodeling, fibrosis and inflammation, which lower the threshold for cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF).", 'We found that aging promotes a native inflammatory response with distinct sex-differences and relaxin suppresses transcription of multiple genes and signaling pathways associated with inflammation and HF in both genders.', "Relaxin's suppression of inflammation and fibrosis supports its potential as a therapy for cardiovascular and inflammation-related diseases, such as HF, AF and diabetes."], ['The management of these pathologies requires the development of controlled drug delivery systems able to slow the progression of the disease without the need of frequent invasive interventions, typically related with endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, ocular hypertension, cataract, inflammation, and floaters, among other.'], ['The objective of this study is to investigate the association between aminothiol markers of OS and inflammation in cognitive decline, especially in the executive cognitive domain which is highly susceptible to cardiovascular risk factors and is an important predictor of cognitive disability.', 'In contrast, inflammation was not linked to cognitive decline.'], ['These results indicated that V5 VLP vaccine containing tandem repeat gene protein provided better protection than V1 VLPs with significantly decreased inflammation in the lungs.'], ['Pismo Beach, California was the venue for the seventh biennial BHBS in 2017, and featured oral invited papers on heart health and healthy aging, gut/microbiome health, brain aging, inflammation, cancer prevention, berry special topics, technology and chemistry.'], ['It is characterized by synovitis of proximal joints and extra-articular synovial structures, along with chronic high-grade systemic inflammation.', 'Chronic systemic inflammation is presently recognized as one of the key pathogenic mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease and associated complications, including cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death.', 'In particular, increasing evidence points to inflammation as a novel risk factor for QTc prolongation and related life-threatening arrhythmias, specifically Torsade de Pointes (TdP).', 'Starting from the report of two cases of TdP occurring in PMR patients with active disease and elevated circulating IL-6 levels, we here reviewed literature data regarding heart involvement and arrhythmic events in PMR/GCA, as well as TdP risk in inflammatory diseases.'], ['Interestingly, this response is altered in older individuals for up to 48 h post exercise and is associated with molecular changes in skeletal muscle tissue that are indicative of reduced lipid oxidation, increased lipogenesis, increased inflammation and a relative inflexibility of changes in intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content.'], ['Omega 3 fatty acids (FA) attenuate inflammation and age-associated muscle loss, prevent systemic insulin resistance and improve plasma lipids, potentially impacting on sarcopenia.', 'Inflammation markers did not benefit from omega 3 FA in insulin resistant and in renal subjects while decreasing in obese and elderly.'], ['Many MOF survivors, however, experience a persistent dysregulated immune response that is causing an increasingly predominant clinical phenotype called the persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS).'], ['Chronic inflammation and autoimmunity are often associated with abnormalities in phenotype and functions of neutrophils.', 'Since effector functions of immune cells during inflammation are tightly linked to their metabolic state, changes in neutrophil metabolome upon activation have been investigated in this study.', 'Since apoptotic cells are abundant at sites of inflammation, the metabolome of aged, mainly apoptotic neutrophils was analyzed too.'], ['The effects of endothelium-specific CYP2J2 overexpression on aging-associated obesity, inflammation, and peripheral insulin resistance were evaluated by assessing metabolic parameters in young (3 months old) and aged (16 months old) adult male Tie2-CYP2J2-Tr mice.'], ['Intervention (& Technique): Blood results revealed moderate inflammation, but a CT scan of the abdomen showed no abdominal focus of infection.'], ['CBD, in contrast to THC, is less potent, and may require much higher doses for its adjunctive benefits on pain, inflammation, and attenuation of THC-associated anxiety and tachycardia.'], ['Older and overweight individuals may be more susceptible to OA because these factors alter tissue turnover in menisci, articular cartilage, and bone via altered glucose homeostasis and inflammation.', 'Understanding the role of inflammation and glucose homeostasis on structural features of early-stage OA may help identify therapeutic targets to delay or prevent the onset of OA among subsets of adults with these features.', 'We examined if serum concentrations of glucose homeostasis (glucose, glycated serum protein [GSP]) or inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]) were associated with prevalent knee bone marrow lesions (BMLs) or effusion among adults without knee OA.', 'Future studies should explore whether inflammation and glucose homeostasis are predictive of symptomatic knee OA.'], ["Background: Chronic inflammation has been linked to memory and other cognitive impairments, as well as Alzheimer's disease.", 'Here, we investigate the association between inflammatory markers and changes in brain activity measured by regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) to assess the relationship between inflammation and brain function in older individuals.', 'Conclusions: Higher levels of inflammation are associated with longitudinal changes in brain function in regions important for cognition.', 'These results, along with previous studies, suggest that chronic inflammation in older adults may contribute to age-associated declines in cognitive function.'], ['A panel of biomarkers including microRNAs, neurohormones, genetic polymorphisms and markers of inflammation relevant to muscle pathophysiology will be measured to explore predictors of response and further elucidate mechanisms underlying sarcopenia.'], ['Previous studies reveal three systems closely involved in AMD pathogenesis: lipid metabolism, oxidation and inflammation.'], ['We measured biomarkers for inflammation and immune activation, fatigue, the Veterans Aging Cohort Study mortality index, and physical function.', 'Results: Compared to the uninfected participants, HIV-infected participants displayed increased immune activation (P < .001), inflammation (P = .001), and fatigue (P = .010), and in a regression model adjusting for age and sex displayed deficits in stair-climb power (P < .001), gait speed (P = .036), and predicted metabolic equivalents (P = .019).', 'Conclusions: Asymptomatic HIV-infected middle-aged adults display atypical skeletal muscle profiles, subclinical deficits in physical function, and persistent inflammation and immune activation.'], ['Recent studies have suggested that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR) are emerging markers of disease activity and prognosis in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, or malignancies.'], ['Hysteroscopic polypectomy did not significantly alter the composition of CD4+ T cells, as the women with EP presented a similar upregulation of Th17 inflammation and a downregulation of regulatory T cell (Treg) response postoperatively.'], ['This may indicate that the effects of early stressors on later inflammation operate through pathways with clear links to cardiovascular disease.'], ['Obesity could represent a state of chronic inflammation that can be prevented to some extent by non-pharmaceutical interventions such as calorie restriction and hypothermia.'], ['Muscle atrophy with aging is closely associated with chronic systemic inflammation and lifestyle-related diseases.', 'Here, we assessed whether dried tofu intake during 5-month interval walking training (IWT) enhanced increases in thigh muscle mass and strength and ameliorated susceptibility to inflammation in older women.'], ['Microglia and macrophages are the main non-neuronal subsets of myeloid origin in the brain, and are critical regulators in neurodegenerative disorders, where inflammation is a key factor.'], ['We explore processes and mechanisms of aging that affect human biology and the possible links of inflammation and the environment to aging, especially those related to metabolism.', 'We point out that longitudinal studies with a life course approach are needed to gain further mechanistic insight on the processes that lead to functional decline with aging, and the role played in this process by inflammation and environmental challenges.'], ['We evaluated the effects of 21 conventional risk factors and 185 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 63 inflammation- and metabolism-related genes on osteoporosis risk in a community-based Korean cohort study of 1025 participants, the Hallym Aging Study.', 'Our findings highlight pleiotropic modulations of metabolism- and inflammation-related genes in the development of osteoporosis and demonstrate the contribution of pleiotropic genetic variants in prediction of osteoporosis risk.'], ['It has been identified to be involved in telomere maintenance, DNA repair, genome integrity, energy metabolism, and inflammation, which ultimately regulate life span.'], ['With aging some impairment ensues in the regulation of bone marrow cells and systemic signals leading to local chronic inflammation.', 'Most of the bone loss diseases which evolve altered BMAT composition have as common factors aging and/or chronic inflammation.', 'Both saturated and unsaturated FAs originate lipid species which are active mediators in the inflammation process.'], ['Dysregulated inflammation is a central component of wound healing following surgery.', 'We conclude that systemic levels of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic proteins are increased in patients with OA and rise further postoperatively, while proteins that restrain inflammation and angiogenesis do not coordinately rise.'], ['Breast fibrosis (31.8%), puncture site inflammation (13.6%) and skin hyperpigmentation (11.4%) were the most frequent side effects.'], ['Intra-articular administration of exogenous HA has therefore been used to successfully improve the viscoelastic properties of the joint to improve lubrication, modulate inflammation and modify the catabolic micro-environment.'], ['In this review, our observations from the examination of explanted aortic grafts and endografts found that both fabric and structural degradation is present and is greater in the setting of inflammation produced by infection.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: KLOTHO is an anti-ageing circulating hormone involved in insulin signaling, inflammation and vascular homeostasis through its protective effects on the endothelium and antioxidant actions.'], ["This process called by Franceschi and colleagues as inflammaging is associated with chronic inflammation and the ethiology and pathophysiolgy of many ageing diseases as Alzheimer's and atherosclerosis."], ['After adjustment for a range of covariates, there was no evidence of a clear association of any type of pet ownership with walking speed, lung function, chair rise time, grip strength, leg raises, balance, three markers of systemic inflammation, memory, or depressive symptoms.'], ['Although there is a consensus that the dominant species that make up the adult microbiota remains unchanged in elderly people, it has been reported that there are significant alterations in the proportion and composition of the different taxa, leading to reduced microbiota diversity, as well as an increase of enteropathogens that may lead to chronic inflammation.'], ['With aging and other muscle wasting diseases, men and women undergo similar pathological changes in skeletal muscle: increased inflammation, enhanced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, satellite cell senescence, elevated apoptosis and proteasome activity, and suppressed protein synthesis and myocyte regeneration.', 'Estrogens have a protective effect on skeletal muscle by attenuating inflammation; however, the mechanisms of estrogen action in skeletal muscle are less well characterized than those of testosterone.'], ['Furthermore, we observed a reduction of spontaneous central bleeding and inflammation after PP treatment in diabetic mice.'], ['They also showed lowered serum triglyceride and C-reactive protein level, maintaining the levels of aspartate transaminase and creatine phosphokinase, and increases of the red blood cell count, the serum albumin level, and the serum LDL-cholesterol level in comparison with cases without mud-bathing therapy, suggesting that mud bathing prevents inflammation and muscle atrophy and improves nutritional condition in fibromyalgia.'], ['In our present work, complex connections among mechano-response, oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular remodeling pathways in the etiology of CAVD were revealed.', 'The key genes, thus identified, encode a transcription factor KLF2 and phospholipid phosphatase 3 (PLPP3) that are involved in mechano-responses; eNOS involved in oxidative stress; IL-8 involved in inflammation; and collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) and secretogranin II (SCG2) involved in extracellular remodeling.'], ['Both diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation in the brain-neuroinflammation.', 'The first signs of PD and AD are most often manifested in old age, in which the immune system is usually characterized by chronic inflammation, so-called "inflammaging" In recent years, there is growing evidence that pathogenesis of these diseases is connected with both regional and peripheral immune processes.', 'In this mini-review we compare the association of PD and AD alterations of a number of immune system parameters connected with the process of inflammation.'], ['Treatment strategies aimed at curtailing persistent immune activation and inflammation may help prevent the development of these conditions.'], ['Neoplasia and chronic inflammatory diseases were more common in the older group: 34% vs. 19% (p = 0.021) and 9% versus 1% (p = 0.004), respectively.'], ['Inflammation plays a key role in DN, and pentosan polysulfate (PPS) has been shown to largely attenuate the inflammation of nephropathy in aging diabetic mice.', 'p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) plays a crucial role in tissue inflammation and cell apoptosis, and it is activated by hyperglycemia.', 'In the present study, high glucose (HG)-treated human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were used to examine the protective effects of PPS against HG-stimulated apoptosis and inflammation.', 'In conclusion, PPS ameliorates p38 MAPK-mediated renal cell apoptosis and inflammation.'], ['At present, the only safety step to avoid cognitive dysfunction after surgery is to forego surgery, thereby precluding the benefits of surgery with removal of pain and inflammation, and resumption of normal nutrition, physical activity, and sleep.'], ['Despite accumulating small-sample and clinical evidence on "inflammaging," no population-representative longitudinal studies have specifically examined women\'s late-life inflammation trends.', "Nor does this sex steroid modulate age effects on women's inflammation."], ['Our study aimed to examine the association of ED with the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), both of which are markers of inflammation.'], ['At the aortic valve level, these biomarkers are mostly associated and/or involved with processes such as lipid infiltration and oxidation, chronic inflammation and fibrocalcific remodelling of the valve.'], ['Gut microbiota composition is strongly dependent on both of these elements, and conversely, can also influence the host physiology by modulating systemic inflammation, anabolism, insulin sensitivity, and energy production.'], ["Aging and chronic inflammation reduce the canonical TGF-beta1/Smad signaling, facilitating cytotoxic activation of microglia and microgliamediated neurodegeneration This review gathers together evidence for a neuroprotective role of TGF-beta in Alzheimer's disease."], ['The pathogenesis behind the cardiovascular, HIV-associated complications is complex and multifactorial, involving traditional CVD risk factors, as well as factors associated with the virus itself - immune activation and chronic inflammation - and the metabolic disorders related to ART regimens.'], ['These specific food protein fragments are reported to have potential for improving human health and preventing metabolic diseases through their impact on inflammation, blood pressure, obesity, and type-2 diabetes.', 'This review mainly focuses on the molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms of bioactive peptides against various metabolic syndromes including inflammation, high blood pressure, obesity, and type-2 diabetes, to provide new insights and perspectives on the potential of bioactive peptides for management of metabolic syndromes.'], ['Diet and its components are known to play an important factor in the process of inflammation and in turn on the health effects related to inflammation, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases.', 'Previous research so far has mainly looked at the effect of specific food stuffs or nutrients on inflammation and health outcomes.', "The aims of the present review was a) to underline the fact that diet as a whole plays an important role in modifying inflammation and health outcomes related to inflammation, aging, and colon cancer; b) to show the in vitro cytotoxic effect of LipoFishins (E-Congerine 10423 ; AntiGan ) obtained from the Atlantic Conger conger marine organism present on the Galician coast, against different human tumor cell lines; c) to show the in vivo effect of E-Congerine-10423 on colonic inflammation induced in mice by seven weeks' exposure to 2% of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS); and d) to show the effect of E-Congerine-10423 (AntiGan ) on tumor markers (TMs) in healthy subjects and in patients with different types of cancer at the time of diagnosis.", "Finally, all the above mentioned results suggest that diet has a major role in controlling inflammation and thereby plays an important role in the development or prevention of various chronic diseases, hence public health steps should be taken to modify the individual's whole diet and to promote the intake of specific natural compounds."], ['As inflammation plays an important role in the ageing process of the cardiovascular system, we hypothesized that suPAR might be a useful predictive biomarker of the ageing heart.'], ['Even though radiolabeled probes and leukocytes are routinely used in clinical practice, it might still be difficult to distinguish sterile inflammation from inflammation caused by bacteria.'], ['A chronic low-level inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of blindness in the elderly in Western countries.', 'It has been proposed that pathologic inflammation initiated in RPE cells could be regulated by the activation of type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2).', 'Here, we have analysed the effect of CB2 activation on cellular survival and inflammation in human RPE cells.', 'In contrast to previous findings, CB2 activation increased, rather than reduced inflammation in RPE cells.'], ['Dysregulated inflammation is implicated in the pathobiology of aging, yet platelet-leukocyte interactions and downstream cytokine synthesis in aging remains poorly understood.'], ['Despite achieving human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA suppression below levels of detection and, for most, improved CD4+ T-cell counts, those aging with HIV experience excess low-level inflammation, hypercoagulability, and immune dysfunction (chronic inflammation), compared with demographically and behaviorally similar uninfected individuals.', 'A host of biomarkers that are linked to chronic inflammation are also associated with HIV-associated non-AIDS-defining events, including cardiovascular disease, many forms of cancer, liver disease, renal disease, neurocognitive decline, and osteoporosis.'], ['Intensified glycation of proteins in psoriasis skin might have a role in fueling cutaneous inflammation.'], ['This response is involved in inflammatory diseases, tumorigenesis, and also with the micro vascular damage associated with aging.'], ['This was associated with increased sterile inflammation in the skin in the same subjects related to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-related proinflammatory cytokine production (P < .0007).', 'We inhibited systemic inflammation in old subjects by means of pretreatment with an oral small-molecule p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (Losmapimod; GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom), which reduced both serum C-reactive protein levels and peripheral blood monocyte secretion of IL-6 and TNF-alpha.', 'CONCLUSION: Excessive inflammation in the skin early after antigen challenge retards antigen-specific immunity.'], ['Chronic inflammation and chronic renal failure were the most frequent causes of anemia in our population, and in >35% of patients a multifactorial anemia was diagnosed.', "CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm the high prevalence of anemia in patients hospitalized in an Internal Medicine Department, with a remarkable burden of mild forms, and of chronic inflammation's pathogenic mechanism."], ['ARCH is associated not just with chronological aging but also with several other, age-related pathological conditions, including inflammation, vascular diseases, cancer mortality, and high risk for hematological malignancies.'], ['It can act and modulate different processes linked to ageing and age-related diseases related to a common chronic low grade inflammation.'], ['Longevity gene, SIRT1, is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD by regulating the signaling pathways of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging.'], ['Flow cytometry was used to detect the number of monocytes in peripheral venous blood and evaluate the relationship of inflammation to delirium.'], ['Thus, enhanced FOXO3 activity such as in the polymorphism rs12212067 may be protective in chronic inflammation such as cancer and cardiovascular disease but disadvantageous to control acute viral infection.'], ['Chronic low grade inflammation is a fundamental mechanism of aging.'], ['BACKGROUND/AIMS: Mechanisms underlying the relationship between systemic inflammation and age-related decline in muscle mass are poorly defined.'], ['Several studies have shown that D-galactose-induced brain aging which does so not only by causing mitochondrial dysfunction, but also by increasing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, as well as lowering brain-derived neurotrophic factors.'], ['Pathogenesis of CCH remains largely unknown but may involve different elements such as aged conjunctiva, unstable tear film, mechanical friction, ocular surface inflammation, and delayed tear clearance.'], ['The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of Wip1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BBB dysfunction and inflammation in an in vitro BBB model.'], ['Preliminary group differences in cytokine measurement between older and younger groups correspond with current literature that cytokines increase with age, suggesting that sweat measurement using the sweat patch provides a new method of exploring the impact of inflammation on aging.'], ['Opsonins, such as complement components and apolipoproteins, are released during inflammation and enhance engulfment.'], ['Although it was originally viewed as a disorder due solely to abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic function, our understanding has evolved such that HFpEF is now understood as a systemic syndrome involving multiple organ systems, and it is likely that it is triggered by inflammation and other as-yet-unidentified circulating factors, with important contributions of aging and multiple comorbidities, features generally typical of other geriatric syndromes.'], ['We confirm established associations between AD pathology and dementia, albeit with increased, presumably aging-related variability, and identify sets of co-expressed genes correlated with pathological tau and inflammation markers.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common, chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unclear aetiology leading to synovial hypertrophy and joint inflammation.'], ['In particular, significant variants were mapped to genes known to be associated with inflammation, hypertension, lipid metabolism, height, and increased lifespan in mice.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: A history of pulmonary disease increased the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, but inflammation did not seem to alter the effect of pulmonary dysfunction on cardiovascular disease development.'], ['Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, and it has been postulated that posttransplant immune disturbances may explain the gap between the predicted and observed risks of cardiovascular events.'], ['It is assumed that a complex local process of interrelated mechanisms including inflammation, neomembrane formation, angiogenesis and fibrinolysis could be related to its development and propagation.', 'However, the association between the biomarkers of inflammation and angiogenesis, and the clinical and radiological characteristics of CSDH patients, need further investigation.', 'We therefore explored lasso regression to assess the association between 30 biomarkers of inflammation and angiogenesis at the site of lesions, and selected clinical and radiological characteristics in a cohort of 93 patients.'], ['In this paper we summarize some results about two aspects linked to the regulation of the activity of phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Nox2), encountered frequently in elderly people: inflammation and hypercholesterolemia.'], ['The compilation of results from 83 trials showed that vitamin D supplementation had no significant effect on biomarkers of systemic inflammation.', 'There remains little evidence to suggest that vitamin D supplementation has an effect on most conditions, including chronic inflammation, despite use of increased doses of vitamin D, strengthening the hypothesis that low vitamin D status is a consequence of ill health, rather than its cause.'], ['We investigated the longitudinal relationships between inflammation markers and the following outcomes in a UK cohort study: appendicular lean mass (ALM); walking speed; level and change in grip strength; and sarcopenia defined by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.', 'Inflammation markers were ascertained at baseline using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques and Bio-Plex Pro Assays.', 'Gender-adjusted linear and Poisson regression was used to examine the associations between inflammation markers and outcomes with and without adjustment for anthropometric and lifestyle factors.', 'Inflammation markers were associated with measures of muscle mass, strength and function in HCS.'], ['BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It is currently unclear whether midlife systemic inflammation promotes the development of white matter (WM) abnormalities and small vessel disease in the elderly.', 'We examined the association of midlife systemic inflammation with late-life WM hyperintensity volume, deep and periventricular WM microstructural integrity (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity [MD]), cerebral infarcts, and microbleeds in a biracial prospective cohort study.', 'METHODS: Linear and logistic regression examined the relation between midlife high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP)-a nonspecific marker of inflammation-and brain magnetic resonance imaging markers assessed 21 years later in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that midlife systemic inflammation may promote the development of chronic microangiopathic structural WM abnormalities in the elderly.'], ['Inflammation is a common denominator in age-related pathologies, identifying the immune system as a gatekeeper in aging overall.', 'Here, we review in the model system of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) how maladaptive T cell aging renders the host susceptible to chronic, tissue-damaging inflammation.'], ['Most of the protective effects of ursolic acid are related to its ability to prevent oxidative damage and excessive inflammation, common mechanisms associated with multiple brain disorders.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To clarify the temporal relationship between systemic inflammation and neurodegeneration, we examined whether a higher level of circulating inflammatory markers during midlife was associated with smaller brain volumes in late life using a large biracial prospective cohort study.', 'Using all 5 inflammatory markers, an inflammation composite score was created for each participant.', 'RESULTS: Each SD increase in midlife inflammation composite score was associated with 1,788 mm3 greater ventricular (p = 0.013), 110 mm3 smaller hippocampal (p = 0.013), 519 mm3 smaller occipital (p = 0.009), and 532 mm3 smaller Alzheimer disease signature region (p = 0.008) volumes, and reduced episodic memory (p = 0.046) 24 years later.', 'The association between midlife inflammation and late-life brain volume was modified by age and race, whereby younger participants and white participants with higher levels of systemic inflammation during midlife were more likely to show reduced brain volumes subsequently.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective findings provide evidence for what may be an early contributory role of systemic inflammation in neurodegeneration and cognitive aging.'], ['On the other hand, HSCs need to be able to quickly respond to increased blood demands and rapidly increase their cellular output in order to fight infection-associated inflammation or extensive blood loss.'], ['Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes and also in neurons and glial cells mediating inflammation.'], ['However, when the CNV development is not accompanied by clear signs of inflammation, the etiology can be missed, especially in countries nonendemic for tuberculosis.'], ['Our findings provide in vivo and in vitro evidence that SIRT1 in the epidermis regulates cell migration, redox response, inflammation, epidermis re-epithelialization, granulation formation, and proper wound healing in mice.'], ['Total leukocyte count increases significantly in response to infection, trauma, inflammation, and certain diseases.', 'Recent findings suggest that elevated leukocyte count within the normal range, but especially neutrophil and monocyte counts, may be a harbinger of increased systemic inflammation and subclinical disease.', 'Remarkably, leukocyte count correlates positively with genuine markers of systemic inflammation like C-reactive protein and interleukin 6.', 'Therefore, they can be used as simple and reliable morphological indicators of chronic systemic inflammation, disease progression, and poor prognosis, especially among individuals who are likely to develop age-related conditions.', 'This review summarises the most important findings on the links between leukocyte count, chronic systemic inflammation, and health outcomes in older adults.'], ['We used C-reactive protein (CRP) as a pathophysiologic marker of inflammation, previously associated with delirium.'], ['BACKGROUND: Acquired skin hypopigmentation has many etiologies, including autoimmune melanocyte destruction, skin aging, inflammation, and chemical exposure.'], ['As a well-known marker for pro-oxidation and pro-inflammation, Hcy plays an important role in a number of vascular diseases having strong association with AF.'], ['Importance: Telomere length is a marker of biological aging that may provide a cellular memory of exposures to oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Age-related changes in working memory are particularly evident and mediated, in part, by the prefrontal cortex, an area known to evidence age-related changes in myelin that is attributed to inflammation.', 'In recent years, several nutraceuticals, including curcumin, by virtue of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, have received considerable attention as potential treatments for age-related cognitive decline and inflammation.'], ['However, low diversity of microbiota combined with the outgrowth of pathogenic bacterial species together with dysregulated metabolic pathways have been linked to compromised gut immunity, bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation, hence higher CVD risk among different cohorts.', 'Data from recent clinical trials aiming to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of probiotics in treated HIV+ patients are promising and support a significant increase in microbiota diversity and reduction of systemic inflammation.'], ['The presence of foci of moderate inflammation and microangiopathy were observed.', 'In the long term, the presence of inflammation and microangiopathy caused by PRP injection could lead to trophic alteration of the skin and the precocious aging process.'], ['Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes alterations in the skin, such as epidermal thickening, wrinkle formation and inflammation.'], ['In this scenario, there is also a rationale for systematic assessment of inflammation, protein intake, and vitamin D status as potential contributing factors to reduced muscle mass and function.', 'Nutritional assessment should be also completed by the systematic evaluation of inflammation, protein intake, and vitamin D status.'], ['In preclinical studies, these cells appeared to stimulate angiogenesis and reduce inflammation, and soon thereafter, clinical use of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) evolved as researchers such as Rigotti, Coleman, Mojallal, our group, and others demonstrated that fat can be used for both therapeutic and aesthetic indications.', 'Regeneration of elastin and collagen fibers as well as improvement in capillary density and reduction of inflammation have been reported.'], ['Thus, the serum concentrations of this biomarker of systemic immune and inflammation activation, were measured in a small cohort of Sardinian middle-aged, older adults and centenarians.'], ['We show here that primary human senescent CD8+ T cells also display a SASP comprising chemokines, cytokines and extracellular matrix remodelling proteases that are unique to this subset and contribute to age-associated inflammation.'], ['Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease which is highly prevalent worldwide, interacts with a variety of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).'], ['Sequelae frequently seen in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as fatigue, depressed mood, sleep alterations, loss of appetite, muscle wasting, cachectic obesity, bone loss and hypertension, can be the result of energy shortages caused by an overactive immune system.', 'These sequelae can also be found in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases that are in remission and in ageing individuals, despite the immune system being less active in these situations.', 'This Perspectives article proposes a new way of understanding situations of chronic inflammation (such as rheumatic diseases) and ageing based on the principles of evolutionary medicine, energy regulation and neuroendocrine-immune crosstalk.', 'A conceptual framework is provided to enable physicians and scientists to better understand the signs and symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases and long-term disease consequences resulting from physical and mental inactivity.'], ['Serum biomarkers of inflammation (IL-10, IL-1b, and IL-6) improved in the CDC group (P < 0.05 for each, all vs. PBS).'], ['INTRODUCTION: Inflammation is a key risk factor for many adverse outcomes in older people.', 'While diet is a potential source of inflammation, little is known about the impact of inflammatory diet on fractures.'], ['Chronic, low-grade inflammation, or inflammaging, is a crucial contributor to various age-related pathologies and natural processes in aging tissue, including the nervous system.', 'However, despite being the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, the number one communication disorder, and one of the top three chronic medical conditions of our aged population; little research has been conducted on the potential role of inflammation in age-related hearing loss (ARHL).', "However, there have been very few reports of in vivo research investigating the role of chronic inflammation's in hearing loss in the aging cochlea.", 'Future research directed at better understanding the mechanisms of inflammation in the cochlea as well as the natural changes acquired with aging may provide a better understanding of how this process can accelerate presbycusis.', 'In this review, we seek to summarize key research in chronic inflammation, discuss its implications for possible roles in ARHL, and finally suggest directions for future investigations.'], ['Emerging evidence suggests that the molecular consequences of this stress-perpetuating syndrome include elevated systemic levels of oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'In this article we review evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic PTSD and the neurobiological consequences of these processes, including accelerated cellular aging and neuroprogression.', 'Finally, we highlight future directions for research and avenues for the development of novel therapeutics targeting oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with PTSD.'], ['This is because, in humans, arterial stiffness is often accompanied by other factors such as age, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis and inflammation, which could themselves damage the brain independently of stiffness.'], ['These "healthy" components of our diet are often referred to as nutraceuticals and they can prevent/suppress: aging, bacterial, fungal and viral infections, diabetes, inflammation, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases and have other health-enhancing effects.'], ['Context Modern biomedicine has discovered that many of the most debilitating diseases, as well as the aging process itself, are caused by or associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['The strongest candidate effectors are microbial metabolites that could impact host energy balance, act as signalling molecules to modulate host metabolism or inflammation, and potentially also impact on the gut-brain axis.'], ['H2S levels are decreased in a number of conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus, ischemia, and aging) and are increased in other states (e.g., inflammation, critical illness, and cancer).'], ['INTRODUCTION: Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is an inflammatory disorder that affects the elderly.', "Steroid treatment prior to PET-CT reduces the scan's ability to demonstrate inflammation in PMR patients."], ['Inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the etiopathogenesis of rosacea and chronic kidney disease (CKD).'], ['CONCLUSION: Proteomic profiling identified several novel associations between proteins involved in apoptosis, inflammation, matrix remodelling, and fibrinolysis with incident heart failure in elderly individuals.'], ['Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the artery wall.', 'Klotho, an anti-aging factor expressed in the vessel walls that participates in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, can be down-regulated by inflammation.', 'In addition, we aim to analyze the relationship between Klotho and inflammation.', 'Our study indicates an inverse interrelationship between inflammation and Klotho in atherosclerosis.', 'Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether the inflammatory state causes Klotho deficiency or, on the contrary, reduction of Klotho could be responsible for greater inflammation, and finally, to investigate the potential clinical relevance of this association.'], ['Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes skin inflammation and aging.', 'The present study investigated the effects of K36H on UVB-induced skin inflammation in human skin fibroblasts and hairless mice and evaluated the underlying mechanisms.', 'In the animal study, topically applied K36H markedly reduced inflammation and skin thickness and prevented photodamage to the skin of hairless mice.', 'In addition, K36H inhibited the levels of UV-upregulated inflammation-related proteins levels such as IL-1, iNOS, and NF-kappaB in the dermis of hairless mice.'], ['Human thioredoxin (TRX) is a 12-kDa protein with redox-active dithiol in the active site -Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-, which is induced by biological stress due to oxidative damage, metabolic dysfunction, chemicals, infection/inflammation, irradiation, or hypoxia/ischemia-reperfusion.', 'Our research has demonstrated that exogenous TRX is effective in a wide variety of inflammatory diseases, including viral pneumonia, acute lung injury, gastric injury, and dermatitis, as well as in the prevention and amelioration of food allergies.'], ['This over-insulinization with use of injected insulin predisposes to inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure (HF), and arrhythmias.'], ['However, whether osteoglycin modulates cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis or inflammation in hypertensive heart disease and during aging remains unknown.', 'Angiotensin-II-induced pressure overload increases cardiac osteoglycin expression, concomitant with the onset of inflammation and extracellular matrix deposition.', 'However, Angiotensin-II infusion in combination with aging resulted in exaggerated cardiac fibrosis and inflammation in the osteoglycin null mice as compared to wild-type mice, resulting in increased diastolic dysfunction as determined by magnetic resonance imaging.'], ['It is a disease characterized by localized inflammation of the joint and destruction of cartilage, leading to loss of function.', 'Impaired chondrocyte repair mechanisms, due to inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy, play important roles in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.', 'In vitro studies have suggested that the augmentation of autophagy (though sirtuin-1) and suppression of inflammation by olive polyphenols could contribute to the chondroprotective effects of olive polyphenols.'], ['This holistic approach to care includes detection of malignancies that are associated with certain viral infections, with chronic inflammation, and with lifestyle choices.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Inflammation is key risk factor for several conditions in the elderly.', 'However, the relationship between inflammation and frailty is still unclear.'], ['Schizophrenia is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which has been linked to increased vascular risk and rates of cardiovascular disease.'], ['METHODS: In young (18 to 35 years old) subjects with mild to moderate asthma and elderly subjects (aged >=60 years) either with or without mild to moderate asthma, we compared asthma control, health care and medication use, lung function, markers of airway and systemic inflammation, and adherence to therapy.', 'Elderly subjects had an increase in some markers of systemic inflammation and bronchial epithelial dysfunction compared with young people with asthma.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Asthma in the elderly presents as a specific phenotype associated with increased airway obstruction and mixed airway inflammation in addition to signs of systemic inflammation.'], ["BACKGROUND: HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk of tissue inflammation and accelerated vascular aging ('inflamm-aging').", 'CONCLUSION: This relatively young cross-sectional sample of predominantly normotensive, but overweight black women on effective ART >5 years showed: a high prevalence of non-dipping BP, inflammation and vascular stiffness.'], ['Persistent herpesvirus infections including cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may be particularly important for telomere dynamics via mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and their impact on peripheral blood lymphocyte composition.'], ['Oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic impairments are among the most probable mechanisms of pollution- derived dermatological hazards.'], ['AT expands in response to chronic overnutrition or aging and becomes a major source of inflammation that has marked influence on systemic metabolism.', 'The chronic, sterile inflammation that occurs in the AT during the development of obesity or in aging contributes to onset of devastating diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular pathologies.', 'Numerous studies have shown that inflammation in the visceral AT of humans and animals is a critical trigger for the development of metabolic syndrome.', 'However, cells of the adaptive immune system, including T cells and B cells, contribute significantly to AT inflammation, perhaps more in humans than in mice.', 'This review describes inflammation, or more precisely, metabolic inflammation (metaflammation) with an eye toward the AT and the roles lymphocytes play in regulation of systemic metabolism during obesity and aging.'], ['Results: Fat mass, insulin resistance, inflammation, and type II fiber intramyocellular lipid were greater, and daily step count lower, in OO compared with YL and OL.'], ['Increased age, elevated fibrinogen, decreased albumin, diabetes mellitus, hyperTG, and worse virological control were risk factors for renal impairment.The HIV-positive patients in our area have a CKD prevalence of 4% to 5% (90% stage 3 CKD) associated with ageing, inflammation, worse immune control of HIV, TDF treatment, and metabolic syndrome.'], ['UVB radiation penetrates the skin and induces ROS production that activates three major skin aging cascades: matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 1-mediated aging; MAPK-AP-1/NF-kappaB-TNF-alpha/IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2-mediated inflammation-induced aging; and p53-Bax-cleaved caspase-3-cytochrome C-mediated apoptosis-induced aging.'], ['Eupatilin (5,7-dihydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyflavone) is a flavonoid compound exhibiting several beneficial biological activities, including neuroprotection, anti-cancer, antinociception, chondroprotection, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation.', 'All isotypes are involved in inflammation, epidermal proliferation/differentiation and skin barrier function.'], ['Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) was reported to be associated with prognosis in some malignant tumors.'], ['BACKGROUND: The role of diet and inflammation in successful ageing is not transparent, and as such, is still being investigated.'], ['Partial least squares regression showed correlations between lipid profiles of tumour-free alveolar tissues and the degree of emphysema, inflammation status, and the age of patients.'], ['We hypothesized that the chronic and persistent inflammation and immune activation associated with HIV disease leads to accelerated aging, characterized by CVD.'], ['RESULTS: We identified four major mediators, which are recurrently reported in patients with MDD and are associated with reduced TL: inflammation/oxidative stress, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, metabolic dysbalance including insulin resistance, and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor.'], ['Control of glucose homeostasis plays a critical role in health and lifespan and its dysregulation contributes to inflammation, cancer and aging.', 'Sulfenylation of SIRT6 occurs in THP1 cells and primary human promonocytes during inflammation and in splenocytes from mice with sepsis.', 'Inhibiting xanthine oxidase, a major reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributor during acute inflammation, reduces sulfenylation of SIRT6, glucose transporter Glut1 expression, glucose uptake, and glycolysis.'], ["Here, we review the effects and implications of the putative transcriptional role of ApoE4 and propose a model of Alzheimer's disease that focuses on the transcriptional nature of ApoE4 and its downstream effects, with the aim that this knowledge will help to define the role ApoE4 plays as a risk factor for AD, aging, and other processes such as inflammation and cardiovascular disease."], ['METHODS: This was a retrospective clinical analysis of patients with antibodies against neuronal surface antigens who fulfilled 3 criteria: age >=60 years, no inflammatory abnormalities in brain MRI, and no CSF pleocytosis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In patients >=60 years of age, the correct identification of characteristic CNS syndromes (FBDS, anti-IgLON5 syndrome, AE) should prompt antibody testing even without evidence of inflammation in MRI and CSF studies.'], ['This model demonstrated the following: 1) decreased forced expiratory volume 25, 50, and 75/forced vital capacity (FEV25/FVC, FEV50/FVC, and FEV75/FVC), indicating the deterioration of lung function; 2) enlarged lung alveoli, with lung parenchymal destruction; 3) reduced fatigue time and distance; and 4) increased inflammation.'], ['OPG is steadily released from vascular endothelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli, suggesting that it plays a modulatory role in vascular injury, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.'], ['Prolonged ANGPTL2 autocrine/paracrine signaling in vascular tissue leads to chronic inflammation and pathologic tissue remodeling, accelerating CVD development.'], ['Further study on SEP and inflammation-related disease is warranted.'], ['The population is aging, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing, edentulism is decreasing, and periodontal infection/inflammation has been identified as a risk factor for NCDs.'], ['Methods: In Malaysian patients aged >=12 years with severe (n = 47) and nonsevere (n = 99) knowlesi malaria, severe (n = 21) and nonsevere (n = 109) falciparum malaria, and healthy controls (n = 50), we measured parasite biomass, systemic inflammation (interleukin 6 [IL-6]), endothelial activation (angiopoietin-2), and microvascular function, and evaluated the effects of age.'], ['Additional diagnostic elements include eosinophilic airway and systemic inflammation, a good response to corticosteroid treatment, and a high concentration of exhaled nitric oxide.'], ['Additional studies are needed to ascertain if HIV-specific issues such as newer ART, chronic inflammation/immune activation, illicit drug use, and early initiation of ART are implicated in heart failure pathogenesis.'], ['Furthermore, inflammation markers were significantly correlated with muscle strength, walking distance and cognitive impairment.'], ['The results of proteomic analysis were consistent with involvement of inflammation, lipid abnormalities, hemostasis and extracellular matrix remodeling in CAS.'], ['It is well known that Panax ginseng (PG) has various pharmacological effects such as anti-aging and anti-inflammation.'], ['It was suggested an inflammation-derived oxidative stress and cytokine-dependent toxicity role in the nigrostriatal pathway degeneration and hasten progression of disease.'], ['Both disorders often co-exist, mainly due to smoking, but they also share common underlying risk factors, such as aging and low-grade systemic inflammation.'], ['We propose that CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells as a group share characteristics of memory B cells that are maintained under conditions of inflammation and/or low-level chronic antigen stimulation.'], ['Despite differences in aetiology, RA and periodontitis are similar in terms of pathogenesis; both diseases involve chronic inflammation fuelled by pro-inflammatory cytokines, connective tissue breakdown and bone erosion.'], ['However, these trials have also confirmed that clinically ideal recipients - those eligible for immunosuppression withdrawal trial - can harbor significant and worrisome inflammation and/or fibrosis.'], ['In this study, we established a hydrogen peroxide-induced inflammation and aging model using human HS68 dermal fibroblasts.', 'Stimulation of fibroblasts with H2 O2 is associated with skin aging and increased expression of inflammation-related proteins, along with downregulation of collagen I/III formation and expression of antioxidative proteins.', 'Galangin effectively reduced NF-kappaB activation, the expression of inflammation-related proteins and cell aging.'], ['HIV-associated CVD risk is fuelled by a negative synergy of traditional cardiometabolic risk factors and heightened systemic immune activation/inflammation.', 'Among WLHIV, female sex and endogenous sex hormone production influence both traditional cardiometabolic risk factors and patterns of systemic immune activation/inflammation.'], ['Clinically, localised deep periodontal pockets and inflammation were noted on affected aspects in four cases.'], ['We examined associations between estimated dietary manganese intake from food/beverages and supplements with circulating biomarkers of inflammation.'], ['It is a multifactorial degeneration characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and aging components.'], ['Evidence on systemic inflammation as a risk factor for future depression is inconsistent, possibly due to a lack of regard for persistency of exposure.', 'In further analyses, 2 vs 0 occasions of inflammation were associated with increased odds of developing depressive symptoms among women (odds ratio (OR)=2.75, 95% CI=1.53, 4.95), but not among men (OR=0.70, 95% CI=0.29, 1.68); P-for-sex interaction=0.035.', 'In this cohort study of older adults, repeated but not transient exposure to systemic inflammation was associated with increased risk of future depressive symptoms among women; this subgroup finding requires confirmation of validity.'], ['Specifically, we introduce the concept that pPROM is a disease of the fetal membranes where inflammation-oxidative stress axis plays a major role in producing pathways that can lead to membrane weakening through a variety of processes.'], ['The aging periodontium may be vulnerable to periodontal pathogens and poor response to inflammation and susceptible to tumorigenesis.', 'In conclusion, our results indicated that mTOR inhibition might rejuvenate the aging gingiva to some extent and relieve inflammation through eliminating oxidative stress.'], ['Accumulating evidence suggests that GDF15 is a biomarker for ageing and morbidity of many somatic disorders such as cancer and inflammatory disorders.'], ['Oxylipins are a group of fatty acid metabolites generated via oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are involved in processes such as inflammation, immunity, pain, vascular tone, and coagulation.', 'These oxylipins generally increase inflammation, hypertension, and platelet aggregation, although not universally.'], ['IP was also compared to a sample of demographically similar NCs (N=45) and persons with schizophrenia (N=42) on a set of blood-based biomarkers of aging related to metabolic function, oxidative stress, and inflammation.'], ['In this review, we summarize some of the current data supporting both the direct and indirect mechanisms, including neuro-inflammation and genome instability in association with aging, leading to CNS dysfunction after HIV-1 infection, and discuss the potential strategies addressing the treatment or prevention of HIV-1-mediated neurotoxicity.'], ['Inflammation occurs after HIV infection and persists, despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).', 'Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures HIV-associated white matter changes, but can be confounded by inflammation.', 'Currently, the influence of inflammation on white matter integrity in well-controlled HIV+ patients remains unknown.', 'We used diffusion basis spectral imaging (DBSI)-derived cellularity to isolate restricted water diffusion associated with inflammation separated from the anisotropic diffusion associated with axonal integrity.', 'Elevated inflammation, measured by cellularity, persists in virologically well-controlled HIV+ individuals.'], ['This review provides a comprehensive update on the little-known therapeutic potentials of tocotrienols, which tocopherols lack in a variety of inflammation-driven diseases.'], ['We cross-sectionally investigated the relationships among respiratory symptoms and function, airway inflammation, allergen sensitization, and indoor allergen concentration.', 'In atopic children, sensitizing allergens in the indoor environment may increase airway inflammation worsening pulmonary function.'], ['Estrogen deficiency is detrimental to many wound-healing processes, notably inflammation and re-granulation, while exogenous estrogen treatment widely reverses these effects.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We aimed at comparing the impact of multiple non-traditional biomarkers (ankle brachial pressure index (ABI), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTnT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and four markers of systemic inflammation), both individually and in combination, on cardiovascular risk prediction, over and above traditional risk factors incorporated in the QRISK2 score, in older people with type 2 diabetes.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins increase with aging, promoting a chronic low-grade inflammation.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Immunosenescence has been scrutinized in detail, and evidence that inflammation and ageing are interrelated is consistent.', 'RECENT FINDINGS: This review highlights recent (partly ongoing) studies into biomarkers of inflammation to assess immunosenescence, including large-scale studies, and quotes expert opinion statements.', 'Markers of basal inflammation frequently used include interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and receptors p55 and p75, C-reactive protein and cytomegalovirus antibody levels.'], ['However, due to disease progression and complications related to ongoing inflammation, these systems may be compromised in people with HIV.'], ["This review critically appraises some key features relevant to the epidemiology of human periodontitis that underlie its core 'identity' as a bacterial biofilm-induced, inflammatory disease and discusses its impact within the larger context of aging populations."], ['Vitamin D seems an intriguing molecule to explore in the field of AAD since it improves endothelial function and protects smooth muscle cells from inflammation-induced remodeling, calcification, and loss of function, all events which are strongly related to the aging process.'], ['The objective was to examine whether: (1) statin use was associated with muscle related outcomes at age 60-64, (2) these associations were modified by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status and explained by inflammation, body-size or lifestyle in a British birth cohort.', 'Associations were maintained in fully adjusted models of intrusive body pain and difficulty climbing stairs, but for chair rise speed they were fully accounted for by inflammation, body-size and lifestyle.'], ['New research endeavors are being completed to explore the used of home devices for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis.'], ['We conclude by illustrating how research using advanced technology is uncovering clues at the core of inflammation and aging.'], ['Intrinsic complex biological changes of aging along with inflammation, immunosenescence, age-associated chronic diseases, and extrinsic environmental and psychosocial factors have significant impact on not only development and behavior of individual malignancies, but also physiologic reserve and vulnerability of older patients who suffer from them.', 'After a brief introduction about the definition and mechanisms of aging, as well as age-related biological and physiological changes, the discussion mainly focuses on recent development and insights into the relationship of frailty, inflammation, and immunity with cancer, highlighting how the new knowledge can help further improve assessment and treatment of older patients with malignancies and promote cancer research.'], ['This review addresses the complex molecular regulation of MiRNAs in both physiological and pathological conditions of low oxygen adaptation and the multiple functions of hypoxamiRs in various hypoxia-associated biological processes, including apoptosis, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and metabolism.'], ['The underlying airway inflammation of asthma in this age group likely differs from younger patients and is felt to be non-type 2 mediated.'], ['Although glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity was not improved, diet-induced liver inflammation was diminished in S467A mice.'], ['CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old Caucasian woman consulted in an emergency department for febrile abdominal pain with inflammatory syndrome.', "DISCUSSION: In the present case, this patient had Horton's disease, based on 3 criteria of The American College of Rheumatology (age, temporal artery abnormalities and inflammatory syndrome) associated with aortitis."], ['Although aspirin is one of the most common anti-inflammatory drugs in the world, the effect of aspirin on human skeletal muscle inflammation is almost completely unknown.', 'Findings from this study highlight the need to expand our knowledge regarding the potential role for aspirin regulation of the deleterious influence of inflammation on skeletal muscle health in aging and exercising individuals.', 'This pathway has been shown to regulate skeletal muscle metabolism and inflammation in aging and exercising individuals.'], ['Biochemical markers of glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation (hsCRP) were measured in peripheral blood.'], ['HIV and obesity are proinflammatory states, but their combined effect on inflammation (measured by interleukin 6, IL-6), altered coagulation (D-dimer), and monocyte activation (soluble CD14, sCD14) is unknown.', 'We hypothesized inflammation increases when obesity and HIV infection co-occur.'], ['Although various biological processes predominately governing tumorigenesis such as inflammation, metabolic alteration, oxidative stress and insulin resistance have been associated with AD genesis, the mechanistic connection of these biological processes and signaling pathways including mTOR, MAPK, SIRT, HIF, and the FOXO pathway controlling aging and the pathological lesions of AD are not well recapitulated.'], ['Impaired repairment of immune system and apoptosis regulation can be seen as major landmarks in autoimmune disorders such as the mutation of p53 gene which results in rheumatoid arthritis, bowel disease which consequently lead to tissue destruction, inflammation and dysfunctioning of body organs.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Systemic AA amyloidosis is a serious complication of chronic inflammation; however, there are relatively few published data on its incidence.'], ['To extend our understanding of previous studies on the pathogenesis and mechanism of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), here we show that Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), one of the Sirtuin family members which are widely studied in aging, DNA repair, metabolism, inflammation and cancer, was expressed in normal nasal mucosa using immunohistochemical staining and Western blot assay.'], ['A hallmark for patients who progress to chronic critical illness is the development of persistent inflammation and immunosuppression.', 'This review explores the current knowledge regarding the immune defects associated with the development of persistent inflammation, the ways in which it can manifest clinically, attempted therapeutic interventions to date, and future insights into improving outcomes for this patient population.'], ['This study compared the effectiveness of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) versus C-reactive protein (CRP) for evaluating the prognosis and degree of inflammation in patients with amputation for a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU).'], ['It is also known that gut lining depletes with ageing and that there is increased risk of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders with ageing.', 'This autoimmunity may make a protein molecule nonfunctional and thereby may be involved in late onset metabolic, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders such as, Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hyperlipidemias and Cancer.'], ['Through inhibiting miR-92a expression and regulating Nrf2-KEAP1-ARE signal pathway, the oxidative stress reaction or inflammation can be suppressed, thus inhibiting endothelial apoptosis and facilitating cell proliferation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed the epidemiology of frailty, and the strong connection to aging, increased CIMT, enhanced inflammation and decreased femoral neck BMD.', 'These results suggested that preclinical atherosclerosis, inflammation and femoral neck BMD were potentially modifiable risk factors for frailty.'], ['Recent studies suggest that aortic stenosis is not a passive degenerative disease, but an active process involving several pathways, including lipid infiltration, chronic inflammation, fibrosis formation, osteoblast activation, and active valve mineralisation.'], ['Although inflammation has been hypothesized as one of the main factors, direct evidence is lacking.', 'We examined whether dietary patterns were associated with TL in Chinese adults, with particular attention paid to body fat (excessive accumulation of body fat is a state of high-systematic oxidative stress and inflammation) and C-reactive protein (CRP, a marker of inflammation).'], ['Immunosenescence as a concept is directly relevant to the world of neuro-inflammation, as it may be a contributing factor to the risks associated with some of the current immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies used in treating multiple sclerosis (MS) and other inflammatory disorders.'], ['These include inhibition of TOR, glycolysis, and GH/IGF-1, activation of sirtuins, and AMPK, as well as modulators of inflammation, epigenetic pathways, and telomeres.'], ['AD pathological hallmarks include the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-beta (Abeta) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain, which are hypothesized to promote inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss.', 'T2DM exhibits many AD pathological features, including reduced brain insulin uptake, lipid dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and depression; T2DM has also been shown to increase AD risk, and with increasing age, the prevalence of both conditions increases.'], ['Yet, emerging evidence suggests that viral suppression will inadequately control inflammation and mitigate risk for progressive brain injury.'], ['RESULTS: LM disclosed a low-grade chronic inflammation and birefringent particles in most sections.'], ['TaqMan Low density Arrays were used for the measurement of expression of genes implicated in cellular response to oxidative stress, genes implicated in inflammation, genes implicated in vascular physiology, and genes related to hypoxia.', 'RESULTS: Among the analyzed genes, lower expression of genes related to cellular response to hypoxia (hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha) or to cellular response to oxidative stress (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its target genes heme oxygenase-2, thioredoxin reductase-1, and superoxide dismutase-2), but not to those related to inflammation or vascular physiology, were significantly associated with the presence of frailty after adjustment for age and sex.'], ['Current treatments only address the symptoms of joint disease, but not their underlying causes which include oxidative stress and inflammation in cartilage and surrounding tissues.', 'To conclude, sulfated alginates effectively protect against oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro and are a promising biomaterial to be explored for treatment of osteoarthritis.'], ['Age is a common factor in the development of neurodegenerative disease and probiotics prevent many harmful effects of aging such as decreased neurotransmitter levels, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis-all factors that are proven aggravators of neurodegenerative disease.'], ['Myocardial injury, mechanical stress, neurohormonal activation, inflammation, and/or aging all lead to cardiac remodeling, which is responsible for cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis.'], ['SIRT3 deficiency has been reported to promote chronic inflammation-related disorders, but whether SIRT3 impacts on innate immune responses and host defenses against infections remains essentially unknown.'], ['BACKGROUND: This study explored the combined impact of depression and inflammation on memory functioning among Mexican-American adults and elders.', 'Inflammation was determined by TNFalpha levels and categorized by tertiles (1st, 2nd, 3rd).', 'ANOVAs examined group differences between positive DepE and inflammation tertiles with neuropsychological scale scores as outcome variables.', 'Logistic regressions were used to examine level of inflammation and DepE positive status on the risk for MCI.', 'RESULTS: Positive DepE as well as higher inflammation were both independently found to be associated with lower memory scores.', 'Among DepE positive, those who were high in inflammation (3rd tertile) were found to perform significantly worse on WMS-III LM I (F = 4.75, p = 0.003), WMS-III LM II (F = 8.18, p < 0.001), and CERAD List Learning (F = 17.37, p < 0.001) when compared to those low on inflammation (1st tertile).', 'The combination of DepE positive and highest tertile of inflammation was associated with increased risk for MCI diagnosis (OR = 6.06; 95% CI = 3.9-11.2, p < 0.001).', 'CONCLUSION: Presence of elevated inflammation and positive DepE scores increased risk for worse memory among Mexican-American older adults.', 'Additionally, the combination of DepE and high inflammation was associated with increased risk for MCI diagnosis.', 'This work suggests that depression and inflammation are independently associated with worse memory among Mexican-American adults and elders; however, the combination of both increases risk for poorer memory beyond either alone.'], ['This approach is based on applying a systems-biology perspective at the population level, using a diverse array of "OMICS" methodologies to identify molecular mechanisms associated with well-established AD risk factors including systemic inflammation, obesity, and insulin resistance.'], ['increased production of IL-1beta or IL-6), whereas it blunted inflammatory mediators in macrophages and consequently chronic inflammation.'], ['These include structural remodelling of the left atrium, elevated left atrial pressure, inflammation, myocardial fibrosis, vagal tone, sinus bradycardia and genetic predisposition.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder distinguished by synovial inflammation followed by destruction of joint.'], ['In the current study, we tested whether the association between well-being and inflammation results in a lower risk of arthritis.'], ['On the other hand, chronic peripheral inflammation-whether mild (during aging and psychological stress) or severe (chronic inflammatory diseases)-clearly interferes with brain function, leading to disease sequelae like fatigue but also to overt psychiatric illness.', 'In recent years, it has been observed that psychological stress can be disease permissive, as in chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, acute and chronic viral infections, sepsis, asthma, and others.'], ['Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was assayed for biomarkers of AD-specific pathology (phosphorylated-tau/Abeta42 ratio), axonal degeneration (neurofilament light chain protein, NFL), dendritic degeneration (neurogranin), and inflammation (chitinase-3-like protein 1, YKL-40).', 'Linear mixed effects models were performed to test the hypothesis that biomarkers for AD, neurodegeneration, and inflammation, or two-year change in those biomarkers, would be associated with worse white matter health overall and/or progressively worsening white matter health over time.', 'These findings suggest that biomarkers for AD, neurodegeneration, and inflammation are potentially important indicators of declining white matter health in a cognitively healthy, late-middle-aged cohort.'], ['Different immunization approaches have been developed to achieve a vaccine that activates the immune system, without triggering an unbalanced inflammation.'], ['In innate immune cells, TET2 and DNMT3A mutations impair the resolution of inflammation and production of type I IFNs, respectively.'], ['We conducted a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled RCT to investigate the effects of 7-d consumption of beetroot juice compared with placebo on (1) blood pressure (BP) measured in resting conditions and during exercise, (2) cardiac and peripheral vascular function and (3) biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial integrity.', 'Dietary NO3- supplementation did not modify biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial integrity.'], ['Peripheral inflammation may harm and help the brain, and therefore, the challenge of modulating immunity will be to find ways of fine tuning inflammation to delay, prevent, or treat AD.'], ['One hundred fifty-four patients with HLA-DSA-associated severe IF/TA showed significantly increased microvascular inflammation, transplant glomerulopathy, C4d deposition in capillaries, and decreased allograft survival compared to 344 patients with severe IF/TA without HLA-DSAs.'], ['RESULTS: Mice with intestinal deletion of SIRT1 (SIRT1 iKO) had abnormal activation of Paneth cells starting at the age of 5-8 months, with increased activation of NF-kappaB, stress pathways, and spontaneous inflammation at 22-24 months of age, compared with control mice.', 'Intestinal tissues from SIRT1 iKO mice given antibiotics, however, did not have signs of inflammation at 22-24 months of age, and did not develop more severe colitis than control mice at 4-6 months.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In analyses of intestinal tissues, colitis induction, and gut microbiota in mice with intestinal epithelial disruption of SIRT1, we found this protein to prevent intestinal inflammation by regulating the gut microbiota.'], ['This newly prolonged survival among PLWH is associated with an increased prevalence of comorbidities due to the inflammation, immune activation and immune senescence associated with HIV infection.'], ['Muscle damage derived from overweight displayed by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces inflammation and insulin resistance and forces the muscle to increase requirements from autophagy mechanisms.'], ['Both cystatin C and B2M levels may be affected by inflammation.'], ['Kallistatin, an endogenous protein, protects against vascular injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation in hypertensive rats and enhancing the mobility and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs).'], ['We aimed to assess the association between exposure to POPs from the marine diet and inflammation, taking into account other factors such as vitamin D. We invited Inuit and non-Inuit living in settlements or the town in rural East Greenland or in the capital city Nuuk.', 'Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire and donated a blood sample for measurement of the two markers of inflammation YKL-40 and hsCRP, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, eleven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), fourteen polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), one polybrominated biphenyl, and nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) adjusted to the serum lipid content.', 'POP levels were associated with the intake of the traditional Inuit diet and with markers of inflammation.'], ['METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 132 inpatients with CVD (age: 72+-12 years, age range: 27-93 years, males: 61%) Binomial logistic regression and correlation analyses were used to assess the associations of sarcopenia with simple physical data and biomarkers, including muscle-related inflammation makers and nutritional markers.'], ['They presented with severe local inflammation; thus, it was difficult to stop bleeding from the gallbladder bed.', 'However, in case of severe local inflammation, there is a greater risk for massive hemorrhage.'], ['Secondly, a large body of research individuated a number of food and plant bioactives, which are potentially efficacious in preventing and reducing some highly prevalent CV risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, vascular inflammation and vascular compliance.'], ['This short review discusses the potential contributions of four factors (inflammation, circadian rhythm, gut microbes, epigenetic aspects) which may lead to alterations in drug metabolism with increasing age.'], ['Inflammation, kidney function, and frailty also seemed to be determinants of survival and recovery after an ischemic stroke.'], ['Male factor infertility is associated with an increased risk of disease and mortality, which has been related to markers of chronic systemic inflammation.', 'The objective of this study was to investigate the association between male factor infertility and low-grade inflammation and furthermore to examine the lifetime prevalence of male factor infertility and overall infertility (also including female and couple infertility).', 'Information on male factor infertility and overall infertility was obtained from a questionnaire, and low-grade inflammation was evaluated as the highest plasma levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the population.'], ['However, there is currently almost nothing known about how drinking alters innate immunity in older subjects, despite innate immune cells being critical for host defense, resolution of inflammation, and maintenance of immune homeostasis.'], ["This nationally representative study queried effects of community dwelling older adults' depression and inflammation at baseline on over-time changes in surrogate markers of their cardiometabolic risk.", 'Inflammation was indicated by C-reactive protein and depression by the CES-D scale.', 'Inflammation, in contrast, does seem linked to increase in physiological risk-but only among men, not women.'], ['BACKGROUND: Muscle atrophy with aging is closely associated with chronic systemic inflammation and lifestyle-related diseases.', 'In the present study, we assessed whether post-exercise milk product intake during 5-month interval walking training (IWT) enhanced the increase in thigh muscle strength and ameliorated susceptibility to inflammation in older women.', 'Pyrosequencing analysis using whole blood showed that methylation of NFKB1 and NFKB2, master genes of inflammation, was enhanced in the HD group (29+-7% and 44+-11%, respectively) more than in the CNT group (-20+-6% and -10+-6%, respectively; P<0.001).', 'Moreover, the genome-wide DNA methylation analysis showed that several inflammation-related genes were hyper-methylated in the HD group compared with that in the CNT group, suggesting greater pro-inflammatory cytokine gene suppression in the HD group.'], ['It is now widely known that inflammation plays an important role in the development of AD, a role that is not only a response to the surrounding pathological environment, but rather seems to be strongly implicated in the aetiology of the disease as indicated by the genetic studies.', 'This review highlights relevant differences in inflammation and in microglia, the innate immune cell of the brain, between mice and humans regarding genetics and morphology in normal ageing, and the relationship of microglia with AD-like pathology, the inflammatory profile, and cognition.'], ['The first basic alterations induced by fructose are increased oxidative stress, protein glycation, inflammation, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance.'], ['Our results suggest a role for inflammation in brain atrophy and cognitive changes in cognitively normal older adults, which partly depended on Abeta accumulation.'], ['More specifically, CKD leads to reduced physical functioning and increased frailty, increased vascular dysfunction, vascular calcification and arterial stiffness, high levels of systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, as well as increased cognitive impairment.'], ['Here we review novel mechanisms that link ALP to vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in kidney and cardiovascular diseases.'], ['So, supplements administration should be considered, especially in subjects exposed to high level of oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['H2A.J accumulation may thus promote the signalling of senescent cells to the immune system, and it may contribute to chronic inflammation and the development of aging-associated diseases.'], ['Further research into the relationship between nutrition, inflammation, and cognitive aging is needed.'], ['von Willebrand Factor (vWF) is a well-known mediator of hemostasis and vascular inflammation.'], ['Mechanisms believed to contribute to extended longevity of GH-related mutants include improved anti-oxidant defenses, enhanced insulin sensitivity and reduced insulin levels, reduced inflammation and cell senescence, major shifts in mitochondrial function and energy metabolism, and greater stress resistance.'], ['Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and endothelin systems plays a key role in endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodelling, and aging by inducing reactive oxygen species production, and promoting inflammation and cell growth.'], ['DISCUSSION: We found little evidence concerning the association between caregiving status and biomarkers of stress and inflammation.'], ['smoking, substance use), chronic immune activation, inflammation, and ART-specific factors.'], ["Overall, increased inflammation or 'inflammageing' is a major driver of ageing and could result from cell senescence with secreted proinflammatory mediators, altered gut microbiota, and coinfections.", 'In HIV-infected patients, the level of inflammation and innate immunity activation is enhanced and related to most comorbidities and to mortality.'], ['Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent mitogen, and chemoattractant have been found to disturb the vascular homeostasis by inducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and phenotype transition, all of which accelerate the process of VC.'], ['In microarray-based analysis, the RPE complex of the aged 5XFAD mice shows differential gene expression profiles consistent with dry AMD in the inflammation response, immune reaction pathway, and decreased retinol metabolism.'], ['Decreased neuronal activity, increased Abeta levels, and inflammation further damage myelin in patients with AD.'], ['It has been observed that immune cell deterioration occurs in the elderly, as well as a chronic low-grade inflammation called inflammaging.'], ['Inflammation was assessed by the serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin (IL) 4 and 6.'], ['We also address low-grade chronic inflammation, prevalent in aging adults and a cause of many disorders including those associated with body composition.'], ['Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) have been approved for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, but are associated with dose-limiting nausea and vomiting.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether systemic inflammation in acutely admitted older medical patients (age >65 years) is associated with physical performance and organ dysfunction.', 'Organ dysfunction s association with physical performance, and whether these associations are mediated by systemic inflammation, was also investigated.', 'Systemic inflammation was assessed by suPAR, TNFalpha, and IL-6.', 'All inflammation biomarkers were associated with FI-OutRef (p<0.001).', 'FI-OutRef was also associated with physical performance (all p<0.001); suPAR being the inflammatory biomarker with the highest impact when adjusting for inflammation.'], ['Proteins associated with inflammation, such as apolipoprotein A-I, haptoglobin, immunoglobulin kappa chain, transferrin, and matrix metalloproteinase decreased at least 2-fold in concentrations.'], ['In addition, telomeres are sensitive to inflammation and oxidative stress, which can further promote telomere shortening.', 'This review discusses evidence for the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in regulating the length of telomeres in mammalian cells during senescence.'], ['Even an optimal pontic design will not prevent inflammation of the mucosa adjacent to the pontic if pontic hygiene is not maintained by removal of plaque.'], ["Microvascular inflammation, especially of the endothelium, may contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative events in Alzheimer's disease (AD)."], ['Thus elderly individuals usually present chronic low-level inflammation, higher infection rates and chronic diseases.'], ['The role of potential mechanistic pathways of arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis, microvascular disease, and inflammation were explored.'], ['Muscle mass in humans is inversely associated with circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines, but the interaction between ageing and training on muscle composition and the intra-muscular signalling behind inflammation and contractile protein synthesis and degradation is unknown.', 'The association of increased muscle NCIT with age-associated muscle loss in humans is not accompanied by any major alterations in intramuscular signalling for inflammation, but rather by direct regulatory factors for protein synthesis and proteolysis in skeletal muscle.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIM: The aim of this study was to establish the effectiveness of Body Cell Mass Index (BCMI) as a prognostic index of (mal)nutrition, inflammation and muscle mass status in the elderly.', 'Then, assessing the BCMI could be a valuable, inexpensive, easy to perform tool to investigate the inflammation status of elderly patients.'], ['Instead, senescent cells disturb the microenvironment by secreting a plethora of bioactive factors that may lead to inflammation, regenerative dysfunction and tumor progression.'], ['The loss of muscle in older (aged >60 years) patients in the ICU may be particularly rapid due to a perfect storm of increased catabolic factors, including systemic inflammation, disuse, protein malnutrition, and reduced anabolic stimuli.'], ['The aim of this study was to examine the temporal relationship between intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and the expression of genes associated with IMCL turnover, fat metabolism, and inflammation during recovery from an acute bout of resistance type exercise in old versus young men.', 'A singe bout of resistance type exercise leads to molecular changes in skeletal muscle favouring reduced lipid oxidation, increased lipogenesis, and exaggerated inflammation during post-exercise recovery in the older compared with younger individuals, which may be indicative of a blunted response of IMCL turnover with ageing.'], ['Age-associated microglial dysfunction leads to cellular senescence and can profoundly alter the response to sterile injuries and immune diseases, often resulting in maladaptive responses, chronic inflammation, and worsened outcomes after injury.'], ['Apigenin can attenuate inflammation, which is associated with many chronic diseases of aging.'], ['Postprandial inflammation and endotoxaemia are determinants of cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk which are amplified by high fat meals.', 'We aimed to examine the determinants of postprandial inflammation and endotoxaemia in older and younger adults following a high fat mixed meal.'], ['Interleukin (IL)-37, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, reduces tissue inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: The data from the present study showed that the serum levels of PAI-1 are higher in patients with COPD and that moderate-to-severe airflow limitation, hypertriglyceridemia, and systemic inflammation are independent predictors of an elevated PAI-1 level.'], ['BACKGROUND: It is assumed that both social stress and chronological age increase the risk of chronic illness, in part, through their effect on systemic inflammation.', 'Unfortunately, observational studies usually employ single-marker measures of inflammation (e.g., Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein) that preclude strong tests for mediational effects.', 'METHODS: We assessed inflammation using the ratio of inflammatory to antiviral cell types (ITACT Ratio).', 'This approach provided a stronger test of evolutionary arguments regarding the effect of social stress on chronic inflammation than is the case with cytokine measures, and afforded an opportunity to replicate findings obtained utilizing mRNA.', 'CONCLUSIONS: First, the analysis provides preliminary validation of a new measure of inflammation that is calculated based on the ratio of inflammatory to antiviral white blood cells.'], ['In a subset of the same cohort, dose of DR15 was also associated with higher baseline levels of chemokine CC-4, a biomarker of inflammation (p = 0.005, beta +- standard error = 0.08 +- 0.03).'], ['We evaluated endothelial function, secretion of adhesion molecules and cytokines, inflammation, oxidative stress and senescence.', 'Dolutegravir decreased inflammation, by inhibiting the NFkappaB pathway, and senescence, by repressing the p21 pathway.', 'Raltegravir mildly affected inflammation and senescence while maraviroc and dolutegravir decreased oxidative stress, inflammation and senescence and improved endothelial dysfunction.', 'CONCLUSIONS: We report here that the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir and the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc reduced inflammation of human adult endothelial cells to different extents while raltegravir was neutral.', 'Dolutegravir also reduced senescence, while PI/r increased inflammation and senescence.'], ['Age 62 (range 56-66) cardiometabolic outcomes included hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and ischemic heart disease.', 'Accelerated (quadratic) BMI slope was significantly associated with greater risk for hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and inflammation; odds ratios ranged from 1.93 (diabetes) to 3.15 (dyslipidemia).'], ['AIM AND BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation associates with increased senescence, which is a strong predictor for cardiovascular disease.', 'We hypothesised that inflammation accelerates senescence and thereby enhances the risk of cardiovascular disease in gout.'], ['RESULTS: We found that old monkeys have greater systemic inflammation and poor intestinal barrier function as compared to young monkeys.'], ['In these plaques there is a progressive accumulation of both lipids and collagen and a decrease of inflammation.', 'Oxidative stress and inflammation appear to be the two primary pathological mechanisms of ageing-related endothelial dysfunction even in the absence of clinical disease.'], ['The presence of hypertension also stimulates oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic activation, which further drives the remodeling process in AF.'], ['Comorbidity, inflammation, mitochondrial metabolism, cognition, balance, and sleep are among the constellation of factors that bear on cardiorespiratory function and that become intricately entwined with cardiovascular health in old age.'], ['In contrast, expression of the NTT-MMP-2 isoform resulted in a dramatic increase in tubular cell necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.'], ['TMEM106B risk variants are associated with inflammation, neuronal loss, and cognitive deficits, even in the absence of known brain disease, and their impact is highly selective for the frontal cerebral cortex of older individuals (>65 years).'], ['Background: Interplays between inflammation and mitochondrial biology are reported.', 'Here, we examined the cross-sectional interrelationships of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNACN) and inflammation and their interaction with physical functioning.', 'Conclusions: A low mtDNACN was associated with an inflammation exhibiting elevated hs-CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen, and white blood cell count, and strengthened the association of this inflammation with physical functioning impairment.'], ['COPD shares common risk factors such as tobacco smoking and aging with CVD, is associated with less physical activity, and produces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Moreover, aging is associated with a state of chronic inflammation, influencing life expectancy.'], ['METHODS: We recruited 533 questionnaire-identified apparently healthy individuals, in which laboratory biomarkers were used to detect asymptomatic myocardial injury and dysfunction, ongoing inflammation, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and renal dysfunction.'], ['Whether low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and vitamin D are independently associated with sarcopenia remains unclear.'], ['METHODS: The A Estrada Glycation and Inflammation Study is a cross-sectional study covering 1516 participants selected by sampling of the population aged 18 years and over.'], ['These may be triggered by factors, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertension, cellular senescence and cell death, contributing to age-related fibrotic cardiac remodelling.'], ['Mechanisms underpinning age-related decreases in muscle strength and muscle mass relate to chronic inflammation.', 'We hypothesized that vitamin D, which has also anti-inflammatory activity will modify adaptation to exercise and reduce inflammation in elderly women.', 'Serum concentrations of inflammation markers, branched amino acids, vitamin D, muscle strength and balance were assessed at the baseline and three days after intervention.'], ['The strategies are to reverse "calcium paradox" and lower vascular calcification by decreasing procalcific factors including minimization of inflammation (through adequate dialysis and by avoiding malnutrition, intravenous labile iron, and positive calcium and phosphate balance), correction of high and low bone turnover, and restoration of anticalcification factor balance such as correction of vitamin D and K deficiency; parathyroid intervention is reserved for severe hyperparathyroidism.'], ["OBJECTIVE: Although the pathogeneses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and periodontal diseases have overlapping features, including ageing and chronic inflammation, the association between AD and periodontitis remains unclear."], ['We excluded patients with systolic dysfunction, chronic inflammatory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, histories of AF or neoplastic diseases.'], ['Kcne2 deletion also caused extensive pancreatic transcriptome changes consistent with facets of T2DM, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and hyperproliferation.'], ['INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In the brain, amyloid-beta generation participates in the pathophysiology of cognitive disorders; in the bloodstream, the role of amyloid-beta is uncertain but may be linked to sterile inflammation and senescence.'], ['Despite the discrepancy in the pathophysiological time frame and severity, both conditions share common molecular mechanisms that include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and activation of various cell death pathways (apoptosis/necrosis/autophagy) that synergistically modulate the neuronal death.'], ['Further studies are needed to adjust for inflammation, visceral and other ectopic adipose tissue depots, and to confirm our findings in other population samples.'], ['The present study is an evaluation of 2 of the current scoring systems with respect to accurate diagnosis of the disease and indication of inflammation severity.', 'A unique intraoperative severity scoring system was used to measure severity of inflammation and to compare Alvarado and Ohmann scoring system results to assess accuracy of predictive value for acute appendicitis.', 'Correlation between both scores and grading of inflammation performed during the operation was weak, but statistical significance was observed between Alvarado scoring system and intraoperative severity scoring (r=0.30; p=0.002).', 'CONCLUSION: Alvarado score is better able to predict acute appendicitis and provide an idea of severity of inflammation.'], ['This longitudinal study investigates whether MetS or its components affect cognitive decline in aging men and whether any interaction with inflammation exists.', 'CONCLUSION: No evidence was found for a relationship between MetS or inflammation and cognitive decline in this sample of aging men.'], ["To date, it is not clear whether these microorganisms are directly related to Alzheimer's disease progression or if they are opportune pathogens that easily colonize those with dementia and exacerbate the ongoing inflammation observed in these individuals."], ['BACKGROUND: Muscle wasting and chronic inflammation are predominant features of patients with COPD.', 'Systemic inflammation is associated with an accelerated decline in lung function.', 'Systemic inflammation could be an important contributor to sarcopenia in the stable COPD population.'], ['Sirtuins are a family of seven proteins that are involved in longevity and inflammation.'], ['It has been reported that multiple cellular changes, including oxidative damage/mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere shortening, inflammation, may accelerate the aging process, leading to cellular senescence.'], ['Quantitative resting brain perfusion was determined using an arterial spin labelling technique, and blood biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress were measured.'], ['The pathophysiology of sarcopenia is incompletely understood but appears to involve multiple pathways, including inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, impaired regeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction and denervation.'], ['The side-specific progression of the disease is characterized by inflammation, calcific lesions, and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation.'], ['RESULTS: Powered toothbrushes have been found to be as effective as manual toothbrushes in removing plaque and reducing gingival inflammation.'], ['Inappropriate or dysregulated responses to RSV can be pathogenic, causing disease-enhancing inflammation that contributes to short- and long-term effects.'], ['BACKGROUND: Frailty is associated with immune activation and inflammation in the elderly general population, but whether this is true in the younger HIV-infected (HIV+) population is not known.'], ['These results revealed that accumulation of AGEs in NP tissue may initiate inflammation-related degeneration of the intervertebral disc via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.'], ['We also describe parts of results of the Japan Semi-supercentenarian Study (JSS), which showed that the suppression of chronic inflammation is an important driver of successful aging at extreme old age.'], ['Deep frontal white matter showed increased gliosis in HIV+ subjects vs. HIV- controls (p = 0.09), but no significant differences in myelin loss, blood vessel thickening, or inflammation.', 'Liver showed more severe fibrosis/cirrhosis (p = 0.02) and less steatosis (p = 0.03) in HIV+ subjects, but no significant differences in inflammation, blood vessel thickness, or pigment deposition.'], ['In particular, increased levels of inflammation markers as well as DNA damage are observed.', 'Pharmacological intervention reverses the strain-induced damage by shifting gene expression profile away from inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Our findings of elevated CSF concentrations of both YKL-40 and GAP-43 in women with suicidal ideation, compared to those without, suggest that a disrupted synaptic glial functioning and inflammation may be related to the aetiology of suicidal ideation in older adults.'], ['Impaired insulin signaling, inflammation, the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products and oxidative stress all play an essential role in the pathogenesis of both AD and diabetic complications.'], ['Conclusions Age-dependent decrease in the levels of the S100 family proteins involved in epithelial proliferation, repair, and defenses combined with chronic inflammation might lead to an increased risk of abnormal microbial colonization and loss of microbiota diversity.'], ['Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis (ATH).', 'Due to their potent immunomodulatory properties, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are evaluated as therapeutic tools in ATH and other chronic inflammatory disorders.'], ['The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) interacts with a unique repertoire of ligands that form and collect in the tissues and circulation in diabetes mellitus, aging, inflammation, renal failure, and obesity.'], ['In this context, ageing and obesity are both associated with chronic low grade inflammation, immune impairment, and intestinal dysbiosis.'], ['BACKGROUND: Interleukin (IL)-33 promotes T helper (Th)2 immunity and systemic inflammation.'], ['Therefore, nutritional interventions that reduce oxidation or inflammation in conjunction with higher protein intakes that overcome the anabolic resistance may enhance the MPS response to feeding and either increase muscle mass or attenuate loss.'], ['There are currently no disease-modifying drugs available for crystal-associated OA; hence, the aim of this study was to explore the inflammatory pathways activated by BCP crystals in order to identify potential therapeutic targets to limit crystal-induced inflammation.'], ['It is often suggested that they occur independently of inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Gender and a proxy of menopause were associated with various features of inflammation and injury in DILI.'], ['Human aging is commonly accompanied by low-grade inflammation in both the immune and central nervous systems, thought to contribute to many age-related diseases.', 'Next, we consider age-related changes of the immune system and possible deleterious influences of immunosenescence and low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) on neurodegenerative processes in the normally aging brain.'], ['Aging is associated with a decline in autophagy and a state of low-grade inflammation which further affects apoptosis and autophagy.'], ['Genotoxins are involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic degenerative diseases including hepatic, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, chronic inflammation and ageing.'], ['Approximately two-thirds of anemia in American elderly is caused by chronic inflammation or is unexplained.', 'A potential contributing factor may include air pollution exposures, which have been shown to increase systemic inflammation and affect erythropoiesis.', 'Mediation by C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, was also investigated.'], ['Hematologic parameters of systemic inflammation are receiving attention as promising prognostic indicators in cancer patients.'], ['More important, skin biopsies of cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients did not show increased expression of P-Selectin, as described for other inflammatory diseases, and the number of vessels expressing P-Selectin was reduced.'], ['Gout is an inflammatory arthritis characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the synovial membrane, articular cartilage and periarticular tissues leading to inflammation.'], ['These include steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis, which, when taken together, sequentially or simultaneously lead to significant disease progression.'], ['There are no disease-altering therapies for dry AMD, which is characterized by accumulation of subretinal drusen deposits and complement-driven inflammation.'], ['Resistance training during hospitalization increases skeletal muscle mass, and patients with high levels of systemic inflammation demonstrate less ability to increase or preserve muscle mass in response to resistance training during illness.'], ['AGE has multiple deleterious effects including age-related disorders, apoptosis, inflammation, and obesity.'], ['Not only aging, low bone mineral density and history of previous fracture, but also diabetes mellitus and inflammation are regarded as risk factors for fracture.'], ['There are indications from experimental and observational studies that aspirin may reduce inflammation associated with infection.'], ['Decreasing telomere length in the cells of an immune system can indicate immune aging in immune-mediated and chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['It causes alterations in the dermal connective tissue and gene expression, inflammation, photoaging, and DNA damage.'], ['Studies are needed in gout patients with chronic kidney disease and/or cardiovascular disease, so that escalation of dosing /combination of anti-inflammatory drugs needed to suppress gouty inflammation as well as escalation of dosing/combination of urate lowering drugs needed to achieve target serum urate level will lead to better understanding of gout treatment safety issues.'], ['There is evidence that nutrition, inflammation and genetic risk factors play an important role in the development of AMD.', 'Recent studies suggest that the composition of the intestinal microbiome is associated with metabolic diseases through modulation of inflammation and host metabolism.'], ['Ultimately, we expect a comprehensive understanding of HSC lineage bias during aging to have important implications for human health, since strategies to alter lineage bias in old HSCs not only has the potential to restore immune function in the elderly, but also to reduce the incidence of inflammation-associated diseases, many for which there is a current unmet need for novel and more effective treatments.'], ['Aging is associated with a range of chronic low-grade inflammation (Chronoinflammaging) which may play a significant role in some chronic inflammatory based diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD).', 'Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a family of PRRs which recognize endogenous damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and subsequently induce inflammation.'], ['PURPOSE: Shorter telomere length and obstructive sleep apnea are associated with increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which are both considered leading causes of age-related diseases.'], ['The signals at the sites of inflammation mediate recruitment and differentiation in order to remove inflammatory inducers and promote tissue homeostasis restoration.'], ['Neither curcumin nor placebo influenced large elastic artery stiffness (aortic pulse wave velocity or carotid artery compliance) or circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation (all P>0.1).'], ['In studies employing MPO knockout mice and an acute inflammation model, we show that both free and protein-bound 2-AAA, and in lower yield, protein-bound LysCN, are formed by MPO in vivo during inflammation.'], ['Tumor plasma contained a substantial tumor lysis signature, most prominent in Emu-myc plasma, whereas Emu-TCL1 plasma contained signatures of immune-response, inflammation and microenvironment interactions, with putative biomarkers in early-stage cancer.'], ['BACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is expressed and secreted in response to inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, telomere erosion, and oncogene activation.'], ['We measured nineteen blood biomarkers that include constituents of standard hematological measures, lipid biomarkers, and markers of inflammation and frailty in 4704 participants of the Long Life Family Study (LLFS), age range 30-110 years, and used an agglomerative algorithm to group LLFS participants into clusters thus yielding 26 different biomarker signatures.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIM: Most patients with a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have an underlying chronic liver inflammation, which causes a continuous damage leading to liver cirrhosis and eventually HCC.', 'To assess a possible differential impact of liver inflammation in patients developing HCC versus patients remaining tumor-free, we designed a longitudinal study and analysed liver tissue of the same patients (n = 33) at two points in time: once when no HCC was present and once several years later when an HCC was present.'], ['There are several factors which are involved in AD pathogenesis, including oxidative stress, inflammation and the presence of metal ions.'], ['Considerable recent interest has focused on bioactive phenolic compounds in grape, as they possess many biological activities, such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-ageing and antimicrobial properties.'], ['The development of the typical comorbidities of aging which currently affects people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) can be partially ascribed to the persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation characterizing these individuals.'], ['A similar bioflavonoid composition, UP446, has been reported with modulation of pathways related to systemic inflammation.'], ['Complex interactions of genetic alterations, sex hormone deficit, and aging with mechanical factors and systemic inflammation-associated metabolic syndrome lead to joint damage.'], ['Although the fundamental roles of TGF-beta in cancer progression have been investigated extensively, recent reports also provide evidence for its direct or indirect links to aging-related processes such as cell proliferation, senescence, stem cell renewal, DNA damage, inflammation, and telomere length.'], ['OBJECTIVES: As the HIV-infected population ages, the role of cellular senescence and inflammation on co-morbid conditions and pharmacotherapy is increasingly of interest.', 'This study expands on these findings by determining whether inflammation is contributing to the association of p16INK4a expression with intracellular metabolite (IM) exposure and endogenous nucleotide concentrations.', 'While inflammation is known to play a role in this population, it is not a major contributor to the p16INK4a association with decreased IM/EN exposures in these HIV-infected participants.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that genetic variation within the CR1 gene is associated with inflammation and the risk of incident coronary artery disease.'], ['These abnormalities may result from biochemical changes producing low-grade inflammation resulting from increased production of reactive oxygen species and superoxide.'], ['Long-term dietary BLOS results in many severe inflammatory diseases and cancers that are common in an ageing population.'], ['In animal models, telomere dysfunction causes alveolar epithelial stem cell senescence, which is sufficient to drive lung remodeling and recruit inflammation.'], ['Increasing age leads to elevated basal levels of inflammation and oxidative stress (inflammaging) and to increased immunosenescence associated with changes in both the innate and adaptive immune responses.'], ['However, when chronically present, the secretory phenotype of senescent cells can drive pathological inflammation, which contributes to a host of age-related pathologies, including cancer.'], ['Conversely, inflammatory responses mediated by the innate immune system gain in intensity and duration, rendering older individuals susceptible to tissue-damaging immunity and inflammatory disease.'], ['Abeta and hypoxia can evoke inflammation, oxidative stress and finally neuronal cell death.'], ['Biological aging is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation level.', 'This review will cover the identification of pathways that control age-related inflammation across multiple systems and its potential causal role in contributing to adverse health outcomes.'], ['Our data provide evidence that polySia avDP20 ameliorates laser-induced damage in the retina and thus is a promising candidate to prevent AMD-related inflammation and angiogenesis.'], ['As eosinophils typically accumulate at sites that are relatively hypoxic, particularly during periods of inflammation, these findings may have important implications to understanding the behaviour of these cells in vivo.'], ['CONCLUSION: Compared to the placebo group, 6 months of testosterone therapy (gel) reduced calprotectin and phosphate levels suggesting decreased inflammation and decreased cardiovascular risk.'], ['In summary, our results demonstrate the role of inflammation and oxidative stress in age-related changes of immune cell survival factors in the BM, suggesting that antioxidants may be beneficial in counteracting immunosenescence by improving immunological memory in old age.'], ['Reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important class of DNA damaging agents, are constantly generated in cells as a consequence of endogenous metabolism, infection/inflammation, and/or exposure to environmental toxicants.'], ['We review the available data on miRNAs in aging and underpin the evidence suggesting that circulating miRNAs (and cognate shuttles), especially those involved in the regulation of inflammation (inflamma-miRs) may constitute biomarkers capable of reliably depicting healthy and unhealthy aging trajectories.'], ['We recently reported that increased NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression and activity during aging results in enhanced cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.'], ['Pathologically extensive inflammation plays a major role in the disruption of the normal healing cascade.'], ['The ligands of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) accumulate in chronic diseases, particularly those characterized by inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.', 'Although first discovered and reported as a receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the expansion of the repertoire of RAGE ligands implicates the receptor in diverse milieus, such as autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegeneration.'], ['BACKGROUND: Diseases associated with human cartilage, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) have manifested age, mechanical stresses and inflammation as the leading risk factors.', 'Although inflammatory processes are known to be upregulated upon aging, we sought to gain a molecular understanding of how aging affects the tissue-specific response to inflammation.', 'RESULTS: CD24 expression in chondrocytes caused a differential response to cytokine-induced inflammation, with the CD24high juvenile chondrocytes being resistant to IL-1ss treatment as compared to CD24low adult chondrocytes.'], ['The SASP secreted by accumulated senescent cells during old age has been related to local inflammation that leads to cellular transformation and therefore may be supporting the inflammaging process.'], ['BACKGROUND: Strong evidence implicates inflammation in the development of atherosclerotic heart disease but less is known about peripheral arterial disease (PAD).'], ['MS has the opportunity to contribute additional information on, among others, antennarity, sialylation, and the identity of high-mannose type species.Here, we have used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR)-MS to study the total plasma N-glycome of 2144 healthy middle-aged individuals from the Leiden Longevity Study, to allow association analysis with markers of metabolic health and inflammation.', 'Overall, the bisection, galactosylation, and sialylation of diantennary species, the sialylation of tetraantennary species, and the size of high-mannose species proved to be important plasma characteristics associated with inflammation and metabolic health.'], ['BACKGROUND: Recent research suggests that several pathogenetic factors, including aging, genetics, inflammation, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and infectious diseases, influence cognitive decline (CD) risk.'], ['In addition, PPARs have important roles during placental, embryonal, and fetal development, and in the regulation of processes related to aging comprising oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroprotection.'], ['Proinflammatory cytokines seem to be associated with the future development of clinically significant depression, irrespective of baseline scores, thus indicating that inflammation temporally precedes and increases depression risk.'], ['INTERPRETATION: In our large HIV cohort in the antiretroviral therapy era, we found evidence that dysfunctional immune activation and chronic inflammation contribute to the development of lung cancer in the setting of HIV infection.'], ['OBJECTIVE: It has been proposed that inflammation may be causally related to depression.', 'Participants with depression and inflammation (C Reactive Protein > 3 mg/l) were compared to those with depression alone.', 'RESULTS: In a longitudinal analysis, depression with associated inflammation was more likely to persist over time.', 'Inflammation either partially or completely mediated the association between medical co-morbidity, body mass index and depression at follow-up.', 'Depression with inflammation was associated with more amotivation, less sadness, greater medical co-morbidity and higher body mass index.', 'This subgroup has a worse prognosis and may benefit from interventions targeting co-morbidity, body mass index and associated inflammation.'], ['The mechanisms involved enhancing osteoblast generation and survival, inhibiting osteoclast growth and activities, suppressing inflammation, improving bone collagen synthesis and upregulating ESR1 expression to augment phytoestrogenic effects.'], ['RATIONALE: Menopause is associated with changes in sex hormones, which affect immunity, inflammation, and osteoporosis and may impair lung function.'], ['Red rice has demonstrated several biological properties including anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation properties.', 'RRE could suppress UV-induced inflammation and skin aging via the inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway leading to the decrease of NF-cB and AP- 1 activation resulting in a decrease in ECM degradation and an increase in ECM synthesis.'], ['The aim of this study was to compare VEGF levels in patients over 60 years of age who have RS3PE, RA, PMR or GCA so as to determine whether elevated VEGF is specific for a rheumatic disease, the inflammation or edema that occurs with these pathological conditions.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: In older individuals, higher AT1RaAb levels were associated with inflammation, hypertension, and adverse outcomes.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation, changes in body composition, and declining physical function are hallmarks of the ageing process.'], ['It characteristically presents with acute inflammation, resulting in demyelination, often following an infectious disease.'], ['Purpose The sequelae of cancer treatment may increase systemic inflammation and create a phenotype at increased risk of functional decline and comorbidities, leading to premature mortality.', 'Survivors treated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy accumulated a significantly greater burden of comorbid conditions and suffered greater pain associated with inflammation over time after cancer treatment than did the control group.', 'Comorbidities were related to inflammation in this sample, which could increase the likelihood of premature mortality.'], ['This traditional herb has been documented for centuries to treat various diseases such as depression, allergies, inflammation and asthma.'], ['Aging, antiretroviral therapy, chronic inflammation, and several other factors contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients infected with HIV.'], ['Thus, oxytocin potentially contributes to the development of chronic low-grade inflammation, which often accompanies obesity.'], ['It binds to PPARgamma, affecting gene transcription and reducing inflammation.'], ['Aging is a multifactorial process characterized by several features including low-grade inflammation, increased oxidative stress and reduced regenerative capacity, which ultimately lead to alteration in morpho-functional properties of skeletal muscle, thus promoting sarcopenia.'], ['This chapter describes biomarkers associated with inflammation, coagulation, and immune activation in HIV, and reviews the association between specific biomarkers and the development of co-morbid conditions in individuals with HIV.'], ['Furthermore, these changes are associated with a low-grade inflammation called inflamm-aging, which is the result of several lifelong antigenic stimulations, including chronic viral infections such as cytomegalovirus.', 'This signifies that the treatment transforms HIV infection from a chronic infection to a chronic inflammatory disease.'], ['Elevated urea at concentrations typically encountered in uremic patients induces disintegration of the gut epithelial barrier, leading to translocation of bacterial toxins into the bloodstream and systemic inflammation.'], ['However, even in patients with normal perfusion scans, the cardiovascular prognosis is largely dependent on baseline inflammation levels and comorbidities.'], ['a rise in ROS levels, misprocessing of amyloidogenic proteins (foremost, alpha-synuclein) and dysregulated inflammation; (iv) sex (or gender; G); and importantly, (v) time (T) encompassing ageing-related changes, latency of illness and propagation of disease.'], ['Spermidine feeding enhanced cardiac autophagy, mitophagy and mitochondrial respiration, and it also improved the mechano-elastical properties of cardiomyocytes in vivo, coinciding with increased titin phosphorylation and suppressed subclinical inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Inflammation may play a role in the accelerated physical aging reported in schizophrenia, though biomarker findings and associations with demographic and clinical factors are inconsistent.', 'Further longitudinal studies are warranted to assess inflammation as a potential treatment target for a subgroup of schizophrenia.'], ['These cells could contribute to inflammation by induction of T cell responses and the production of proinflammatory cytokines.'], ['These findings are consistent with the idea that habitual AE does not protect against age/menopause-related whole forearm micro- and macrovascular endothelial dysfunction in healthy nonobese estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, despite being associated with lower systemic markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['BACKGROUND: HIV infection and biomarkers of inflammation [measured by interleukin-6 (IL-6)], monocyte activation [soluble CD14 (sCD14)], and coagulation (D-dimer) are associated with morbidity and mortality.'], ['In Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, administration of GDC-0853 and other structurally diverse BTK inhibitors for 7 days or longer caused pancreatic lesions consisting of multifocal islet-centered hemorrhage, inflammation, fibrosis, and pigment-laden macrophages with adjacent lobular exocrine acinar cell atrophy, degeneration, and inflammation.'], ['TOLLIP expression was downregulated in ALS cells under conditions of inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide.'], ['The aim of this study was to provide objective evidence of local soft tissue injury by measuring serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), a biochemical marker, to quantify muscle damage and inflammation in patients treated by the two approaches.', 'Independent predictors of elevation in the levels of markers of inflammation and muscle damage were determined by a multivariate linear regression model.'], ["Given the strong association between protein aggregation, innate immune cell activation and neurodegeneration, the expression and roles of HSPs in the CNS is attracting attention in many neurodegenerative disorders including inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, protein folding diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and genetic white matter diseases."], ['Background: The extent to which inflammation, immune activation/immunosenescence, and hormonal abnormalities are driven by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or frailty is not clear.', 'Conclusions: Frailty among HIV-infected men was associated with increased inflammation and lower hormone levels, independent of comorbid conditions.'], ['Several biological findings have been associated with age-related disorders, including increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and telomere shortening.'], ['THE AIMS OF OUR STUDY WERE: to explore the prevalence of sarcopenia in Caucasian adult obese subjects using two different indices of sarcopenia, and to investigate the relationship among SO, metabolic syndrome (MS), inflammation, and serum albumin concentrations.', 'CONCLUSION: SO is associated with MS and low- grade inflammation in adult Caucasian subjects.'], ['The recent advent of new scientific techniques has enabled us to explore how the microbiome affects health and, in particular, has shed light on the involvement of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease.'], ['The pathophysiology of both entities is similar and related to post-operative neuro-inflammation; therefore onset may occur independently of any surgical complication.', 'Reduction of inflammation represents the most logical preventive measure but currently there are no studies that show this to be effective.'], ['Psychological variables explained 19% of the variance over and above that explained by covariates (age, sex, exercise, alcohol consumption, systemic inflammation, and 24-hr mean arterial pressure).'], ['CD9 is associated with inflammation and angiogenesis through cell adhesion, migration, and signal transduction.', 'Our study showed that CD9 deficiency reduced the severity of hallmarks of OA including cartilage degradation and soft tissue inflammation in aged mice.', 'In the AIA model, cartilage damage and inflammation were also reduced in CD9-/- mice.'], ['MEASUREMENTS: Serum biomarkers were selected based on association with aging-related diseases and included complete blood count, lipids (triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol), 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3, vitamin D epi-isomer, diabetes mellitus-related biomarkers (adiponectin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproduct), kidney disease-related biomarkers (albumin, creatinine, cystatin), endocrine biomarkers (dehydroepiandrosterone, sex-hormone binding globulin, testosterone), markers of inflammation (interleukin 6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide), ferritin, and transferrin.'], ['Inflammation occurs in the brains of patients with AD, and is critical for disease progression.'], ['In this study, to ascertain the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of SAS, we used phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) plus A23187 to induce inflammation in human mast cell line-1 (HMC-1).'], ['Inflammation plays a key role in brain damage after cerebral ischemia, and novel therapies that target pro-inflammatory cells have demonstrated promise for treatment for stroke.'], ['While MRI brain changes have been related to mortality during ageing, the role of inflammation in this relationship remains poorly understood.', 'Regression models were used to assess the hypothesis that inflammation is mediating the relationship between MRI-brain changes and mortality.', 'Our study supports a possible role for inflammation in the atrophy pathogenesis.'], ['Elevated rates of inflammation seen in people with HIV, even if their viral loads are suppressed and their CD4 counts are preserved, are associated with greater rates of cardiovascular, renal, neurocognitive, oncological, and osteoporotic disease.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Although n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) are used widely in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, their effect in infectious disease requires a particular attention.', 'RESULTS: At a dose corresponding to an human dose of 500 mg/day, n-3 LC-PUFAs intake is beneficial against experimental infections caused by extracellular pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus by reducing inflammation, and reduces the incidence of pneumococcal infections in the elderly, but at 2-4-fold higher doses as occurs in some human intervention and/or during long-term it becomes detrimental in intestinal infections with Citrobacter rodentium or Helicobacter hepaticus by exacerbating anti-inflammatory response.'], ['Immune aging manifests with a combination of failing adaptive immunity and insufficiently restrained inflammation.', 'In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T cell aging occurs prematurely, but the mechanisms involved and their contribution to tissue-destructive inflammation remain unclear.', 'Our findings link premature T cell aging and tissue-invasiveness to telomere deprotection and heterochromatin unpacking, identifying MRE11A as a therapeutic target to combat immune aging and suppress dysregulated tissue inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVES: This study tested whether inorganic nitrate supplementation improved glucose disposal and attenuated the acute effects of hyperglycemia on oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular function in young and old obese participants.'], ['Also we found that statin therapy decreases hsCRP levels, which indicates a potential role of inflammation in CVD as a target for intervention in the elderly (e.g.'], ["Elderly people are at a higher risk for chronic disease and more susceptible to infection, due in part to age-related dysfunction of the immune system resulting from low-grade chronic inflammation known as 'inflamm-ageing'."], ['Old mice (18-21 mo) infected with M. avium had attenuated HO-1 response with diffuse inflammation, high burden of mycobacteria, poor granuloma formation, and decreased survival (45%), while young mice (4-6 mo) showed tight, well-defined granuloma, increased HO-1 expression, and increased survival (95%).'], ['Finally, we end on an optimistic note by demonstrating that family-centered prevention programs can have health benefits by reducing inflammation, helping to preserve telomere length, and inhibiting epigenetic aging.'], ['OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the role of SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1), a class III histone deacetylase, in AAA formation and the underlying mechanisms linking vascular senescence and inflammation.', 'Mechanistically, the reduction of SIRT1 was shown to increase vascular cell senescence and upregulate p21 expression, as well as enhance vascular inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that SIRT1 reduction links vascular senescence and inflammation to AAAs and that SIRT1 in vascular smooth muscle cells provides a therapeutic target for the prevention of AAA formation.'], ['Markers of endothelial damage, inflammation, and cellular aging were completely attenuated by red wine consumption.', 'CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoke results in acute endothelial damage, vascular and systemic inflammation, and indicators of the cellular aging processes in otherwise healthy nonsmokers.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging is characterized by a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation that impairs vascular function.', 'Acute inflammation causes additional decrements in vascular function, but these responses are not uniform in older compared with younger adults.', 'We sought to determine if older adults with low levels of baseline inflammation respond to acute inflammation in a manner similar to younger adults.', 'We hypothesized age-related differences in the vascular responses to acute inflammation, but that older adults with low baseline inflammation would respond similarly to younger adults.', 'METHOD: Inflammation was induced with an influenza vaccine in 96 participants [older = 67 total, 38 with baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) > 1.5 mg/l and 29 with CRP < 1.5 mg/l; younger = 29]; serum inflammatory markers IL-6 and CRP, blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were measured 24 and 48 h later.', 'Older adult groups with differing baseline CRP had the same IL-6, blood pressure, and FMD response to acute inflammation, P less than 0.05 for all interactions, but the low-CRP group increased CRP at 24 and 48 h (from 0.5 +- 0.1 to 1.4 +- 0.2 to 1.7 +- 0.3 mg/l), whereas the high-CRP group did not (from 4.8 +- 0.5 to 5.4 +- 0.5 to 5.4 +- 0.6 mg/l), P less than 0.001 for interaction.', 'CONCLUSION: Aging, not age-related chronic, low-grade inflammation, determines the vascular responses to acute inflammation.'], ['Inflammation and low serum iron level seems to diminish degradation capacity of FGF23 fragments.'], ['Psoriasis, an epidermal inflammatory hyperproliferative disease, exhibits features of a quiescent basal cell layer mimicking normal oral mucosa.'], ['These pathways are deregulated in human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, muscle atrophy, ageing, and inflammation, reflecting the importance of mitophagy as a cellular housekeeping function.'], ['Traditionally, health outcomes focussed on the prevention of chronic diseases but health targets have expanded to cover areas such as brain health, inflammation, eye health, women s health, healthy ageing and beauty.', 'Furthermore, the effect of modulating factors such as subclinical inflammation, gut microbiota and genetic variability should be taken into account.'], ['Successful anti-viral treatment is, on one hand, responsible for the development of side effects related to drug toxicity; on the other hand, it is not able to inhibit the onset of several complications caused by persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation.', "Chronic inflammation and immune activation, observed typically in elderly people and defined as 'inflammaging', can be present in HIV+ patients who experience a type of premature ageing, which affects the quality of life significantly.", 'the toxicity of anti-retroviral treatments and the above-mentioned chronic inflammation leading to a functional decline and a vulnerability to injury or pathologies.', 'Here, we discuss the role of inflammation and immune activation on the most important non-AIDS-related complications of chronic HIV infection, and the contribution of aging per se to this scenario.'], ['RESULTS: Indeed, we demonstrate in mice and humans that the adrenal medulla accumulates a strikingly high amount of mtDNA deletions with age, causing mitochondrial dysfunction in the adrenal medulla, but also in the cortex, accompanied by apoptosis and, more importantly, by severe inflammation and remarkable fibrosis.'], ['For sure, inflammation and oxidative stress play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, commonly attributed to a reduced availability of nitric oxide.', 'Inflammageing, the chronic low-grade inflammation that characterizes elderly people, aggravates vascular pathology and provokes atherosclerosis, the major cardiovascular disease.'], ['Sirt1 deficiency in endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and monocytes/macrophages contributes to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, foam cell formation, senescences impaired nitric oxide production and autophagy, thereby promoting vascular aging and atherosclerosis.'], ['BCG, T. cruzi, and LPS strongly induced expression of both unique and overlapping genes downstream of TLR signaling pathways including cytokines and chemokines that mediate inflammation and regulate cell death pathways.', 'These results identify unique pathogen specific strategies to activate inflammation and modulate cell death that may drive inflammatory outcomes and suggest avenues of investigation to optimize host immunity.'], ['Our results suggest that aneuploid cells that accumulate during aging in some mammalian tissues potentially contribute to age-related pathologies and inflammation through SASP secretion.'], ['OBJECTIVES: This study queried causal direction in linkages of inflammation with psychosocial distress.', 'Inflammation was indicated by C-reactive protein, and distress by depression, anxiety, as well as stress.', 'RESULTS: Rather than being an outcome of psychosocial distress, inflammation was a predictor of it.', 'Linkages were gender differentiated, with inflammation seeming to induce depression among men but stress among women.', 'DISCUSSION: Contrary to previous literature, inflammation may not be a mechanism through which psychosocial distress gets "under the skin" to cause cardiovascular and metabolic issues.'], ['Patients with keratitis, episcleritis, orbital inflammation, post-surgical endophthalmitis, traumatic iritis, and corneal graft rejection were excluded.'], ['Knowledge of the aging effect on airway inflammation and asthma control is limited.', 'OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare airway inflammation and its relationship to asthma control in aged versus younger patients and determine whether differences are asthma specific or caused by "inflamm-aging."', 'Differences in airway inflammation can contribute to diminished asthma control in the aged.'], ['Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been implicated as a factor in immunosenescence, including poor antibody response to vaccination and higher immune activation and inflammation.'], ['In addition, we determined that senescence-associated inflammation was significantly aggravated in TGF-beta-induced cellular senescence by detecting the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha).', 'Together, our data indicate that TGF-beta-driven NF-kappaB activation contributes to corneal epithelial senescence via RNA metabolism and the inflammation blockade can attenuate TGF-beta-induced senescence.'], ['BACKGROUND: The available literature suggests that circulating visfatin/Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) level variability in humans is related to obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and lipid profile.', 'The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between circulating visfatin/NAMPT, obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and lipid profile in a large population-based, elderly cohort, applying structural equation modeling.', "The important variables for 'latent inflammation' proved to be hs-CRP and IL-6 serum levels.", 'CONCLUSION: The structural equation modeling provided support for the existence of a link between nutritional status, inflammation and circulating visfatin/NAMPT level.', 'This indicates that circulating visfatin/NAMPT can be considered as a novel surrogate marker of systemic inflammation associated with fat depot, especially visceral, in the elderly population.'], ['We explore whether variability at the TERC gene locus interacts with FA profile and two healthy diets (low-fat diet vs Mediterranean diet [MedDiet]) modulating LTL, glucose metabolism, and inflammation status in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients.', 'Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the TERC rs12696304 SNP interacts with MUFA improving inflammation status and telomere attrition related with CHD.'], ['TLT size was associated with impaired renal function and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and homeostatic chemokines, indicating a possible contribution of TLTs to sustained inflammation after injury.'], ['Specifically, the mechanisms by which low-grade inflammation may affect the normal stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose and fat storage are reviewed.', 'We propose that both chronic low-grade inflammation from HIV infection and treatment with HAART trigger cellular homeostatic stress responses with adverse effects on glucose metabolism.', 'This HIV-associated inflamm-ageing syndrome can provide a platform for further studies in HIV-infected patients and act as a model for biological accelerated ageing.'], ['G-allele carriers had lower plasma TNF-alpha than noncarriers, suggesting inflammation as a potential mediating factor for CAD mortality risk.'], ['Physical inactivity is a major contributor to low-grade systemic inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Although MRI is recommended for diagnostic use in detecting joint inflammation, its value in clinical practice has not been settled.', 'Older symptom-free persons show more MRI-detected inflammation in their hands and feet.', 'The association of age with MRI inflammation could also be enhanced by disease (disease-dependent age effect).', 'Because both effects could have diagnostic consequences, we evaluated the association between age-at-onset and MRI-detected inflammation in early arthritis and RA.', 'Bone marrow oedema, synovitis and tenosynovitis were summed, yielding the MRI inflammation score.', 'RESULTS: Early arthritis and RA-patients had, respectively, 2.6 (95% CI: 2.3, 3.0, P < 0.001) and 3.7 times (95% CI: 3.2, 4.3, P < 0.001) higher MRI inflammation scores than controls (adjusted for age).', 'At higher age of onset, early arthritis and RA patients had higher MRI inflammation scores (1.03/year, P < 0.001).', 'At the joint level, older RA patients had more extended MRI inflammation, but the preferential locations were similar.', 'CONCLUSION: Older age is associated with more MRI-detected inflammation, and the effect was similar in arthritis and controls.'], ['AIMS: To examine the impact of tooth loss on walking speed over time and explore whether inflammation may account for this association.', 'Mixed-effects models showed that tooth loss was associated with a greater decline in walking speed over time after adjustment for lifestyle-related factors and chronic diseases (p = 0.001 for interaction between time and tooth loss on walking speed decline); however, when further adjusting for inflammation (CRP), the association was attenuated and no longer significant.', 'Inflammation may play a role in the association between tooth loss and walking speed decline.'], ['Age-related declines in muscle quality, including increased mitochondrial dysfunction and fat infiltration, are also implicated in skeletal muscle inflammation and subsequent insulin resistance.'], ['They facilitate eosinophil recruitment to sites of inflammation in response to parasitic infections as well as allergic and autoimmune diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.'], ['Through these pathways, the omega-3 PUFAs help modulate aspects of inflammation and immunity, cell growth and tissue repair.'], ['Chemokines are promising biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation, but evidence for chemokine abnormalities in schizophrenia and their relationship to clinical factors remains inconclusive.'], ['Once thought to be predominantly a syndrome of over exuberant inflammation, sepsis is now recognized as a syndrome of aberrant host protective immunity.', 'Patients with chronic critical illness often exhibit "a persistent inflammation-immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome," and it is proposed here that this state of persisting inflammation, immunosuppression and catabolism contributes to many of these adverse clinical outcomes.', 'The underlying cause of inflammation-immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome is currently unknown, but there is increasing evidence that altered myelopoiesis, reduced effector T-cell function, and expansion of immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells are all contributory.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Although newer therapeutic interventions are targeting the inflammatory, the immunosuppressive, and the protein catabolic responses individually, successful treatment of the septic patient with chronic critical illness and persistent inflammation-immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome may require a more complementary approach.'], ['The human gastrointestinal tract has a diverse commensal microbial population, which has bidirectional interactions with the human host that are symbiotic in health, and in addition to nutrition, digestion, plays major roles in inflammation and immunity.'], ['Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is among the most hazardous risk factors for cardiovascular disease and is linked to a chronic inflammatory disease.'], ["This study evaluated whether UV damage and the skin's natural mechanisms of inflammation and repair are also affected by circadian rhythm.", 'Our data suggest that the same dose of UV radiation induces significantly more inflammation in the morning than in the afternoon.'], ['Infection is the most frequent cause of acute inflammation in both adult and older subjects.', 'C-reactive protein (CRP) is the most used biomarker of inflammation, and a substantial amount of literature has demonstrated its importance and clinical usefulness in adult subjects.'], ['The pathogenesis of frailty and the role of inflammation is poorly understood.', 'We examined the evidence considering the relationship between inflammation and frailty through a systematic review and meta-analysis.'], ['Concomitant chronic cardiac disorders are frequent in patients with COPD, likely owing to shared risk factors (e.g., aging, cigarette smoke, inactivity, persistent low-grade pulmonary and systemic inflammation) and add to the overall morbidity and mortality of patients with COPD.'], ['Experimental evidence suggests that the increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and primary tumor necrosis factor alpha observed in chronic inflammation lead to protein degradation through proteasome activation and reduced skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) via protein kinase B/Akt downregulation.', 'Soy protein and isoflavone-enriched soy protein, meanwhile, may counteract chronic inflammation through regulation of the nuclear transcription factor kappaB signaling pathway and cytokine production.', 'Although evidence suggests that whey protein, soy protein, and isoflavone-enriched soy proteins may be promising nutritional interventions against the oxidative stress and chronic inflammation present in pathologic conditions and aging (inflammaging), there is a lack of information about the anabolic potential of dietary protein intake and protein supplementation in elderly people with increased systemic inflammation.'], ['Therapeutic applications can be foreseen in conditions of chronic inflammation, and particularly in cancer, which will be discussed in detail in this review paper as major clinical target of nutritional interventions with olive oil and its functional components.'], ['METHODS: In 1042 subjects with refractory asthma recruited to the British Thoracic Society Severe Asthma Registry, we compared patient demographics, disease characteristics and biomarkers of inflammation in patients aged <65 years (n = 896) versus >=65 years (n = 146) and onset at age <18 years (n = 430) versus >=18 years (n = 526).'], ['No evidence from this study, which was at high risk of bias, was found to suggest that removal of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth has a clinically significant effect on dimensional changes in the dental arch.The included studies did not measure our other secondary outcomes: costs, other adverse events associated with retention of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth (pericoronitis, root resorption, cyst formation, tumour formation, inflammation/infection) and adverse effects associated with their removal (alveolar osteitis/postoperative infection, nerve injury, damage to adjacent teeth during surgery, bleeding, osteonecrosis related to medication/radiotherapy, inflammation/infection).'], ['Traits of optimism and cynical hostility are features of personality that could influence the risk of falls and fractures by influencing risk-taking behaviors, health behaviors, or inflammation.'], ['Initial results from short-lived mouse strains showed that fish oil can increase lifespan, affecting pathways like inflammation and oxidation thought to be involved in the regulation of aging.'], ['Few studies have examined whether the association between inflammation and depression is symptom specific, and differs according to antidepressant treatment.'], ['Continued elevated sUA can result in monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition in joints and soft tissues, and can cause acute and chronic inflammation.', 'Untreated or improperly treated gout can lead to chronic manifestation of the disease, including persistent inflammation, increased number of flares, development of tophi, and structural joint damage.', 'Data show that even when patients are asymptomatic, ongoing inflammation and subsequent damage occurs locally at the joint and systemically.'], ['The liver possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity but undergoes complex biological changes in response to aging and inflammation that result in decreased cellular regeneration and a tipping of the scales towards fibrogenesis.', 'Patients with HIV infection have serological evidence of ongoing inflammation, with elevations in some biomarkers persisting despite adequate virologic control.', 'In this review, we will discuss the biology of aging, age-related changes in the liver, and the relevant mechanisms by which HIV causes inflammation in the context of accelerated aging, fibrosis of the liver, and other viral co-infection.'], ['The association between chronic inflammation and accelerated biological ageing has been well described and is often referred to as "inflammageing".', 'In this review we seek to determine how systemic inflammation in chronic pancreatitis may contribute to an accelerated ageing phenotype.', 'In the 20 remaining articles 41 inflammatory mediators were identified - mainly involved in chronic inflammation, fibrosis and particularly cardinal features of inflammageing such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis.'], ['Here we will discuss the inflammation associated with POD, and highlight the advantages of using POD as a model to study inflammation-evoked cognitive impairment.'], ['Subgingival plaque and GCF samples were collected from the healthy sites of participants without periodontal disease (n = 17), the sites with gingival inflammation from patients with gingivitis (n = 19), and the periodontitis sites of patients with CP (n = 15).'], ['Disease mechanisms are still poorly understood, but a distinction between inflammation and infection is emerging.'], ['High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that triggers inflammation when released from activated immune or necrotic cells and drives the pathogenesis of various infectious agents.', 'Although HMGB1 has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases, its role in RSV-induced airway inflammation has not been investigated.', 'HMGB1 is a ubiquitous redox-sensitive multifunctional protein that serves as both a DNA regulatory protein and an extracellular cytokine signaling molecule that promotes airway inflammation as a damage-associated molecular pattern.'], ['All Bama miniature swine that were infected with HEV genotypes 3 and 4 exhibited significant HEV viremia, shedding, anti-HEV antibody responses and partial liver inflammation.'], ['Moreover, complete removal of carious dentin in deep carious lesions often leads to pulp exposure and root canal treatment, despite the absence of irreversible pulp inflammation.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation promote endothelial dysfunction thereby hampering cerebral perfusion and thus delivery of energy substrates and nutrients.'], ['The research shows how traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, diabetes and smoking have an impact; non-traditional risk factors such as inflammation, mineral-bone disease and even uraemia itself have higher impact; and how cardiac structural, functional and electrocardiographic markers predict sudden cardiac death in dialysis patients.'], ['Granulomatous inflammations are a particular type of chronic septic or aseptic inflammation, in which infectious or non-infectious agents are difficult to eliminate by the immune system.', 'At cutaneous level, this pattern of granulomatous reaction is characterized by a chronic inflammation with formation of granulomas consisting of a variable number of histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes.', 'Granulomatous dermatoses should be differentiated from other primary or secondary lesions affecting the skin such as inflammation or tumors.'], ['Despite visible inflammation, no macroscopic lesion clearance was observed.'], ['Here, we showed that adeno-associated viruses-GDF11 and recombinant GDF11 protein improve endothelial dysfunction, decrease endothelial apoptosis, and reduce inflammation, consequently decrease atherosclerotic plaques area in apolipoprotein E-/- mice.'], ['The key metabolites and pathways may be possibly correlated with smooth muscle tone changes, increased collagen content, and inflammation, which have been identified as potential contributors to urinary dysfunction in humans and rodents.'], ['In the acute setting there is inflammation and an additional protein deficiency.'], ['Melatonin has been effectively used to combat oxidative stress, inflammation and cellular apoptosis and to restore tissue function in a number of human trials; its efficacy supports its more extensive use in a wider variety of human studies.'], ['Past work suggests inflammation, measured by C-reactive protein (CRP), as one candidate mechanism for this effect.', 'CONCLUSIONS: overall findings suggest that inflammation measured by CRP is one mechanism by which moderate alcohol use may confer protective effects for frailty.', 'These findings inform future research relating alcohol use and frailty, and suggest inflammation as a possible mechanism in the relationship between moderate alcohol use and other beneficial health outcomes.'], ['In the last decade, polyphenols (particularly curcumin, resveratrol and tea catechins) have been under very close scrutiny as potential therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, inflammatory diseases and aging.'], ['Furthermore, we elaborate on the most prominent factors associated with brain insulin resistance, i.e., obesity, T2D, genes, maternal metabolism, normal aging, inflammation, and dementia, and on their roles regarding causes and consequences of brain insulin resistance.'], ['Based on endotypes, we can categorize non-allergic rhinitis into an inflammatory endotype with usually eosinophilic inflammation encompassing at least NARES and LAR and part of the drug induced rhinitis (e.g., aspirin intolerance) and a neurogenic endotype encompassing idiopathic rhinitis, gustatory rhinitis, and rhinitis of the elderly.'], ['OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the obesity and pain relationship is mediated by the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a nonspecific marker of systemic inflammation, and whether this relationship differs by sex.'], ['In mdx dystrophin-deficient mice, a model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy, muscle injury, and inflammation is mitigated by expansion of the Treg-cell population but exacerbated by Treg-cell depletion.'], ['The purpose of the present study was to document the mechanisms by which 4-HNE induces inflammation in the kidney during aging.'], ['Animal studies showed that supplementation of olives, olive oil or olive polyphenols could improve skeletal health assessed via bone mineral density, bone biomechanical strength and bone turnover markers in ovariectomized rats, especially those with inflammation.', 'The beneficial effects of olive oil and olive polyphenols could be attributed to their ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['The earliest descriptions of lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) showed the involvement of 3 interacting pathophysiologic elements in CF airways: mucus obstruction, inflammation, and infection.', 'Over the past 7 decades, our understanding of CF respiratory microbiology and inflammation has evolved with the introduction of new treatments, increased longevity, and increasingly sophisticated laboratory techniques.', 'This article reviews the current understanding of infection and inflammation and their roles in CF lung disease.'], ['Instead, accumulation of lipid-containing lamellar bodies in renal tubuli was detected in P4h-tm-/- mice with aging, resulting in inflammation and fibrosis, and later glomerular sclerosis and albuminuria.'], ['Some of the pathways regulated by nuclear receptors include, but are not limited to, angiogenesis, inflammation, and lipid metabolic dysregulation, mechanisms also important in the initiation and development of several retinal diseases.'], ['Senescent fetal membranes cells produce senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP-inflammation) and also release proinflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), namely HMGB1 and cell-free fetal telomere fragments.'], ['BACKGROUND: The ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) are systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorders characterised by necrotising inflammation affecting small to medium-sized blood vessels.', 'The secondary outcomes are safety, change in the proportion of CD4+ CMV-specific T-cell population (defined as CD4 + CD28null cells) and change in soluble markers of inflammation from baseline to 6 months.'], ['Increased mitochondria DNA instability, impaired bioenergetic efficiency, enhanced apoptosis, and inflammation processes are some of the events related to mitochondria that occur in aging heart, leading to reduced cellular survival and cardiac dysfunction.'], ['In the case of inflammation, several studies have reported that EV levels are increased in circulation during inflammatory episodes.'], ['Following absorption via a specific transporter, OCTN1, ET may accumulate preferentially in tissues predisposed to higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion is a critical early step in chronic vascular inflammation associated with diabetes, emphysema, and aging.', 'Thus, these findings implicate matrix stiffness-dependent ICAM-1 clustering as an important regulator of vascular inflammation and provide the rationale for closely examining mechanotransduction pathways as new molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy.'], ['However, recent studies have revealed acute and chronic inflammation to be highly associated with LUTS, correlated with prostatic enlargement, and implicated as a cause of prostatic fibrosis that contributes to bladder outlet obstruction.', 'This review examines the evidence implicating inflammation and fibrosis in BPH/LUTS.', 'It identifies potential mechanisms by which inflammation may drive nociceptive signaling as well as hyperplastic growth and fibrosis and identifies targets for pharmacological intervention.'], ['METHODS: We used an advanced bio-impedance device to determine the body composition and measured circulating CRP (hsCRP) and diurnal salivary cortisol concentrations, as indices of inflammation and chronic stress, respectively.'], ['Although inflammation and abnormal smooth muscle contractions are known to play key roles in the development of LUTS, tissue fibrosis may also be an important and previously unrecognized contributing factor.'], ['In this review, we summarize the recently reported role of 11beta-HSD in the skin, focusing on its function in cell proliferation, wound healing, inflammation, and aging.'], ['However, elderly patients presented with a more progressed inflammation of the appendix.'], ['LSECs also play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression, in ageing, and in liver lesions related to inflammation and infection.'], ["In parallel, we evaluated the impact of CS on pulmonary exacerbation, using mice exposed to CS and/or infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( Pa), and confirmed cysteamine's potential as an autophagy-inducing antibacterial drug, based on its ability to control CS-induced pulmonary exacerbation ( Pa-bacterial counts) and resulting inflammation."], ['It has been shown that chronic inflammation and increased oxidative stress may be a link between the mechanisms of AGEs action and the metabolic and reproductive consequences of PCOS.'], ['Calorie restriction (CR) inhibits inflammation and slows aging in many animal species, but in rodents housed in pathogen-free facilities, CR impairs immunity against certain pathogens.', "In this multi-center, randomized clinical trial to determine CR's effect on inflammation and cell-mediated immunity, 218 healthy non-obese adults (20-50 y), were assigned 25% CR (n=143) or an ad-libitum (AL) diet (n=75), and outcomes tested at baseline, 12, and 24 months of CR.", 'In conclusion, long-term moderate CR without malnutrition induces a significant and persistent inhibition of inflammation without impairing key in vivo indicators of cell-mediated immunity.'], ['This raises the suspicion of an accelerated aging of the vascular system in this disease characterized by chronic systemic subliminal inflammation and immune dysregulation.'], ['The rare forms of inflammatory angiopathy attributed to Abeta, Abeta-related angiitis and CAA-related inflammation, cause debilitating neurologic symptoms that improve with corticosteroid therapy.', 'Imaging shows marked subcortical and cortical inflammation due to perivascular inflammation, which is incited by vascular Abeta accumulation.'], ['Dysregulated, enhanced basal inflammation with age reflecting activation by endogenous damage-associated ligands contributes to impaired innate immune responses.'], ['BACKGROUND: Habitual (non-exercise) physical activity (PA) declines with age, and aging-related increases in inflammation and fatigue may be important contributors to variability in PA. METHODS: This study examined the association of objectively-measured PA (accelerometry over 7 days) with inflammation (plasma interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) and with self-reported fatigue (SF-36 Vitality) at baseline and 18 months after a diet-induced weight loss, exercise, or diet-induced weight loss plus exercise intervention in 167 overweight/obese, middle-aged, and older adults.', 'At the 18-month follow-up, inflammation was lower in both weight loss groups, fatigue was reduced in all three groups with larger decreases in the combined group, and mean levels of habitual PA were not changed in any group.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Levels of habitual PA are lower in middle-aged and older adults with higher levels of chronic inflammation and greater self-reported fatigue.', 'In addition, participants who experienced greater declines in inflammation during the interventions had greater declines in fatigue and larger increases in PA.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with chronic inflammation affecting predominantly the lung parenchyma and peripheral airways that results in largely irreversible and progressive airflow limitation.', 'This inflammation is characterized by increased numbers of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, T lymphocytes (predominantly TC1, TH1, and TH17 cells), and innate lymphoid cells recruited from the circulation.', 'Although most patients with COPD have a predominantly neutrophilic inflammation, some have an increase in eosinophil counts, which might be orchestrated by TH2 cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells though release of IL-33 from epithelial cells.', 'Oxidative stress plays a key role in driving COPD-related inflammation, even in ex-smokers, and might result in activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), impaired antiprotease defenses, DNA damage, cellular senescence, autoantibody generation, and corticosteroid resistance though inactivation of histone deacetylase 2.', 'Systemic inflammation is also found in patients with COPD and can worsen comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and osteoporosis.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Hyperglycemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of cognitive decline.', 'The mechanisms might be partly explained by the effect of DPP4 on inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['There was no association between inflammation and rate of hip BMD loss.', 'We conclude that inflammation may play an important role in the etiology of fractures in older men.'], ['As adults age with HIV, the role of HIV itself and associated inflammation, effects of exposure to antiretroviral agents, the high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for age-associated conditions (e.g.'], ['Since Sirt1 activity is known to be affected by several stresses, including inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as aging, SIRT may be involved in the development of OA.'], ["None the less, on balance it is well-recognized that immunosenescence is accompanied by the low-grade inflammation observed commonly in elderly people, which has been dubbed 'inflamm-ageing'."], ['a clock, that measures maturation of the fetal organ systems and the production of hormones and other soluble mediators (including alarmins) and that promotes inflammation and orchestrates an immune cascade to propagate signals across different uterine compartments.'], ['This work aims to illustrate the role of nuclear receptors (NR) and TF related to oxidative stress, inflammation, hypoxia, and xenobiotics in the regulation of selected human and murine SDRs that play crucial roles in steroid, retinoid, eicosanoid, fatty acid, and xenobiotic metabolism.'], ['To determine whether SIRT6 directly regulates bone metabolism, we cultured primary bone marrow stromal cells for osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis separately to avoid indirect interference in vivo responses such as inflammation.'], ['A relevant feature of aging is chronic low-grade inflammation, termed "inflammaging."', 'The source of this inflammation is debated.'], ['The dominance of obesity in females and the different behaviour of disease activity markers in relation to the BMI in females indicate that additional parameters need to be considered when analysing the impact of obesity on inflammation in RA.'], ['In this study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol on inflammation in visceral adipose tissue and the brain and its effects on ischemic brain injury in aged female mice.', 'Mice treated with resveratrol demonstrated smaller infarct size, improved neurological function, and blunted peripheral inflammation at 3 days postischemic stroke.', 'These results showed that resveratrol counteracted inflammation in visceral adipose tissue and in the brain and reduced stroke-induced brain injury and peripheral inflammation in aged female mice.', 'Therefore, resveratrol administration can be a valuable strategy for the prevention of age-associated and disease-provoked inflammation in postmenopausal women.'], ['The thorough understanding of the complex and interrelated inflammatory mechanisms as well as identifying universal mediators promoting CNS inflammation is essential for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.'], ['Prolonged unaccustomed exercise involving muscle lengthening (eccentric) actions can result in ultrastructural muscle disruption, impaired excitation-contraction coupling, inflammation and muscle protein degradation.'], ['This review will describe the general effects of Mn exposure and will focus on how Mn may be related to some of the mechanism of aging: neurogenesis, oxidative stress, and microglial activation and inflammation.'], ['Indeed, Metchnikoff and his team investigated inflammation in guinea pigs, rats, frogs; studied infectious diseases in monkeys, caimans, geese; investigated aging in parrots, dogs, humans; proposed hypotheses to understand age-associated senility using rabbits and humans; developed germ free tadpoles, flies, chicks; studied the gut flora in bats, horses, birds, humans; and popularized the use of probiotics as a tool to delay the deleterious effects of toxic compounds derived from putrefactive gut bacteria.'], ['Prior research on inflammatory chronic conditions suggests that inflammation may predict how early women experience menopause.', 'We explore the ability of black race to moderate the overall relationship between chronic inflammation and timing of menopause.', 'We use data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project on inflammation, age of last menstruation, and race as well as relevant social and medical covariates.', 'Using interaction analysis, we investigate whether being black may shape the overall relationship between inflammation status and menopause timing.', 'Our analyses find no significant statistical interactions between black race and inflammation in predicting menopausal onset.', 'However, we do identify independent correlational relationships between inflammation and black race (r = 0.136) and between menopausal timing and black race (r = -0.129) as well as inflammation (r = -0.138) that emerge as significant in corresponding regression models.', 'We conclude that race probably does not moderate associations between inflammation and menopause.', "Yet, we also note that the original parameter estimate for black race's impact on menopausal onset (HR = 1.29, p < 0.05) becomes non-significant in a model that includes inflammation (HR = 1.06, p < 0.01).", 'To translate our findings into policy and practice implications, we present alternate conceptualizations of black-white disparity in the inflammation-menopause relationship and recommend future research using mediation modeling.'], ['BACKGROUND: Low serum albumin levels are associated with aging and medical conditions such as cancer, liver dysfunction, inflammation, and malnutrition and might be an independent predictor of long-term mortality in healthy older populations.'], ['We sought to determine trajectories of decline in a large cohort by disease status, and examined their correspondence with biomarkers of ageing processes including growth hormone, sex steroid, inflammation, visceral adiposity and kidney function pathways.'], ['BACKGROUND: Long-term air pollution exposure has been associated with age-related cognitive impairment, possibly because of enhanced inflammation.', 'OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether TL modifies the association of 1-year exposure to black carbon (BC), a marker of traffic-related air pollution, with cognitive function in older men, and we examined whether this modification is independent of age and of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation.'], ["Peak exercise values, anthropometry and blood indices of diabetic status, markers of inflammation, and plasma fibrinogen were analysed during a 6-wk pre-training 'control' period, and then after 6 and 12-wk of regular walking."], ["BACKGROUND: Genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease imply that inflammation plays a causal role in development of the disease."], ['CONCLUSION: We defined white blood cells and C protein levels as non-diagnostic of the type of acute inflammation but rather as indicators of the severity of the inflammatory process.'], ['They function intra- and extracellularly both as regulators of homeostatic processes and as potent effectors during inflammation.'], ['SIRT6 is an important member of sirtuin family that represses inflammation, aging and DNA damage, three of which are causing factors for endothelial dysfunction.'], ['Individuals with low values of F3, TLR-2, CRAT, and iNOS methylation, as well as a high value of ICAM-1 methylation, may be more susceptible to temperature effects on systemic inflammation.'], ['Cardiometabolic abnormalities were defined as 3 or more cardiometabolic risk factors (hypertension, impaired glycemic control, systemic inflammation, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglycerides, and central obesity).'], ['Diagnosis is confirmed by temporal artery biopsy which reveals vessel wall damage and inflammation, with multinucleated giant cells and/or epithelioid macrophages.'], ['Trehalose supplementation had no effect on conduit artery endothelial function, large elastic artery stiffness or circulating markers of oxidative stress or inflammation (all P>0.1) independent of changes in body weight.'], ['Circulatory markers of low-grade inflammation such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) positively correlate with endothelial damage, atheroma formation, cardiovascular disease, and aging.'], ['Emerging findings suggest that some phytochemicals have the ability to target multiple pathophysiological processes involved in stroke including oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic cell death.'], ['The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE ((Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1) nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2-antioxidant response element) pathway is one of the most important defense mechanisms against oxidative and/or electrophilic stresses, and it is closely associated with inflammatory diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and aging.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Epigenetics is now considered to be crucially involved in normal genetics and differentiation and in pathological conditions, such as cancer, aging, and inflammation.', 'The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of inflammation on epigenetics in young subjects and the effect of aging.', 'CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that epigenetic changes participate in chronic inflammation and aging in the palatine tonsils.', 'Although the results do not lead to a direct treatment, the epigenetic pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, such as immunoglobulin A nephropathy, by focal infections will be described in greater detail in future studies, which will lead to new treatments being developed.'], ['It is hypothesized that chronic systemic inflammation contributes to the age-related decline in cardiovascular function.', 'In conclusion, chronic inflammation influences blood pressure in elderly women and compromises endothelial cell function, thus contributing to the age-related decline in vascular health.'], ['We identified the inflammation-related chaperone protein haptoglobin as the main component of the hyper-stable aggregates.'], ['Given normal chow, middle-age DN-NAMPT mice displayed systemic NAD(+) reduction and had moderate NAFLD phenotypes, including lipid accumulation, enhanced oxidative stress, triggered inflammation and impaired insulin sensitivity in liver.'], ['Senescent cells that have acquired a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can cause local and potentially systemic inflammation.'], ['Chronic inflammation may cause endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, resulting in subsequent erectile dysfunction (ED).', 'We examined the relationship between chronic osteomyelitis, which is a chronic inflammatory disease, and ED.'], ['MS is associated with low-grade inflammation of the white adipose tissue, which can subsequently lead to insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes.'], ['It was investigated whether an inactive lifestyle and high levels of inflammation resulted in smaller gray-matter volumes and predicted cognitive decline across 6 years in a population-based study of older adults (n = 414).', 'These patterns of data suggested that inflammation was particularly detrimental in inactive older adults and may exacerbate the negative effects of physical inactivity on brain and cognition in old age.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging, chronic inflammation and/or many chronic conditions may result in loss of bone, loss of muscle and increased adiposity, manifested either overtly (overweight) or furtively as fat infiltration into bone and muscle.'], ['Dementia is known to share many common risk factors with coronary artery disease including age, genetics, smoking, the components of the metabolic syndrome and inflammation.'], ['Aging stem cells are deregulated by low-grade chronic inflammation and possibly by diet.'], ['Studies have identified several overlapping neurodegenerative mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation that are observed in these disorders.', 'Peripheral inflammation observed in obesity leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.', 'Although the brain is an immune-privileged organ, cross-talks between peripheral and central inflammation have been reported.', 'Damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB) as seen with aging can lead to infiltration of immune cells into the brain, leading to the exacerbation of central inflammation.'], ['BPH occurs when both stromal and epithelial cells of the prostate in the transitional zone proliferate by processes that are thought to be influenced by inflammation and sex hormones, causing prostate enlargement.'], ['For example, surgeries cause tissue destruction and inflammation while anti-VEGF therapies are expensive, require repeated administration, and offer temporary relief from vascular leakage.'], ['Tubulointerstitial inflammation was increased at 16 months, and remained similar from 18 to 24 months.'], ['An overrepresentation of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (RF), toxicities associated with long exposure to antiretroviral therapy, together with residual chronic inflammation and immune activation associated with HIV infection are thought to predispose to these metabolic complications and to the excess risk of CVD observed in the HIV population.'], ['An immune phenotype characterized by increased immune activation, systemic inflammation, and accumulation of late-differentiated memory CD57(+) CD28(-) T cells has been associated with comorbidities in the elderly.', 'We found that markers of systemic inflammation-IL-6 and human C-reactive protein and immune activation-CD38 and HLA-DR on T cells, soluble CD (sCD)163 from monocytes and macrophages-were increased in survivors compared to controls.', 'Immune activation and inflammation markers correlated poorly with prior chemotherapy and radiotherapy exposure.'], ['So we hypothesized that the infiltration of neutrophils, inflammation factors, and aging markers , which were modulated by functional networks, induced the immune response and renal injury.'], ['In HIV infected patients several factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular problems: life-style, metabolic parameters, genetic predisposition, viral factors, immune activation, chronic inflammation and side effects of antiretroviral therapy.'], ['In the biological domain, we examine the association of physiological and physical vulnerabilities, as well as, the impact of comorbidities and inflammation on negative surgical outcomes.'], ['Genetic variation in SIRT1 might therefore affect lung function and human longevity by modifying subclinical inflammation arising from abdominal adipose tissue.'], ["Epidemiological and genetic studies have identified metabolic disorders and inflammation as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD).", 'Evidence in obesity and type-2 diabetes suggests a role for a metabolic inflammasome ("metaflammasome") in mediating chronic inflammation in peripheral organs implicating IKKbeta (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta), IRS1 (insulin receptor substrate 1), JNK (c-jun N-terminal kinase), and PKR (double-stranded RNA protein kinase).'], ['We examined the association between lifecourse socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk of type 2 diabetes at older ages, ascertaining the extent to which adult lifestyle factors and systemic inflammation explain this relationship.', 'In a general population sample, socioeconomic inequalities in the risk of type 2 diabetes extend to older ages and appear to partially originate from socioeconomic variations in modifiable factors which include lifestyle and inflammation.'], ["OBJECTIVE: Peripheral inflammation has been associated with adverse effects on cognition and brain structure in late life, a process called 'inflammaging.'", 'Identifying biomarkers of preclinical cognitive decline is critical in the development of preventative therapies, and peripheral inflammation may be able to serve as an indicator of cognitive decline.', 'However, little is known regarding the relationship between peripheral inflammation and brain structure and function among older adults.', 'All participants completed a blood draw, and inflammation was measured with interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP).', 'RESULTS: Surprisingly, age was unrelated to measures of inflammation (IL-6, CRP) or brain function (default mode network (DMN) connectivity; working memory performance; blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activation with higher working memory load).', 'Frontal and parietal regions may be particularly sensitive to the effects of inflammation.'], ['Chronic inflammation, which generally follows the acute inflammation because of infectious agents, is favored by hormonal or metabolic abnormalities.'], ['The consequence of these alterations is a reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) with implications for aspects such as control of vascular tone and low grade inflammation.'], ['In middle-age group, a multivariate-forward logistic regression analysis showed that male sex (2.169 [1.029, 4.574], P = 0.042), inflammation (4.167 [2.043, 8.498], P < 0.001), cardiovascular disease (2.92 [1.019, 8.402], P = 0.046), serum creatinine level (0.639 [0.538, 0.758], P < 0.001), and cholesterol level (0.984 [0.975, 0.993], P = 0.001) were associated with serum albumin level <3.6 g/dL.', 'Hepatitis C virus infection (1.911 [1.186, 3.077], P = 0.008), HDF (2.143 [1.298, 3.540], P = 0.003), inflammation (2.309 [1.549, 3.440], P < 0.001), use of arterio-venous fistula (0.518 [0.327, 0.820], P = 0.005), Kt/V (0.395 [0.193, 0.809], P = 0.011), nonanuria (0.542 [0.337, 0.870], P = 0.011), serum creatinine level (0.744 [0.669, 0.828], P < 0.001), and cholesterol level (0.993 [0.987, 0.998], P = 0.013) were associated with serum albumin level <4 g/dL.'], ['Aging and estrogen withdrawal in women are associated with endothelial inflammation, vascular stiffness and increased cardiovascular disease.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Increasing 11,12-EETs through sEH inhibition effectively attenuates inflammation and may provide an effective strategy to preserve endothelial function and prevent atherosclerotic heart disease in postmenopausal women.'], ['IL-37 can be elevated in humans with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases where it likely functions to limit inflammation.', 'Transgenic mice expressing human IL-37 (IL37-tg) exhibit less severe inflammation in models of endotoxin shock, colitis, myocardial infarction, lung, and spinal cord injury.', 'Treatment of WT mice with recombinant human IL-37 has been shown to be protective in several models of inflammation and injury.', 'Here, we review the discovery of IL-37, its production, release, and mechanisms by which IL-37 reduces inflammation and suppresses immune responses.'], ['The present study attempted to clarify the nature of this relationship, considering adverse life events as potential moderators and the inflammation as an underlying biological mechanism.'], ['BACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor ss family and has been associated with inflammation, cancer, aging, diabetes mellitus (DM) and atherosclerosis.', 'CONCLUSION: In patients with CAD undergoing PCI with stent implantation, GDF-15 is determined by advanced age, acute and chronic hyperglycemia, inflammation and CKD.'], ['We demonstrated that poor periodontal health was associated with hypoalbuminemia, suggesting poor nutritional status and inflammation in COPD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Seungma-Galgeun-Tang (SMGGT), a traditional herbal medicinal formula, has been used to treat various skin problems such as inflammation and rashes in Korean traditional medicine.'], ['These relationships can operate through alterations in fetal and infant development, stress reactivity and inflammation, the development of adverse health behaviors, the conveyance of child chronic illness into adulthood, and inadequate access to effective interventions in childhood.'], ['This may be due to accumulated cellular damage, decreases in adaptive immunity, and chronic inflammation.'], ['Moreover, the secretory phenotype of senescent vascular cells might promote vascular degeneration through chronic inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation.'], ['The mRNA expression levels of cytokines related to acute inflammation including IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were higher in wound lesions of kl/kl mice compared with the levels in WT mice by RT-PCR analysis.'], ['We examined whether C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of cumulative stress-related inflammation, mediates the relationship between SPA and survival.', 'Inflammation was measured by the level of CRP 4 years later.'], ['The fistula was of a primary vascular enteric type and was accentuated by the inflammation arising from the diverticulitis.'], ['Probiotics have been shown to be effective in restoring the microbiota changes of older subjects, promoting different aspects of health in elderly people as improving immune function and reducing inflammation.'], ["Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease in which an individual's genetic predisposition is affected by aging and environmental stresses, which trigger signaling pathways involving inflammation, oxidation, and/or angiogenesis in the RPE cells and choroidal endothelial cells (CECs), to lead to vision loss from choroidal neovascularization."], ["METHODS: 402 women (69-79 years) of the clinical follow-up (2007-2010) of the ongoing population-based prospective SALIA (Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Ageing) cohort were examined using Doppler echocardiography: Of the 291 women with preserved ejection fraction, the ratio of peak early diastolic filling velocity and peak early diastolic mitral annulus velocity (E/E') was collected in 264 and left atrial volume index (LAVI) in 262 women."], ['RAD50 seems a plausible longevity candidate due to its involvement in DNA repair and inflammation.'], ['AIMS: We tested the hypothesis that in elderly COPD patients airflow limitation is associated with arterial stiffness and the relationship, if any, is related to endothelial function and systemic inflammation.', 'Similarly, the two groups did not differ with respect to mean concentrations of inflammation markers (IL-6 and C-reactive protein) and ADMA.', 'This relationship remained significant after correction for potential confounders, including markers of inflammation and ADMA levels (beta = -0.194, P = 0.001).', 'DISCUSSION: According to the results of this study, among COPD patients, bronchial patency and AIx are inversely related, and the relationship is explained neither by endothelial function nor by systemic inflammation.'], ['Therefore the purpose of this review is three-fold: 1) to provide a more current status of the knowledge regarding recommendations of calorie restriction as part of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention to promote weight loss in obese older adults, 2) to determine what benefits and/or risks calorie restriction adds to exercise interventions in obese older adults, and 3) to consider not only outcomes related to changes in body composition, bone health, cardiometabolic disease risk, markers of inflammation, and physical function, but, also patient-centered outcomes that evaluate changes in cognitive status, quality of life, out-of-pocket costs, and mortality.'], ['BACKGROUND: Low gait speed is associated with inflammation and muscle strength.', 'Follistatin, a glycosylated plasma protein, is involved in inflammatory diseases, bone metabolism, muscle strength and cognition.'], ['We used quantile regression and random slope models to investigate distributional effects and heterogeneity in the traffic-related responses on blood pressure, heart rate variability, repolarization, lipids, and inflammation.', 'Quantile regression analysis of the distributional effects of air pollution on blood pressure, heart rate variability, blood lipids, and biomarkers of inflammation in elderly American men: the Normative Aging Study.'], ['Inflammation in AD mice was alleviated by CLN treatment, including the accumulation of GFAP positive cells and the inflammatory cytokines.'], ["Our data showed that periodontitis is associated with an increase in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's Disease, independent to baseline cognitive state, which may be mediated through effects on systemic inflammation."], ['The pathological features induced by RSV infection in HIS mice included peribronchiolar inflammation, neutrophil predominance in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, and enhanced airway mucus production.'], ['Together, these effects contribute to limit the onset and the progression of sarcopenia, due to the major role played by inflammation in the pathophysiology of this disease.'], ['In silico pathway analysis on PM2.5-associated evmiRNAs identified several key CVD-related pathways including oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.'], ['These include the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, anti-cancer potential, neuroprotective effects, homeostasia maintenance, aging delay and a decrease in inflammation.'], ['Hearing and visual impairment were not associated with mortality after adjusting for subclinical atherosclerosis and inflammation.'], ['Here, some markers of oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction are analysed in men younger and older than 45 years and in pre- and postmenopausal women.'], ["Discovered in the middle of the 1990's, Caspases are a part of the cysteine proteases family and play a role in numerous aspects of physiology (having a role in development, aging and apoptosis), but also in aspects of physiopathology of several degenerative affections, autoimmune diseases, oncologic diseases - having an important part in apoptosis, necrosis and also inflammation."], ['The biguanide compound metformin is widely used for treating people with type 2 diabetes and appears to show protection against cancer, inflammation, and age-related pathologies.'], ['BACKGROUND/AIMS: Inflammation has been implicated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD).'], ['Groups were compared for neutrophil migration, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cell surface receptor expression, metabolic health parameters and systemic inflammation.'], ['Heart and vascular disease (H), objectively measured lower extremity dysfunction (O), systemic inflammation (S), dyspnea (P), impaired renal function (I), and tobacco exposure (T) were independent predictors for all-cause hospitalization (ALL).'], ['Increased NO bioavailability improves vasodilation and blood circulation, effects protein kinases, ion channels and phosphodiesterases, counteracting vascular inflammation and LDL oxidative stress.'], ['Adipose tissue dysfunction occurs with aging and has systemic effects, including peripheral insulin resistance, ectopic lipid deposition, and inflammation.'], ['Connective tissue diseases encompass a wide range of heterogeneous disorders characterised by immune-mediated chronic inflammation often leading to tissue damage, collagen deposition and possible loss of function of the target organ.'], ['BACKGROUND: The inflammatory responses evoked by artificial organs and implantation of devices like biosensors and guide wires can lead to acute and chronic inflammation, largely limiting the functionality and longevity of the devices with negative effects on patients.'], ['Protein and energy malnutrition stimulate an increased cytokines production with induction of inflammation, immunodeficiency and anemia.', 'An adequate energy and protein diet is necessary to reduce inflammation and increase iron absorption.'], ['age, comorbidities or inflammation, and iron status.', 'To identify variables associated with the immune response, uni- and multivariate regression analyses were performed with seroconversion in HI titers as a dependent variable, with demographics, comorbidities, previous vaccination, inflammation, and iron status as independent variables.', 'We did not find associations between seroconversion rates and inflammation and iron status in the studied populations.', 'CONCLUSION: The influenza vaccine-induced antibody production was lower in HD than in controls and was independent of inflammation and iron status in both groups.'], ['In order to identify the source of glycine and proline, we performed high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of amino acid production to a total of seven oral cells before and after stimulation with inflammation inducers.'], ['Integrated analysis indicates four pathways (starch, sucrose and xenobiotic metabolism; immune response and inflammation; MAPK; calcium signaling) highly associated with longevity (P <= 0.006) in Han Chinese.'], ['Enhanced insulin sensitivity combined with reduced insulin levels, reduced adipose tissue, central nervous system inflammation, and increased levels of adiponectin represent such mechanisms.'], ['However, the efficiency of neurotransmission depends, inter alia, on the age, hormonal status, and coexistence of a low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI) which is regarded as a pathogenic link with obesity and insulin resistance, atherogenesis and aging per se.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Research has shown that a disrupted stratum corneum permeability barrier coupled with chronic inflammation induce signs of extrinsic aging (photoaging).', 'The novel concept of treating photoaging and preventing its progression by repairing and optimizing the stratum corneum barrier, while reversing and inhibiting chronic cutaneous inflammation, has now been proven.'], ['Subsequent research has demonstrated that activins are involved in multiple biological functions including the control of inflammation, fibrosis, developmental biology and tumourigenesis.', 'Now, activin is well known as a growth factor and cytokine that regulates many aspects of reproductive biology, developmental biology and also inflammation and immunological mechanisms.'], ['Since fungal oral infections have not yet been studied in this respect, the aim of our study is to determine whether the local inflammation caused by oral fungal infection of the palatal tissue (denture stomatitis-DS) is associated with the systemic inflammatory response.'], ['BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity is the co-occurrence of chronic diseases associated with low-grade chronic inflammation of connective tissue.', 'CONCLUSION: The alterations in plasma FN molecular status were associated with micro-inflammation and micro-coagulation, as well as multimorbidity of subjects and their physiological aging.'], ['Different pathways including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metal metabolism have been suggested to be implicated in this process.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIMS: Low-grade inflammation appears to play an etiological role in cognitive decline.', 'We aimed to investigate dietary patterns associated with inflammation and whether such diet is associated with cognitive decline.'], ['A low body-mass index, peripheral arterial disease, chronic kidney disease and inflammation were predictive for 3-year all-cause mortality.'], ['Diagnosis is confirmed by temporal artery biopsy, which reveals vessel wall damage and inflammation, with multinucleated giant cells and/or epithelioid macrophages.'], ['Additional areas of research include osteoporosis, reproductive decline, caloric restriction, and their mimetics, as well as immune senescence and chronic inflammation that affect vaccine efficacy and resistance to infections and cancer.'], ['BACKGROUND: According to previous studies, sulodexide suppresses intravascular inflammation when used in patients with chronic venous disease (CVD).'], ['BACKGROUND: Persistent inflammation and immune activation has been hypothesized to contribute to increased prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with chronic HIV infection.', 'In this study, we examined the correlation of peripheral monocyte subsets and soluble biomarkers of inflammation to coronary artery calcium (CAC) progression, as measured by cardiac computed tomography scan.'], ['It is now clear that cancer survival is determined not only by tumor pathology but also by host-related factors, in particular, nutritional status and systemic inflammation.'], ["Measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)'s supernatants did not show chronic low-grade inflammation in any of the groups."], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Methylglyoxal is a toxic product derived from glucose metabolism that plays a role in inflammation, diabetes and aging.'], ['This induction likely maintains the long-term inflammation by which hypoxia drives the pathogenesis of CKD.'], ['The age-associated low grade inflammation (inflammaging) is associated with increased plasmatic levels of agalactosylated IgGs terminating with N-acetylglucosamine (IgG-G0) whose biogenesis has not been fully explained.'], ['Other less common lesions included an ovarian granulosa cell tumor, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, an endometrial polyp, uterine artery hypertrophy and mineralization, atrophic vaginitis, mammary gland inflammation, prostatic epithelial hyperplasia, dilated seminal vesicles, a sperm granuloma, and lymphocytic infiltrates in the epididymis.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: CRP could be a possible pathway from inflammation to physical decline in older populations.'], ['UVA is an important risk factor for human cancer also associated with induction of inflammation, immunosuppression, photoaging and melanogenesis.'], ['Mild CD was defined as an inflammatory luminal disease (no stricture, abdominal or perianal fistulae) requiring no immunomodulator (IM), anti-TNF and no surgery.'], ['We investigate if Ado system, that plays an important role in central nervous system, in vascular system, and also in inflammation, is involved in pathophysiology of iNPH disease.'], ['Nevertheless, HIV-infected persons are at greater risk for age-related disorders, which have been linked to residual immune dysfunction and inflammation.', 'HIV-infected individuals are almost universally co-infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and both viruses are associated with inflammation-related morbidities.'], ['Some long-term peripheral illnesses and metabolic disorders, as well as normal aging, create a state of chronic peripheral inflammation.', 'In this review, we summarize evolving evidence that the state of chronic peripheral inflammation reduces adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which, in turn, produces the behavioral disturbances observed in chronic inflammatory disorders.'], ['The findings suggest possible effects of mindfulness meditation on specific markers of inflammation, cell-mediated immunity, and biological aging, but these results are tentative and require further replication.'], ['The BMI-LTL association was also independent of 25(OH)D and was attenuated slightly, but remained, after adjustment for C-reactive protein, a marker of low-grade inflammation (mean difference in LTL = -0.3%, 95% confidence interval -0.6, -0.1).', 'Inflammation may partly mediate associations of adiposity with LTL.'], ['As it affects cell proliferation and inflammation, we herein aimed at elucidating its influence on corneal wound healing after alkali burn by using in vitro and ex vivo techniques.'], ["A major unanswered question in biology and medicine is the mechanism by which the product of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, the lipid-binding protein apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), plays a pivotal role in processes as disparate as Alzheimer's disease (AD; in which it is the single most important genetic risk factor), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Lewy body dementia, hominid evolution, and inflammation."], ['CKD, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis are among the causes of systemic inflammation that are associated with VC.', 'AREAS COVERED: This review collates clinical and experimental evidence that inflammation accelerates VC progression.', 'Specifically, we review the actions of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related transcription factors on VC, and the role played by senescence.', 'Inflammatory cytokines, such as the TNF superfamily and IL-6 superfamily, and inflammation-related transcription factor NF-kappaB promote calcification in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells, or experimental animal models through direct effects, but also indirectly by decreasing circulating Fetuin A or Klotho levels.', 'EXPERT OPINION: Experimental evidence suggests a causal link between inflammation and VC that would change the clinical approach to prevention and treatment of VC.', 'The effect of biologicals targeting TNF-alpha, RANKL, IL-6, and other inflammatory mediators on VC, in addition to the impact of dietary phosphate in patients with chronic systemic inflammation, requires study.'], ['GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that Resveratrol as a therapeutic agent could inhibit PGD2-mediated inflammation but would be ineffective against histamine-mediated allergic reactions.', 'However, Resveratrol could potentially exacerbate or promote allergic inflammation by enhancing IgE-dependent TNF production from mast cells in human skin.'], ['RESULTS: Of the 2401 participants, 18.9% had anaemia, 1.9% had anaemia related to inflammation (AI), and 1.3% had iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA).'], ['METHOD: In this review paper, by searching in indexing cites, desired articles were obtained since 1995 by using keywords of inflammation, inflammaging, inflammation pathophysiology, free radicals and inflammation, aging inflammation, inflammatory disease, and plants or herbal medicine in inflammation.', 'Pathological inflammation is also associated with production of excess free radicals More importantly, chronic inflammation makes aged people susceptible to age-related diseases.', 'Some other sections such as inflammation and inflammaging in cardiovascular diseases, oxidative stress in cardiovascular complications, prevention and treatment strategies are presented.'], ['Furthermore, we tested whether (1) cognitive slowing and (risk factors for) vascular diseases, (2) a marker of chronic inflammation, and (3) specific somatic conditions could explain this association.', 'Specific somatic comorbidity (number of chronic diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis) or inflammation influenced the odds ratio.'], ['Our data indicate that CR in humans is associated with sustained rises in serum cortisol, reduced inflammation, and increases in key molecular chaperones and autophagic mediators involved in cellular protein quality control and removal of dysfunctional proteins and organelles.'], ['Ly6C+ monocytes from old (18-22 mo) mice and CD14+CD16+ intermediate/inflammatory monocytes from older adults also contributed to this "age-associated inflammation" as they produced more of the inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNF in the steady state and when stimulated with bacterial products.', 'Thus, with age TNF impairs inflammatory monocyte development, function and promotes premature egress, which contribute to systemic inflammation and is ultimately detrimental to anti-pneumococcal immunity.'], ['BACKGROUND: Past research has linked low socio-economic status (SES) to inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and various chronic and age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and dementia.'], ['Cardiac fibroblasts are the principal orchestrators of matrix formation and degradation and indirectly regulate cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation.'], ['A decrease was also observed in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with a decrease in levels of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein.'], ['The majority of chronic diseases in the aging adult are thought to relate to immune aging characterized by dominant immunosuppression and paradoxically, concomitant inflammation.', 'Exactly how this translates to immunosuppression and concomitant inflammation remains unclear.'], ['We aimed at deciphering the modifications occurring in vivo during the very early stages of AD, before the development of amyloid deposits, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal death and inflammation.'], ['Furthermore, SIRT1 deacetylated RelA/p65 to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, thus inhibiting inflammation.'], ['The primary aim is to characterize the association between (1) baseline and incident stroke, white matter disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), inflammation, microalbuminuria, and dialysis initiation and (2) cognitive decline over 3 years in a CKD cohort with a mean eGFR<45 mL/min/1.73 m(2).'], ['The complement system plays a key role in host-defense against common pathogens but must be tightly controlled to avoid inflammation and tissue damage.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that positive and negative psychological factors affect DNA methylation of selected genes involved in chronic immune/inflammatory processes and inflammation-related endothelial dysfunction.'], ['The role of inflammation was estimated by the incidence of SIRS and the levels of the inflammatory markers.'], ['Because elevated oxidative stress/inflammation and AGEs are associated with clinical disease in aging, the enhanced protection of a Med diet supplemented with CoQ should be assessed in a larger clinical trial in which clinical conditions in aging are measured.'], ['Our findings provide a conceptual framework for integrating the microbiota with aging, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and inflammation as risk factors for CRC.'], ['Inflammation is implicated in atherosclerosis, cerebral small-vessel disease (SVD) as well as cognitive impairment.'], ['Oxidative stress, inflammation, senescence and transdifferentiation/calcification were evaluated in VSMCs.', 'These alterations correlated with oxidative stress, inflammation, senescence and calcification (all p < 0.05).', 'ZMPSTE24 silencing in native VSMCs recapitulated the mutant LMNA- and PI-induced accumulation of farnesylated prelamin A, oxidative stress, inflammation, senescence and calcification.', 'The farnesylation inhibitors pravastatin and FTI-277, or the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, partly restored ZMPSTE24 expression, and concomitantly decreased oxidative stress, inflammation, senescence, and calcification of PI-treated VSCMs.'], ['We estimated hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) according to the quartiles of serum resistin concentrations and adjusted for clinical variables, and then further adjusted for metabolic disease (body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, leptin, adiponectin, insulin) and inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factors-alpha).', 'Further adjustment for metabolic disease slightly reduced the associations while adjustment for inflammation markedly reduced the associations.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In older adults, higher resistin levels are associated with CVD events independently of clinical risk factors and metabolic disease markers, but markedly attenuated by inflammation.'], ['Moreover, current epidemiologic data demonstrated a significant association of erectile dysfunction with several conditions including vascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal disorders, and endocrine with chronic-sustained inflammation representing the common pathophysiological link between erectile dysfunction and comorbidities.'], ['Participants with OA had more potential CVD risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, high levels of low-density lipoprotein, greater severity of inflammation, and worse renal function, than did those without OA.'], ["Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by low-level systemic inflammation, which may be at least partly due to pathophysiological activation of immunity.", 'A high proportion of older people is infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), which acts as a chronic antigenic stressor that could also contribute to increased inflammation.'], ['For senescence-like CD4, but not near-senescent CD8 T cells, these associations remained robust after additional adjustment for CMV status, comorbidities, and inflammation markers.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum levels of leptin and TNF-alpha contributed to elevated cystatin C independent of kidney function, fat mass, insulin resistance and inflammation in community-living elderly women and may represent confounders of associations between cystatin C and mortality in this population.'], ['STUDY HYPOTHESIS: In women with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM), increased oxidative stress may accelerate premature cellular senescence, senescence-associated inflammation and proteolysis, which may predispose them to rupture.'], ['Baseline signatures of lymphocyte and monocyte inflammation were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with antibody responses at 1 month.'], ['Reasons for failure to meet the diagnostic criteria in 75 cases were lack of radiographic evidence in 60/75; lack of evidence of inflammation in 42/75, and lack of respiratory signs or symptoms in 13/75; 35/75 (47%) of cases lacked evidence in two or more domains.'], ['The strongest candidates were the inflammation-associated transcription factors NFkappaB, STAT1 and STAT3, the activities of which increase with age in epithelial compartments of the renal cortex.', 'Our results suggest that NFkappaB, STAT1 and STAT3 underlie transcriptional changes and chronic inflammation in the aging human kidney.'], ['In the fully adjusted model that included age, BMI, low-grade inflammation, lifestyle factors, and morbidities as potential confounders, rLTL was associated with ALM (beta = 1.11, SEM = 0.46, P = 0.017), LLM (beta = 1.20, SEM = 0.36, P = 0.001), and ALMBMI (beta = 0.04, SEM = 0.02, P = 0.013) in men and with LLM in women (beta = 0.78, SEM = 0.35, P = 0.026).'], ['Both the inflammation marker neopterin and kynurenine pathway activity were increased with age in the CSF of female subjects.'], ['RESULTS: Both oxidative stress markers were significantly associated with all-cause mortality independently from established risk factors (including inflammation) and from each other in all cohorts.'], ['The importance of Nfkb1 function can be seen in mouse models, where Nfkb1(-/-) mice display increased inflammation and susceptibility to certain forms of DNA damage, leading to cancer, and a rapid ageing phenotype.', 'Therefore, while the majority of research in this field has focused on the upstream signalling pathways leading to NF-kappaB activation or the function of other NF-kappaB subunits, such as RelA (p65), these data demonstrate a critical role for NFKB1, potentially revealing new strategies for targeting this pathway in inflammatory diseases and cancer.'], ['One of the most recent theories on aging focuses on immune response, and takes into consideration the activation of subclinical, chronic low-grade inflammation which occurs with aging, named "inflammaging".', 'Long-lived people, especially centenarians, seem to cope with chronic subclinical inflammation through an anti-inflammatory response, called therefore "anti-inflammaging".', 'Cytokines are the expression of a network involving genes, polymorphisms and environment, and are involved both in inflammation and anti-inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Antigen persistence due to HIV is a major source of inflammation and substantial immune activation, both of which are linked to accelerated aging.'], ['BACKGROUND: Biomarkers of inflammation and altered coagulation are of increasing interest as predictors of chronic disease and mortality in HIV patients, as well as the use of risk stratification scores such as the Framingham index and the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) score.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Despite viral suppression and immunological stability, biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation remain elevated in a significant number of patients with HIV and are associated with higher scores on risk stratification indices.'], ['We combined z scores from multiple biomarkers to describe haematopoiesis, inflammation, lipid and glucose metabolism, liver function, renal function, and cellular senescence domains.', 'In Cox proportional hazard models, inflammation predicted all-cause mortality with hazard ratios (95% CI) 1.89 (1.21 to 2.95) and 1.36 (1.05 to 1.78) in the very old and (semi-)supercentenarians, respectively.', 'In linear forward stepwise models, inflammation predicted capability (10.8% variance explained) and cognition (8(.', 'The inflammation score was also lower in centenarian offspring compared to age-matched controls with Delta (95% CI) = - 0.795 (- 1.436 to - 0.154).', 'We conclude that inflammation is an important malleable driver of ageing up to extreme old age in humans.'], ['Recent research has highlighted the important role of NF-kappaB, MAPK, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha, along with other newly discovered signaling pathways, in some of the most vital biological functions, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defense, inflammation, protein turnover, apoptosis, and autophagy.'], ['BACKGROUND: Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected patients exhibit systemic inflammation, early onset of age-related diseases, and features of immunosenescence.', 'The role of inflammation in the development of age-related diseases is widely recognized.', 'In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate whether ART-treated HIV-infected patients exhibit immunosenescence; and whether immunosenescence is associated with age-related processes of inflammation, metabolism, adipose tissue, and muscle.', 'Our findings suggest that, in contrast to inflammation, immunosenescence appears to be highly dependent on HIV-infection and is only to a small extent associated with age-related parameters in well-treated HIV-infection.'], ['Low-grade inflammation and microvessel pathology may be responsible for initiating or exacerbating some of the hearing loss associated with aging.', 'A shared etiological pathway may include a role of inflammation, alongside vascular determinants.'], ['We explore the potential molecular mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids may act in skeletal muscle, considering the n-3/n-6 ratio, inflammation and lipidomic remodelling as possible mechanisms of action.'], ['Moreover, CRP, Complement-3 (C3), C4 IL-4, IL-5, IL-1beta and IL-17A levels of serum were investigated as an apoptotic marker and a negative marker for inflammation.'], ['They participate in cell communication and regulation of inflammation and are important considerations in aging, drug toxicity, and pathogenesis.'], ['(2) Our current understanding of immunosenescence involves a shift in function of both adaptive and innate immune cells, leading to a reduced capacity to recognize new antigens and widespread chronic inflammation.'], ['Advanced glycation end products (AGE) accumulate in diabetic patients and aging people because of high amounts of three- or four-carbon sugars derived from glucose, thereby causing multiple consequences, including inflammation, apoptosis, obesity, and age-related disorders.'], ['It is believed that aberrant angiogenesis and intracapsular inflammation contribute to the development of CSDH.', 'Atorvastatin is reported to promote angiogenesis and suppress inflammation.'], ['Chronic, low grade, sterile inflammation frequently accompanies aging and age-related diseases.', 'Conditioned medium (CM) from senescent human preadipocytes induced macrophage migration in vitro and inflammation in healthy adipose tissue and preadipocytes.', 'The administration of JAK inhibitor to aged mice for 10 wk alleviated both adipose tissue and systemic inflammation and enhanced physical function.', 'Our findings are consistent with a possible contribution of senescent cells and the SASP to age-related inflammation and frailty.'], ['These discrepancies are likely caused by factors such as aging, systemic inflammation, and cell processing procedures, all of which might impair the regenerative capability of the cells used.'], ['STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with subsample of elderly women with acute low back pain (LBP), from Back Complaints in the Elders-Brazil (BACE-Brazil) OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between plasma levels of mediators of inflammation (interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNF-R1)) with pain and disability experienced by elderly women with acute LBP.'], ['J147 reduced cognitive deficits in old SAMP8 mice, while restoring multiple molecular markers associated with human AD, vascular pathology, impaired synaptic function, and inflammation to those approaching the young phenotype.'], ['Ageing and inactivity both contribute to systemic inflammation, but the effects of inactivity on inflammation in healthy elderly individuals have not been elucidated.', 'The effects of inactivity on inflammation were compared.', 'Key low-grade inflammation mediators, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), visfatin, resistin, and anti-inflammatory adiponectin were measured in fasting serum samples, collected at baseline (BDC) and post BR14.', 'As little as 14 days of complete physical inactivity (BR14) negatively affected markers of low-grade inflammation in both groups, but the inflammation after BR14 was more pronounced in older adults.'], ['Therefore, we examined the association between frailty and a range of serum markers on inflammation, anaemia, the metabolic system, micronutrients and renal functioning.', 'Frailty appears associated with inflammation (IL-6 and CRP), anaemia, metabolic markers (glucose, cholesterol and albumin) and renal functioning (cystatin-C and creatinine).', 'Future research needs to investigate the causal relation between biochemical measures and frailty, with a special focus on inflammation and nutrition.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Relevant biological mediators of metabolic syndrome and unhealthy aging include sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance with ectopic fat accumulation, magnesium metabolism alterations, systemic and hypothalamic inflammation, shortening of telomeres length, epigenetics, and circadian rhythm disturbances.'], ['Since multi-branched and highly sialylated N-glycans have been implicated in anti-inflammatory activities, these changes may play a role in the enhanced chronic inflammation observed in SSCs.', 'These results suggested that responses to inflammation may play an important role in extreme longevity and healthy aging in humans.'], ['In this study, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation were significantly associated with frailty, and the effect was independent of functional measurement and decline of skeletal muscle mass.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to quantify aging effects upon the global knee joint and surrounding capsule and soft tissue inflammation using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET imaging.', 'Finally, global knee inflammation (GKI) for each knee joint was calculated as the sum of cMVP mean in all segmented regions.', 'CONCLUSION: Through the use of novel quantitative techniques, we were able to calculate GKI and demonstrate a significant increase in the entity of joint inflammation with advancing age.', 'As degenerative disease is age-related and inflammation is implicated in its pathogenesis, our findings further support this association.', 'These preliminary data suggest that this approach can potentially provide a means to objectively quantify the degree of inflammation in various joint disorders, and possibly in other knee degenerative/inflammatory diseases.'], ['Since inflammation also downregulates drug metabolism, medication prescribed to frail older people in accordance with disease-specific guidelines may undergo reduced systemic clearance, leading to adverse drug reactions, further functional decline and increasing polypharmacy, exacerbating rather than ameliorating frailty status.'], ['Cancer cells grow in highly complex stromal microenvironments, which through metabolic remodelling, catabolism, autophagy and inflammation nurture them and are able to facilitate metastasis and resistance to therapy.', 'This is the first study to provide a comprehensive proteomic portrait of the azathioprine and taxol-induced catabolic state on human stromal fibroblasts, which comprises changes in the expression of metabolic enzymes, myofibroblastic differentiation markers, antioxidants, proteins involved in autophagy, senescence, vesicle trafficking and protein degradation, and inducers of inflammation.'], ['At the molecular level, exercise reduces frailty by decreasing muscle inflammation, increasing anabolism, and increasing muscle protein synthesis.'], ['Low-grade chronic inflammation in the joint can promote OA progression.', 'Emerging evidence indicates that bioenergy sensors couple metabolism with inflammation to switch physiological and clinical phenotypes.', 'Changes in cellular bioenergy metabolism can reprogram inflammatory responses, and inflammation can disturb cellular energy balance and increase cell stress.'], ['However, systemic inflammation may also contribute to the disease process.'], ['Our data demonstrate for the first time that telomerase deficiency triggers alveolar stem cell replicative senescence-associated low-grade inflammation, thereby driving pulmonary premature aging, alveolar sac formation, and fibrotic lesion.'], ['Angiotensin II-infused Hmox1-/- mice had amplified endothelial inflammation in vivo, significantly increased aortic infiltration of pro-inflammatory CD11b+ Ly6C(hi) monocytes and Ly6G+ neutrophils and were marked by Ly6C(hi) monocytosis in the circulation and an increased blood pressure response.'], ['These associations remained robust after adjustment for age, body mass index, baseline covariates, and inflammation and were independent of interventions to improve physical fitness.'], ['Increased systemic inflammation and reduced protein synthetic responses to protein feeding and muscle contraction might influence the severity of muscle protein loss during periods of total unloading compared with younger individuals.'], ['Synovial angiogenesis and inflammation are observed across the full range of OA severity.'], ['We analyzed plasma markers of inflammation; T-cell activation, exhaustion, proliferation; and innate cellular subsets and functional capacity.'], ['However, the connection between this lysosomal storage and inflammation is not clear.', 'Moreover, this link between lysosomal storage, impaired autophagy, and inflammation may have implications relevant to both Parkinson disease and the aging process.'], ['Genetic and epigenetic factors, nutrient-sensing systems, mainly the so-called insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, inflammation, and some hormonal systems are involved in longevity.', 'However, factors involved in frailty are mainly inflammation and hormones, with an anecdotal role for genetic and other potential factors, but even these two common factors seem to regulate longevity and frailty in different ways.'], ['Improvements in immunity due to regular exercise of moderate intensity may be due to reductions in inflammation, maintenance of thymic mass, alterations in the composition of "older" and "younger" immune cells, enhanced immunosurveillance, and/or the amelioration of psychological stress.'], ['Heightened inflammation and immune activation are associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD) and lean body mass (LBM) among HIV-infected persons.', 'We hypothesized that a reduction in inflammation with rosuvastatin would be associated with improvements in BMD and LBM.', 'HIV-infected participants on stable antiretroviral therapy without statin indication and with heightened immune activation (>=19% CD8(+)CD38(+)HLA-DR(+) T cells) or inflammation (hsCRP >=2 mg/liter) were randomized to rosuvastatin 10 mg daily or placebo for 96 weeks.'], ['Emerging evidence proposes a link between immune changes and pain, which is consistent with the inflammation theory of aging and the increased incidence of age-related diseases.'], ['METHODS: Nine hundred and thirty-nine participants in the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study underwent investigation including liver ultrasound and non-invasive measures of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis and systemic inflammation.', 'Higher levels of systemic inflammation, NASH and hepatic fibrosis markers were associated with both unknown prevalent and incident clinically significant chronic liver disease (allP < 0.001).'], ['Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diverse chronic inflammatory disorders including diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease, aging, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).', 'Patients with moderate to advanced CKD have markedly increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation that likely contribute to the unacceptable high rates of morbidity and mortality in this patient population.'], ['Functional and clinical evidence supports the role of vascular inflammation induced by the ageing process and by diabetes in vascular impairment and CVD.', 'Older diabetic animals and humans display higher vascular impairment and CVD risk than those either aged or diabetic, suggesting that chronic low-grade inflammation in ageing creates a vascular environment favouring the mechanisms of vascular damage driven by diabetes.', 'Further research is needed to determine the specific inflammatory mechanisms responsible for exacerbated vascular impairment in older diabetic subjects in order to design effective therapeutic interventions to minimize the impact of vascular inflammation.'], ['Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the major ocular source of pathological cytokines, which regulate local inflammation and angiogenesis.'], ['We also explored two possible pathways linking the metabolic syndrome with CKD: inflammation as measured by high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) and insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR.'], ['It is expected that telomeres shorten with age and with conditions associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'Whether the longer RTL in patients with long-lasting disease is caused by an activation of telomerase to counteract the shortening of RTL due to oxidative stress and inflammation or whether they are caused by a survival bias needs to be investigated in longitudinal studies.'], ['BACKGROUND: Whether the reported high risk of age-related diseases in HIV-infected people is caused by biological ageing or HIV-associated risk factors such as chronic immune activation and low-grade inflammation is unknown.'], ['Multiple factors are believed to explain this excess in risk such as overrepresentation of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (particularly smoking), toxicities associated with cumulative exposure to some antiretroviral agents, together with persistent chronic inflammation, and immune activation associated with HIV infection.'], ['PURPOSE: Perivascular spaces (PVS) are associated with ageing, cerebral small vessel disease, inflammation and increased blood brain barrier permeability.'], ['This study investigated whether multiple bioactivity of terrein such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant inhibits age-related inflammation by promoting an antioxidant response in aged human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cells.', 'The results indicate that terrein has an alleviative function of age-related inflammation characterized as an anti-oxidant.'], ['Chronic inflammation marked by elevated interleukin (IL)-6, soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha receptor (sTNFR)-1, and sTNFR-2 levels may play a detrimental role in aging and HIV infection.', 'These findings provide initial insight into the in vivo relationship between TNF-alpha activation and IL-6 and a basis for further investigations into potential mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation in aging and HIV infection.'], ['Evidence for an association between inflammation and cognitive function in dementia-free individuals is sparse, inconsistent, and predominantly restricted to the elderly.', 'OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, white blood cell count (WBC) and GlycA, a novel NMR-determined biomarker of systemic inflammation, measured in young adulthood and of GlycA change over 13 years follow-up with cognitive function in midlife.', 'The highest quintile of GlycA change, but not the baseline inflammation measures, was inversely related to global cognition (standardized beta = -.109, p = .011) as well as to the information processing speed and memory domains (standardized beta = -.124, p = .008 and-.117, p = .014, respectively).', 'CONCLUSIONS: In this longitudinal study of a novel systemic inflammatory marker in a population-based cohort of young adults, GlycA increase over 13 years, but not baseline measures of inflammation, was associated with poorer cognitive function in midlife.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation and cytokine production are a common finding in aging, which probably exert influence on cognitive and functional abilities in elderly people.'], ['The pathophysiological mechanisms behind frailty are not well understood, but the decreased steroid-hormone production and elevated chronic systemic inflammation of older people appear to be major contributors.'], ['It is more predominant in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in comparison to healthy subjects, which can also be diagnosed in non-elderly individuals and be associated with innumerous causes such as muscle strength, body composition and inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation, slow gait, and depression individually are associated with mortality, yet little is known about the trajectories of these measures, their interrelationships, or their collective impact on mortality.', 'RESULTS: For each outcome, low-probability (n inflammation = 1,656, n slow gait = 1,471, n depression = 1,458), increasing-probability (n inflammation = 847, n slow gait = 880, n depression = 1,062), and consistently high-probability (n inflammation = 572, n slow gait = 724, n depression = 555) trajectories were identified, with 22% of all participants classified as having increasing or consistently high-probability trajectories on inflammation, slow gait, and depression (meaning probability of impairment on each outcome increased from low to moderate/high or remained high over 10 years).', 'Trajectories of slow gait were associated with inflammation (r = .40, p < .001) and depression (r = .49, p < .001).', 'Although worsening trajectories of inflammation were independently associated with mortality (p < .001), the association between worsening trajectories of slow gait and mortality was only present in participants with worsening depression trajectories (p < .01).', 'Participants with increasing/consistently high trajectories of depression and consistently high trajectories of inflammation and slow gait (n = 247) have an adjusted-morality rate of 85.2%, greater than all other classification permutations.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive assessment of older adults is warranted for the development of treatment strategies targeting a high-mortality risk phenotype consisting of inflammation, depression, and slow gait speed.'], ['Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation in the lungs are associated with aging and may contribute to age-related immune dysfunction.', 'To maintain lung homeostasis, chronic inflammation is countered by enhanced expression of proresolving/antiinflammatory factors.'], ['Coronary atherosclerosis in the young commonly shows an eccentric distribution with associated inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Serum markers of inflammation increase with age and have been strongly associated with adverse clinical outcomes among both HIV-infected and uninfected adults.', 'Yet, limited data exist on the predictive and clinical utility of aggregate measures of inflammation.', 'Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the relationship of frailty with inflammation.'], ['Abnormal inflammation and accelerated decline in lung function occur in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'The aim of this study is to investigate the possible role of Klotho by alveolar macrophages in airway inflammation in COPD.', 'The regulation of Klotho expression by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was studied in vitro, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) and recombinant Klotho were employed to investigate the role of Klotho on CSE-induced inflammation.', 'Our findings suggest that Klotho plays a role in sustained inflammation of the lungs, which in turn may have therapeutic implications in COPD.'], ['Among middle-aged men (46.1 +- 5.1 years), serum levels of FGF-21, soluble alphaKl (salphaKl), and inflammation-related cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly higher in smokers than in never-smokers.'], ["SUMMARY: We have seen great advances in the role of inflammation in ocular, oral and extra-glandular manifestations of Sjogren's syndrome."], ['In aging humans and/or rodents, NAC supplementation has exerted favorable effects on vascular health, muscle strength, bone density, cell-mediated immunity, markers of systemic inflammation, preservation of cognitive function, progression of neurodegeneration, and the clinical course of influenza-effects which could be expected to lessen mortality and stave off frailty.'], ['BACKGROUND: Dietary factors can affect telomere length (TL), a biomarker of aging, through oxidation and inflammation-related mechanisms.', 'OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the association of the DII with TL and to examine whether diet-associated inflammation could modify the telomere attrition rate after a 5-y follow-up of a Mediterranean dietary intervention.'], ['RESULTS: Loss of either Nrf2 or NF-kappaB/RelA had only a minor effect on liver homeostasis, but the double knockout mice spontaneously developed liver inflammation and fibrosis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide genetic evidence for a functional cross-talk of Nrf2 and NF-kappaB/RelA in hepatocytes, which protects the liver from necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['A healthy gut microbiome can be defined by the presence of the various classes of microbes that enhance metabolism, resistance to infection and inflammation, prevention against cancer and autoimmunity and that positively influence so called braingut axis.'], ['RESULTS: Recent clinical data support that non-central nervous system cancer per se may be involved in cognitive dysfunctions associated with inflammation parameters.'], ['Epidemiological studies have reported inverse associations between various single healthy diet indices and lower levels of systemic inflammation, but rarely are they examined in the same sample.', 'The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential relationships between biomarkers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen) and overall foods (dietary patterns), single foods (fruits and vegetables), and specific nutritive (antioxidants) and non-nutritive (flavonoids) food components in the same narrow-age cohort of older adults.'], ['This narrative review article 1) overviews the epidemiology of cerebral small vessel disease, stroke and cognitive impairment in patients with COPD; 2) discusses potential underlying mechanisms including aging, smoking, systemic inflammation, vasculopathy, hypoxia and genetic susceptibility; and 3) highlights areas requiring further research.'], ['A number of recent publications have advocated that patients with periodontal diseases are more susceptible to metabolic endotoxemia, inflammation, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other related systemic complications, concluding that periodontal diseases could be a potential contributing risk factor for a wide array of clinically important systemic diseases.'], ['PURPOSE: The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with systemic and local inflammation.', 'Various studies suggested that viral or bacterial infection may aggravate retinal inflammation in the aged retina.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The widespread effects of viral RNA, and the restricted effects of viral/bacterial DNA, on the gene expression pattern of RPE cells may suggest that viral RNA rather than viral/bacterial DNA induces physiologic alterations of RPE cells, which may aggravate inflammation in the aged retina.'], ['Multiple cellular processes including regulation of amyloid-beta peptide, tau, inflammation, and cell death have been suggested to associate with AD, but it remains largely unknown if long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be playing a role in AD pathogenesis.'], ['Participants completed self-reported measures of family and marital functioning, anxiety and depression (biobehavioral reactivity), number of chronic health conditions, number of prescribed medications, and a biological protocol in which the following indices were obtained: cardiovascular functioning, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activity, inflammation, lipid/fat metabolism, and glucose metabolism.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress might be considered the key mechanisms of aging.'], ['Elevated inflammation (measured as serum hs-CRP) does not explain this relationship.'], ['Indeed, hypoxia, hypertension, hypoperfusion, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress noted in OSA patients also occur in AD patients.'], ['Furthermore, AD has provided the most positive indication to support the fact that inflammation contributes to neurodegenerative disease.', 'It is hypothesised that early prevention or management of inflammation could delay the onset or reduce the symptoms of AD.', 'DHA supplementation can reduce markers of inflammation.'], ['Fifty-six other RA-patients of the EAC-cohort underwent baseline MRIs of wrist, MCP and MTP-joints; MRI-inflammation (RAMRIS-synovitis plus bone marrow edema) was also evaluated in mediation analyses.', 'Age was significantly associated with the MRI-inflammation-score after adjusting for CRP and SJC (beta=1.018, p=0.027).', 'The association of age with joint damage (beta=1.032, p=0.004) decreased after also including the MRI-inflammation-score (beta=1.025, p=0.021), suggesting partial mediation.', 'CONCLUSION: RA-patients presenting at higher age have more severe joint damage; this might be partially explained by more severe MRI-detected inflammation at higher age.'], ['ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is a medicinal herb traditionally used to treat various clinical conditions at home such as diarrhea, diabetes, pyresis, inflammation, malaria, and stomach and bowel disorders.'], ['The cognitive impairment caused by AD is associated with abnormal accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) and hyperphosphorylated tau, which are accompanied by inflammation.'], ['Inflammation is an adaptive response of the immune system to noxious insults to maintain homeostasis and restore functionality.', 'Dysregulated parainflammation (chronic inflammation) in age-related macular degeneration damages the blood retina barrier, resulting in the breach of retinal-immune privilege, leading to the development of retinal lesions.', 'This review discusses the basic principles of retinal innate-immune responses to endogenous chronic insults in normal aging and in age-related macular degeneration and explores the difference between beneficial parainflammation and the detrimental chronic inflammation in the context of age-related macular degeneration.'], ['Dietary magnesium (Mg) could play a role in prevention of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, power, and strength directly through physiological mechanisms or indirectly through an impact on chronic low-grade inflammation, itself a risk factor for loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength.'], ['BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found inflammation, growth factors, and androgen signaling pathways all contribute to sarcopenia.'], ['BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest potential associations between childhood adversity and chronic inflammation at older ages.', 'Inflammation was lower in the Canadian cities than in Manizales and Natal.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation was higher in older participants living in the Latin American cities compared with their Canadian counterparts.', 'Childhood social adversity, not childhood economic adversity or poor health during childhood, was an independent predictor of chronic inflammation in old age in the Canadian sample.'], ['BACKGROUND: Microglia are involved in immune surveillance in intact brains and become activated in response to inflammation and neurodegeneration.'], ['It is accepted that inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.'], ['Many potential mechanisms have been proposed to underlie diet-induced cognitive decline and we will focus on inflammation and the neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation plays a key role in cancer etiology.', 'IMPACT: These methylation changes could inform the development of early detection biomarkers and potential treatments of inflammation-related carcinogenesis.'], ['In contrast, alterations in retinal vascular calibers and retinal blood flow were not associated with nadir CD4 counts, but instead with detectable viremia, suggesting a role for (chronic) inflammation in microvascular damage.'], ['Inflammation is a double-edged sword with both detrimental and beneficial consequences.'], ['Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15) is a marker of inflammation that has been associated with atherosclerosis.', 'Considering that it is widely distributed in the brain, and both inflammation and vascular pathology impact on white matter (WM) integrity, we examined the relationship between MIC-1/GDF15 and measures of WM integrity, including WM volumes, mean fractional anisotropy (FA) values and WM hyperintensity (WMH) volumes in a community-dwelling non-demented sample of older individuals (n=327, 70-90 years old).'], ['However, both factors also have the potential to improve brain function and prevent cognitive decline via several pathways, including the regulation of various growth and neurotrophic factors [insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)]; brain-derived growth factor (BDNF)] and/or the modulation of systemic inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIMS: Eating habits may influence the life span and the quality of ageing process by modulating inflammation.', 'This paper focused on the effect on inflammation and metabolism markers after 56 days of RISTOMED diet alone or supplementation with three nutraceutical compounds.', 'Moreover, participants were subdivided according to their baseline inflammatory parameters (erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein, fibrinogen, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alfa (TNF-alpha), and Interleukin 6) in two clusters with low or medium-high level of inflammation.'], ['By promoting oxidative stress, the intracellular accumulation of non-heme iron outside of binding complexes contributes to chronic inflammation and interferes with normal brain metabolism.'], ['Recent research has revealed that although elderly subjects have increased baseline inflammation as compared with their younger counterparts, the elderly do not respond to severe infection or injury with an exaggerated inflammatory response.'], ['The interaction of photoreceptors with the aging RPE, as well as possible low-grade ocular inflammation causing diffuse inner retinal edema, may be the key to the progressive vision changes in HIV-positive patients without overt retinitis.'], ['This review will cover the multiple activities of Tbeta4 on cell migration, inflammation, apoptosis, cytoprotection, and gene expression with a focus on mechanisms of cell migration, including laminin-332 synthesis and degradation, that account for this paradigm-shifting potential new treatment for dry eye disorders.'], ['Sirtuins are NAD(+)-dependent protein deacylases involved in a variety of biological functions, including life span and health span regulation, genomic stability, tumorigenesis, inflammation, and metabolism.'], ['Recently, sirtuins have been shown to be involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including aging, energy responses to low calorie availability, and stress resistance, as well as apoptosis and inflammation.'], ['This study aimed to assess the mediating role of anthropometric parameters in the relation of education and inflammation in the elderly.', 'As inflammation parameters, the soluble tumour necrosis factor type 1 (sTNF-R1), hsCRP and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were taken into account.', 'Anthropometric parameters correlated with all inflammation parameters after covariate adjustment.', 'General obesity mediates roughly one-third of the association of education with chronic inflammation in the elderly.'], ['Inflammation has been suggested to play an important role in age-related chronic diseases and disability, and it is associated with nutritional status including obesity and malnutrition.', 'The results of this study suggest that plasma TNF-alpha is associated with inflammation and insulin resistance in both Japanese elderly men and women, and a prominent association of TNF-alpha with malnutrition status was observed in elderly women.'], ['We found these miRs and B cell-intrinsic inflammation upregulated in aged unstimulated B cells and negatively associated with AID in the same B cells after stimulation with CpG.'], ['However, there is no study on the effects of PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists on inflammation and insulin resistance during aging.', 'Therefore, the major finding of this study is that MHY908 acts as a therapeutic agent against age-related inflammation associated with insulin resistance by activating PPARalpha and PPARgamma, thus attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress.'], ['NAMPT is able to modulate processes involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and related disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by influencing the oxidative stress response, apoptosis, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation and insulin resistance.'], ['Age is the most important risk factor for the development of infectious diseases, cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA).'], ['Anti-inflammatory agents that reduce local inflammation in uncomplicated AD may be a useful means of reducing damage caused by inflammation and aiding earlier resolution of the inflammatory response and associated symptoms.', 'Mesalazine has been shown to improve time to resolution of endoscopic and histological evidence of inflammation following an episode of AD and also reduce the rate of recurrence.'], ['BACKGROUND: Systemic immune activation (inflammation) and immunosenescence develop in some people with advancing age.', 'Meanwhile, successful antiretroviral therapy has led to a growing number of older HIV-1-infected individuals who face both age-related and HIV-1-related inflammation, which may synergistically promote physical decline, including frailty and sarcopenia.', 'The purpose of our study was to determine if inflammation during treated HIV-1 infection worsens physical impairment in older individuals.', 'METHODS: We determined the severity of HIV-associated inflammation and physical performance (strength and endurance) in 21 older HIV-infected individuals (54-69 years) receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy, balanced for confounding variables including age, anthropometrics, and co-morbidities with 10 uninfected control individuals.', 'Biomarkers for microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), inflammation (soluble CD14 [sCD14], osteopontin, C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], soluble ICAM-1 [sICAM-1] and soluble VCAM-1 [sVCAM-1]), and coagulopathy (D-dimer) were assayed in plasma.', 'CONCLUSIONS: When age-related co-morbidities were carefully balanced between the uninfected and HIV-infected groups, no evidence of inflammation-associated physical impairment was detected.', 'Despite careful balancing for age, BMI, medications and co-morbidities, the HIV-infected group still displayed evidence of significant chronic inflammation, including elevated sCD14, CRP, IL-6 and CD57(+) T cells, although the magnitude of this inflammation was unrelated to physical impairment.'], ['COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is associated with sustained inflammation, excessive injury, and accelerated lung aging.', 'Human Klotho (KL) is an anti-aging protein that protects cells against inflammation and damage.', 'Moreover, the effect of KL on CSE-mediated inflammation and hydrogen peroxide-induced cellular injury/apoptosis was determined using siRNAs.', 'Moreover, KL depletion increased cell sensitivity to cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and oxidative stress-induced cell damage.', 'Reduced KL expression in COPD airway epithelial cells was associated with increased oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.'], ['Our objective was to investigate whether low grade systemic inflammation was associated with bone markers, bone quality, bone mass and fracture risk in a population of older persons.'], ['The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of low-grade inflammation on age-related changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in middle-aged and older white Americans, African-Americans, and Japanese adults.', 'Importantly, our results also indicate that low-grade inflammation is important to consider when evaluating kidney function solely from serum creatinine.'], ['Cardioprotective effects of OO consumption have been widely related with improved lipoprotein profile, endothelial function and inflammation, linked to health claims of oleic acid and phenolic content of OO.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that inflammation in the CNS increases in normal aging and is intimately related to markers of neurodegeneration in the preclinical stages of AD and SNAP.'], ['Research suggests that inflammation has an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and sarcopenia.'], ['Systemic inflammation is a condition intrinsically linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its other typical sequelae, such as acquired immune dysfunction, protein-energy wasting (PEW), and accelerated vascular aging that promote premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections, the two leading causes of death in CKD patients.', 'Inflammation is a major contributor to complications in CKD, and inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, correlate with underlying causes and consequences of the inflamed uremic phenotype, such as oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, CVD, PEW, and infections, and are sensitive and independent predictors of outcome in CKD.', 'Therefore, inflammation appears to be a logical target for potential preventive and therapeutic interventions in patients with CKD.', 'Putative anti-inflammatory therapy strategies aiming at preventing complications and improving outcomes in CKD span over several areas: (1) dealing with the source of inflammation (such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal or periodontal disease and depression); (2) providing nonspecific immune modulatory effects by promoting healthy dietary habits and other lifestyle changes; (3) promoting increased use of recognized pharmacologic interventions that have pleiotropic effects; and, (4) introducing novel targeted anticytokine interventions.', 'This review provides a brief update on inflammatory biomarkers and possible therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation and the uremic inflammatory milieu in patients with CKD.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a major autoimmune disease and is also regarded as a chronic inflammatory disorder.'], ['The FI-B combined 40 biomarkers of cellular ageing, inflammation, haematology, and immunosenescence.'], ['Flow cytometry was used to establish the frequencies of lineage subsets, naive, memory and regulatory T and B-cells, cells with an abnormal phenotype related to inflammation (IRC) and memory-like CD8(+) T-cells.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the relationships between inflammation, cerebral vasoregulation, and cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over a 2-year span.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation may further impair cerebral vasoregulation, which consequently accelerates decline in executive function and daily activities performance in older people with T2DM.'], ['Thus, rapamycin might ameliorate age-related pathologies, including late-life cancer, by suppressing senescence-associated inflammation.'], ['Ultrastructural changes, defects in wound healing, and inflammation markers are in part shared with aged skin.', 'Further, the overlap list contains a large number of genes with a known role in inflammation.'], ['Increased exposure and impaired ability for defence mechanisms to resist oxidative stress and inflammation, but also cellular senescence processes, may contribute to age-related changes in vascular function and health.'], ['Whether senescent VSMCs can actively contribute to atherogenic processes, such as inflammation, is unknown.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Senescent VSMCs may actively contribute toward the chronic inflammation associated with atherosclerosis through the interleukin-1alpha-driven senescence-associated secretory phenotype and the priming of adjacent cells to a proatherosclerotic state.', 'These data also suggest that inhibition of this potentially important source of chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis requires blockade of interleukin-1alpha and not interleukin-1beta.'], ['Over the long-term, we expect that the effects of chronic stress, from repeated exposure to stressors and regular engagement in URT, will be apparent in dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and inflammation.', 'DISCUSSION: This study takes a multi-pronged approach to assessing stress (i.e., early adversity, chronic strains, major events, daily hassles), psychological mediators (e.g., URT), biological mechanisms (i.e., HPA function, inflammation) and outcomes across different time-scales (i.e., momentary cognitive performance, cognitive decline across years).', 'The findings will improve our understanding of how environmental, psychological, and physiological stress-related influences accumulate to affect cognitive health and identify potential targets (e.g., URT, inflammation) for prevention and intervention promoting cognitive health.'], ['This ratio may represent the combined effects of inflammation and immunological changes called "inflammaging."'], ['The aorta in MFS was similar to the aorta in dilated TAV with regard to the presence of medial degeneration and apoptosis, while other markers for degeneration and aging like inflammation and progerin expression were low in MFS, comparable to BAV.'], ['PURPOSE: Bronchial asthma (BA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, featuring variable and often reversible airflow limitations.'], ['Aging in humans is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation (systemic), and this condition is sometimes referred to as "inflammaging".', 'Nutritional management of inflammation in aging dogs is important in maintaining health.', 'In particular, natural botanicals have bioactive components that appear to have robust anti-inflammatory effects and, when included in the diet, may contribute to a reduction in inflammation.', 'This review will summarize the role of dietary ingredients in reducing inflammatory molecules as well as review the evidence available to support the role of diet and nutrition in reducing chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in animal and human studies with a special reference to canines, where possible.'], ['Similarly, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now widely used for the early recognition of sacroiliitis or spinal inflammation in SpA, and sacroiliitis as evidenced by MRI is included in the ASAS criteria for axial SpA.', 'Nevertheless, the utility of sacroiliac joint and/or spine inflammation as detected by MRI has mostly been described in young patients with ankylosing spondylitis, SpA, or inflammatory back pain, but not in the elderly.'], ['Features of adverse adipose tissue remodelling induced by obesity, including adipocyte enlargement, apoptosis, inflammation and perfusion were modestly and transiently improved by p66Shc (also known as Shc1) deletion.'], ['The primary outcome is change in walking speed and secondary outcomes consist of other indices of CV risk including exercise capacity, body composition, as well as circulating indices of metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Activated upon caloric restriction and exercise, they control critical cellular processes in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria to maintain metabolic homeostasis, reduce cellular damage and dampen inflammation-all of which serve to protect against a variety of age-related diseases, including cardiovascular pathologies.'], ['There were no complications such as skin irritation and wound infection, except for 1 case of chronic inflammation.'], ['In a few cases, the amyloid deposition is accompanied by inflammation or edema.'], ['This association is only partially explained by biomarkers of subclinical inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Excessive neutrophil presence and activation is important in a number of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.', 'CONCLUSION: The dose-dependent inhibition of agonist-induced neutrophil activation following single and repeated once daily oral administration of danirixin suggests that this CXCR2 antagonist may have benefit in neutrophil-predominant inflammatory diseases.'], ['Numerous studies have been suggested that even in the absence of acute infection ageing associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and the underlying cause of this process may be an immunosenescence as well as shifts production of cytokines levels.'], ['Raised IL6 levels may not derive from circulating white cells in age related inflammation.'], ['In view of the lack of accretion of muscle mass in response to the alpine skiing intervention, we hypothesize that local muscle inflammation and oxidative stress may have blunted the anabolic response to training and promoted muscle breakdown in this elderly post-TKA population.'], ['Inflammation and atherosclerosis are associated with many age-related conditions and atherosclerosis has been associated with olfactory decline in middle-aged adults.'], ["On the other hand, neuroinflammation is strongly implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which can be enhanced by systemic inflammation, such as that due to cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", 'More importantly, senescent-type, but not juvenile-type, microglia provoke neuroinflammation in response to systemic inflammation.', 'Because the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis increases with age, inflammatory bone disorders may be significant sources of covert systemic inflammation among elderly people.'], ['The role of Clusterin in attenuation of inflammation and reverse cholesterol transfer makes this molecule a potential candidate as a marker for cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome.'], ['METHODS: Lung function, leukocyte telomere length, lymphocyte gene expression of anti-aging (sirtuin 1, total klotho, and soluble klotho [Sklotho]), senescence (p16/21), and DNA repair (Ku70/80 and TERF2) proteins, and markers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress were determined in 160 patients with COPD, 82 smoking subjects, and 38 never-smoking control subjects.', 'After correction for age, smoking history, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, telomere length and p21 were the only markers that remained independently associated with lung function.'], ['An alternative pathway involves the leukocyte heme protein myeloperoxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, producing isocyanate at inflammation sites.'], ['Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) is associated with hypertension, vascular inflammation, and systemic endothelial dysfunction.'], ['Liriope platyphylla (LP) has been suggested to have anti-inflammation, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer effects.'], ['BACKGROUND: Lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) involves excessive inflammation, repetitive infections and development of bronchiectasis.'], ['METHODS: Seventy-seven patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (71 women, age 37 +- 12 years) and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (22 women, age 34 +- 11 years) prospectively underwent routine history and physical exam, transcranial Doppler, brain MRI, TEE, carotid duplex, and clinical and laboratory evaluations of atherogenesis, inflammation, platelet activity, coagulation, and fibrinolysis.', 'Finally, LEx were not associated with aging, atherogenic risk factors, atherosclerosis, inflammation, or thrombogenesis.'], ['Inflammation may result from, amongst others, chorioamnionitis, postnatal infection, ventilation, and the administration of oxygen.', 'As inflammation seems to be a primary mediator of injury in the pathogenesis of BPD, anti-inflammatory agents such as steroids have long been the focus of preventive research activities.'], ['These are key participants in the leukocyte adhesion and transmigration that play a major role in the inflammation and pathophysiology of CVD, including atherosclerosis.'], ['For example, the cardiovascular system may have a limited or absent compensatory response to inflammation after an infectious insult, and the febrile response and recruitment of white blood cells may be blunted because of immunosenescence in aging.', 'Three of the 4 hallmark responses (temperature, heart rate, and white blood cell count) to systemic inflammation may be diminished in older adults as compared with younger adults.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that variation in inflammation related genes ALOX15 and IL6 was associated with bone microarchitecture and density in young adult women, but appears to be less important in the elderly, despite an observed association with CRP as a marker of inflammation and incident fracture.'], ['We also investigated the relation between inflammation, fibrosis and cell cycle phase.'], ['OBJECT: Inflammation may provoke cerebral arteriolar ectasia, inducing microaneurysm formation and further promoting intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).'], ['The association between depressive traits and CVD may be moderated by low-grade inflammation.'], ['Attention to physiologic aging focuses on "low-grade inflammation," genital and systemic, with its impact on women sexual function, especially after the menopause, if the woman does not or cannot use hormone replacement therapy.'], ['Vitamin D deficit was associated in some studies with the number of affected coronary arteries, postinfarction complications, inflammatory cytokines and cardiac remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction, direct electromechanical effects and inflammation in atrial fibrillation, and neuroprotective effects in stroke.'], ['In the present study, we investigated the effects of several diet formulae on insulin responsiveness, inflammation, and the hypothalamic expression of key genes that are involved in energy homeostasis control.'], ['Menopause, the cessation of menses, occurs with estrogens decline, low-grade inflammation, and impaired endothelial function, contributing to atherosclerotic risk.', 'Inflammation may have a role on symptoms: hot flashes, anxiety, and depressive mood, which also are related to endothelial dysfunction, increased IMT and cardiovascular risk.', 'IMT and depressive mood were the main clinical features related to vascular inflammation.', 'These findings provide further evidence for a link between estrogen deficiency and low-grade inflammation in endothelial impairment in mature women.'], ['DNA methylation has been previously used to study gene silencing in other inflammatory disorders and since AAA has an extensive inflammatory component, we sought to examine the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in mononuclear blood cells of AAA cases and matched non-AAA controls.'], ['There are numerous risk factors for CVD in CKD patients including conventional (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia) and nonconventional (oxidative stress, inflammation, anemia, mineral metabolism disorder) factors.'], ['We report two cases of epithelial goblet cell hyperplasia with nonspecific chronic inflammation which occurred on the internal canthus of elderly people.'], ["The MeSH headings 'cholecystitis', 'acute', 'gallbladder', 'inflammation', 'surgery', 'cholecystectomy', 'laparoscopic', 'robotic', 'telerobotic' and 'computer-assisted' were used."], ['Little is known about the association between muscle strength and inflammation in diseased individuals and particularly in cardiac patients.', 'Lower levels of muscular strength are associated with higher concentrations of IL-6 and hs-CRP in elderly individuals with and without cardiac disease suggesting a significant contribution of the muscular system in reducing low-grade inflammation that accompanies cardiac disease and aging.'], ['PON1 contributes to the antioxidative function of HDL and reductions in HDL-PON1 activity, prevalent in a wide variety of diseases with an inflammatory component, are believed to lead to dysfunctional HDL which can promote inflammation and atherosclerosis.'], ['The objective of this case report was to assess the efficacy of this intervention in reducing the levels of biochemical markers of cellular ageing, oxidative stress, and inflammation at baseline (day 0), at the end of active intervention (day 10), and follow-up at day 90.', 'This may not only delay aging and prolong a youthful healthy life but also delay or prevent onset of several lifestyle-related diseases, of which oxidative stress and inflammation are the chief cause.'], ['BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is related to inflammation, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and endothelial dysfunction.', 'Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is both as an adhesion molecule involving in inflammation and as an amine oxidase producing aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide involved in protein cross-linking, oxidative stress and endothelial injury.'], ['Indeed, elderly patients with severe CAP, as well as those with other risk factors, are at significant risk for development of inflammation-mediated acute cardiac events that may undermine the success of antimicrobial therapy.'], ['Here, we review evidence of premature immunosenescence in younger individuals under conditions of chronic psychological stress, chronic inflammation, or exposure to certain persistent viral infections.', 'These factors increase inflammation associated with aging, or "inflammaging," particularly as it relates to etiology of several age-related diseases and increased mortality.'], ['Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is such an enzyme and dysfunctional PARP1 has been linked with the onset and development of various human diseases, including cancer, aging, traumatic brain injury, atherosclerosis, diabetes and inflammation.'], ['STUDY OBJECTIVES: Hypertension and inflammation may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with suboptimal sleep, but large prospective studies are lacking.', 'This study tested whether sleep duration and disturbance were predictive of incident hypertension and inflammation four years later.', 'Sleep was assessed by self-report, incident hypertension (N = 3068) was defined by clinical examination and C-reactive protein and fibrinogen (N = 3768) were measures of inflammation.', '0.01-0.05) at follow-up controlling for baseline inflammation and other covariates.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study of older men and women adds to growing evidence that aberrant sleep patterns may increase the risk of cardiovascular outcomes through its adverse impact on blood pressure and inflammation.'], ['Vitamin D might regulate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and might be involved in inflammation, both implicated in the pathophysiology of AF.'], ['Secondary outcomes include change in biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, glucose, insulin, blood flow velocity, and psychological well-being factors (i.e.'], ['Specifically, the aged mice showed systemic inflammation and organ degeneration.', 'In addition, aged SOD3(R213G) mice are susceptible to neutrophil-mediated inflammation.', 'INNOVATION: These findings showed for the first time that arginine 213 in the HBD of SOD3 is critical for maintaining proper organ function through moderating the normal innate immune response, which would otherwise lead to chronic inflammation and degenerative diseases in aged mice.'], ['By analyzing sarcopenia in patients with renal insufficiency, complex mechanisms that contribute to loss of muscle mass are highlighted, such as activation of mediators that stimulate the ubiquitin-proteasome system (SUP) ATP-dependent, inflammation, metabolic acidosis, angiotensin II and some hormonal factors.'], ['OS biomarkers, biological antioxidant potential (BAP), derivate of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM) and total thiol levels (TTL), and an established biomarker of inflammation C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by spectrophotometry and immunoturbidimetry.', 'CONCLUSION: The strong associations with OS biomarkers and CRP support a major role of OS and inflammation in the development of frailty, which should be followed up in further longitudinal studies on frailty.'], ['Chronic inflammation from diabetes mellitus effects glycemic control and increases risk of diabetes complications.'], ['One major factor that limits the potential of implantable materials and devices is the foreign body response, an immunologic reaction characterized by chronic inflammation, foreign body giant cell formation, and fibrotic capsule formation.'], ['To further turn the traditional view on its head, it is clear that many MMPs are key participants in many, diverse immune and inflammation processes rather than ECM proteolysis.'], ['BACKGROUND: AGEs are bioactive molecules that accumulate in tissues with ageing and can both cross-link collagen and induce inflammation in model systems.'], ['These insults cause an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress and concomitant inflammation, skin aging, and even cancer development.'], ['Using a case-control study of 81 centenarians (aged >= 100 years) selected based on the fact that they were disease-free and 46 healthy elderly controls (aged 70-80 years), serum levels of 15 different candidate biomarkers involved in the regulation of metabolism, angiogenesis, inflammation, and bone formation were measured.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based cohort, variables obtained by CV imaging and biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, atherosclerosis, myocardial injury and stress, and cardiac collagen turnover were associated with YAL, an important outcome that integrates physical ability and longevity in older persons.'], ['Cyclic pressurization of segmentally stiffened aortic segments ex vivo increases the expression of genes related to inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling.'], ['BACKGROUND: although recent studies have suggested that inflammation may play an important role in the process of ageing and in the development of disabilities, knowledge about the role of inflammation in physical performance decline among middle-aged and older people in the context of developing countries is limited.'], ['Glucocorticoids are often required for adequate control of inflammation in many serious inflammatory diseases; common indications for long-term treatment include polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.'], ['Characteristic features of large and small arteries that occur with ageing and during the development of hypertension include endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodelling, inflammation, calcification and increased stiffness.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation is linked to cognitive decline in midlife, but the neural basis for this link is unclear.', 'One possibility is that inflammation associates with adverse changes in brain morphology, which accelerates cognitive aging and later dementia risk.', 'Clear evidence is lacking, however, regarding whether inflammation relates to cognition in midlife via changes in brain morphology.', 'Accordingly, the current study examines whether associations of inflammation with cognitive function are mediated by variation in cortical gray matter volume among midlife adults.', 'METHODS: Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), relatively stable markers of peripheral systemic inflammation, were assessed in 408 community volunteers aged 30-54 years.', 'RESULTS: Higher peripheral inflammation was associated with poorer spatial reasoning, short term memory, verbal proficiency, learning and memory, and executive function, as well as lower cortical gray and white matter volumes, hippocampal volume and cortical surface area.', 'Mediation models with age, sex and intracranial volume as covariates showed cortical gray matter volume to partially mediate the association of inflammation with cognitive performance.', 'Exploratory analyses of body mass suggested that adiposity may be a source of the inflammation linking brain morphology to cognition.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation and adiposity might relate to cognitive decline via influences on brain morphology.'], ['Markers of inflammation interleukin (IL)-6, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed at baseline, and all participants taking antidepressant medications were excluded from the analysis.'], ['Inflammation, an integral component of homeostasis, is a complex tissue response to stressors that attempts to mitigate their effect and initiate healing.', 'Inflammation plays a critical role in the development, course, severity and outcomes of HF.'], ['In human epidemiology studies, the low-grade and chronic systemic inflammation in elderly has been correlated with the development of aging related pathologies.', 'Although it is suspected that tissue decline is related to systemic inflammation, the cause and consequence of these aging phenomena are poorly understood.', 'By studying the Drosophila fat body and gut, we have uncovered a mechanism by which lamin-B loss in the fat body upon aging induces age-associated systemic inflammation.', 'This chronic inflammation results in the repression of gut local immune response, which in turn leads to the over-proliferation and mis-differentiation of the intestinal stem cells, thereby resulting in gut hyperplasia.'], ['Based on pathological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthroscopy studies, progressive osteoarthritis involves all tissues of the joint and includes bone marrow lesions, synovial proliferation, fat pad inflammation, and high subchondral bone turnover.'], ['This age-associated molecular disorder-induced inflammation that accrues in the heart and arteries does not, itself, cause clinical signs or symptoms of CVD.', 'Clinical signs and symptoms of these CVDs begin to emerge, however, when the age-associated inflammation in the heart and arteries exceeds a threshold.'], ['Inflammaging, a state of chronic, low-level systemic inflammation, is a pervasive feature of human aging.'], ['Innovative research methods could be employed in future studies with the aim of correlating HRQOL with imaging or physiological/inflammation biomarkers, or other end points such as aortic stiffness or wall shear stress to characterize disease progression and prognosis.'], ['From the other point, chronic inflammation as a major determinant of "dialysis syndrome" (including malnutrition, cachexia, and vasculopathy) is considered as the main factor of inability and mortality in dialysis patients.', "Such inflammation is generally arisen from immune system response to uremia and individual's repetitive contact with dialysis instruments and, in the long term, leads to premature aging via intensifying tissue degeneration."], ['Our data, demonstrating for the first time a positive correlation between increased frequency of Tregs and survival in the elderly, imply an increasing importance of controlling inappropriate immune responses and inflammation as we grew old.'], ['Studies in older adults demonstrate that the gut microbiota correlates with diet, location of residence (e.g., community dwelling, long-term care settings), and basal level of inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine, using data from the Newcastle 85+ Study, whether there is an association between modern diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive function in very old adults (>=85) and whether inflammation, physical activity, or diabetes mellitus status affects this association.'], ['The elimination of expanded T cells at the end of immune response is crucial to maintain homeostasis and avoid any uncontrolled inflammation.'], ['We describe how FoxOs are involved in energy metabolism, oxidative stress, proteostasis, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, metabolic processes, immunity, inflammation and stem cell maintenance.', 'The major themes of FoxO3 are similar, but not identical, to other FoxOs and include regulation of cellular homeostasis, particularly of stem cells, and of inflammation, which is a common theme of age-related diseases.'], ['Clinical studies in humans have shown that SD, either due to experimental sleep loss and to sleep disorders, can affect different biological pathways, such as cardiovascular autonomic control, inflammation, immunity responses and metabolism.'], ['For this reason there has been a resurgent interest in investigating the role of inflammation during tissue repair and regeneration.', 'Here we perform a study of the inflammatory response following injury in Xenopus larvae, which are able to achieve scarless wound healing and to regenerate appendages, as a preamble into understanding the role that inflammation plays during tissue repair and regeneration in this organism.', 'Using this approach we found that the inflammatory response following injury and infection in Xenopus larvae is very similar to that seen in humans, suggesting that this model provides an easily tractable and medically relevant system to investigate inflammation following injury and infection in vivo.'], ['BACKGROUND: Perivascular spaces (PVS) are an important component of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), several inflammatory disorders, hypertension and blood-brain barrier breakdown, but are difficult to quantify.'], ['AIMS: Biologically active phenomena, triggered by atherogenesis and inflammation, lead to aortic valve (AV) calcification.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This review indicates a robust interplay between lipids, inflammation, and calcific AS.'], ['BACKGROUND: The overall burden of chronic disease, inflammation and cardiovascular risk increases with age.', 'Whether the relationship between age and inflammation is impacted by presence of an adverse metabolic burden is not known.', 'A composite z-score for systemic inflammation increased significantly with age in subjects without metabolic syndrome (P=0.004 and P<0.006 for Caucasians and African Americans, respectively) but not in subjects with metabolic syndrome (P=0.009 for difference in age trend between metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome).', 'In contrast, no similar age trend was found in vascular inflammation.', 'Our results underscore that already at a young age, presence of a metabolic burden enhances inflammation to a level that appears to be similar to that of decades older people without metabolic syndrome.'], ['BACKGROUND: Obesity, defined by an excess amount of body fat or a percent body fat higher than 30 % for women is a complex chronic disorder with multifactorial etiology and is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, which results in elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines.'], ['There is an extensive cross-talk between inflammation and coagulation in stenotic valve tissue which contributes to the calcification and mineralisation of the aortic valve leaflets.', 'This review summarises the available data on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in AS with the emphasis on their interactions with inflammation and calcification.'], ['The population of children include healthy, immune compromised and obese subjects, as well as subjects with intestinal disorders, infections and inflammatory disorders.'], ['Telomere length (TL) shortening is a novel CVR marker, associated with inflammation biomarkers.', 'AIM: To evaluate relationships between TL, CVR and inflammation markers in CS.', 'CONCLUSION: TL is shortened in dyslipidemic CS patients, further worse if hypertension and/or obesity coexist and is negatively correlated with increased inflammation markers.', 'Increased lipids and a "low" grade inflammation may contribute to TL shortening and consequently to premature ageing and increased morbidity in CS.'], ['HF is an acute stress that triggers a state of inflammation which may affect immune responses and physical recovery.', 'CONCLUSION: Our data showed that the stress caused by HF negatively affects initial PMN responses shortly after the event and that may negatively influence clinical outcomes such as resolving long-term inflammation and recovery, as well as explaining susceptibility to opportunistic infections.'], ['Emerging data have revealed numerous mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors benefit the heart, including suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibition of MAP kinase signaling, and enhancement of cardiac protein aggregate clearance and autophagic flux.'], ['It has been shown to exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation activity, and to reverse the effects of aging.', 'First, we present the anti-apoptosis, anti-invasion/metastasis and anti-inflammation effect of resveratrol; second, the main signaling pathways involved in these activities are described and summarized with the studies of different tumors involved.'], ['Inflammation in the aging brain increases risk for neurodegenerative disease.'], ['We focused on methylation of candidate genes related to coagulation and inflammation: coagulation factor III (F3), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and toll-like receptor 2 (TRL-2).'], ['Depletion of neutrophils in WT and tslpr(-/-) mice decreased inflammation and hMPV replication.'], ['The first axis was associated with anemia, inflammation, and low levels of calcium and albumin.'], ["Here, in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (5xFAD), intake of a dairy product fermented with Penicillium candidum had preventive effects on the disease by reducing the accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) and hippocampal inflammation (TNF-alpha and MIP-1alpha production), and enhancing hippocampal neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF).", 'Moreover, oleamide has been identified as an active component of dairy products that is considered to reduce Abeta accumulation via enhanced microglial phagocytosis, and to suppress microglial inflammation after Abeta deposition.'], ['A number of studies have shown that inflammation caused by microglia is closely related to exaggeration of the pathology and cognitive decline seen in the elderly.'], ['It can be concluded that, in addition to old age, malnutrition (low GNRI) and inflammation (high ferritin) are identified as significant independent risk factors that predict all-cause mortality in HD patients.'], ['BACKGROUND: The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway is a key mediator of inflammation; however, few studies have examined the direct effects of NF-kappaB inhibition on the skin.'], ['BACKGROUND: Transthyretin (TTR), a sensitive indicator of malnutrition and inflammation, has been shown to be associated with mortality in elderly population.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical low-grade inflammation, elevated serum copper and decreased hemoglobin were associated with decreased serum TTR in community-living elderly Japanese women and may represent important confounders of the relationship between low TTR and mortality in the elderly.'], ['Pathophysiological domains assessed included biomarkers of neurohumoral activation, fibrosis, inflammation and myocardial necrosis, congestion severity and quality of life, cardiac structure and function, and exercise performance.', 'Adjusting for age, sex, and/or cystatin-C, Gal-3 was not associated with biomarkers of neurohumoral activation, fibrosis, inflammation or myocardial necrosis, congestion or quality-of-life impairment, cardiac remodeling or dysfunction, or exercise intolerance.'], ['The aim of the study was to attempt the relationships between plasma cFGF-23 (C-terminal) and iFGF-23 (intact) concentrations and the occurrence of obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation in elderly population.', 'CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our study shows that increased levels of both circulating Fibroblast growth factor 23 forms in elderly subjects are associated with inflammation but not obesity or insulin resistance per se.'], ['Markers of inflammation-high-sensitivity (hs) IL-6 (median and IQR) (1.3 pg/L, 0.7-2.6), hs C-reactive protein (CRP) (2.1 mg/L, 0.9-4.5) and D-dimer (252 ng/mL, 177-374)-were elevated compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001) and strongly related to each other, as were markers of immune activation [soluble (s) CD14 (1356 ng/mL, 1027-1818), beta2-microglobulin (2.4 mg/L, 2.0-3.1) and cystatin-C (0.93 mg/L, 0.82-1.1)].', 'Conversely, markers of HIV infection, current CD4 or CD8 values, CD4 nadir, CD4/CD8 ratio, AIDS stage at initiation of PIs, current viral load and duration of ART were not associated with immune activation/inflammation markers.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In these long-term treatment-controlled HIV-infected patients, all systemic markers of inflammation and immune activation were increased compared with healthy controls.', 'Intervention to decrease low-grade inflammation must thus prioritize modifiable personal factors.'], ['BACKGROUND: Systemic low-grade inflammation has repeatedly been associated with depression in old age, but the relationship with apathy is less clear.', 'This suggests a differential effect of inflammation on apathy and depression.', 'In older persons, symptoms of apathy may be a behavioral manifestation of concurrent low-grade inflammation.'], ['The rate of inflammation increases in elderly individuals, a phenomenon called inflammaging, and is associated with degenerative diseases.'], ['BACKGROUND: Neopterin may be relevant for colorectal cancer (CRC) development, as a biomarker of cellular immune activity exerting pleiotropic effects on cellular ageing, oxidative stress, and inflammation.'], ['Programmatic decision-making is currently based on the prevalence of the clinical sign "trachomatous inflammation-follicular" (TF) in children.'], ['As a marker of systemic inflammation, CRP was measured.'], ['CONCLUSION: Even in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the serum troponin T concentration was controlled by at least three major factors, ie, systemic inflammation, advancing age, and right cardiac overload.'], ['We assessed whether long-term glycemic level and glycemic variability modulate the association of systemic inflammation with cognitive function, in a sample of cognitively normal older people with type 2 diabetes.', "Linear regression models assessed the interactions of CRP, a marker of systemic inflammation, with HbA1c-mean and HbA1c-SD on subjects' performance in tests of Memory, Executive Functions, Attention, and Semantic Categorization."], ['Artificial induction of inflammation in prostate primary epithelial cells leads to hypermethylation of the SRD5A2 promoter and silencing of SRD5A2, whereas inhibition with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor reactivates SRD5A2 expression.'], ['Understanding the relationship between oxidative and proteotoxic stresses will improve our understanding of both host-microbe interactions and how mammalian cells combat the damaging side effects of uncontrolled RO/CS production, a hallmark of inflammation.'], ['Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of association in 105 pathways, including multiple pathways related to ERK/MAPK signaling, GSK3 signaling in bipolar disorder, cell development, and immune activation and inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity and sedentary behaviour have contrasting associations with markers of low grade inflammation over 4 years of follow-up.'], ['We conducted the present study to test the hypothesis that hypo-osmotic shock of epidermal cells induces skin inflammation and elongation of C-fibers by nerve growth factor beta (NGFbeta) as a basic mechanism of APE.'], ['CONCLUSION: In this research, we have demonstrated in vitro (on inflamed reconstructed human epidermis, RHE) and in vivo (on human aged volunteers) that activation by natural agonist peptide of opioid receptor delta reduces the skin inflammation thus leading to improvement in epidermis differentiation and skin barrier properties.'], ['This article provides an overview of our current understanding of frailty and its phenotypic characteristics and evidence that they are related to aging and to chronic inflammation that is associated with aging and also with long-term treated HIV infection.', 'The etiology of this chronic inflammation is unknown but we discuss evidence linking it to persistent infection with cytomegalovirus in both geriatric populations and people living with HIV infection.'], ['SCOPE: Zinc deficiency results in immune dysfunction and promotes systemic inflammation.', 'The objective of this study was to examine the effects of zinc deficiency on cellular immune activation and epigenetic mechanisms that promote inflammation.', 'This work is potentially relevant to the aging population given that age-related immune defects, including chronic inflammation, coincide with declining zinc status.', 'Our results suggested potential interactions between zinc status, epigenetics, and immune function, and how their dysregulation could contribute to chronic inflammation.'], ['Earlier research tended to focus on pharmacological activities of RSV related to cardiovascular systems, inflammation, and carcinogenesis/cancer development.'], ['Major targets are to enhance clearance and to reduce cerebral accumulation of amyloid, decrease hyperphosphorylation of tau and the generation of neurofibrillary tangles, reduce inflammation, and finally progressive neurodegeneration.'], ['It can reduce inflammation that increases with age and accompanies almost all age-related diseases.'], ['Aging is associated with an increase in a chronic, low-grade inflammation.', 'These observations point at background inflammation as direct, age-independent contributor to an accumulation of the disease burden.', 'Our findings also suggest a possibility that systemic inflammation associated with chronic diseases may explain accelerated aging phenomenon previously observed among the patients with heavy disease burden.'], ['CONCLUSION: There are some possible molecular mechanisms underlying both diseases, in particular relating to low grade inflammation and female hormones.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To investigate the ability of the flavone wogonin to induce eosinophil apoptosis in vitro and attenuate eosinophil-dominant allergic inflammation in vivo in mice.', 'Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue were examined for inflammation, mucus production, and inflammatory mediator production.', 'This wogonin-induced reduction in allergic airway inflammation was prevented by concurrent caspase inhibition in vivo.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Wogonin induces eosinophil apoptosis and attenuates allergic airway inflammation, suggesting that it has therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic inflammation in humans.'], ['Recent studies have shown that changes in the nasopharyngeal environment caused by concomitant virus infection, changes in the microflora, inflammation, or other host assaults trigger active release of pneumococci from biofilms.'], ['LA was mainly tested in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, pain, inflammatory diseases and aging.', 'On the other hand, beneficial effects on inflammation and pain were observed.'], ['Elevated plasma DMG levels are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and inflammation, which in turn are related to osteoporosis.'], ['Common mechanisms have now been identified in these diseases, which show evidence of cellular senescence with telomere shortening, activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling, impaired autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion, epigenetic changes, abnormal microRNA profiles, immunosenescence and low grade chronic inflammation ("inflammaging").'], ['Modulation of insulin signaling, protein aggregation, stress, free radical damage and inflammation are the major causes for deleterious changes resulting in aging.'], ['Telomere length is a result of combined effect of oxidative stress, inflammation and repeated cell replication on it, and thus forming an association between telomere length and chronological aging and related diseases.'], ['CONCLUSION: Accurate identification of obesity, systemic inflammation, and atherogenic lipid profile is key to assessing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.'], ['C-reactive protein (CRP) is a heritable biomarker of systemic inflammation that is commonly elevated in depressed patients.', 'Multivariable analyses adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, smoking, ischemic pathologies, cognitive impairment and inflammation-related chronic pathologies.'], ['The mechanism behind these comorbidities is chronic excessive inflammation induced by HIV infection, which persists under antiretroviral therapy.'], ['This association was statistically significant in analyses that additionally adjusted for biomarkers of inflammation and hemodynamic strain (hazard ratio for 3rd tertile vs undetectable 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.65).', 'CONCLUSION: The findings show a significant association of circulating troponin levels in ambulatory older adults with incident AF beyond that of traditional risk factors, incident heart failure, and biomarkers of inflammation and hemodynamic strain.'], ['Here we investigated potential associations between levels of circulating vitamin D3 and those of AGEs in blood and skin with regard to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in nondiabetic subjects.'], ['Whether chronic inflammation plays a causal role in cognitive decline in aging and neurodegeneration has not been established.', 'Here we report a mechanistic link between chronic inflammation and aging microglia and a causal role of aging microglia in neurodegenerative cognitive deficits.'], ['Recent findings show that iron deficiency and inflammation regulate FGF23 release and/or biodegradation.', 'The effect of low grade inflammation was markedly weaker and affected only iFGF23 levels.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Low iron levels are associated with increased levels of both cFGF23 and iFGF23, independent of low grade inflammation.'], ['A possible scenario, which our experience leads us to favour, is that sIBM may start with inflammation within muscle.'], ['Inflammation is a normal host defense reaction to infections and tissue injury.', 'In pathology, the process of inflammation is deregulated by various environmental factors, prolonged activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), induction of epigenetic machinery or expression of receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE).', 'The results showed that depending on the period of the disease, the process of inflammation is deregulated in different ways.'], ['Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease and hyperlipidaemia is one of the main risk factors for aging, hypertension and diabetes.'], ['Although the mechanisms underlying COPD remain poorly understood, the disease is associated with chronic inflammation that is usually corticosteroid resistant.', 'The mainstay of the management of stable disease is the use of inhaled long-acting bronchodilators, whereas corticosteroids are beneficial primarily in patients who have coexisting features of asthma, such as eosinophilic inflammation and more reversibility of airway obstruction.'], ['Ageing is also associated with low grade inflammation (LGI), which has been negatively correlated with muscle mass and strength.', 'Plasma cytokines (interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha) and markers of endothelial inflammation (intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule, selectins) were similar between groups.'], ['Underlying CD4(+) T-cell immune activation and inflammation correlated negatively with antibody titers and B-cell function, which was not enhanced by exogenous interleukin 21 supplementation in HIV-infected, older vaccine nonresponders.'], ['Protracted systemic inflammation has been associated with adverse effects on cognition and brain structure and may accelerate neurodegenerative disease processes; however, it is less clear whether changes in inflammation are associated with brain structure.', 'Inflammation (measured with c-reactive protein, CRP) was assessed repeatedly over 6 years (i.e., year 2, 4, 6, and 8).', 'Results suggest that in a prospective cohort of older individuals, faster declines in inflammation over time are related to indicators of white matter health, even after accounting for vascular risk factors.'], ['These include genes involved in neurogenesis (NPDC1) and inflammation (HERC5), as well as alcoholism-associated genes ADCY9, CKM, and PHOX2A.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation has emerged as a potentially important factor - and thus putative pharmacological target - in the pathology of bipolar disorders.'], ['It has been implicated in several diseases including heart failure, bipolar disorder, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer disease, aging, inflammation, and cancer.'], ['A role for inflammation in the atrial remodeling as well as development and recurrence of AF is known.'], ['As prognostic factors, inflammation-based scoring systems, including the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) determined by serum levels of C-reactive protein and albumin, the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were evaluated, as well as other clinicopathological factors, including performance status, body mass index, carcinoembryonic antigen, Charlson comorbidity index and type of surgical procedure.'], ['Impaired autophagic clearance of protein aggregates or deteriorating mitochondria will have multiple consequences including increased arrhythmia risk, decreased contractile function, reduced tolerance to ischemic stress, and increased inflammation; thus autophagy represents a potentially important therapeutic target to mitigate the cardiac consequences of aging.'], ['The major themes were: new properties of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and heat shock factor (HSF) and role in the etiology of cancer, molecular chaperones in aging, extracellular HSPs in inflammation and immunity, role of heat shock and the heat shock response in immunity and cancer, protein aggregation disorders and HSP expression, and Hsp70 in blood cell differentiation.'], ['Plasma visfatin/NAMPT concentrations positively correlate with inflammation and insulin resistance, and are decreased in the oldest.'], ['An important molecular mechanism of asthma is type 2 inflammation, which occurs in many but not all patients.', 'In this Opinion article, I explore the role of type 2 inflammation in asthma, including lessons learnt from clinical trials of inhibitors of type 2 inflammation.', "I consider how dichotomizing asthma according to levels of type 2 inflammation--into 'T helper 2 (TH2)-high' and 'TH2-low' subtypes (endotypes)--has shaped our thinking about the pathobiology of asthma and has generated new interest in understanding the mechanisms of disease that are independent of type 2 inflammation."], ['In addition, several pathognomonic features of KS, not related to skin fragility such as aging, inflammation and cancer predisposition have been strongly associated with oxidative stress.'], ['Caspase-1 and caspase-11 have roles in inflammation and mediating inflammatory cell death by pyroptosis.'], ['An acute ERE session decreases MMP-9, MMP-2 and IL-6 in elderly obese women, possibly indicating a transient protection against the low grade inflammation present in this specific population.'], ['Clinical and pre-clinical data suggest a variety of synergistic mechanisms contributing to CKD in older lithium users, including aging, cardiovascular factors, oxidative stress, inflammation, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, acute kidney injury, and medication interactions.'], ['We previously showed that the metabolically active areas displayed adventitial inflammation, medial degeneration and molecular alterations prefacing wall rupture.'], ['Problems with insulin secretion lead to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and type II diabetes, which can be regarded as one of the forms of senile phenoptosis.'], ['These concepts are relevant to issues in modern human longevity, including inflammation-induced neoplasia and degenerative diseases of the elderly, which are a legacy of human evolution.', 'The hypothesis that we present provides new bases for modern medical problems, such as inflammation-induced neoplasia and degenerative diseases of the elderly.'], ['Telomere length (TL) is regarded as a marker of cellular aging due to the gradual shortening by each cell division, but is influenced by a number of factors including oxidative stress and inflammation.', "Parkinson's disease and atypical forms of parkinsonism occur mainly in the elderly, with oxidative stress and inflammation in afflicted cells."], ['We also analyzed the experimental data clarifying the involvement of omega-3 PUFA in neurotransmission, neuroprotection (including prevention of peroxidation, inflammation, and excitotoxicity), and neurogenesis, thereby helping the brain cope with aging.'], ['Inflammation-induced alterations in central nervous system (CNS) metabolism have focused on glutamate.', 'Increased glutamate has also been found in depression, a disorder associated with increased inflammation.', 'Taken together, these preliminary data support the notion that older age may interact with inflammation to exaggerate the effects of inflammatory stimuli on CNS glutamate and behavior.'], ['Intensive studies have revealed that PPARalpha/gamma functions in photoageing and age-related inflammation by regulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1).', 'Taken together, our data suggest that AA acts as a PPARalpha/gamma dual activator to inhibit UVB-induced MMP-1 expression and age-related inflammation by suppressing NF-kappaB and the MAPK/AP-1 pathway and can be a useful agent for improving skin photoageing.'], ['An increase in AOPP levels indicates an oxidative stress state and the presence of coexisting inflammation.'], ['Cellular damage is initiated by different stress/risk factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and heavy metals.', 'However, TSPO has many proposed functions and can also increase steroid synthesis, which leads to inhibition of inflammation and inhibition of the release of apoptotic factors, thereby decreasing cell damage and promoting cell survival.'], ['Strikingly, consistent muscle retrograde signaling profiles were observed in acute stress states such as muscle cell starvation and lipid overload, muscle regeneration, and heart muscle inflammation, but not in response to exercise.'], ['Inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB) kinase beta (IKKbeta) regulates canonical Nuclear Factor kappaB (NFkappaB) signaling in response to inflammation and cellular stresses.'], ['The metabolic defects of Adipo-H363Y are associated with abnormal epigenetic modifications and chromatin remodeling in their adipose tissues, as a result of excess accumulation of biotin, which inhibits endogenous SIRT1 activity, leading to increased inflammation, cellularity, and collagen deposition.'], ['Poor wound healing after trauma, surgery, acute illness, or chronic disease conditions affects millions of people worldwide each year and is the consequence of poorly regulated elements of the healthy tissue repair response, including inflammation, angiogenesis, matrix deposition, and cell recruitment.'], ['Plasma concentration of markers of inflammation (interleukins (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) were measured at baseline.'], ['The effects of cognitive status, hypertension and metabolic syndrome and of selected serum lipids and inflammation indicators on PON1 activity and anti-ox LDL level were also examined.', 'Lower PON1 activity was related to higher level of inflammation indicators - hsCRP and IL-6.', 'No relationship of anti-ox LDL level with cognition, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, inflammation indicators and serum lipid levels was observed.'], ['This hierarchical model of stem cell genesis leads to a very low prevalence of cancer, unless the orderly progression of the hierarchy is disturbed by inflammation, ulceration or trauma.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of a personalized diet, with or without addition of VSL#3 preparation, on biomarkers of inflammation, nutrition, oxidative stress and intestinal microbiota in 62 healthy persons aged 65-85 years.', 'The RISTOMED diet was optimized to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'Neither intervention demonstrated any further effects on inflammation.', 'Subgroup analysis showed 40 participants without signs of low-grade inflammation (hsCRP<3 mg/l, subgroup 1) and 21 participants with low-grade inflammation at baseline (hsCRP>=3 mg/l, subgroup 2).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Addition of VSL#3 increased bifidobacteria and supported adequate folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in subjects with low-grade inflammation.'], ['The association was not modified by presence of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, number of chronic diseases, or markers of inflammation, and did not interact with APOE genotype or estrogen replacement therapy.'], ['We analysed the association of estrogen-based hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with selected microRNAs and inflammation markers from the serum, leukocytes and muscle biopsy samples from 54 to 62 year-old postmenopausal monozygotic twins (n=11 pairs) discordant for HRT usage.', 'We focused on the hormonal aging and on the interaction between HRT use and the modulation of miR-21, miR-146a and classical inflammation markers.', 'Fas-ligand was analysed since it functions in both apoptosis and inflammation.'], ['It also highlights the impact of inflammation on amino acid sensing, mTORC1 activation and stimulation of protein synthesis and challenges the underlying hypothesis that the acute activation of mTORC1 and stimulation of protein synthesis by leucine increases in muscle mass over time.'], ['It is likely that the mechanisms of disease in CKD such as altered protein metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and anemia accelerate normal aging and lead to worsening frailty in elderly patients with CKD.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a common inflammatory disease in older people characterized by shoulder and/or pelvic girdle, and cervical and, occasionally, lumbar pain.'], ['If inflammation links CRP and BMI, they may participate in distinct/independent pathways.'], ['The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vivo and ex vivo properties of emulsions with the seedcake extracts using the pH meter, corneometer, tewameter, methyl nicotinate model of micro-inflammation in human skin, and tape stripping of the stratum corneum.'], ['The crucial step in AD pathogenesis is the production of amyloid-beta42 peptide, which causes chronic inflammation.'], ['Here we demonstrate that aging of pancreatic islets in mice and humans is notably associated with inflammation and fibrosis of islet blood vessels but does not affect glucose sensing and the insulin secretory capacity of islet beta cells.', 'Strategies to mitigate age-dependent dysregulation in glycemia should therefore target systemic and/or local inflammation and fibrosis of the aged islet vasculature.'], ['RESULTS: In cross-sectional regression analyses adjusting for age, gender, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors, serum endostatin was negatively associated with GFR (ULSAM: B-coefficient per SD increase -0.51, 95% CI (-0.57, -0.45), p < 0.001; PIVUS -0.47, 95% CI (-0.54, -0.41), p < 0.001) and positively associated with ACR (ULSAM: B-coefficient per SD increase 0.24, 95% CI (0.15, 0.32), p < 0.001; PIVUS 0.13, 95% CI (0.06-0.20), p < 0.001) in both cohorts.'], ['Cordycepin is widely used as for its various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-aging, anti-tumor and anti-proliferation.'], ['Systemic inflammation seems to be an important factor for its establishment and repeated bursts of inflammatory mediators during COPD exacerbations could further inhibit erythropoiesis.'], ['The result is damage to multiple organs caused by the initial cascade of inflammation aggravated by subsequent sepsis to which the body has become susceptible.'], ['Women in the highest versus lowest neighborhood quartile had lower BMI (-2.01 kg/m2, p=0.001) and higher HDL-cholesterol (+6.09 mg/dL, p=0.01) after accounting for age, race, inflammation, and smoking.'], ['Inflammation increases the abundance of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), leading to enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO), which can modify proteins by S-nitrosylation.', 'Enhanced NO production increases the activities of the transcription factors p53 and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in several models of disease-associated inflammation.', 'SIRT1 limits apoptosis and inflammation by deacetylating p53 and p65 (also known as RelA), a subunit of NF-kappaB.', "In rodent models of systemic inflammation, Parkinson's disease, or aging-related muscular atrophy, S-nitrosylation of SIRT1 correlated with increased acetylation of p53 and p65 and activation of p53 and NF-kappaB target genes, suggesting that S-nitrosylation of SIRT1 may represent a proinflammatory switch common to many diseases and aging."], ['BACKGROUND: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are two commonly used measures of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).', 'As current RA treatment guidelines strongly emphasize early and aggressive treatment aiming at fast remission, optimal measurement of inflammation becomes increasingly important.'], ['As CD4:CD8 inversion is considered a marker of immune-senescence, we aimed to assess if it was associated with the chronic inflammation state in aging patients with HIV.', 'Chronic inflammation in patients aging with HIV does not seem to be directly dependent on the CD4:CD8 ratio.'], ['Panax ginseng is traditionally used as a remedy for cancer, inflammation, stress and aging, and ginsenoside-Rg5 is a major bioactive constituent of steamed ginseng.'], ['The aged artery is characterized by endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle cells altered physiology together with low-grade chronic inflammation.', 'Taken together, our findings suggest that aging-associated increase of miR-34a expression levels, by promoting vascular smooth muscle cells senescence and inflammation through SIRT1 downregulation and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors induction, respectively, may lead to arterial dysfunctions.'], ['Insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of new-onset AF have been provided by both experimental and clinical investigations and show that new-onset AF is multifactorial, involving atrial ischemia and atrial stretch, inflammation, autonomic nervous system activity, and hormone activation.'], ['STUDY OBJECTIVES: Inflammation may represent a common physiological pathway linking both short and long sleep duration to mortality.', 'MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Baseline measures of subjective sleep duration, markers of inflammation (serum interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein) and health status were evaluated as predictors of all-cause mortality (average follow-up = 8.2 +- 2.3 years).'], ['Obesity is increased in the elderly population, and adipose tissue induces a state of systemic inflammation partially induced by adipokines.', 'The liver plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of nutrients and exhibits alterations in the expression of genes associated with inflammation, cellular stress and fibrosis.', 'CVDs and endothelial dysfunction are characterized by a chronic alteration of inflammatory function and markers of inflammation and the innate immune response, including C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, and several cell adhesion molecules are linked to the occurrence of myocardial infarction and stroke in healthy elderly populations and patients with metabolic diseases.'], ['This loss of the adult-associated microbiota correlates with measures of markers of inflammation, frailty, co-morbidity and nutritional status.'], ['The gathered data suggest a model where proteins related to inflammation, development, epigenetic mechanisms and oxygen homeostasis coordinate the interplay between development and aging.'], ['Additional novel biomarkers (e.g., mid-regional pro atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), mid-regional pro adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), troponins, soluble ST2 (sST2), growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 and galectin-3) can potentially identify different pathophysiological processes such as myocardial insult, inflammation and remodeling as the causes for the development and progression of HF.'], ['It is now well accepted that activation of the MR in the cardiovascular system promotes tissue inflammation and fibrosis and has negative consequences for cardiac function and patient outcomes following cardiac events.', 'Although the pathways downstream of MR that translate receptor activation into tissue inflammation, fibrosis and dysfunction are still being elucidated, a series of recent studies using cell-selective MR (NR3C2)-null or MR-overexpressing mice have offered many new insights into the role of MR in cardiovascular disease and the control of blood pressure.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Sleep disturbance and aging are associated with increases in inflammation, as well as increased risk of infectious disease.', 'This study examines the effects of sleep deprivation on toll-like receptor activation of monocytic inflammation in younger compared to older adults.', 'CONCLUSION: Older adults exhibit reduced toll-like receptor 4 stimulated cellular inflammation that, unlike in younger adults, is not activated after a night of partial sleep loss.', 'Whereas sleep loss increases cellular inflammation in younger adults and may contribute to inflammatory disorders, blunted toll-like receptor activation in older adults may increase the risk of infectious disease seen with aging.'], ['Their roles as UV-absorbing compounds were investigated in the human fibroblast cell line HaCaT by analyzing the expression levels of genes associated with antioxidant activity, inflammation, and skin aging in response to UV irradiation.', 'Furthermore, treatment with mycosporine-Gly resulted in a significant decrease in COX-2 mRNA levels, which are typically increased in response to inflammation in the skin, in a concentration-dependent manner.'], ['The level of inflammation and oxidative stress was markedly reduced in the SDAT patients treated with the test formulation when compared to the donepezil-treated group indicating a likely mechanism of action of the test formulation (homocysteine 30.22 +- 3.87 vs 44.73 +- 7.11 nmol/L, P < 0.0001; C-reactive protein [CRP] 4.751 +- 1.149 vs 5.887 +- 1.049 mg/L, P < 0.0001; tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] 1139.45 +- 198.87 vs 1598.77 +- 298.52 pg/ml, P < 0.0001; superoxide dismutase [SOD] 1145.92 +- 228.75 vs 1296 +- 225.72 U/g Hb, P = 0.0013; glutathione peroxidase [GPx] 20.78 +- 3.14 vs 25.99 +- 4.11 U/g Hb, P < 0.0001; glutathione [GSH] 9.358 +- 2.139 vs 6.831 +- 1.139 U/g Hb, P < 0.0001; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS] 131.62 +- 29.68 vs 176.40 +- 68.11 nmol/g Hb, P < 0.0001).', 'Similarly, when healthy elderly subjects treated with the test formulation for 12 months were compared to the placebo group, a significant (P < 0.001) improvement in cognitive measures (MMSE, DSS, word recall delayed but not immediate, attention span, FAQ and depression scores) and a reduction in inflammation (reduction in homocysteine, CRP, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels) and oxidative stress levels (reduction in SOD, GPx and TBARS and increase in GSH) was observed.'], ['We further aimed to determine the potential mechanisms behind the action of systemic inflammation on skeletal muscle by exposing myoblasts isolated from vastus lateralis to the different sera from each elderly woman.'], ['In the lungs, SIRT1 inhibits autophagy, cellular senescence, fibrosis, and inflammation by deacetylation of target proteins using NAD(+) as co-substrate and is therefore linked to the redox state.'], ['Correlates of higher visit-to-visit variability were examined at baseline, including markers of inflammation, endothelial function, renal function and glucose homeostasis.', 'CONCLUSION: In an elderly population at risk of cardiovascular disease, inflammation (as evidenced by higher levels of interleukin-6) is associated with higher intra-individual variability in systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure.'], ['The causal factors, clinical presentations, and imaging features are a challenge because the difficulty to differentiate them from other conditions, such as degenerative and inflammatory disorders and spinal neoplasm.'], ['In addition, those who wore dentures during sleep were more likely to have tongue and denture plaque, gum inflammation, positive culture for Candida albicans, and higher levels of circulating interleukin-6 as compared with their counterparts.'], ['Omega-3 PUFAs are able to modulate inflammation, hyperlipidemia, platelet aggregation, and hypertension.'], ['Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the central nervous system, in which many factors can act together to influence disease susceptibility and progression.'], ['The aim of this study was to assess the relations between circulating visfatin/NAMPT levels and estimated GFR (eGFR), independently of potential confounders such as inflammation, nutritional status, and insulin resistance in the elderly population.'], ['The presence of inflammation can contribute to an accelerated aging process, the increasing presence of comorbidities, oxidative stress, and an increased prevalence of chronic pain.'], ['METHODS: Inflammation- and tumor-free alveolar bone sections from human mandibles (n = 31) with previously diagnosed carcinoma, chronic osteomyelitis or cysts were analyzed histomorphologically and histomorphometrically as to the dimension of trabeculae in cancellous areas.'], ['The role of central obesity and systemic inflammation on brain pathology and cognitive decline are discussed in this review.'], ['Klotho may participate in the development of DKD pathological mechanism such as oxidative stress related to inflammation, renal fibrosis, lipid metabolic disorders, modulating the pathological process of diabetic kidney tissue.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that it is feasible to measure markers of vascular function and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in field studies of biomass smoke.'], ['BACKGROUND: This study explores relationships between chronic inflammation and quality of life, making a case for biopsychosocial modeling of these associations.', 'Inflammation is measured using C-reactive protein; quality of life is conceptualized as happiness with life overall as well as intimate relationships specifically.', 'RESULTS: For most NSHAP participants, chronic inflammation significantly predicts lower odds of reporting high QoL on both emotional and relational measures.', 'Elaboration is also needed on the mechanisms by which social disadvantage may cause chronic inflammation.'], ['Furthermore, the inflammation absorption and the reduction of NK-cell proportion as well as the inflammatory factors were more remarkable in the patients taken Fu Zheng decoction.'], ['BACKGROUND: There is evidence that chronic inflammation is associated with the progression/development of chronic renal failure; however, relations in subjects with preserved renal function remain insufficiently understood.', 'OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of inflammation with the development of renal failure in a cohort of the elderly general population.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Tetramethylhexadecenyl succinyl cysteine represents a novel cosmetic functional ingredient that provides a dual modulating benefit of skin protection to individuals by reducing inflammation in keratinocytes, endothelial and mononuclear cell types and S. pyogenes counts.'], ['It is also related to white blood count (WBC) and inflammation.'], ['In this review, we discuss the biological significance of the 8-oxoG base and particularly the role of OGG1-BER in the activation of small GTPases and changes in gene expression, including those that regulate pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines and cause inflammation.'], ['In this paper the term is used only for events that follow myofibre necrosis, to result in myogenesis and new muscle formation: other key events include early inflammation and revascularisation, and later fibrosis and re-innervation.'], ['To address whether underlying neurodegenerative pathology increased susceptibility to acute cognitive change, mice at three stages of neurodegenerative disease progression (ME7 model of neurodegeneration: controls, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks) were assessed for acute cognitive dysfunction upon systemic inflammation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 mug/kg).'], ['The incidence of cardiovascular events increases with age and inflammation is generally considered to be the main cause of increased plaque vulnerability.', 'However, the relationship between age and plaque inflammation has not yet been fully clarified.', 'The aim of our study was to determine if age-dependent plaque vulnerability is associated with increased plaque inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our data imply that increased plaque vulnerability in the symptomatic elderly patients is associated with increased lipid accumulation and impaired tissue repair, rather than with increased plaque inflammation, compared to younger individuals.'], ['The intervention studies in humans showed mainly a decrease in inflammation in subjects on a low-AGE diet, while an increase in inflammation in subjects on a high-AGE diet was less apparent.', 'Moreover, limiting AGE intake may lead to a decrease in inflammation and chronic diseases related to inflammatory status.'], ['Specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are endogenous autacoids that actively promote resolution of inflammation.', 'In this study, we investigated resolution of acute inflammation in aging and the roles of SPMs.', 'In aged mice, novel nano-proresolving medicines carrying aspirin-triggered resolvins D1 and D3 reduced inflammation by promoting efferocytosis.', 'These findings provide evidence for age-dependent resolution pathways in acute inflammation and novel means to activate resolution.'], ['BACKGROUND: Comprehensive studies of the pathophysiologic characteristics of elderly asthma, including predominant site of disease, airway inflammation profiles, and airway hyperresponsiveness, are scarce despite their clinical importance.'], ['The benefits of physical exercise to reduce low-grade inflammation and improve Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels and cognitive function became a growing field of interest.', 'Low-grade inflammation is common during aging and seems to be linked to neurodegenerative process.'], ['elevated systolic blood pressure, and impairment of glucose homeostasis, plasma lipid profile, inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased body weight.'], ['Inflammation has been associated with albuminuria.', 'This study showed an association between inflammation and albuminuria independent of previously reported risk factors for albuminuria in HIV-infected subjects who were on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).', 'Chronic inflammation despite potent antiretroviral treatment may contribute to higher rates of albuminuria among HIV-infected patients.'], ['There is increasing evidence for the involvement of epigenetics in human disease such as cancer, inflammatory disease and CV disease.'], ["Many chronic diseases seen in the elderly such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, neuro-degenerative disorders, Parkinson's disease and age related macular degeneration (AMD) may be due to chronic inflammation and increased oxidative stress."], ['Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles of aged AhR(-/-) and wild-type (wt) mice, using high-throughput RNA sequencing, revealed differential modulation of genes belonging to several AMD-related pathogenic pathways, including inflammation, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix regulation.'], ['New work by Inoue and colleagues demonstrates persistent inflammation and T-cell exhaustion in older septic patients and aged septic mice.'], ['There was a less pronounced contribution from residual inflammation, immune activation, and prior high-dose ritonavir use.'], ['Moreover, we also point out the data obtained on the effect of chronic stress on some processes that are known to be involved in AD, such as inflammation and glucose metabolism.'], ['The majority of complications were infection and inflammation (36.4%), followed by neurological deficit (24.0%), physiological dysregulation (11.6%) and facial bone deformity (8.3%).'], ['Elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels are reported in age-associated clinical conditions including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity and inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that in elderly subjects, circulating visfatin/NAMPT levels are related to age, nutritional status, especially visceral obesity, and inflammation.'], ['The impact of ARV therapy on the development of metabolic complications, inflammation markers and changes in adipokines secretion was investigated.'], ['These enzymes are not only involved in pain and inflammation pathogenesis but are also required in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for mucosal protection and gut motility, and in the kidneys for functional integrity.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Management of pain and inflammation must consider those risks and find alternative drugs or approaches to limit the negative impact of NSAIDs on mortality and morbidity.'], ['We hypothesized that Sirt6, which is a nuclear, chromatin-bound protein critically involved in many pathophysiologic processes such as aging and inflammation, may have a role in oxidative stress-induced vascular cell senescence.'], ['BACKGROUND: Elevated inflammation is a proposed mechanism relating chronic diseases to cognitive dysfunction.', 'The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that greater levels of inflammation, as measured by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein, are associated with faster rates of cognitive decline among cognitively intact community-dwelling older women.'], ['Age-related muscle loss is characterized by the contribution of multiple factors, and there is growing evidence for a prominent role of low-grade chronic inflammation in sarcopenia.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that both cystatin C and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Hs-cTnT level is associated with inflammation and renal function in the elderly.'], ['The chronic inflammation seen in advancing age stratifies persons into aging phenotypes.', 'This chronic inflammation seen in advancing age has varied causes, including comorbid illness, adipose tissue mass, diet, socioeconomic status, body mass index, gender, age, and physical activity.', 'Aging can therefore be thought of as an acquired thrombophilia of increasing inflammation, impaired fibrinolytic potential, and a hypercoagulable state, out of proportion to physiological needs.'], ['The FeNO levels in healthy school-aged children may reflect airway eosinophilic inflammation levels, and was affected by eosinophil count and age significantly.'], ['Emerging evidence in experimental animal and human models has emphasized a central role for two main mechanisms of age-related cardiovascular disease: oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide generated by oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation accompanying aging recapitulate age-related cardiovascular dysfunction, that is, left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction in the heart as well as endothelial dysfunction, reduced vascular elasticity, and increased vascular stiffness.'], ['Strikingly, one quarter of modulated genes was related to innate immunity: genes involved in inflammation were strongly up-regulated while genes involved in antiviral defense were severely down-regulated.'], ['Hypertension is associated with inflammation; however, whether inflammation is a cause or effect of hypertension is not well understood.', 'The purpose of this review is to describe evidence from human and animal studies that inflammation leads to the development of hypertension, as well as the evidence for involvement of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction--both thought to be key steps in the development of hypertension.', 'The evidence reviewed suggests that inflammation can lead to the development of hypertension and that oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are involved in the inflammatory cascade.', 'Aging and aldosterone may also both be involved in inflammation and hypertension.'], ['Differentiating sepsis from other noninfectious causes of systemic inflammation is often difficult in the elderly.'], ['Further investigation into this relationship could aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying inflammation, depression, and diabetes.'], ['In addition, our research has uncovered an important regulatory enzyme of inflammation, nuclear factor-kappaB-inducing kinase that may regulate human skeletal muscle catabolism, and that appears to be counter-regulated by administration of standard doses of testosterone.', 'This is important because a number of age-related clinical circumstances trigger acute and chronic muscle loss including cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hospitalization, acute and chronic illness, and diseases in which systemic inflammation occurs.', 'For example, glucocorticoids are tremendously effective at reducing inflammation and are a frontline therapy for many inflammatory-based diseases, yet paradoxically trigger muscle loss.'], ['Serum samples were analyzed for lipoproteins and markers of inflammation.'], ['Important novel biomarkers of calcification are related to levels of glycation and inflammation in diabetes.'], ['Insulin resistance, provoked by the intracellular accumulation of triglycerides, is often associated with development of such age-related diseases as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, and also with systemic inflammation and lipo- and glucose toxicity.'], ['Little is known, however, about its association with markers of systemic inflammation.', 'This association was reduced by half but remained significant when health and behavioral covariates were adjusted for, suggesting that BMI, physical activity and disease burden may partially account for lower inflammation in individuals with a younger subjective age.', 'The present study provides the first evidence of an association between subjective age and systemic inflammation among older adults.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The present studies have demonstrated an independent association of higher PP with higher TNF-alpha, a marker of insulin resistance, and neutrophil count in community-living elderly women and suggest that insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation may in part be responsible for the association between high PP and incident type 2 diabetes found in elderly patients with hypertension.'], ['As atherosclerosis is a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative stress, shortened LTL in patients with atherosclerosis might stem from the two sources, one is an accelerated rate in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) replication to replace leukocytes consumed in the inflammatory process, and another is the increase in the loss of telomere repeats per replication.', 'Here we overview the potential roles of LTL dynamics in the imbalance between injurious oxidative stress/inflammation and endothelial repair during the pathogenesis of age-related atherosclerosis, and discuss the possibility that preventing accelerated cellular senescence is a potential target in prevention of atherosclerosis.'], ['Our results show that the antioxidant effect of MLB is due to the direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its inhibitory effects on NF-kB-dependent inflammation genes, such as, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase.'], ['The pathogenesis of anemia was multifactorial, with decreased renal function (glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), signs of inflammation, and functional iron deficiency detected in 11.4% of anemic patients.', 'A complex and heterogeneous interplay of chronic inflammation, functional iron deficiency, and renal impairment was identified in a large proportion of patients.'], ['Old age, comorbidities, protein-energy wasting, physical inactivity, low albumin, and inflammation associated with low muscle strength, but not with low muscle mass (multivariate ANOVA interactions).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Low muscle strength was more strongly associated with aging, protein-energy wasting, physical inactivity, inflammation, and mortality than low muscle mass.'], ['Inflammation and higher general morbidity could be intermediate states on the pathway from high d-ROM levels to mortality.'], ['Pulse consumption also improves serum lipid profiles and positively affects several other cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as blood pressure, platelet activity, and inflammation.'], ['High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, a marker of systemic inflammation, showed no correlation with baseline sleep duration, brain structure, or cognitive performance.'], ['Importance: Neutrophils are white blood cells that specialize in killing pathogens and are recruited to sites of inflammation.'], ['Recent findings suggest that inflammation may be a pathogenic factor in the onset and progression of both familial and sporadic PD.', 'In vivo evidence for inflammation in PD includes dysregulated molecular mediators such as cytokines, complement system and its receptors, resident microglial activation, peripheral immune cells invasion, and altered composition and phenotype of peripheral immune cells.'], ['The objective of this study is to determine whether pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) is clinically a biomarker of inflammation, a player in anti-inflammation, or both with regard to coronary atherosclerosis, we compared levels of PTX-3 with levels of adiponectin in addition to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).'], ['Epididymis head and/or tail dilation is suggestive of MGT obstruction or inflammation and both are related, along with echo-texture abnormalities, to impaired sperm parameters.', 'Finally, TRUS may reveal prostate and SV echo-texture abnormalities suggestive of inflammation or SV stasis.'], ['One pathophysiologic mechanism hypothesized to contribute to treatment resistance in depression is inflammation.', 'Inflammation has been linked to depression by a number of putative mechanisms involving perfusion deficits that can trigger microglial activation and subsequent neuroinflammation in the elderly.', 'This review focusses on recent studies addressing the complex relationships between depression, aging, inflammation and perfusion deficits in the elderly.'], ['Morbidity can be caused by organ damage from granulomatous inflammation, treatment complications and psychosocial effects of the disease.'], ['Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) extends the lifespan and the quality of life for HIV-infected persons but does not completely eliminate chronic immune activation and inflammation.', 'Although T-cell activation has been extensively examined in the context of cART-treated HIV infection, monocyte activation is only beginning to be recognized as an important source of inflammation in this context.'], ['It attenuates T helper 2 allergic inflammation, and reduces eosinophilia and airway hyperreactivity.'], ['Intensive studies have revealed that PPARalpha/gamma functions in photo-aging and age-related inflammation by regulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB).', 'Taken together, our data suggest that SHQA inhibit TNFalpha-induced MMP-2/-9 expression and age-related inflammation by suppressing AP-1 and NF-kappaB pathway via PPARalpha.'], ['Autophagy may mediate the protective effect of zinc against lipid accumulation, apoptosis and inflammation by promoting degradation of lipid droplets, inflammasomes, p62/SQSTM1 and damaged mitochondria.'], ['BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fetuin-A (alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, AHSG), a liver borne plasma protein, contributes to the prevention of soft tissue calcification, modulates inflammation, reduces insulin sensitivity and fosters weight gain following high fat diet or ageing.'], ['Intensive investigations over the past two decades have underscored the role of host immune responses, inflammation, and monocyte-derived macrophages in HAND, but the precise pathogenic mechanisms underlying HAND remain only partially delineated.'], ['Immune activation and persistent inflammation characterizes both HIV infection and physiological aging, and both conditions share common detrimental pathways that lead to early immunosenescence.'], ['Tolerance was defined strictly as a condition in which the allograft functioned normally and showed normal histology without any histological signs of rejection, fibrosis or inflammation in the absence of immunosuppression.'], ['Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV infection.', 'Eicosanoids reflect inflammation, oxidant stress, and vascular health and vary by sex and metabolic parameters.'], ['The effect of HIV on CHD is independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and antiretroviral medications and is likely due in part to the chronic inflammation and immune activation underlying HIV infection.'], ['The semiquantitative counting method is rapid to use and gives some information about the severity and nature of the inflammation.'], ['As both syndromes share common risk factors, such as tobacco smoking, and pathophysiological pathways, including systemic inflammation and activation of the neurohumoral system, they frequently coincide.'], ['RESULTS: Disability was associated with the DC (crude odds ratio, OR: 2.1; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.4-3.4), CCI (crude OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.7) and CIRS (crude OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 2.5-6.5); only the association with CIRS was independent of age, sex, chronic inflammation, impaired cognition and frailty (adjusted OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.7-5.8).', 'Frailty was associated with CCI (crude OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2-4.6) and CIRS (crude OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.3-5.3); adjusted for age, sex, chronic inflammation, impaired cognition and disability.'], ['Distinct macrophage subsets are present within the kidney and these sub-serve discrete functions in promoting and attenuating inflammation, immune modulation and tissue repair.'], ['Proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) plays a key role in mediating the interplay between coagulation and inflammation in response to injury.'], ['METHODS: The PubMed database and the Cochrane Library were searched by focusing on NADCs and on the association among NADCs, HAART, aging, and/or chronic inflammation.'], ['Although aging is crucial in sepsis, the impact of aging on inflammation and immunosuppression is still unclear.', 'The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between inflammation and immunosuppression in aged patients and mice after sepsis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Persistent inflammation and T cell exhaustion may be associated with decreased survival in elderly patients and mice after sepsis.'], ['insulin resistance (IR) and low grade systemic inflammation (LGSI) would not.'], ["During hospitalization the patient's neurological status deteriorated, presenting signs of meningeal irritation along with signs of inflammation and oedema of the right knee."], ['It is characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, with typical pathological changes of inflammation, degeneration and mitochondrial abnormality in affected muscle fibres.'], ['Specifically, we sought to determine differences in 1) expression of regulators of the complement pathway (CD46, CD55, and CD59) on circulating leukocytes; 2) expression of microglia-inhibitory proteins (CD200 and CD200R) on circulating leukocytes; and 3) plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, a factor known to inhibit angiogenesis, fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidation.'], ['These data suggest that aging-related processes modify the tissue response to inflammatory injury and its clinical outcome correlates in MS.'], ['As a consequence, the autophagy machinery interfaces with most cellular stress-response pathways, including those involved in controlling immune response and inflammation.'], ['This is accompanied by improvements in health, including enhanced motor coordination, performance, bone mineral density, and insulin sensitivity associated with higher mitochondrial content and decreased inflammation.'], ['These M2-type responses may result in unresolved inflammation and create an environment that impairs wound healing and is favorable for cancer growth.'], ['In both dialysis modalities this is associated with aging, comorbidity, and inflammation, and there is a conflict between achieving euvolemia to improve blood pressure control and prevent left ventricular hypertrophy on one hand, but risking episodes of hypovolemia and loss of residual renal function on the other.'], ['BACKGROUND: Telomere shortening is physiologically associated with ageing but it may be influenced by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, linked to obesity.'], ['The glands were routinely processed and semi-quantitatively analyzed for inflammation, acinar atrophy, fibrosis, and adipocyte infiltration.', 'Acinar atrophy and fibrosis were negatively correlated with the parenchymal innervation and positively related to diffuse inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Systemic low-grade inflammation may contribute to elevated serum Cu and decreased serum Zn concentrations in the elderly, and may represent an important confounder of the relationship between the serum trace elements and mortality in this population.'], ['In addition, anthropometry, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, neurotrophic factors, and vascular parameters were assayed.'], ['During aging there is an accumulation of damage that depends on the activation of inflammation processes and on changes in the circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines.'], ['All of the over 1 million total joint replacements implanted in the US each year are expected to eventually fail after 15-25 years of use, due to slow progressive subtle inflammation at the bone implant interface.'], ['BACKGROUND: In Parkinson disease (PD), systemic inflammation caused by respiratory infections such as pneumonia frequently occurs, often resulting in delirium in the advanced stages of this disease.', 'Inflammation causes rapid worsening of PD motor symptoms and signs, sometimes irreversibly in some, but not all, patients.', 'PURPOSE: To identify factors associated with subacute motor deterioration in PD patients with systemic inflammation.', 'RESULTS: Of 80 PD patients with systemic inflammation, 26 with associated subacute motor deterioration were designated as cases and the remainder as controls.', 'Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that delirium and body temperature are significantly associated with motor deterioration after systemic inflammation (P = 0.001 for delirium and P = 0.026 for body temperature), the adjusted odds ratios being 15.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.23-78.14) and 2.78 (95% CI: 1.13-6.83), respectively.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PD and systemic inflammation, delirium and high body temperature are strong risk factors for subsequent subacute motor deterioration and such deterioration can persist for over 6 months.'], ['Pneumonia is a disease causing serious inflammation and infection of the lungs and accounts for >50,000 mortalities annually.', 'Pneumonia is more serious in the elderly than in any other age group due to the increased inflammation and risk of community-acquired pneumonia associated with aging.'], ['BACKGROUND: Muscle wasting is frequently a result of cancers, AIDS, chronic diseases and aging, which often links to muscle inflammation.', 'The objective is to test the effects of GSE supplementation on inflammation and muscle wasting in interleukin (IL)-10 knockout mice, a recently developed model for human frailty.', 'CONCLUSION: GSE supplementation effectively prevents muscle wasting in IL10KO mice, showing that GSE can be used as an auxiliary treatment for muscle loss associated with chronic inflammation and frailty.'], ['Impaired regenerative capacity, attenuated ability to respond to stress, elevated reactive oxygen species production and low-grade systemic inflammation are all key contributors to sarcopenia.'], ['Finally, development of accurate, quantitative assessment of gingival inflammation are necessary in order to determine the influence of periodontal disease on the development of MetS and its components.'], ['PGRN production is also modulated by inflammation and infection, but no data are available on the production and role of PGRN during CNS HIV infection.', 'METHODS: To determine the relationships between PGRN and HIV disease, neurocognition, and inflammation, we analyzed 107 matched CSF and plasma samples from CHARTER, a well-characterized HIV cohort.'], ['We hypothesize that E2 effects on vascular inflammation are age dependent.'], ['In this review, pathophysiological aspects of CPB are considered from a practical point of view, and preventive strategies for hemodilutional anemia, coagulopathy, inflammation, metabolic derangement, and neurocognitive and renal dysfunction are discussed.'], ['In addition to biochemical stressors such as oxidation and inflammation, psychosocial traumatic stress has also been linked to shorter telomeres.'], ['Frequent consumption of berries seems to be associated with improved cardiovascular and cancer outcomes, improved immune function, and decreased recurrence of urinary tract infections; the consumption of nuts and berries is associated with reduction in oxidative damage, inflammation, vascular reactivity, and platelet aggregation, and improvement in immune functions.'], ['Whether multimorbidity describes an accelerated or accentuated aging process is the matter of discussion, although some HIV variables depicting immune activation and chronic inflammation are associated with multimorbidity.'], ['The NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), one member of the sirtuin family of proteins and an NAD-dependent deacetylase has been implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, including inflammation, longevity, and metabolism.'], ['Telomere attrition has been associated with age-related diseases, although causality is unclear and controversial; low-grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging) has also been implicated in age-related pathogenesis.'], ['However, therapies based on MSCs are increasingly implemented to treat symptoms in which failure of the resident stem cells in situ, or malfunction of tissues or structures are not associated with immune cells or inflammation, but instead are associated with mechanical or metabolic stress, ageing, developmental or acquired malformations, and other causes.'], ['In particular, small calcium phosphate (CaP) crystal deposits are associated with inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque de-stabilisation.'], ['Because aging is considered as a state of low-grade inflammation, in this study we examined whether older, healthy (lean, community-dwelling) participants have altered signaling flux through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses.'], ['HIV infection is associated with many factors that might affect the aging process, including extrinsic behavioral risk factors and co-infections, and multiple intrinsic factors, including intercellular communication, inflammation, and coagulation pathways.'], ['However, HIV-induced inflammation as well as long-term antiretroviral drug toxicity may also contribute to clinical relevant liver disease.'], ["Physical activity influences inflammation, and both affect brain structure and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.", 'TNFalpha, but not physical activity, was associated with regional volumes of the inferior parietal lobule, a region previously associated with inflammation in AD patients.'], ['The psychological stress response promotes regulatory changes important in aging (e.g., increases in stress hormones, inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin).'], ['Human aging is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammation, and this phenomenon has been termed as "inflammaging."', 'The identification of pathways that control age-related inflammation across multiple systems is therefore important in order to understand whether treatments that modulate inflammaging may be beneficial in old people.', 'The session on inflammation of the Advances in Gerosciences meeting held at the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging in Bethesda on October 30 and 31, 2013 was aimed at defining these important unanswered questions about inflammaging.'], ['Reliable tests to evaluate low-grade inflammation, immune activation and other age-related conditions are not yet validated.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: HIV infection causes microbial translocation and inflammation that contribute to hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, and quantitative and qualitative HDL-cholesterol changes that further contributes to atherosclerosis.', 'Lipodystrophy is associated with inflammation, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and functional decline.', 'SUMMARY: Inflammation, cholesterol abnormalities, and lipodystrophy caused by both HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy may pose aging HIV-infected patients at a higher risk of comorbidities and frailty despite sustained viral suppression.'], ['BACKGROUND: Omega6 (n6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites are involved in cell signaling, inflammation, clot formation, and other crucial biological processes.'], ['Recent studies establish that central and peripheral inflammation occurs in the prodromal stage of the disease and sustains disease progression.', 'Aging, heritable risk factors, or environmental exposures may contribute to the initiation of central or peripheral inflammation.', 'One emerging hypothesis is that inflammation plays a critical role in PD neuropathology.', 'We provide an overview of current knowledge on the temporal profile of central and peripheral immune responses in PD and discuss the potential synergistic effects of the central and peripheral inflammation in disease development.', 'The understanding of the nature of the chronic inflammation in disease progression and the possible risk factors that contribute to altered central and peripheral immune responses will offer mechanistic insights into PD etiology and pathology and benefit the development of effective tailored therapeutics for human PD.'], ['Erythropoietin (EPO) has various neuroprotective effects, including the reduction of inflammation, the enhancement of survival signals, and the prevention of neuronal cell death.', 'These findings suggest that EPO may be a potential therapeutic candidate having ability to modulate immune-inflammation in ALS.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To determine whether resveratrol levels achieved with diet are associated with inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in humans.', 'Secondary outcomes were markers of inflammation (serum C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) and prevalent and incident cancer and cardiovascular disease.'], ['We assessed whether ambient temperature and relative humidity are related to methylation on LINE-1 and Alu, as well as on genes controlling coagulation, inflammation, cortisol, DNA repair, and metabolic pathway.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Lipid-soluble antioxidants are associated with a lower incidence for many chronic diseases of aging, possibly by preventing damage from chronic inflammation.'], ['In mice, C3 was required for maximal periodontal inflammation and bone loss, and for the sustenance of the dysbiotic microbiota.'], ['Clusterin affects inflammation, immune responses, and amyloid clearance, which in turn may result in neurodegeneration.'], ['These data support the hypothesis that the sustained activation of the p38 signaling pathway at baseline and the absence in the early phase but delayed of p38 signaling pathway response to LPS in the elderly may play important roles in increased susceptibility of aged lungs to inflammatory injury.'], ['We hypothesized that patients with CHF may develop immunosenescence due to inflammation and that this may be associated with a worse stage of the disease.'], ['Inactivity, inflammation, age-related factors, anorexia and unbalanced nutrition affect changes in skeletal muscle.', 'In some patients, inflammation induces anorexia and fat loss in combination with sarcopenia.', 'In others, appetite is maintained, despite activation of systemic inflammation, leading to sarcopenia with normal or increased BMI.'], ['An overview of the nonclinical safety assessment and risk mitigation strategies utilized to characterize these immunomodulatory mAbs and Fc fusion proteins to support first-in human (FIH) studies and futher clinical development in inflammatory disease indications is provided.'], ['Atherosclerosis is an aging-related disease, the pathogenesis of which involves chronic inflammation and increased oxidative stress.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between inflammation with an abnormally prolonged QT-time (APQT) in men and women of the elderly general population.', 'Blood parameters of inflammation were the soluble TNF-Receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), the high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and Interleukin 6 (IL-6).'], ['Here we review miRNA regulation of human innate immune recognition in aging, including both activation and resolution of inflammation, critical issues in detection, and areas of active investigation into our understanding of immunosenescence.'], ['The reduction in the GLO1 activity-to-protein ratio was more pronounced in men and was associated with increased inflammation shown by a significant elevation in the expression-level of interleukin-1beta.'], ['The signs of low level systemic inflammation commonly detectable in elderly people are associated with many chronic diseases of ageing and may even contribute to their causation.'], ['Air pollution has been associated with increased systemic inflammation markers.'], ['Discogenic back pain can be initiated by tissue disruption, and amplified by inflammation and infection.'], ['These CSF metabolites correlated with worse neurocognitive test scores, plasma inflammatory biomarkers [interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-2Ra], and intrathecal IFN responses (IFN-gamma and kynurenine : tryptophan ratio), suggesting inter-relationships between systemic and intrathecal inflammation and metabolic alterations in CSF.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in the CSF metabolome of HIV patients on ART suggest that persistent inflammation, glial responses, glutamate neurotoxicity, and altered brain waste disposal systems contribute to mechanisms involved in HAND that may be augmented with aging.'], ['CONCLUSION: These data suggest a potential role for oxylipins in the aging process and how nutritional interventions like flaxseed can beneficially disrupt these biological changes associated with inflammation and aging.'], ['These include decreased systemic inflammation, elaboration of growth factors including brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), enhanced neurogenesis, and improved neuroimmune responsiveness in group housed animals.'], ['With disturbance from pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress synergistically instigates cellular signaling and exacerbates mitochondrial pathology, which may affect several pathways implicated in OA cartilage degradation, including oxidative stress, increase of cytokine-induced chondrocytes inflammation and matrix catabolism, aging and senescence, obesity-related pathology, and cartilage matrix calcification.'], ['Sleep disturbances are linked to heightened inflammation.', 'We sought to determine if sleep disturbances explain a portion of the putative inflammation - depression association among older adults.', 'We also tested whether inflammation-probable depression associations were moderated by age.'], ['Indeed, reduction of ROS and low-grade inflammation and promotion of autophagy by calorie restriction or other dietary manipulation can extend lifespan in a wide spectrum of model organisms.'], ['It has been proposed that a cascade of events including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling, and metabolic inflammation trigger neurodegeneration in T2DM models.'], ['We here hypothesize that environmental gases, such as cigarette smoke and kitchen pollutants, may accelerate the aging of lung or worsen aging-related events in the lung, leading to defective resolution of inflammation, reduced anti-oxidant capacity and defective disposal of abnormal proteins, and this consequently induces progression of COPD.'], ['Para-inflammation and immunosenescence may importantly contribute to the development of disease.'], ['RESULTS: We observed that hypoxia treatment increased oxidative stress, exacerbated inflammation, and aggravated learning defects in aged APP/PS1 mice.'], ['Although there are a few published reports of scleritis and uveitis in PMR patients, the association of PMR to ocular inflammation has not been well established.', 'Seven PMR patients with ocular inflammatory disease (OID) were included in our study: two with scleritis, three with anterior uveitis, and two with panuveitis.', 'The onset of PMR preceded the occurrence of OID in six patients, and in one patient uveitis developed 2 months prior to PMR.', 'Five patients demonstrated a temporal association between flares of PMR and OID.', 'In four patients, OID flares developed during tapering of systemic prednisone prescribed for PMR.', 'PMR may be associated with both scleritis and uveitis and should be considered as a possible underlying cause of OID.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Periodontitis involves periodontal tissue destruction and is associated with chronic inflammation and ageing.'], ['The physiological factors underlying the association are complex, and they may relate to melatonin excretion patterns, low-grade inflammation in cancer development process or disruptions in circadian rhythmicity.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Inflammaging, a state of chronic inflammation in the elderly, is now thought to be a key element of the ageing process and contributor to age-related disease.', 'In a previously published study, we identified a significant association between inflammation levels and severity of presbycusis among individuals aged 63 to 73 (\'younger old") within an available audiometric range 0.5 to 4 kHz.'], ['Chronic inflammation is likely a key pathophysiologic process that contributes to the frailty syndrome directly and indirectly through other intermediate physiologic systems, such as the musculoskeletal, endocrine, and hematologic systems.'], ['Flavonoids may protect against bone loss by upregulating signaling pathways that promote osteoblast function, by reducing the effects of oxidative stress or chronic low-grade inflammation.'], ['We supplemented the analysis with an original effect estimate from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), with metabolically healthy obesity defined as BMI >= 30 kg m(-2) and <2 of hypertension, impaired glycaemic control, systemic inflammation, adverse high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adverse triglycerides.'], ['The main outcome measures were arterial stiffness, endothelial function, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and cardiometabolic risk factors.', 'These compounds also did not alter body fat measured by DEXA, blood pressure, plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, IGF-1, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['IL-15 is involved in regulating host defense and inflammation.', 'Our study suggests that with aging the IFN-gamma-mediated IL-15 production pathway in human monocytes is uncompromised, but rather augmented, and could be considered as a therapeutic target point to modulate host defense and inflammation in older adults.'], ['In animal model studies, obesity compromises the T-cell immune system as a result of enhanced adipogenesis in primary lymphoid organs and systemic inflammation.', 'This population study suggests that obesity with enhanced inflammation is involved in aging of the human T-cell immune system.'], ['During aging, chronic systemic inflammation increases in prevalence and antioxidant balance shifts in favor of oxidant generation.', 'The present study investigated whether dietary supplementation of avenanthramides (AVA) in oats would increase antioxidant protection and reduce inflammation after a bout of downhill walking (DW) in postmenopausal women.', 'Thus, chronic AVA supplementation decreased systemic and DW-induced inflammation and increased blood-borne antioxidant defense in postmenopausal women.'], ['We show that infection-induced systemic inflammation mediates its effects via increasing platelet activation and microvascular coagulation in the brain after cerebral ischemia, as confirmed by reduced brain injury in response to blockade of platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ibalpha.', 'INTERPRETATION: S. pneumoniae infection augments atherosclerosis and exacerbates ischemic brain injury via IL-1 and platelet-mediated systemic inflammation.'], ['Clinical investigators are encouraged to assess markers of inflammation and review detailed information on risk factors such as waist circumference for MeS in patients with depression.'], ['Excess body weight and adiposity cause insulin resistance, inflammation, and numerous other alterations in metabolic and hormonal factors that promote atherosclerosis, tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, and aging.'], ['Investigators of most prospective studies reported moderate to strong inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentrations and cardiovascular diseases, serum lipid concentrations, inflammation, glucose metabolism disorders, weight gain, infectious diseases, multiple sclerosis, mood disorders, declining cognitive function, impaired physical functioning, and all-cause mortality.'], ['The tasks elicited prompt increases in blood pressure (BP), heart rate, cortisol, and mediators of inflammation and reductions in heart rate variability, returning toward baseline levels following stress.'], ['It is now recognized that obesity is related to chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue.', 'Specifically, activated immune cells infiltrate adipose tissue and cause inflammation.'], ['ApoD emerges as an evolutionarily conserved anti-stress protein that is induced by oxidative stress and inflammation and may prove to be an effective therapeutic agent against a variety of neuropathologies, and even against aging.'], ['The positive relationship between hs-CRP and BMI indicated chronic inflammation in the higher BMI groups.', 'The negative relationship between hs-CRP and serum Fe indicated that lower serum Fe levels were related to the inflammation linked with higher BMI.', 'A relationship between obesity-related chronic, low-grade inflammation and poor Fe status has been found in adults, but the significance of the current study is that this relationship was also confirmed for elderly persons.'], ['CONTEXT: Inadequate vitamin D status is common within elderly populations and may be implicated in the etiology of autoimmune disease and inflammation.', 'OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between vitamin D status and immune markers of inflammation in a large sample of older adults.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated significant associations between low vitamin D status and markers of inflammation (including the ratio of IL-6 to IL-10) within elderly adults.'], ['Several cytokines enhance eosinophil survival promoting eosinophilic airway inflammation while for example glucocorticoids, the most important anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat asthma, promote the intrinsic pathway of eosinophil apoptosis and by this mechanism contribute to the resolution of eosinophilic airway inflammation.'], ['There is an increasing need to understand the leukocytes and soluble mediators that drive acute inflammation and bring about its resolution in humans.', 'Further use of this model will improve our understanding of the evolution and resolution of inflammation in humans, how defects in these over-lapping pathways may contribute to the variability in disease longevity/chronicity, and lends itself to the screen of putative anti-inflammatory or pro-resolution therapies.'], ['Epigenetic mechanisms related to inflammation and immunity may influence these associations.'], ['We measured traditional CVD risk factors including age, biophysical profile, fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile as well as biomarkers of inflammation.'], ['Could the burden of chronic inflammatory disease have been a risk factor for atherosclerosis in these ancient cultures?'], ['The increase in BDNF might reflect a compensatory mechanism against early neurodegeneration and seems to be related to inflammation.'], ['The data identify a specific AGE (MG) as a modifiable risk factor for AD and MS, possibly acting via suppressed SIRT1 and other host defenses, to promote chronic oxidant stress and inflammation.'], ['It is particularly relevant to the perioperative period, during which patients are subject to high levels of stress and inflammation.'], ['There are no human clinical trials that demonstrate that small molecules, the so-called antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C, vitamin E and beta-carotene), confer a favorable clinical outcome of long-lasting control of inflammation.'], ['Progerin was found to be significantly increased in the media of the dilated wall in tricuspidy, also showing increased periaortic inflammation.'], ['This novel finding connects inflammation found in aging prostate tissues with the altered epigenetic landscape.'], ['The pathophysiology of delirium is complex and inflammation is a relevant precipitant factor of this syndrome, although it remains unclear how acute systemic inflammation induces the clinical picture of delirium.', 'In the future, a better understanding of the interaction between the brain and peripheral organs and the exact mechanism by which systemic inflammation can lead to delirium, will allow the development of new therapeutic agents.'], ['Renal aging is a multifactorial process where gender, race and genetic background and several key-mediators such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system, impairment in kidney repair capacities and background cardiovascular disease play a significant role.'], ['For degenerative musculoskeletal conditions, biomarkers have the potential to provide an early non-invasive method of assessing the location and severity of tissue damage and presence of inflammation.'], ['We discuss the concept that peripheral and central nervous system inflammation link the pathogenesis of AD and metabolic diseases.', 'We also explore the contribution of brain inflammation to defective insulin signaling and neuronal dysfunction.'], ['HIV-associated immune activation and inflammation, promoting tumorigenesis, can only partially be reduced by HAART.'], ['The relationship between altered platelet functions and thrombotic and inflammatory disorders in older adults is highlighted.', 'Established and developing antiplatelet therapies for the treatment of thrombotic and inflammatory disorders are also discussed in light of these data.'], ['Future studies are needed to examine the effects of anatabine on naturally-occurring inflammation that is common with aging or obesity.', 'Furthermore, additional research is needed to examine the relationship between muscle damage and inflammation after eccentric exercises of different modes, durations, and intensities.'], ['Objective outcome measures affected in dementia caregivers included markers of dyscoagulation, inflammation, and cell aging as well as measures of immune function, sleep, and cognition.'], ['In addition, SKI-II reduced cigarette smoke mediated oxidative stress, macrophages and neutrophil infiltration and markers of inflammation in mice.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether an adverse body composition is associated with endothelial dysfunction (ED) and the extent to which any such association could be explained by low-grade inflammation (LGI) and/or insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR).'], ['Chronic inflammation and increased oxidative stress are underlying the uremia-associated immune deficiency.', 'KEY MESSAGES: Premature aging of the immune system is a dominant feature in patients with end-stage renal failure, which corresponds to immunological aging in elderly healthy individuals, which is characterized by preferential loss of cells belonging to the lymphoid cell lineage, inflammation and expansion of proinflammatory immune cells.'], ['Inflammation and oxidative stress, which are common features in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), are interrelated and associated with cardiovascular disease and the progression of CKD itself.', 'Thus, the present review aims to describe the role of resveratrol in inflammation and oxidative stress modulation and its possible benefits to patients with CKD.'], ['This study may provide the rationale for targeting several biomarkers associated with lipid transport, inflammation, and anti-aging as possible disease modifying therapies for the treatment of supra-patellar bursitis and even degenerative joint disorders.'], ['The probable role of microenvironment in all the discussed phenomena such as healing/regeneration, inflammation, and cancer is discussed and targeting of microenvironment is consequently predicted as a possible therapeutic target where controlled manipulation may represent a new approach to the treatment of cancer patients.'], ['Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are related to cognitive decline and dementia, in a complex interplay with vascular factors and aging.', 'We investigated, in an older population, low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in relation to detailed assessment of cognitive functioning.', 'In plasma samples of 2000-2001 (n=363) and/or 2005-2008 (n=323), biomarkers were determined of low-grade inflammation (CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, SAA, MPO, and sICAM-1) and endothelial dysfunction (vWF, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sTM, sE-selectin).', 'Composite z-scores were computed for low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction at both time points, and for six domains of cognitive functioning (abstract reasoning, memory, information processing speed, attention and executive functioning, visuoconstruction, and language).', 'The association between low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and cognitive functioning was evaluated with linear regression analysis.', 'Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were associated with worse performance on information processing speed and attention and executive functioning, in prospective and cross-sectional analyses (standardized betas ranging from -0.20 to -0.10).', 'Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction accounted for only 2.6% explained variance in cognitive functioning, on top of related vascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease.', 'Bootstrapping analyses show that low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction mediate the relation between vascular risk factors and cognitive functioning.', 'This study shows that low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction contribute to reduced information processing speed and executive functioning in an older population.'], ['Mitochondrial components, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), when released extracellularly, can act as "damage-associated molecular pattern" (DAMP) agents and cause inflammation.', 'Our findings therefore show that circulating mtDNA increases with age, and can significantly contribute to the maintenance of the low-grade, chronic inflammation observed in elderly people.'], ['CONCLUSION: Inflammation, dyslipidemia and altered sex-steroid milieu mutually concur in determining BPH/LUTS.'], ['Inflammation associated with any acute illness can lead to poor appetite and low food intake in older people.', 'Vitamin C was measured using a fluorimetric technique and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the influence of a number of clinical indicators, including tissue inflammation measured using C-reactive protein on vitamin C concentrations.', 'Older age, male gender, smoking, increased dependency and tissue inflammation were associated with lower vitamin C concentrations.'], ['An extensive body of evidence indicates that oxidative stress and inflammation play a central role in the degenerative changes of systemic tissues in aging.', 'In this study we quantified changes in [NAD(H)] and markers of inflammation and oxidative damage (F2-isoprostanes, 8-OHdG, total antioxidant capacity) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy humans across a wide age range (24-91 years).', 'CSF of participants aged >45 years was found to contain increased levels of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) (p = 0.04) and inflammation (IL-6) (p = 0.00) and decreased levels of both total antioxidant capacity (p = 0.00) and NAD(H) (p = 0.05), compared to their younger counterparts.', 'Further analysis of the data identified a relationship between alcohol intake and CSF [NAD(H)] and markers of inflammation.', 'Taken together these data suggest a progressive age associated increase in oxidative damage, inflammation and reduced [NAD(H)] in the brain which may be exacerbated by alcohol intake.'], ['A change in BFP may be associated with inflammation and dyslipidemia development, and longitudinal changes in body fat are related to a decrease in eGFR in the elderly.'], ['Bacopa monnieri (L., BM) is a traditional Ayurvedic medicinal herb recognised for its efficacy in relieving acute pain and inflammation, as related to selective inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme and consequent reduction in COX-2-mediated prostanoid mediators.', 'It is likely that the time frame required to exert an effect in the brain reflects regulation by BM of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress associated with aging and chronic diseases, and other polypharmacological effects.'], ['Recent investigations suggest that inflammation constitutes a biological foundation of ageing and the onset of age-related diseases.'], ['Chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may contribute significantly to T-cell immunosenescence, chronic inflammation, and adverse health outcomes in older adults.'], ['Fasting has been practiced for millennia, but, only recently, studies have shed light on its role in adaptive cellular responses that reduce oxidative damage and inflammation, optimize energy metabolism, and bolster cellular protection.'], ['In addition, GV1001 treatment of Abeta25-35-injured NSCs increased the expression level of survival-related proteins, including mitochondria-associated survival proteins, and decreased the levels of death and inflammation-related proteins, including mitochondria-associated death proteins.'], ['Differences in muscle strength, muscle area, and muscle quality ratio with age were evaluated, and the association between the muscle quality ratio and measures reflecting domains of cognitive function, motor control, peripheral nerve function, adiposity, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation were assessed through multivariate regression analyses.'], ['In conclusion, these observations suggest that chronic treatment of T2DM rats with REV attenuates the inflammatory injury of the vascular wall and the effects are associated with down-regulation of the NF-kappa B signal pathway.'], ['Ageing is characterized by progressive immunodeficiency, inflammation, and autoimmunity.', 'In this paper we will review the role of DCs in inflammation and autoimmunity in human ageing and will highlight the observations that DCs from aged humans display impairment in their capacity to uptake apoptotic cells, and paradoxically induce proinflammatory response and increased reactivity to self antigen (DNA).'], ['Metallothioneins (MTs) are zinc-ion-binding proteins with a wide range of functions, among which are neuroprotection, maintenance of cellular zinc homeostasis, and defense against oxidative damage and inflammation.', 'This state is also observed with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that the antioxidant function of MTs has been impaired.'], ['Aging is a complex biological phenomenon in which the deficiency of the nutritional state combined with the presence of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the development of many age-related diseases.'], ['Caspase-6 induces neuronal degeneration and inflammation.'], ['Sirtuins (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 1, well-known modulators of lifespan in many species, have a role in gene repression, metabolic control, apoptosis and cell survival, DNA repair, development, inflammation, neuroprotection and healthy ageing.'], ['BACKGROUND: UVA rays present in sunlight are able to reach the dermal skin layer generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for oxidative damage, alterations in gene expression, DNA damage, leading to cell inflammation, photo-ageing/-carcinogenesis.'], ['This is attributable primarily to adverse changes in arteries, notably, increases in large elastic artery stiffness and endothelial dysfunction mediated by inadequate concentrations of the vascular-protective molecule, nitric oxide (NO), and higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'These improvements in age-related vascular dysfunction with nitrite are mediated by reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation, and may be linked to increases in mitochondrial biogenesis and health.'], ['Inflammation is a prominent pathological feature of small vessel disease.', 'We examined the association between inflammation, PVS, and WMH in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (N=634).', 'We derived latent variables for PVS, WMH, and Inflammation from measured PVS, WMH, and inflammation markers and modelled associations using structural equation modelling.', 'RESULTS: After accounting for age, sex, stroke, and vascular risk factors, PVS were significantly associated with WMH (beta=0.47; P<0.0001); Inflammation was weakly but significantly associated with PVS (beta=0.12; P=0.048), but not with WMH (beta=0.02; P=NS).', 'Longitudinal studies should examine whether visible PVS predate WMH progression and whether inflammation modulators can prevent small vessel disease.'], ['Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may be involved in ultraviolet-induced inflammation, photocarcinogenesis and the aging process.'], ['Recent longitudinal studies in dietary daily intake in human centenarians have shown that a satisfactory content of some micronutrients within the cells maintain several immune functions, a low grade of inflammation and preserve antioxidant activity.'], ['The mechanisms by which air pollution has multiple systemic effects in humans are not fully elucidated, but appear to include inflammation and thrombosis.'], ['However, several age-related factors, such as changes diet, lifestyle, inflammation and frailty, force the deterioration of this intestinal microbiota-host mutualistic interaction, compromising the possibility to reach longevity.'], ['Mounting evidence and/or arguments document the crucial role of inflammation and immune-mediated processes in the pathogenesis of AMD.', "Proinflammatory effects secondary to chronic inflammation (e.g., alternative complement activation) and heterogeneous types of oxidative stress (e.g., impaired cholesterol homeostasis) can result in degenerative damages at the level of crucial macular structures, that is photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane.", 'Starting from the key basic-research notions detectable at the root of AMD pathogenesis, the present up-to-date paper reviews the best-known and/or the most attractive genetic findings linked to the mechanisms of inflammation of this complex disease.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Exhaled breath temperature has been suggested as a noninvasive method for the evaluation of airway inflammation.'], ['We harvested urothelial cells shed in response to inflammation and, using advanced imaging techniques, inspected them for signs of bacterial pathology and invasion.'], ['There is mounting evidence that senescent cells contribute to ageing and age-related disease by generating a low grade inflammation state (senescenceassociated secretory phenotype-SASP).'], ['Mammalian Sirt1 has been shown to be involved in energy metabolism, brain functions, inflammation and aging through its deacetylase activity, acting on both histone and non-histone substrates.'], ['Children who are burned >40% total body surface area lose significant quantities of both bone and muscle mass because of acute bone resorption, inflammation, and endogenous glucocorticoid production, which result in negative nitrogen balance.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Emergency surgery is performed on patients with appendicitis in the belief that inflammation of the appendix may progress to necrosis and perforation.', 'Many cases of appendicitis, however, resolve with conservative treatment, and necrotic appendicitis may represent a different disease rather than the end result of inflammation of the appendix.', 'In addition, our findings add weight to the increasing volume of data showing that necrosis of the appendix is a disease different from simple inflammation.'], ['Abnormal production of this superoxide (reactive oxygen species) is responsible for a number of complications including inflammation, metabolic disorder, cellular aging, reperfusion damage, atherosclerosis, and carcinogenesis.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The present research supports the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in AMD and highlights the role of therapy directed against these risk factors.'], ['METHODS: We analysed concentrations of 14 pro- and anti-inflammatory immune mediators as well as fasting glucose and insulin levels in plasma of 363 women from the Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Aging (SALIA, Germany).'], ['BACKGROUND: Galectin-3, a biomarker associated with fibrosis and inflammation, has been implicated in development and progression of heart failure (HF) and predicts increased mortality and morbidity in this condition.'], ['Aggravation of allergic rhinitis coincides with exacerbation of asthma, whereas treatment of nasal inflammation improves control of the asthma.'], ['The LCPUFA docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid are important components of neuronal membranes, while eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid also affect cardiovascular health and inflammation.', 'These disorders are characterized by impaired cognition and connectivity and both clinical and animal supplementation studies have shown the potential of LCPUFA to decrease neurodegeneration and inflammation.'], ['Other plausible mechanisms underlying the relationship between diet and cognitive decline, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, have been established.'], ['Candidate shared pathways include changes in hormonal milieu, inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage and compromised DNA repair, genetic susceptibility, decreased brain blood flow or disruption of the blood-brain barrier, direct neurotoxicity, decreased telomere length, and cell senescence.'], ['The adaptive immune response is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases contributing to tissue damage, but also plays important roles in resolving inflammation and mediating neuroprotection and repair.'], ['UNLABELLED: Fine structural details of glycans attached to the conserved N-glycosylation site significantly not only affect function of individual immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules but also mediate inflammation at the systemic level.', 'Considering the important role of IgG glycans in inflammation, and because the observed changes with age promote inflammation, changes in IgG glycosylation also seem to represent a factor contributing to aging.'], ['Since aging is associated with a low-grade inflammation and IR (insulin resistance), we aimed to: (i) analyse the concentration of eHSP72 in elderly people and determine correlation with insulin resistance, and (ii) determine the effects of eHSP72 on beta-cell function and viability in human and rodent pancreatic beta-cells.'], ['This review will focus on estrogen and inflammation and its interaction with aging.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we postulate that age-associated biochemical changes may accentuate the inflammation associated with OAB.'], ['Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory disease and it has also been linked to accelerated telomere shortening.', 'We hypothesized that PARP-1 plays a role in accelerated aging in chronic inflammatory diseases due to its role as coactivator of NF-kappab and AP-1.'], ['Increasing evidence suggests that systemic inflammation is associated with many pathophysiological processes including frailty in older adults.'], ['Strong evidence suggests that systemic inflammation and central adiposity contribute to and perpetuate metabolic syndrome.'], ['For those with an e4 allele, the relationship with longitudinal cognitive decline was neither statistically significant nor in a consistent direction after controlling for acute inflammation.'], ['The blood-brain barrier, a highly specialized endothelial layer, is exquisitely sensitive to an inflammatory insult and implicated in the cause of other neurocognitive syndromes also characterized by neuro-inflammation such as cerebral malaria.', 'This review explores the important question of causality - the potential relationship between inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and postoperative cognitive decline.'], ['Given the central role of Tregs in immune homeostasis, age-related loss of Treg function would be predicted to cause excessive immunity, encountered in elderly humans as a syndrome of chronic, smoldering inflammation as well as the age-related increase in the risk for autoimmunity.', 'On the horizon is the potential to develop novel therapeutic interventions that target Tregs to make the elderly more efficient in fighting cancers and infections and dampen the risk for senescence-associated inflammation.'], ['In the light of recent evidence, oral inflammatory diseases may also increase the severity of their cardiovascular condition.'], ['These findings in a limited group of individuals suggest that regular physical endurance activity may play a role in reducing some markers of systemic inflammation, even within the normal range, and in maintaining muscle mass with aging.'], ['Health status was assessed using measures of vigilance, depression, perceived stress, coronary artery disease, diabetes, blood pressure, and inflammation.', 'Blacks were more likely than whites to report short sleep durations (i.e., 6-7 hr vs. >7 hr of sleep) with increasing inflammation levels.'], ['Various common risk factors have been suggested to link vascular calcification and bone loss, including aging, estrogen deficiency, vitamin D and K deficiency, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, smoking, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Secondary outcomes include cognitive (verbal learning, working memory, prospective and retrospective memory, processing speed and attention), mood (depression, anxiety, stress and visual analogue scales), cardiovascular (blood pressure, blood velocity and pulse wave pressure), gastrointestinal microbiota and biochemical measures (oxidative stress, inflammation, B vitamins and Homocysteine, glucoregulation and serum choline).'], ['Chronic inflammation is a common condition in older people, making the measurement of iron status difficult, and it is likely that elevated levels of circulating hepcidin are responsible for changes in iron metabolism that result in systemic iron depletion.'], ['Aberrant angiogenesis and localized inflammation contribute to the formation of CSDH.', 'Atorvastatin is active in promoting angiogenesis and modulating inflammation.'], ['Substantive expression was also seen in a variety of epithelial cells as well as cells known to undergo fusion in inflammation and in normal physiology, including fused macrophages, myocardium and striated muscle.'], ['Factors associated with HAND in HIV patients with prolonged viral suppression on ART include older age, low nadir CD4, active HCV co-infection, and cardiovascular risk factors, but underlying mechanisms and their relationship to innate immune activation, chronic inflammation, and other features of systemic disease are poorly understood.'], ['CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the reduction in ferroportin levels are likely associated with cerebral ischaemia, inflammation, the loss of neurons due to the well-characterised protein misfolding, senile plaque formation and possibly the ageing process itself.'], ['Here we question this assumption by highlighting experimental evidence in support of the alternative hypothesis suggesting that APP and Abeta are part of a neuronal stress/injury system, which is up-regulated to counteract inflammation/oxidative stress-associated neurodegeneration that could be triggered by a brain injury, chronic infections, or a systemic disease.'], ['Remarkably, 90% of the known genes from those 36 most significant genes are associated with either inflammation or immune system activation.', 'This suggests that chronic inflammation and immune system over-activity may underlie the aging process of the human brain, and that potential anti-inflammatory treatments targeting those genes may slow down this process and alleviate its symptoms.'], ['Interventions aimed at reducing chronic inflammation and immune activation in aging, HIV-infected patients may improve their response to vaccines.'], ['Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulates cellular responses to inflammation and aging, and alterations in NF-kappaB signaling underlie the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases.'], ['And human medical evidence suggests a net aggravation of cancer risk from the sequestration of telomerase, because cells with short telomeres are at high risk of neoplastic transformation, and they also secrete cytokines that exacerbate inflammation globally.'], ['Chronic inflammation has been associated with decreased physical function in the elderly and may also influence physical function in HIV-infected individuals.', 'However, it is unclear from this cross-sectional study whether increased inflammation was related to poor physical function or to other factors, such as age and medical comorbidities.'], ['Patented specific oral formulations of non-hydrolyzed carnosine and carcinine provide a powerful manipulation tool for targeted therapeutic inhibition of cumulative oxidative stress and inflammation and protection from telomere attrition associated with smoking.', 'In contrast to this, the data presented in the article show that recommended oral forms of non-hydrolyzed carnosine and carcinine protect against CS-induced disease and inflammation, and synergistic agents with the actions of imidazole-containing dipeptide compounds in developed formulations may have therapeutic utility in inflammatory lung diseases where CS plays a role.'], ['Accumulation of unrepaired CPD lesions causes inflammation, premature ageing and skin cancer.'], ['Unchecked chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and free-radical damage causes proportionate aging and other related diseases/disorders.'], ['The aim of this clinical pilot study was to test the hypothesis that lower limb orthopaedic surgery results in changes to coagulation, non-specific markers of inflammation (primary objective) and selective clinical outcome measures (secondary objective).', 'C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured as markers of non-specific inflammation.', 'Evidence of increased inflammation was demonstrated by an increase in CRP and ESR (P <= 0.05, THR and TKR).'], ['Inflammation, e.g., TNF-alpha, which increases with age, impacts B cells directly by increasing their TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB and leads to the above decreased pathway.'], ['In addition to physical joint damage, there is a strong element of joint inflammation.'], ['Whereas FDG PET/CT imaging has been widely used in periprosthetic infection, it cannot discriminate aseptic from septic inflammation.'], ['Previously, we found that the inflammatory-related transcripts were elevated in growth plate and articular cartilages, indicating that inflammation plays an important role in the chondrocyte disease pathology and may contribute to the overall pain sequelae.', 'Important and novel findings were an increase in inflammatory proteins generally starting at P21 and that exercise exacerbates inflammation.'], ['Crucially, aberrant migration may increase "bystander" tissue damage and heighten inflammation as a result of excess proteinase release during inaccurate chemotaxis, as well as reducing pathogen clearance.', 'We show evidence of increased neutrophil proteinase activity in older adults, namely, raised levels of neutrophil proteinase substrate-derived peptides and evidence of primary granule release, associated with increased systemic inflammation.', 'Targeting PI3K signaling may therefore offer a new strategy in improving neutrophil functions during infections and reduce inappropriate inflammation in older patients.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Systemic low graded inflammation has been identified as a possible biological pathway in late-life depression.'], ['This study examined the association between inflammation and both T2DM and elevated depressive symptoms.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that inflammation is associated with T2DM and elevated depressive symptoms.'], ['Increasing evidence shows that oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, cancer, ageing, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, hypertension, apoptosis, cardiovascular diseases, and heart failure.'], ['AGEs have been proposed to be among the main intermediaries involved in several diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, ovarian aging, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders and PCOS.'], ['Moreover, many authors emphasize the importance of low-grade systemic inflammation as a common pathological mechanism and a possible future therapeutic target.'], ['Apoptosis and inflammation play important roles in AMD pathogenesis.'], ['The mammalian sirtuins (SIRT1-7) are NAD(+)-dependent lysine deacylases that play central roles in cell survival, inflammation, energy metabolism, and aging.', "Members of this family of enzymes are considered promising pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of age-related diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory disorders, and Alzheimer's disease."], ['This ageing-associated basal inflammation, particularly in humans, is thought to be induced by several factors, including the reactivation of latent viral infections and the release of endogenous damage-associated ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).', "This immune dysregulation may affect conditions associated with chronic inflammation, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease."], ['Treatment does not fully restore immune health; as a result, several inflammation-associated or immunodeficiency complications such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are increasing in importance.'], ['BACKGROUND: Adipocyte-fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) is an intracellular lipid transporter that mediates metabolically triggered inflammation, and it is associated with insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk.'], ['Eosinophils release factors that damage the surrounding cells and participate in the maintenance and exacerbation of inflammation.', 'Resolution of eosinophilic inflammation is an important goal in the treatment of allergic asthma.'], ["Human Polynucleotide Phosphorylase (hPNPase(old-35) or PNPT1) is an evolutionarily conserved 3' 5' exoribonuclease implicated in the regulation of numerous physiological processes including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, mtRNA import and aging-associated inflammation.", 'These results provide a comprehensive database of genes responsive to hPNPase(old-35) expression levels; along with the identification new potential candidate genes offering fresh insight into cellular pathways regulated by PNPT1 and which may be used in the future for possible therapeutic intervention in mitochondrial- or inflammation-associated disease phenotypes.'], ['In patients with ischemic diseases, most of the cellular (mainly those involving bone marrow-derived cells and local stem/progenitor cells) and molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of vessel growth and vascular remodeling are markedly impaired by the deleterious microenvironment characterized by fibrosis, inflammation, hypoperfusion, and inhibition of endogenous angiogenic and regenerative programs.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammation is part of the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF).', 'However, little is known about the impact of the presence of systemic inflammatory disease (SID), defined as inflammatory syndrome with constitutional symptoms and involvement of at least two organs as co-morbidity on the clinical course and prognosis of patients with CHF.'], ['BACKGROUND: Previous studies on nonagenarians have widely investigated functional and cognitive decline, falls, predictors of mortality, inflammation and aging genetics.'], ["Beyond this, McCord's career is distinguished for bridging the gap from basic science to clinical relevance by showing the application of SOD and superoxide to human physiology, and characterizing the physiological functions of superoxide in inflammation, immunological chemotaxis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury, among other disease conditions."], ['Consequently, ROS/RNOS imbalance has been implicated in the etiology and/or progression of numerous pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and cancer.'], ['We aimed to investigate telomere length in whole adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes in relation to adiposity, adipocyte hypertrophy and adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['It is likely that the etiology of RD in patients with HF is much more complex than we first thought and represents a matrix of independent, albeit interacting, pathophysiological pathways with effects on both the kidney and the heart that share a common denominator: aging and inflammation.'], ['In addition to traditional risk factors, HAART, chronic inflammation and the virus itself have been suggested to contribute to bone loss in the setting of HIV infection.'], ['Significant systemic inflammation developed in aging Nlrp3 mutant Il18r-null mice, indicating that IL-1 and IL-18 drive pathology at different stages of the disease process.', 'Ongoing inflammation in double-cytokine knockout CAPS mice implicated a role for caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis and confirmed that CAPS is inflammasome dependent.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To examine relationships between eight markers of inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-6 receptor (R), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, TNF receptor 1 (R1), TNFR2, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-18) and incident loss of ability to walk 400 m. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.', 'MEASUREMENTS: The eight inflammatory markers were measured at baseline, and an inflammation score was calculated based on the number of inflammatory markers for which the participant was in the highest quartile.', 'Logistic regression models were used to determine whether each of the inflammatory markers and the inflammation score predicted loss of the ability to walk 400 m at 6-year follow-up.', 'When adjusting for the same covariates, participants with an inflammation score of 3 or 4 were more likely to become unable to walk 400 m at follow-up than participants with a score of 0.', 'CONCLUSION: These results provide additional evidence that inflammation is a factor in the mechanisms that cause incident mobility disability and suggest that a combined measure of inflammatory markers may improve prediction of functional prognosis.'], ["The biological mechanisms of CR's beneficial effects include modifications in energy metabolism, oxidative stress, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, autophagy, neuroendocrine function and induction of hormesis/xenohormesis response."], ['The mechanisms leading to frailty typically involve several systems: mainly hormones, oxidative stress, inflammation, immunity, and vascular system.'], ["Progressively more links are being continuously found between inflammation and central nervous system disorders like AD, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury and even cancers of the nervous tissue.", 'Inflammation has also been implicated in T2DM.', 'Misfolding and fibrillization (of tissue specific and/or non-specific proteins) are features common to both AD and T2DM and are induced by as well as contribute to inflammation and stress (oxidative/ glycation).', 'This review appraises the roles of inflammation and abnormalities in the insulin signaling system as important shared features of T2DM and AD.'], ['Deficiencies of these nutrients may induce dysregulated inflammation and oxidative damage leading to neuropathic pain in patients with herpes zoster.'], ['Unilateral ureteral obstruction causes subacute renal injury characterized by tubular cell injury, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis.', 'Experimental unilateral ureteral obstruction has illustrated the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, inflammation and fibrosis, all three key processes in kidney injury of any cause, thus providing information beyond obstruction.'], ['Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry); nutritional intake (3-day 24-h food recall); and markers of nutrition and inflammation (complete blood count, albumin and C-reactive protein) were also measured.', 'reduced caloric intake, inflammation and greater fat metabolism) may be present in older patients with cancer, along with poorer levels of functional capacity, compared to healthy controls.'], ['Recently, Sirtuins (Sirt1-7), the mammalian homologues of aging-related sir2alpha in yeast, have been shown to modulate several major cellular pathways, such as DNA repair, inflammation, metabolism, cell death, and proliferation in response to diverse stresses, and may serve as a possible molecular link between aging and tumorignenesis.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is known to be associated with systemic inflammation.', 'In the present study, we found longitudinal observational evidence that suggested that increases in systemic inflammation are associated with declines in lung function.'], ['The brain abnormalities encountered in these disorders (demyelination, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death, neuronal migration, differentiation) are described and their pathogenesis are discussed.'], ['Leucine-rich alpha2-glycoprotein (LRG) is a protein induced by inflammation.'], ['T helper (TH) 17 cells have been implicated in the development of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases in humans.', 'This indicates a higher susceptibility to develop inflammatory diseases with increasing age.'], ['In this report we will provide additional insight on the individual features of age-related causes of mobility limitation, explaining why insulin resistance, related to lower muscle functioning, sub-inflammation and hormonal changes, may contribute to its onset and sustain it.'], ['Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the inflammation of medium to large vessels.'], ['Although OA has been regarded primarily as a non-inflammatory arthropathy, symptoms of local inflammation and synovitis are present in many patients and have been observed and even in the absence of classical inflammation, which is characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into joint tissue, elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines have been measured in OA synovial fluid.'], ['BACKGROUND: The importance of chronic inflammation as a determinant of aging phenotypes may have been underestimated in previous studies that used a single measurement of inflammatory markers.', 'We assessed inflammatory markers twice over a 5-year exposure period to examine the association between chronic inflammation and future aging phenotypes in a large population of men and women.', 'INTERPRETATION: Chronic inflammation, as ascertained by repeat measurements, was associated with a range of unhealthy aging phenotypes and a decreased likelihood of successful aging.', 'Our results suggest that assessing long-term chronic inflammation by repeat measurement of interleukin-6 has the potential to guide clinical practice.'], ['Our results demonstrate a novel role for c-Myc in the prevention of vascular pro-inflammatory phenotype, supporting an important physiological function as a central regulator of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The MAR was independently and significantly inversely associated with CRP, suggesting diet is associated with the regulation of inflammation.'], ['We observed no evidence that obesity contributed to a decline in IQ, even among obese individuals who displayed evidence of the metabolic syndrome and/or elevated systemic inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with persistent low-grade inflammation and premature cell senescence, as shown by reduced telomere length (TL).'], ['ASCs from older donors failed to ameliorate the neurodegeneration associated with EAE, and mice treated with older donor cells had increased central nervous system inflammation, demyelination, and splenocyte proliferation in vitro compared with the mice receiving cells from younger donors.'], ['As a consequence of defective innate immune defense, the lungs of COPD smokers are frequently colonized with pathogens and commonly develop bacterial and viral infections, which cause secondary inflammation, a major driver of the disease progression.'], ['Since paracrine action is the main action of MSCs, we examined the anti-inflammatory activity of each MSC under lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation.', 'Using recombinant Ang-1 as potential soluble paracrine factor or its small interference RNA (siRNA), we found that Ang-1 secretion was responsible for this beneficial effect in part by preventing inflammation.'], ['Future longitudinal studies should examine other potential neuroprogressive pathways such as inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, serum anticholinergic burden, and altered neurogenesis.'], ['Ageing is associated with a variety of pathophysiological changes, including development of insulin resistance, progressive decline in beta-cell function and chronic inflammation, all of which affect metabolic homeostasis in response to nutritional and environmental stimuli.'], ['However, recent discoveries have demonstrated the role of chronic systemic inflammation in the development of insulin resistance and subsequent progression to T2D.'], ['Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement is an important noninvasive tool for evaluating eosinophilic inflammation of the airways.'], ['Infection was the most common cause of LR (n = 83, 47.9%; 95% confidence interval, 40.7-55.4), followed by ischemia/stress (27.7%), inflammation (6.9%), and obstetric diagnoses (6.9%).', 'LR was found to have multiple etiologies including infections, stress, inflammation, and obstetric diagnoses.'], ['The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that higher levels of systemic inflammation in a community sample of non-demented subjects older than seventy years of age are associated with reduced diffusion anisotropy in brain white matter and lower cognition.', 'Systemic inflammation was assessed with a composite measure of commonly used circulating inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-alpha).', 'Tract-based spatial statistics analyses demonstrated that diffusion anisotropy in the body and isthmus of the corpus callosum was negatively correlated with the composite measure of systemic inflammation, controlling for demographic, clinical and radiologic factors.', 'Visuospatial ability was negatively correlated with systemic inflammation, and diffusion anisotropy in the body and isthmus of the corpus callosum was shown to mediate this association.', 'The findings of the present study suggest that higher levels of systemic inflammation may be associated with lower microstructural integrity in the corpus callosum of non-demented elderly individuals, and this may partially explain the finding of reduced higher-order visual cognition in aging.'], ['These etiologies are caused primary by cerebral emboli, hypoperfusion, or inflammation that has largely been attributed to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.'], ['Bacopa monniera (EBm), an Indian aquatic herb, has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries for indications related to memory and inflammation.'], ['Vascular calcifications and bone health seem to be etiologically linked via common risk factors such as aging and subclinical chronic inflammation.'], ["Furthermore, we hypothesize that age-related immune dysregulation, which might be a consequence of the age-associated chronic inflammation known as 'inflammaging', significantly contributes to AD pathogenesis."], ['It is plausible to suggest that CC genotype might protect people from chronic inflammation, diseases as well as from oxidative stress and, thus, individuals with CC genotype might be more advantageous for aging as compared to those with CT + TT genotypes.'], ["Over 35 years research on PAKs, RAC/CDC42(p21)-activated kinases, comes of age, and in particular PAK1 has been well known to be responsible for a variety of diseases such as cancer (mainly solid tumors), Alzheimer's disease, acquired immune deficiency syndrome and other viral/bacterial infections, inflammatory diseases (asthma and arthritis), diabetes (type 2), neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, learning disability, autism, etc."], ['An association between poor oral health and an increased risk of ischaemic stroke has been recognised through the oral infection-inflammation pathway.'], ['The NIH project aimed to test the hypothesis that accelerated biologic aging from chronic stress increases baseline inflammation and reduces inflammatory response to trauma (projected n = 150).'], ['Thus, the processes of microvascular rarefaction, adult stem cell dysfunction, and inflammation underlie the cycle of physiological decline that we call aging.'], ['Multiple factors including hormonal imbalance, disruption of cell proliferation, apoptosis, chronic inflammation, and aging are thought to be responsible for the pathophysiology of these diseases.'], ['Additionally, the activation of counter-regulatory signaling pathways leads to chronic metabolic inflammation.'], ['Oxidation of unsaturated lipids generates reactive aldehydes that accumulate in tissues during inflammation, ischemia, or aging.'], ['In the past few years sirtuins have gained growing attention for their involvement in many biological processes such as cellular metabolism, apoptosis, aging and inflammation.'], ['The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the effect on skin wrinkling, of a combination of ingredients reported to influence key factors involved in skin ageing, namely inflammation, collagen synthesis and oxidative/UV stress.'], ['Whether or not CR will extend lifespan in humans is not yet known, but accumulating data indicate that moderate CR with adequate nutrition has a powerful protective effect against obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and reduces metabolic risk factors associated with cancer.'], ['Several studies describing the "natural history" of Peyronie\'s disease (PD) (Chronic Inflammation of the Tunica Albuginea-CITA) showed that untreated patients with PD seem to have spontaneous improvement.'], ['We concluded that the effector functions of phagocytes, determined to be chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst, are deregulated in age-restricted inflammatory disorders and may have a pathogenic role.'], ['Further pathologies included alpha-synucleinopathies (24.9 %), non-Alzheimer tauopathies (23.2 %; including novel forms), TDP-43 proteinopathy (13.3 %), vascular lesions (48.9 %), and others (15.1 %; inflammation, metabolic encephalopathy, and tumours).'], ['Here, we analyze the role of human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA), a bactericidal enzyme induced during acute inflammation, in innate immunity against GBS.'], ['Thus, excessive or chronic inflammation initiated by numerous insults exacerbates tissue damage and - at least in some settings - promotes oncogenesis.'], ['The mechanisms through which diabetes is assumed to promote oncogenesis include insulin resistance and associated hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and inflammation.'], ['The potential ameliorative effect of exercise on these mechanisms include evidence that physical activity is able to stimulate greater NK-cell activity, enhance antigen-presentation, reduce inflammation, and prevent senescent cell accumulation in the elderly.'], ['Fat is redistributed from the subcutaneous to the visceral depot and increased inflammation participates in adipocyte dysfunction.'], ['Their dysfunctions are associated with aging, cancer, obesity, and inflammation.'], ['Epidemiological studies have shown low-grade inflammation measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) to be associated with fracture risk in women.'], ['Monitoring inflammation in the upper airways can be a useful tool for evaluating respiratory diseases in the elderly and in those with concomitant asthma and COPD, a clinical entity not yet fully understood.'], ['LUTD involving the prostate is associated with both ageing and inflammation.', 'Tissue inflammation resulting from ageing, infection, or other inflammatory disease processes (for example, type 2 diabetes mellitus) is epidemiologically associated with the subsequent development of tissue fibrosis in multiple organ systems, including the prostate.'], ['Additionally, melatonin also plays a role in protecting the cholinergic system and in anti-inflammation.'], ['In experimental animals, this potential translates into prevention or improvement of glucose metabolism, anti-inflammation, cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.'], ['Adipose tissue dysfunction with obesity is associated with metabolic disease, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and cancer, whereas calorie restriction (CR) decreases both adiposity and disease risk.'], ['The term cardiometabolic disease encompasses a range of lifestyle-related conditions, including Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), that are characterized by different combinations of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, including dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia/insulin resistance, and vascular inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Shortly after infection, HIV enters the brain and causes widespread inflammation and neuronal damage, which ultimately leads to neuropsychological impairments.'], ['Angiogenesis is a feature of inflammation, but may also contribute independently to progression of FCAVD, possibly by actions of pericytes that are associated with new blood vessels.'], ['Both are characterized by heterogeneous chronic airway inflammation and airway obstruction.', 'In both conditions, chronic inflammation affects the whole respiratory tract, from central to peripheral airways, with different inflammatory cells recruited, different mediators produced, and thus differing responses to therapy.'], ['NAFLD can evolve into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in the presence of oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'Old age seems to favor NAFLD, NASH, and ultimately HCC, in agreement with the inflamm-aging theory, according to which aging accrues inflammation.'], ['We propose that one of the mechanisms of IR is inflammation- and/or stress-induced upregulation of TRP-KYN metabolism in combination with P5P deficiency-induced diversion of KYN-NAD metabolism towards formation of XA and other KYN derivatives affecting insulin activity.', 'Pharmacological regulation of the TRP-KYN and KYN-NAD pathways and maintaining of adequate vitamin B6 status might contribute to prevention and treatment of IR in conditions associated with inflammation/stress-induced excessive production of KYN and deficiency of vitamin B6, e.g., type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, aging, menopause, pregnancy, and hepatitis C virus infection.'], ['DHEAS and IL-6 tracked most closely with function, illustrating that changes in inflammation and sex steroids may play dominant roles in changes of these functional outcomes.'], ['The Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress (MAILES) Study was established in 2009 to investigate the associations of sex steroids, inflammation, environmental and psychosocial factors with cardio-metabolic disease risk in men.'], ['Chronic inflammation is associated with ageing and its related diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).', 'Many studies demonstrate that SIRT1 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in vitro (e.g., fatty acid-induced inflammation), in vivo (e.g., atherosclerosis, sustainment of normal immune function in knock-out mice) and in clinical studies (e.g., patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine the independent effect of long-term physical activity (PA) and the combined effects of long-term PA and weight loss (WL) on inflammation in overweight and obese older adults.', 'MEASUREMENTS: Biomarkers of inflammation (adiponectin, leptin, high-sensitivity interleukin (hsIL)-6, IL-6sR, IL-8, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1) were measured at baseline and 6 and 18 months.'], ['Importantly, we report a secondary genetic response after Otx2 ablation, which largely precedes apoptosis of photoreceptors, involving inflammation and stress genes.'], ['Systemic and tissue inflammation also accelerates skeletal muscle loss, but it is unknown whether inflammation is associated to inactivity-induced muscle atrophy in healthy older adults.', 'TLR4 signaling and cytokine mRNAs associated with pro- and anti-inflammation and anabolism were measured in muscle biopsy samples using Western blot analysis and qPCR.'], ['Interventions able to reduce inflammation-related adverse outcomes at muscle level may be warranted.'], ['Potential contributors include oncogenic effects of the HIV virus, immunosuppression, chronic inflammation and immune activation, exposure to HAART, higher rates of oncogenic viral coinfections and traditional cancer risk factors.'], ['BACKGROUND: Since little is known of airways inflammation in the elderly, we have carried out a study to explore the presence of some inflammatory markers in the airways of healthy subjects of different ages using a non-invasive method which is particularly suitable for aged people.', 'CONCLUSION: This study has shown the presence of age-related airways inflammation in healthy subjects.'], ['Third, those with HIV may have an enhanced susceptibility to harm from polypharmacy due to decreased organ system reserve, chronic inflammation, and ongoing immune dysfunction.'], ["Examples of their application include their use in diabetic patients, as aging drugs, in cancer diseases, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, autoimmune disorders, and also in inflammation."], ['BACKGROUND: Although research has linked systemic inflammation to various diseases of aging, few studies have examined the potential role it may play in the development of age-related hearing impairment.'], ['Mechanistic studies have shown that estrogen modulates injury-induced inflammation, growth factor expression, and oxidative stress in arteries and vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from young women but that these vasoprotective mechanisms are lost in women who are aged and/or deprived of estrogen for prolonged periods of time.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: MR-proADM levels in the elderly integrate information on several relevant aspects in cardiovascular disease, namely cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, low-grade inflammation, renal dysfunction and left-ventricular abnormalities.'], ['However, the existence of T-cell-driven inflammation in human hypertension has not been confirmed.', 'Immunosenescent CD8(+) T cells and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 chemokines are increased in human hypertension, suggesting a role for T-cell-driven inflammation in hypertension.'], ['CONCLUSION: Long-term periodized resistance training prevents aging sarcopenia, decreases body fat and systemic markers of inflammation in postmenopausal elderly women.'], ['In addition, oxidative stress and inflammation are thought to have a role in HFpEF progression, along with endothelial dysfunction and impaired nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G signaling.'], ['Vitamin D deficiency also associates with an early onset of disorders of aging, including hypertension, proteinuria, insulin resistance, immune abnormalities that enhance the propensity for viral and bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and multiple organ damage due to excessive systemic inflammation causing atherosclerosis, vascular stiffness, renal lesions, and impaired DNA-damage responses.'], ['BACKGROUND: Both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a fundamental cell response associated with stress-initiated unfolded protein response (UPR), and loss of Klotho, an anti-aging hormone linked to NF-kappaB-induced inflammation, occur in chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.'], ['Otolaryngologists are most likely to see this symptom in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, and this now appears to be caused more by the mucosal inflammation than by physical airway obstruction.'], ['PURPOSE: HIV-infected patients are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, which may be mediated in part by inflammation.'], ['There were no consistent associations with inflammation in any group.', 'CONCLUSION: VAT and SAT density provide a unique marker of mortality risk that does not appear to be inflammation related.'], ['BACKGROUND: Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of general systemic inflammation.', 'It has been suggested that inflammation may have a role in osteoporosis and subsequent fracture risk.'], ['Quite interestingly, in this cohort of frail aged patients from South Italy the balance between inflammation (IL-17) and anti-inflammation (IL-10) was preserved, thus suggesting that the Mediterranean diet might have been involved in the observed effects.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal structural lesions in AMD and the importance of blood markers in early detection of oxidative stress and thus of retinal lesions in this disease.'], ['Telomere shortening is a hallmark of aging and has been associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and chronic somatic, as well as psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and depression.'], ['RAGE binds a broad repertoire of extracellular ligands and mediates responses to stress conditions by activating multiple signal transduction pathways being mostly responsible for acute and/or chronic inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Individual measurements of inflammation have been utilized to assess adverse outcomes risk in older adults with varying degrees of success.', 'This study was designed to identify biologically informed, aggregate measures of inflammation for optimal risk assessment and to inform further biological study of inflammatory pathways.', 'METHODS: In total, 15 nuclear factor-kappa B-mediated pathway markers of inflammation were first measured in baseline serum samples of 1,155 older participants in the InCHIANTI population.', 'A weighted summary score, the first principal component summary score, and an inflammation index score were developed from these five log-transformed inflammatory markers, and their prediction of 10-year all-cause mortality was evaluated in Cardiovascular Health Study and then validated in InCHIANTI.', 'RESULTS: The inflammation index score that included interleukin-6 and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor-1 was the best predictor of 10-year all-cause mortality in Cardiovascular Health Study, after adjusting for age, sex, education, race, smoking, and body mass index (hazards ratio = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.54, 1.70) compared with all other single and combined measures.', 'The inflammation index score was also the best predictor of mortality in the InCHIANTI validation study (hazards ratio 1.33; 95% CI: 1.17-1.52).', 'Stratification by sex and CVD status further strengthened the association of inflammation index score with mortality.', 'CONCLUSION: A simple additive index of serum interleukin-6 and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor-1 best captures the effect of chronic inflammation on mortality in older adults among the 15 biomarkers measured.'], ['Inhibition of platelet aggregation by nitric oxide (primary outcome measure), vascular endothelial function, plasma concentrations of N(G), N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA), endothelial progenitor cell count, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation) were assessed.'], ['We show for the first time that human aging is associated with muscle inflammation susceptibility (i.e., higher basal state of proinflammatory signaling) that is present in both tissue and isolated myogenic cells and likely contributes to the impaired regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle in the older population.'], ['The possible influence of CRT on the inflammation state related to chronic HIV infection was also examined.', 'Level of serological inflammation biomarkers including IL-6, hsPCR, and D-dimers were measured.', 'No differences were found between R5 and X4 patients regarding inflammation marker levels including Il-6, hsPCR and D-dimers.', 'CRT does not seem to influence the inflammation rate of patients aging with HIV.'], ['BACKGROUND: Levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-creative protein (CRP) indicating systemic inflammation are known to be elevated in chronic diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and depression.', 'High IL-6, high CRP and depressive symptoms were independently associated with decreased FEV1% predicted and FEV1/FVC% predicted after adjusting for smoking status, BMI and number of chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['The most prominent of those-resveratrol-has been shown to impair or delay cardiovascular alterations, cancer, inflammation, aging, etc.'], ['Many factors contribute to the etiology of depression and dementia, being inflammation one of those.'], ['Arterial telomere dysfunction may contribute to chronic arterial inflammation by inducing cellular senescence and subsequent senescence-associated inflammation.', 'In skeletal muscle feed arteries from 104 younger, middle-aged, and older adults, we assessed the potential role of age-related telomere uncapping in arterial inflammation.'], ['In older patients, genes associated with cartilage and skeletal development and extracellular matrix synthesis were repressed, while those involved in immune response, inflammation, cell cycle, and cellular proliferation were stimulated.'], ['In addition, it has become more apparent that accelerated telomere erosion is associated with a myriad of metabolic and inflammatory diseases.'], ['These results demonstrated that local application of H(H2O)m may prevent UV-induced skin inflammation and can modulate intrinsic skin aging and photoaging processes.'], ['Many new studies suggest a role for SMC MR activation in stimulating vascular contraction and contributing to vessel inflammation, fibrosis, and remodeling.'], ['A subgroup analysis on cases whose skin biopsy specimens showed a pattern of inflammation that is conventionally thought to be associated with eczematous drug eruptions (ie, eczematous and interface dermatitis) was also performed.'], ['Significant gene list was further analysed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and the Normalized Enrichment Score (NES) showed that biological processes such as inflammation, protein transport, apoptosis, and cell redox homeostasis were modulated in senescent fibroblasts treated with gamma -tocotrienol.'], ['Although associations with BMD remain unaffected, this might imply for a reevaluation of previous association studies between immunoassay E2 levels and inflammation-related outcomes.'], ['The clycoxygenase (COX) enzyme forms locally active prostaglandins responsible for producing inflammation and pain.'], ['BACKGROUND: The outcomes of colorectal cancer are determined by host factors, including systemic inflammation.', 'The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of fibrinogen and inflammation-based scores, as markers of the inflammatory response, in colon cancer.', 'None of the inflammation-based scores were significantly associated with survival.'], ['Secondly, on the basis of our recent findings on the interactions between smoking and aging in patients with asthma, we propose that IgE/eosinophilic inflammation should not be underestimated in elderly smokers with asthma, particularly those who are atopic.'], ['Muscle cell-conditioned medium promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis, thereby suggesting a possible decrease in the cellular aging and death that typically accompanies cartilage inflammation.'], ['Recently, complement activation and chronic inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD.', 'While AGEs have been shown to promote inflammation in other diseases, whether it plays a similar role in AMD is not known.', 'The main categories were inflammation (interferon-induced, immune response) and proteasome degradation, followed by caspase signaling.', 'Pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL4, IL15 and IFN-gamma were overexpressed, while other pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL8, MCP1, IP10 were underexpressed after AGE stimulation, suggesting a para-inflammation state of the RPE under these conditions.', 'The pathways and novel genes identified here highlight inflammation as a key response to AGE stimulation in primary culture of human RPE, and identify chemokine CXCL11 as putative novel agent associated with the pathogenesis of AMD.'], ['Ghrelin affects multiple key pathways in the regulation of body weight, body composition, and appetite in the setting of cachexia that may lead to an increase in appetite and growth hormone secretion and a reduction in energy expenditure and inflammation.'], ['This common signature consisted of three key pathways typically associated with longevity: IGF-1/insulin signaling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and inflammation.'], ['Mechanisms responsible for delayed aging of GH-related mutants include enhanced stress resistance and xenobiotic metabolism, reduced inflammation, improved insulin signaling, and various metabolic adjustments.'], ['PURPOSE: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with inflammation and a prothrombotic state; however, it is still unclear whether this is independent of ageing and comorbidity.'], ['On multivariate analyses there was no significant relationship between SBP and (1) wall-motion score index (as an index of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction) or (2) T2 enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and peak N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (as indices of myocardial inflammation).', 'Importantly, initial hypotension does not imply severe left ventricular inflammation or systolic dysfunction.'], ['While the biological role of methylation has been the most extensively characterized of the arginine PTMs, recent advances have shown that the once obscure modification known as citrullination is involved in the onset and progression of inflammatory diseases and cancer.'], ['Curcumin engenders a diverse profile of biological actions that result in changes in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell-death pathways.'], ['Despite the increasing insight in the mechanisms involved in the arterial wall inflammation, the events that lead to eventual occlusion of the vessels lumen are unknown.'], ['Furthermore, Pim1 overexpression, in combination with the hormone treatment, increased inflammation surrounding target tissues leading to pyelonephritis in transgenic animals.', 'Analysis of senescence induced in these prostatic lesions showed that the lesions induced in the presence of inflammation exhibited different behavior than those induced in the absence of inflammation.', 'While high grade prostate preneoplastic lesions, mPIN grades III and IV, in the presence of inflammation did not show any senescence markers and demonstrated high levels of Ki67 staining, untreated animals without inflammation showed senescence markers and had low levels of Ki67 staining in similar high grade lesions.'], ['BACKGROUND: The relationships of inflammation, immune activation, and immunosenescence markers with functional impairment in aging human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons are unknown.', 'Markers of inflammation, T-cell activation, microbial translocation, immunosenescence, and immune recovery were used to estimate functional status in conditional logistic regression.', 'Interventions to decrease immune activation and inflammation should be evaluated for their effects on physical function and frailty.'], ['The high prevalence of pruritus in elderly patients is attributed in part to the decline in the normal physiology of the advanced aging skin, and reflects poor hydration, impaired skin barrier, and altered neural function, all ultimately contributing to inflammation and pruritus.'], ['In humans there are seven Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) that are implicated in various physiological processes including aging and age-related disorders such as neoplasms, cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammation.'], ['We tested the hypothesis that COPD patients, even in those with mild-to-moderate airflow obstruction, are affected by systemic inflammation associated with abnormal renal functional reserve.', 'CONCLUSIONS: A greater impairment in renal functional reserve of COPD patients was correlated with more severe airway obstruction and inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: The concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of systemic inflammation, is determined by genetic, clinical and demographic factors including gender, smoking and body mass index (BMI).', 'Age should be routinely incorporated in the assessment of CRP response to avoid misinterpretation of age-related delay in CRP clearance with ongoing systemic inflammation.'], ['Cardiovascular disease risk may be increased in this population, with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and chronic inflammation associated with HIV, contributing to increased risk.', 'Chronic inflammation and cART have been independently implicated in bone disease.'], ['To evaluate the potential links between inflammation and breast cancer, levels of urinary prostaglandin E metabolite (PGE-M), a stable end metabolite of PGE2, were quantified.', 'On the basis of the current findings, PGE-M is likely to be a useful biomarker for the selection of high-risk subgroups to determine the use of interventions that aim to reduce inflammation and possibly the development and progression of breast cancer, especially in overweight and obese women.'], ['GDF-15 concentrations increase with aging, and these changes are explained only partially by cardiovascular risk factors, indicators of neurohumoral activation and inflammation, and renal function.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Increasing omega-3 fatty acid (FA) intake, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is associated with numerous health benefits; however, the benefits on inflammation appear to vary depending on the study population examined.', 'While improvements in inflammatory status have been reported in the elderly, there is less evidence regarding the effects of fish oil supplementation on inflammation in young adults.', 'This suggests that fish oil supplementation does have significant benefits in young healthy adults and that specific omega-6-derived eicosanoids can help to further our understanding regarding the beneficial link between omega-3 FA and inflammation.'], ['Subclinical injury or inflammation may play a role as possible causative factors for the development of the pigmentation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation plays an important role on development and progression of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) through immunologic inflammatory mechanisms.', 'Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a new, simple and cheap marker of subclinical inflammation.', 'NLR has recently been used as a systemic inflammation marker in chronic diseases as well as a predictor of prognosis in cardiovascular diseases and malignancies.'], ['Inflammation was assessed by measuring intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression.'], ['Newer and potentially exciting benefits of exercise are discussed in the areas of neuroscience and inflammation where data are suggesting positive effects of exercise in maintaining memory and cognition as well as having beneficial antiinflammatory effects.'], ['Uraemia causes inflammation and reduces immune system function as evidenced by an increased risk of viral-associated cancers, increased susceptibility to infections and decreased vaccination responses in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).', 'The substantially increased risk of atherosclerosis in these patients is also probably related to uraemia-associated inflammation.', 'These cells might contribute to inflammation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, and have, therefore, been identified as novel nonclassical cardiovascular risk factors.', 'The cellular composition of the immune system does not normalize after successful kidney transplantation despite a rapid reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: This first-in-man study of [11C]-NE40 showed an expected biodistribution compatible with lymphoid tissue uptake and appropriate fast brain kinetics in the healthy human brain, underscoring the potential of this tracer for further application in central and peripheral inflammation imaging.'], ['We hypothesized that AMP patients would display a pro-inflammatory adipokine signature, and that certain clinical conditions (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, high BMI, uremia) would independently drive elevated adipose inflammation.'], ['Our data show that frailty and mortality rate were positively associated with chronic inflammation and with a down-regulation of multiple endocrine factors.', 'The concomitant elevation of markers of inflammation, associated with a simultaneous reduction in multiple metabolic and hormonal factors, predicts mortality in hospitalized elderly patients.'], ['Likewise, postinjury changes in serum and intramuscular indices of inflammation (e.g., TNF-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and angiogenesis (e.g., VEGF and kinase insert domain receptor) did not differ significantly between groups.'], ['Oxidative stress is a widely recognized cause of cell death associated with neurodegeneration, inflammation, and aging.'], ['Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are widely used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with several diseases.'], ['In this review, we focus on the coordination between autophagy and other physiological processes, including the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), energy homeostasis, aging, programmed cell death, the immune responses, microbial invasion and inflammation.'], ['Thus, TRPV channels may be important drug targets to inhibit or restore the cellular stress response in diseases with defective cellular proteins, such as cancer, inflammation and aging.'], ['At least in experimental models so far, resveratrol prevents infections, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.'], ['BACKGROUND: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes various forms of acute and chronic skin damage, including immunosuppression, inflammation, premature aging and photodamage.'], ['In addition, SIRT1 regulates insulin secretion, and adiponectin production, inflammation, gluconeogenesis, circadian rhythms and oxidative stress, which together contribute to the development of insulin resistance.'], ['SP suppressed the inflammation marker tumour necrosis factor-alpha in spleen tissue.', 'These results suggest that major dietary proteins might affect infection and inflammation by L. monocytogenes.'], ['Plasma cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) has recently emerged as a potential biomarker of aging, reflecting systemic inflammation, and cell death.', 'We identified the relationships between these cf-DNA species and age-associated inflammation, immunosenescence, and frailty.', 'In the nonagenarians, higher levels of total and unmethylated cf-DNAs were associated with systemic inflammation and increased frailty.', 'The mtDNA copy number was also directly correlated with increased frailty but not with inflammation.'], ["DESIGN: We compared markers of immunosenescence, naive T cells, activation, and inflammation in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from antiretroviral-treated participants with new-onset Kaposi's sarcoma (cases, n = 19) and from treated individuals without Kaposi's sarcoma (controls, n = 47)."], ['Serenoa Repens reduces inflammation and decreases in vivo the androgenic support to prostatic cell growth.'], ['Inflammation is clearly involved in the pathogenesis of DEDs, and there is mounting evidence on the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPUFAs).', 'METHODS: We used a prospective study to address the relationship between risk factors, clinical outcomes, and expression levels of inflammation and immune response (IIR) mediators in human reflex tear samples.'], ['Physical exercise may attenuate age-related chronic inflammation and improve physical performance.', 'This study evaluated the interaction between the SNP rs1800629 in TNF-alpha, rs1800795 in IL6, and rs1800896 in IL10 and the effect of physical exercise on physical performance and inflammation in elderly women.'], ['Inflammation because it is also linked to oxidant stress, aging, and chronic disease also plays an important role in understanding the clinical implications of oxidant stress and relevant markers.', 'Much attention has focused on identifying specific markers of oxidative stress and inflammation that could be measured in easily accessible tissues and fluids (lymphocytes, plasma, serum).', 'We highlight DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid oxidation as measures of oxidative stress, as well as other well-characterized markers of oxidative damage and inflammation and discuss their strengths and limitations.'], ['Multiple theories exist, including contribution from baseline pathology, medications, surgical inflammation, and environment.'], ['Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) dominate within the peritoneal cavity and thus play a central role in a variety of intraperitoneal processes, including the transport of water and solutes, inflammation, host response, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline.'], ['BACKGROUND: The severity and longevity of inflammation is controlled by endogenous counter-regulatory signals.', 'Among them are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-derived lipid mediators, which promote the resolution of inflammation, an active process for returning to tissue homeostasis.'], ['Higher gingival index, a measure of gingival inflammation, at Year 2 remained independently associated with this definition of cognitive impairment and, in fully adjusted analyses, was also an independent predictor of a more-than-5-point cognitive decline from Year 3 to 5.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Obesity has been shown to produce a state of systematic low-grade inflammation that may have detrimental neuropsychiatric effects.', 'DESIGN AND METHODS: Longitudinal associations between obesity, inflammation, and depressive symptoms amongst a cohort of older English adults over 4 years of follow-up were examined.', 'CONCLUSION: These data suggest that chronic inflammation may be a key determinant of depressive symptoms in obesity.'], ['Inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is thought to originate from the activation of innate immunity by a danger signal (first hit), although this mechanism does not readily explain why the inflammation becomes chronic.', 'Here, we propose a two-hit hypothesis explaining why inflammation becomes chronic in patients with COPD.', 'A more severe degree of inflammation exists in the lungs of patients who develop COPD than in the lungs of healthy smokers, and the large amounts of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species released from inflammatory cells are likely to induce DNA double-strand breaks (second hit) in the airways and pulmonary alveolar cells, causing apoptosis and cell senescence.', 'This vicious cycle, characterised by mutually reinforcing inflammation and DNA damage, may cause the inflammation in COPD patients to become chronic.', 'Our hypothesis helps explain why COPD tends to occur in the elderly, why the inflammation worsens progressively, why inflammation continues even after smoking cessation, and why COPD is associated with lung cancer.'], ['In fact, oxidative stress status, chronic disease-related inflammation, and cancer occurred in the aging population are tightly correlated.', 'It is well known that the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) plays important roles in oxidative stress, inflammation, and carcinogenesis.', 'Therefore, targeting NF-kappaB is an important preventive or therapeutic strategy against oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer.'], ['Cancer-related behavioral comorbidities such as fatigue, sleep disturbances, depression have also been associated with inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation and other neuroendocrine changes.', 'Notably, TRH administration was associated with decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, a marker of inflammation.'], ['These findings offer support for a novel mechanism by which a SPI1/PU.1-S100a9 axis sustains chronic inflammation during aging.'], ['There have been major advances in the understanding of mechanisms that contribute to nigral dopaminergic cell death, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, altered protein handling, and inflammation.'], ['It is also associated with markers of inflammation and may thus reflect physiologic frailty.'], ['Sirtuins are involved in cellular pathways related to skin structure and function, including aging, ultraviolet-induced photoaging, inflammation, epigenetics, cancer, and a variety of cellular functions including cell cycle, DNA repair and proliferation.'], ['Here we review data on the ability of short-term DR to induce beneficial effects on clinically relevant endpoints including surgical stress, inflammation, chemotherapy and insulin resistance.'], ['Implanted, injected, and blood-contact biomaterials trigger a wide variety of adverse reactions, including inflammation, thrombosis, and excessive fibrosis.'], ['METHODS: During Swedish national conscription tests from 1969 through 1978, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, as a measure of inflammation, was measured in 433,577 young Swedish men.'], ['It is widely hypothesized that the tissue response to the electrodes, including inflammation, limits their longevity.'], ['The most important changes which may decrease the immune response efficiency are the changes in T cell functions and phenotypes, concomitant with the presence of a low-grade inflammation.'], ['It is well established that oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis play critical roles in pathogenesis of AMD.', 'Here we show that mice lacking c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) exhibit decreased inflammation, reduced CNV, lower levels of choroidal VEGF, and impaired choroidal macrophage recruitment in a murine model of wet AMD (laser-induced CNV).', 'These results suggest that JNK1 plays a key role in linking oxidative stress, inflammation, macrophage recruitment apoptosis, and VEGF production in wet AMD and pharmacological JNK inhibition offers a unique and alternative avenue for prevention and treatment of AMD.'], ["Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by chronic inflammation of exocrine glands that results in development of xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca."], ['We previously demonstrated that angiopoietin-like protein 2 (Angptl2), a pro-inflammatory factor secreted by adipose tissue, promotes adipose tissue inflammation and subsequent systemic insulin resistance in obesity.', 'Conversely, vascular inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia after endovascular injury were significantly attenuated in wild-type mice transplanted with Angptl2(-/-) mouse-derived perivascular adipose tissue compared to wild-type mice transplanted with wild-type tissue.', 'Overall, our studies demonstrate that perivascular adipose tissue-secreted Angptl2 accelerates vascular inflammation and the subsequent CVD development.'], ['Inflammation represents a pathological situation with clear connections to metabolism and aging in humans, raising the possibility that sirtuins may also play an important role during a normal and/or a pathological immune response.', 'These observations will be summarized herein and the possible strategies that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to treat inflammation briefly discussed.'], ["The results were consistent with our hypothesis and supported that the brains' functional connectivity in elderly people may be modulated by genetic polymorphism associated with local inflammation processes."], ['In this context, research employing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MR spectroscopy) suggests a possible link between structural/functional anomalies in the brain and an increase of circulating inflammation markers.'], ['Therefore, it appears that the inflammation tends to subside with age in elderly patients with long-standing UC.'], ['Collaborative studies suggested that both activating and inhibitory KIR and functionally relevant MBL2 haplotypes are important factors for control of CMV infection in the elderly and therefore for chronic low-grade inflammation.'], ['Anemia and inflammation do not appear to explain the relationship between MCV and cognition.'], ['Finally, this Lactobacillus strain reduced inflammation in a murine model of colitis.'], ['XO is a critical source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to vascular inflammation.', 'As febuxostat inhibits both oxidized and reduced forms of the enzyme, it inhibits the ROS formation and the inflammation promoted by oxidative stress.', 'XO serum levels are significantly increased in various pathological states such as inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion or aging and that XO-derived ROS formation is involved in oxidative damage.', 'Thus, it may be possible that the inhibition of this enzymatic pathway by febuxostat would be beneficial for the vascular inflammation.'], ['We previously unrevealed that anti-inflammatory activity of AzA involves a specific activation of PPARgamma, a nuclear receptor that plays a relevant role in inflammation and even in ageing processes.'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with increased local inflammation and resultant proteolysis in skeletal muscle.', 'In animal models, soy supplementation is a beneficial countermeasure against muscle inflammation and proteolysis; however, the effect on aging humans is not clear.', 'The expression of inflammation-responsive (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6) and proteolytic (calpain 1, calpain 2, ubiquitin, E2, atrogin-1, muRF-1) genes in skeletal muscle was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction before and after supplementation, and then after a downhill run performed to elicit muscle damage.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Soy or dairy milk supplementation at the amount ingested for 28 days does not appear to preferentially inhibit the expression of inflammation-responsive and proteolytic genes that were assessed, and does not attenuate the eccentric exercise-induced up-regulation in the proteolytic genes.'], ['Chronic infection may induce persistent inflammation of the tissue and secondarily, a cancerization process within a few years.'], ['In vivo, HUCB-derived CD4+ cells increased NSC proliferation at both 1 and 2 weeks while also enhancing the density of dendritic spines at 1 week and decreasing inflammation at 2 weeks postinjection.'], ["The most 'famed' causes include trauma, inflammation, aging, parafunctional habits, infections, neoplasms, and stress; and these are always considered in the differential diagnosis of TMJ pain."], ['Several mechanisms of aging, including oxidative stress, inflammation and telomere shortening have been shown to be implicated in COPD.'], ['In the elderly, anemia is usually of multifactorial origin, including chronic inflammation, chronic kidney disease, nutrient deficiencies and iron deficiency (approximately two-thirds of all cases).'], ['Inflammation and calcification are believed to have a key role but until recently the relative contributions of these processes at the different stages of the disease process were unknown.', 'Recent studies have suggested that combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) is a feasible and reproducible method for measuring the degree of inflammation and calcification in the valves of patients with aortic stenosis.'], ['cancer, infections and inflammation).'], ['Changes in redox homeostasis can also potentiate the accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts, resulting in defects in protein processing and function as well as a further increase in inflammation.'], ['A myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or another BM disorder, but also an overt autoimmune or other inflammatory disease, may develop during follow-up in these patients.'], ['Several epidemiological studies have reported conflicting results on the effect of traffic-related pollutants on markers of inflammation.', 'In a Bayesian framework, we examined the effect of traffic pollution on inflammation using structural equation models (SEMs).', 'Using repeated measures SEMs, we fit a latent variable for traffic pollution that is reflected by levels of black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide to estimate its effect on a latent variable for inflammation that included sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and CRP.', 'Traffic pollution was related to increased inflammation for 3-, 7-, 14- and 30-day exposure periods.', 'An inter-quartile range increase in traffic pollution was associated with a 2.3% (95% posterior interval (PI): 0.0-4.7%) increase in inflammation for the 3-day moving average, with the most significant association observed for the 30-day moving average (23.9%; 95% PI: 13.9-36.7%).', 'Traffic pollution adversely impacts inflammation in the elderly.'], ['The circulating white blood cell (WBC) count has been considered a good biomarker of systemic inflammation, but the predictive value of this inexpensive and universally obtained test result has not been fully explored in the elderly.'], ['Zebrafish embryos, which were exposed to the sterilizer, showed early death with acute inflammation and attenuated developmental speed.', 'In conclusion, the sterilizers showed acute toxic effect in blood circulation system, causing by severe inflammation, atherogenesis, and aging, with embryo toxicity.'], ['Multivariate analysis showed that old age, multi-vessel involvement, high levels of inflammation, diabetes and MetS were associated with 1-year composite MACE in patients with renal insufficiency.'], ['CONCLUSION: A. membranaceus is a candidate for use in skin protection from UVB-induced skin inflammation and photoageing.'], ['This paper reviews some attractive aspects of the literature about the mechanisms of inflammation in AMD, especially focusing on those findings or arguments more directly translatable to improve the clinical management of patients with AMD and to prevent the severe vision loss caused by this disease.'], ['The most common potential causes of anemia were inflammation, severe renal impairment, severe malnutrition, and iron deficiency; each of these causes was found in at least one-third of patients with anemia.'], ["In this review, several major issues related to CR's anti-aging mechanisms are discussed by highlighting the importance of modulating deleterious chronic inflammation at molecular levels and the impact of epigenetic chromatin and histone modifications by CR at the ultimate control sites of gene expression."], ['Instead, these outcomes seem to derive more consistently from a factor almost unexamined in the literature--chronic inflammation, arguably a biological "weathering" mechanism induced by these men\'s cumulative and multi-dimensional stress.'], ['Large epidemiological studies have reported an association between shorter telomere length in peripheral leukocytes and several inflammatory diseases of the elderly including diabetes, atherosclerosis and, recently, periodontitis.', 'DESIGN: A narrative literature review was performed to report evidence relating shorter telomeres to the ageing process and inflammation.', 'RESULTS: Although these associations suggest a possible role of telomere attrition in the onset or evolution of chronic inflammatory diseases, only two studies addressed the relationship between telomere length and periodontitis.', 'However, further evidence is needed to confirm whether inflammation is the cause or the consequence of the shorter leukocyte telomere length observed in people with periodontitis.'], ["OBJECTIVES: Studies have reported associations between the five-factor model's personality traits and inflammation markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP).", 'Body mass index mediated some (14%-18%) of the conscientiousness-inflammation association, whereas common health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity did not significantly mediate the personality trait-inflammatory marker association.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The findings add some support to accumulating evidence for low conscientiousness being linked to higher levels of inflammation and poorer general health.'], ['Chronic oxidative stress, inflammation and accumulation of protein-rich deposits both in the retinal pigment epithelium lysosomes and under the retinal pigment epithelium herald the onset of AMD.'], ['Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered to be the major mediators of the allostatic load, and has been shown to correlate with telomere erosion in the leucocytes of MDD patients, leading to the model of accelerated aging.'], ['In the field of asthma and rhinitis, the relationship between airway inflammation and airway dysfunction was of perennial interest to investigators, as were phenotypes and biomarkers.', 'The mechanisms involved in allergic disease describe advances in our understanding of T cell responses, the relationship between inflammation and disease, mast cell and basophil activation, steroid resistance and novel therapies.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationships between physical function, systemic inflammation, and nutrient intake in elderly adults who are deconditioned or recovering from medical illness.', 'RESULTS: Changes in physical function between admission and discharge were positively correlated with change in nutrient intake and inversely correlated with inflammation at admission and its change.', 'CONCLUSION: Protein intake and inflammation are significantly correlated with functional recovery for aging individuals undergoing recuperative care and rehabilitation.'], ['Fibrosis can generally be regarded as an errant wound-healing process in response to chronic inflammation, and several studies have shown that the aging prostate tissue microenvironment is rich with inflammatory cells and proteins.'], ['Importantly, these developmental patterns of innate cytokine responses correlate with clinical patterns of susceptibility to disease: A heightened risk of suffering from excessive inflammation is often detected in prematurely born infants, disappears over the first few months of life, and reappears toward the end of life.'], ['We also summarise the evidence linking immunosenescence, inflammation and endocrine changes to frailty and investigate whether targeted drug therapy has the potential to influence frailty pathophysiology.'], ['Pathophysiologically, the immune dysfunction, telomere attrition and the presence of low-grade inflammation in uremic patients also show parallels with the aging process.'], ['Little is known about either the effects of acute ROS in necrosis and inflammation of skin or the therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Inflamm-ageing, defined as the chronic low-grade inflammation typical of ageing, seems to be the common biological factor responsible for the decline and the onset of disease in the elderly.', 'Among the inflammation modulators, gut microbiota and nutrition should be exploited as potential powerful tools to promote healthy ageing and to extend the lifespan in humans.'], ['These findings suggest that PEDF accelerated the recovery of tear secretion and also prevented neurotrophic keratouveitis and vitreoretinal inflammation.'], ['Authors draw attention to possibility of other etiological agents for BCC like local trauma, ageing, ionizing radiation, arsenic, chronic inflammation, and immune deficiency.'], ['This balance can be disrupted by agents/mechanisms in the extracellular milieu that induce excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation.', 'Cytopathic advanced glycation endproducts, present in ever increasing amounts in the modern diet, are one of the major environmental factors that cause excess ROS and/or inflammation at all ages and induce complications in aging, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes.', 'Increased ROS and/or inflammation are present in both aging and CKD, and are associated with reduced cellular defenses against ROS and/or inflammation.', 'Thus, new methods are urgently needed to safely reduce ROS and/or inflammation in the aging type 2 diabetes patient with CKD.', 'Studies of both normal aging and diabetic patients with kidney disease underline the fact that increased ROS and/or inflammation can be managed in these conditions by economical, safe, and effective interventions that reduce the uptake of advanced glycation endproducts by either modifying preparation of food or an oral drug.', 'This communication reviews these data and adds new information on the efficacy of a drug, sevelamer carbonate, required to reduce ROS and/or inflammation in the aging type 2 diabetes patient complicated by CKD.'], ['BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and functional limitation have been linked, but whether and how specific components of MetS and associated factors, such as inflammation, drive this relationship is unknown.', 'Effect estimates between MetS and gait speed, and components of the Health ABC PPB (standing balance and repeated sit-to-stand performance) were modestly attenuated after adjustment for inflammation.'], ['Biopsy samples from 18 patients (33%) showed nearly normal histology with no inflammation, fibrosis, or steatosis.', 'Portal inflammation was detected in 14 samples (26%), showed no correlation with anti-nuclear antibodies, and was less frequent in the 35 patients whose immunosuppression included steroids (14% versus 47% of patients not using steroids, P = 0.008).', 'The fibrosis stage correlated negatively with serum prealbumin levels (r = -0.364, P = 0.007) and positively with chronic cholestasis (cytokeratin 7 staining; r = 0.529, P < 0.001) and portal inflammation (r = 0.350, P = 0.01).'], ['Carbonylation of the protein amino, guanidine, and thiol groups with alpha-oxoaldehydes (which are produced in higher quantities in diabetes, uremia, oxidative stress, aging, and inflammation) is one of the important causes of vascular complications.'], ['Vascular mechanisms assessed using antemortem magnetic resonance neuroimaging and postmortem neuropathology, as well as nonvascular mechanisms of inflammation and blood-brain barrier permeability alterations will be examined as plausible mediators of the relation of aPL to cognitive and motor impairment.'], ['Altered MtDNA levels may contribute to enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation and could play a pathogenic role in mitochondrial dysfunction and disease.'], ['CONCLUSION: Aging does not promote the development of hepatic steatosis but leads to increased hepatocellular injury and inflammation that may be due in part to sensitization to the Fas death pathway and increased M1 macrophage polarization.'], ['Moreover, being involved in different mechanisms which concur in counteracting inflammation, such as down-regulation of inflammation-associated genes and improvement of colonic mucosa conditions, probiotics have the potentiality to be involved in the promotion of longevity.'], ['Inflammation enhances the secretion of sphingomyelinases (SMases).', 'In erythrocytes, ceramide formation leads to exposure of the removal signal phosphatidylserine (PS), creating a potential link between SMase activity and anemia of inflammation.', 'Understanding these processes is highly relevant for understanding anemia during chronic inflammation, especially in critically ill patients receiving blood transfusions.'], ['In the present article, we hypothetically suggest a pharmacologic form of treatment with statins, beta-adrenergic blocker agents, and/or angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blockers to inhibit or slow down IA formation, taking into consideration some pathophysiological aspects related to aneurysmal development, such as: hemodynamic stress, arterial wall inflammation, nitric oxide formation, and atheromatous disease.'], ['Hepcidin, an important regulator of iron homeostasis, is suggested to be causally related to anemia of inflammation.', 'Significantly higher hepcidin levels were found in participants with anemia of inflammation (P<0.01), in participants with anemia of kidney disease (P=0.01), and in participants with unexplained anemia (P=0.01) than in participants without anemia.', 'In conclusion, older persons with anemia of inflammation have higher hepcidin levels than their counterparts without anemia.'], ['These findings indicate that chronic CMV infection alters the response of aged CD4+ T cells to IL-12 resulting in an increased secretion of IL-21 and that aging affects Tfh cell responses in humans which may contribute to age-associated inflammation and immune dysfunctions.'], ['Being cell senescence, somatic DNA damage and inflammation three supposed key processes in human aging, and observing that several intracellular mechanisms normally controlling the activation of retroelements show a tendency to fade at late ages, a possible role of endogenous retroelements in organismal senescence is taken in consideration.'], ['COPD is characterized by an abnormal persistent inflammatory response to noxious environmental stimuli and there are increasing evidences for a close relationship between premature aging and chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['Decreased adiponectin may be a surrogate marker of the pathological process in AD, linking clinical comorbidities, inflammation and cognitive dysfunction.'], ['Recent profiling research in human or mouse models suggests that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in AD, and these have been implicated in the regulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide, tau, inflammation, cell death, and other aspects which are the main pathomechanisms of AD.'], ['Recent research has implicated inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of a wide range of chronic degenerative diseases, although inflammation has long been recognized as a critical line of defense against infectious disease.', 'However, current scientific understandings of the links between chronic low-grade inflammation and diseases of aging are based primarily on research in high-income nations with low levels of infectious disease and high levels of overweight/obesity.', 'The human immune system is characterized by substantial developmental plasticity, and a comparative, developmental, ecological framework is proposed to cast light on the complex associations among early environments, regulation of inflammation, and disease.', 'Recent studies in the Philippines and lowland Ecuador reveal low levels of chronic inflammation, despite higher burdens of infectious disease, and point to nutritional and microbial exposures in infancy as important determinants of inflammation in adulthood.', 'By shaping the regulation of inflammation, early environments moderate responses to inflammatory stimuli later in life, with implications for the association between inflammation and chronic diseases.', 'Attention to the eco-logics of inflammation may point to promising directions for future research, enriching our understanding of this important physiological system and informing approaches to the prevention and treatment of disease.'], ['Our findings suggest that miR-21 may be a new biomarker of inflammation.'], ['If natural ageing leads to a long-term decline in the immune system via low-grade chronic immune activation/inflammation, then one might expect to see a greater or earlier decline in CD4 counts in older HIV-positive patients with increasing duration of cART.'], ['It was reported that anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) are associated with endothelial cell dysfunction and inflammation.'], ['We further show that cells in the ganglion and inner-nuclear layers of the retina constitutively express IRF-1 and IRF-8 and enhanced CFH expression in the retina during ocular inflammation correlated with significant increase in the expression of IRF-1, IRF-8 and IL-27 (IL-27p28 and Ebi3).'], ['Since DNA methylation is an important mechanism modulating the gene expression associated with aging, inflammation, and atherosclerosis, the objective of this study was to determine the possible effect of the uremic milieu on global DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression in uremic status by comparing chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients with the normal population.'], ['BACKGROUND: The role of inflammation and oxidative stress in mild renal impairment in the elderly is not well studied.', 'FINDINGS: Cystatin C-based GFR, ACR, and biomarkers of cytokine-mediated inflammation (interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein[CRP], serum amyloid A[SAA]), cyclooxygenase-mediated inflammation (urinary prostaglandin F2alpha [PGF2alpha]), and oxidative stress (urinary F2 isoprostanes) were assessed in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men(n = 647, mean age 77 years).', 'CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that cytokine-mediated inflammation is involved in the early stages of impaired kidney function in the elderly, but that cyclooxygenase-mediated inflammation does not play a role at this stage.'], ['Surprisingly, aging Fpr1(-/-) mice develop spontaneous lens degeneration without inflammation or infection (J.-L. Gao et al., manuscript in preparation).'], ['The aim of this study was to assess whether defects in adipogenesis contribute to fat loss in aging humans, as suggested from animal studies, and to evaluate the role of inflammation on pathogenesis of fat loss.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the gradual relative loss of peripheral fat in aging humans may in part result from a defect in adipogenesis, which may be linked to inflammation and increased release of proinflammatory cytokines from fat tissue.'], ['HIV and associated infections contribute to chronic inflammation.'], ['Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPE) belonging to polyphenols, possess various biological effects including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-atherosclerosis, etc.'], ['OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that chronic inflammation is the driving force that enhances the risk of malignancy in psoriatic patients and suspect that psoriatic patients have higher risks for developing cancers that are most prevalent in the studied population.'], ['SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predominantly a tobacco smoke-triggered disease with features of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and aging (inflammaging) of the lung associated with steroid resistance induced by cigarette smoke (CS)-mediated oxidative stress.', 'Oxidative stress induces various kinase signaling pathways leading to chromatin modifications (histone acetylation/deacetylation and histone methylation/demethylation) in inflammation, senescence, and steroid resistance.', 'HDAC2/SIRTUIN1 (SIRT1)-dependent chromatin modifications are associated with DNA damage-induced inflammation and senescence in response to CS-mediated oxidative stress.'], ['We hypothesized that inflammation modulates carcinogenesis through senescence and DNA damage response (DDR).', 'Inflammation modulating microRNAs were identified in senescence colon tissue for further investigation.', 'This is the first study to implicate macrophages and nitrosative stress in a direct effect on senescence and DDR, which is relevant to many diseases of inflammation, cancer, and aging.'], ['RESULTS: We identified 61 227 eligible inflammatory disease patients with either new anti-TNF or new nonbiologic DMARD use.'], ['Receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is reportedly linked with chronic inflammatory diseases due to aging or diabetes.'], ['All the scores for chronic inflammation, neutrophil activity, glandular atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia were significantly lower in H. pylori-positive Bangladeshis than in H. pylori-positive Japanese.'], ['In this study, we compare the prevalence of arterial hypertension (HT) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients, exposed to high- and low-grade chronic inflammation, respectively, to assess the possible association between chronic inflammation and HT.'], ['Inflammation, chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and other biomarkers predict outcome in observational studies.', 'Inflammation emerges as a prime potential target for intervention.', 'Thus, CKD-MBD biomarkers, asymmetrical dimethyl arginine and tri-iodothyronine have a link to inflammation.', 'Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the inflammation biomarkers with highest predictive value for outcome in ESRD.', 'In this regard, targeting IL-1 was recently shown to decrease systemic inflammation in hemodialysis patients.'], ['Minor inflammation-driven aging (inflammaging) has been proposed to explain human aging mechanism.', 'Both normal aging and WS were associated with minor inflammation that can be evaluated by serum hsCRP.'], ['This "accelerated aging" appears to be largely related to chronic inflammation, chronic immune activation, and immunosenescence in HIV infection.', 'Levels of markers of inflammation and coagulopathy are elevated in HIV-infected patients, and elevations in markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, opportunistic conditions, or all-cause mortality.', 'A number of AIDS Clinical Trials Group studies are under way to examine treatment aimed at reducing chronic inflammation and immune activation in HIV infection.'], ['Extensive research in vertebrates has concluded that aging of the immune function results in increased susceptibility to infectious disease and chronic inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Our results provided direct evidence that forest bathing has therapeutic effects on human hypertension and induces inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system and inflammation, and thus inspiring its preventive efficacy against cardiovascular disorders.'], ['Gout is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease with intermittent arthritic flares, which should not be regarded as a minor inconvenience or nuisance.'], ['In fact, several factors are believed to contribute to its induction in gastric epithelia, including aging, diet, chronic inflammation and infection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).'], ['Candidate mechanisms include the effects of insulin on amyloid-beta, cerebral glucose metabolism, vascular function, lipid metabolism, and inflammation/oxidative stress.'], ['Considering these low concentrations proved effective in vitro, translation of these data to human research on inflammation-related pathologies can be envisaged.'], ['This study was to investigate whether or not there is a crosstalk between arginase and S6K1 in endothelial inflammation and aging in senescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in aging mouse models.', 'Furthermore, S6K1 overexpression exerts the same effects as Arg-II on endothelial senescence and inflammation responses, which are prevented by silencing Arg-II, demonstrating a role of Arg-II as the mediator of S6K1-induced endothelial aging.', 'Our study reveals a novel mechanism of mutual positive regulation between S6K1 and Arg-II in endothelial inflammation and aging.'], ['Since chronic inflammation is a characteristic feature of both HF and the coexisting morbidities, it may play a pivotal role in their development, progression, and interactions.'], ['It is possible that difficulty sleeping can be exacerbated by increased inflammation in older individuals.', 'Moderate exercise training may be a modality of non-pharmacological treatment for sleep disorders and inflammation.'], ['Factors such as excess adipose tissue deposition and altered partitioning, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation may increase the severity of muscle pathology throughout adulthood and lead to cardiometabolic disease risk and/or early mortality.', 'Moreover, we highlight novel evidence that implicates aberrant inflammation in CP as a potential mechanism linking both metabolic and cognitive dysregulation in a cyclical pattern.'], ['Research suggests that the polyphenolic compounds found in blueberries exert their beneficial effects either through their ability to lower oxidative stress and inflammation or directly by altering the signaling involved in neuronal communication.'], ["Part of the variation in the 'rate of muscle ageing' is attributable to genetic factors, the timing of changes in circulating hormones and the presence or absence of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation.", 'Where an individual cannot change much in his or her genetic constitution, circulating hormones and systemic inflammation, (s)he can still significantly slow the rate of muscle ageing by an adequate dietary intake and regular physical activity.'], ['An inverse association between physical activity and inflammation has been demonstrated, but no long-term prospective data are available.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Regular physical activity is associated with lower markers of inflammation over 10 years of follow-up and thus may be important in preventing the proinflammatory state seen with aging.'], ['Provocatively, all 10 significantly enriched bins contained genes linked to either inflammation or cellular senescence pathways, and SNPs near regulators of senescence were particularly associated with disease of aging (e.g., cancer, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, glaucoma).'], ["Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves multiple pathological processes in the brain, including increased inflammation and oxidative damage, as well as the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaques."], ['Multiple animal studies now show that even mild acute systemic inflammation can induce exaggerated sickness behaviour responses and cognitive dysfunction in aged animals or those with prior degenerative pathology when compared to young and/or healthy controls.'], ['This was independent of age, sex, systemic inflammation and cytomegalovirus seropositivity.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its components were more closely associated with disease states and inflammation in elderly adults.', 'CONCLUSION: The observation that MetS is associated with disease states and markers of circulating inflammation in the elderly is explained mainly by abdominal obesity and low HDL-C. Longitudinal data will further clarify these cross-sectional findings that MetS appears to be less than the sum of its parts in elderly adults.'], ['We also show that oxPL stimulation increases expression of genes involved in macrophage infiltration, inflammation, and neovascularization in the eye.', 'Together, these findings suggest that CFH influences AMD risk by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal angiogenesis.'], ['Each PCL was histologically evaluated for inflammation, mucinous changes, chondroid metaplasia, cystic changes and orientation of collagen fibres.'], ['Young (10 weeks) and old (20 months) mice were placed in an urban roadside tunnel or in a clean environment for 25 or 26 days and markers of inflammation and endothelial cells or blood platelet activation were measured, respectively.', 'Despite elevated macrophage carbon load, tunnel mice showed no overt pulmonary or systemic inflammation, yet manifested reduced pulmonary thrombomudulin expression and elevated endothelial von Willebrand factor (VWF) expression in lung capillaries.'], ['The five most prominent causes of anaemia were inflammation (62.1%), iron deficiency (30.5%), folic acid deficiency (21%), chronic renal failure (17.9%) and cobalamin deficiency (11.6%).'], ['Important treatment considerations include minimization of inflammation, epidermal injury, and bruising, which can lead to aesthetically displeasing sequelae.'], ['On the other hand, old birds showed imbalanced levels of inflammatory markers toward a pro-inflammatory status, thereby underlining the fact that aging is usually accompanied by systemic inflammation and inflammation-related chronic diseases.'], ['In this perspective, we have discussed the role of HDAC2 posttranslational modifications and its role in regulation of inflammation, histone/DNA epigenetic modifications, DNA damage response, and cellular senescence, particularly in inflammaging, and during the development of COPD.'], ['Chronic inflammation is a probable factor in health risks conveyed by the immune risk phenotype and in putative relationships between cytomegalovirus infection and the same set of age-related disorders arising in chronic HIV infection.', 'Most HIV-infected individuals are cytomegalovirus-seropositive, both HIV and cytomegalovirus are associated with inflammation-related morbidities, and HIV infection accelerates the development of cytomegalovirus-dependent immunological abnormalities.'], ['Pathological examination demonstrated active inflammation with no evidence of malignancy.'], ['Excessive brain AT(1) receptor activity associates with hypertension and heart failure, brain ischaemia, abnormal stress responses, blood-brain barrier breakdown and inflammation.'], ['We notably illustrate the pathological bioreactivity of soft tissues, subchondral bone and joint inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Low-grade systemic inflammation, particularly elevated IL-6, predicts mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Although altered body composition, especially increased visceral fat (VF) mass, could be a significant contributor to low-grade systemic inflammation, this remains unexplored in COPD.'], ['In this paper, we review emerging knowledge regarding epigenetic mechanisms that may be involved in beta-cell dysfunction and pathogenesis of diabetes, including the role of nutrition, oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Key overarching themes identified by the group included the following: multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and the need to emphasize maintenance of function; the complexity of assessing HIV versus treatment effects versus aging versus concurrent disease; the inter-related mechanisms of immune senescence, inflammation, and hypercoagulability; the utility of multivariable indices for predicting outcomes; a need to emphasize human studies to account for complexity; and a required focus on issues of community support, caregivers, and systems infrastructure.'], ['Older adults have an increase in circulating markers of inflammation.', 'The current study examined whether there is an increase in the expression of inflammatory markers within the vastus lateralis, a major locomotive muscle, of older adults, and if so, whether the reduction in muscle strength and aerobic capacity in older adults is related to increased muscle inflammation.'], ['In severe asthmatics, small airway involvement has been shown through evidence of both distal inflammation and of increased air trapping.'], ['The separation of microbiota composition significantly correlated with measures of frailty, co-morbidity, nutritional status, markers of inflammation and with metabolites in faecal water.'], ['In these patients, the chronic low-grade inflammation may predispose to vascular remodelling and arterial stiffening.'], ['With evidence of inflammation as an underlying mechanism, we also describe findings from a study that compared the effects of serum cytokines and spontaneous production of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokines on AD risk.'], ['Chronic inflammation that occurs with aging is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease.', 'Regular exercise may prevent cardiovascular morbidity by decreasing chronic systematic inflammation.', 'Additionally, excess inflammation can be reduced by the anti-inflammatory protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3).'], ['Similar effects of relaxation practice and regular exercise were found on inflammation, but smaller effects for cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors.', 'The effects are similar for the inflammation subscore, but not significant for cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors after adjusting for health status.', 'Relaxation practice is associated with lower levels of physiologic dysregulation, particularly with respect to inflammation.'], ['Observing the morphology of human skin is important in the diagnosis of skin cancer and inflammation and in the assessment of skin aging.'], ['Chronic, low-grade inflammation involves general production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers and is a typical feature of aging.'], ['Relationships between cancer risk and two other immune system hallmarks of HIV infection, chronic inflammation, and immune dysfunction/senescence, remain poorly understood.', 'Continued epidemiologic monitoring is needed to detect possible effects on cancer risk of specific ART classes or medications, long-term exposure to systemic inflammation or immune dysfunction, or earlier or more effective ART.'], ['Sarcopenia was positively associated with mobility impairment and inflammation and negatively with BMI.'], ['However, there is no experimental evidence for a causal link between systemic inflammation or neuroinflammation and the onset of the disease.', 'Whereas Abeta peptides were not significantly enriched in extracellular deposits of double immune-challenged WT mice at 15 months, they dramatically increased in age-matched immune-challenged transgenic AD mice, precisely around the inflammation-induced accumulations of APP and its proteolytic fragments, in striking similarity to the post-mortem findings in human patients with AD.'], ['Finally, we show that specific CDK7 and 9 inhibition with DRB drives resolution of neutrophil-dominant inflammation.', 'Thus, we highlight a novel mechanism that controls both primary human neutrophil transcription and apoptosis that could be targeted by selective CDK inhibitor drugs to resolve established inflammation.'], ['Aging is a progressive degenerative process tightly integrated with inflammation.', 'A number of theories have been developed that attempt to define the role of chronic inflammation in aging: redox stress, mitochondrial damage, immunosenescence, endocrinosenescence, epigenetic modifications, and age-related diseases.', 'Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients undergo a premature aging phenomenon which may provide clues to better elucidate the nature of inflammation in aging.', 'Environmental and lifestyle effectors of inflammation may also contribute to modulation of both inflammation and age-related dysfunction.'], ['It also possible that changes in the brain in pregnancy could protect against the effects of inflammation.'], ['Sirtuins activity is linked to gene repression, metabolic control, apoptosis and cell survival, DNA repair, development, inflammation, neuroprotection, and healthy aging.'], ['BACKGROUND: The inflammation-based Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) has been shown to be a prognostic factor for a variety of tumours.'], ["Aging is accompanied by the development of low-grade systemic inflammation, termed 'inflammaging', characterized by raised serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines.", 'We conclude that CMV infection is not a primary causative factor in the age-related increase in systemic inflammation.'], ['Chronic inflammation in older individuals is thought to contribute to inflammatory, age-related diseases.', 'Human monocytes are comprised of three subsets (classical, intermediate and nonclassical subsets), and despite being critical regulators of inflammation, the effect of age on the functionality of monocyte subsets remains to be fully defined.'], ['CONCLUSION: IgE-mediated allergic inflammation may play an important role in the pathobiology of elderly AD, similar to other age groups of AD.'], ['Further, these positions are enriched in domains of several proteins that interact with one another in inflammation and other aging-related processes, as well as in organismal development.'], ['Major causes of persistent or recurrent anemia at follow up were renal disease (62%) and chronic inflammation (35%).'], ['OBJECTIVE: Our study aims to determine the role of time of menopause on vascular inflammation biomarkers and how it affects their modulation by estrogen and raloxifene in postmenopausal women.', 'How aging affects estrogen responses on vascular inflammation is not clear, but our data show a positive association between increased estrogen receptor-beta expression with aging and proinflammatory effects by estrogen.'], ['The synergism between higher E2 and hs-CRP levels suggests the existence of physiopathological mechanisms connecting inflammation and estrogen to frailty.'], ['Inflammation plays an important role in the development of cognitive decline and dementia in old age.', 'Galectin-3 is known for its role in acute and chronic inflammation.'], ['The analyses demonstrated an association between choice of Permixon (Pierre Fabre Medicament, Castres, France) as appropriate monotherapy or in combination with alpha-blockers, and the following: BPH severity; treatment of general urinary symptoms, including storage and voiding symptoms; improvement of urinary flow rate; lack of a risk of sexual problems; and reduction of inflammation.', 'Permixon combination with an alpha-blocker is associated with benefits in terms of speed of onset of action, reduction of inflammation, and a positive benefit regarding sexual problems when compared with use of alpha-blocker monotherapy.'], ['Bladder dysfunction due to detrusor instability (caused by old age) is considered to be associated with chronic ischaemia and inflammation.'], ['Low-grade chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, mediated partly by the superoxide anion produced by NADPH oxidase, are closely linked and could be involved in age-related physical decline.', 'OBJECTIVE: To determine whether slow gait speed is associated with superoxide anion overproduction by NADPH oxidase and low-grade chronic inflammation.', 'Inflammation was evaluated by CRP, fibrinogen and leukocyte count.', 'Superoxide production and inflammation markers, such as fibrinogen, were more important in slow walkers (p = 0.004 and p = 0.006, respectively).', 'CONCLUSION: Physical frailty in older people is associated with superoxide anion overproduction by NADPH oxidase and low-grade chronic inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: MetS and inflammation are independently associated with depressive symptoms in older people.', 'Inflammation may explain cognitive decline too.'], ['OBJECTIVES: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a central component of innate immune defenses, and high sensitivity CRP has emerged as an important biomarker of chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk.', 'The application of current guidelines for the assessment of chronic inflammation failed to detect a single case of "high risk" CRP.', 'It documents a pattern of variation over time that is distinct from prior research, with no evidence for chronic low-grade inflammation.', 'These results may have substantial implications for research on inflammation and diseases of aging globally, as well as for scientific understandings of the regulation of inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Systemic low-grade inflammation is thought to be associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes in elderly population.', 'We studied functional status, morbidity, socio-demographic characteristics and several inflammation and inflammation-related markers.'], ['Mutant bacteria also induced markedly reduced meningeal inflammation and brain pathology compared with wild type, despite similar levels of bacteremia.'], ['To identify human gene transcripts most closely associated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, we undertook a genome-wide and inflammation specific transcriptome screen in circulating leukocytes from a population-based sample.'], ['Deleterious changes in mitochondria, OS, calcium, glucocorticoids, inflammation, trace metals, insulin, cell cycle, protein aggregation, and hundreds to thousands of genes occur in ND.'], ['This is a rare generalized systemic vasculitis typical of the early childhood characterized by inflammation and endothelial dysfunction with a high risk for cardiovascular fatal events.'], ['Interestingly, both genes are implicated in the cellular response to internal and external environmental changes, playing a crucial role in the inflammation processes that accompany aging.'], ['In both humans and mice, impaired EDD was mediated by reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and was associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation (P <0.05).', 'Our findings also suggest that autophagy preserves arterial endothelial function by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and increasing NO bioavailability.'], ['The importance of chronic inflammation in atherogenesis and cytokine involvement in all stages of atherosclerotic plaque development is now obvious.'], ['There is increasing evidence from basic science and human epidemiological studies that inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with age-related cognitive decline and impairment.'], ['This model therefore might be used for research related to, e.g., short-term experimentally induced inflammation, UV-induced structural and functional damage, wound healing and substance penetration.'], ['In the near future, clinical trials could be undertaken to determine if addressing MetS and metabolic-based risk factors, including inflammation, through lifestyle modification holds out the possibility of slowing down or ameliorating the cognitive aging process itself.'], ['We specifically address phenotypic and numeric changes to the naive CD8 T cell precursor pool, the impact of persistent viral infection(s) and inflammation, and contributions of the aging environment in which these cells are activated.'], ['INTRODUCTION: We have previously reported that high levels of antibodies specific for native human type II collagen (anti-CII) at the time of RA diagnosis were associated with concurrent but not later signs of inflammation.', 'In contrast, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) were associated both with late inflammation and late radiological destruction in the same RA cohort.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema (COPD/emphysema) is characterized by chronic inflammation and premature lung aging.', 'Thus, SIRT1 protects against emphysema through FOXO3-mediated reduction of cellular senescence, independently of inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Biomarkers of inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation are associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population and among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people.', 'We compared biomarkers for inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation between HIV-infected and uninfected people in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS).', 'METHODS: Biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6]), altered coagulation (d-dimer), and monocyte activation (soluble CD14 [sCD14]) were measured in blood samples from 1525 HIV-infected and 843 uninfected VACS participants.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that ongoing HIV replication and immune depletion significantly contribute to increased prevalence of elevated biomarkers of inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation.'], ['The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system is involved in skin inflammation.'], ['Inflammation and oxidative stress are key to the progressive neuronal degeneration common to chronic pathologies, traumatic injuries, and aging processes in the CNS.'], ['Although some responses are clearly tumour suppressing (apoptosis), others may be potentially oncogenic as they combine damage accumulation with a retained ability for proliferation (transient growth arrest) or with inflammation (senescence, necrosis).', 'In the present manuscript, we will focus on the role of free radical-mediated biomolecular damage and inflammation in tumorigenesis.'], ['Visual prognosis for endophthalmitis depends on the virulence of the causative organism, the severity of intraocular inflammation, and the timeliness of effective therapy.'], ['Chronic inflammation contributes to the etiology of multiple diseases, especially those associated with aging, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.', 'The current perspective summarizes our research on unsaturated fatty acid oxidation in the context of inflammation and cancer.'], ['We also identified other genes, including IDO1 and BAMBI, that may influence the RPE and therefore outer blood-retinal barrier integrity during ocular infection and inflammation, or are associated with degeneration, as seen for example in aging.'], ['To investigate whether ufCB show also effects in vivo, we instilled ufCB in concentrations not inducing inflammation into mice.'], ['This process includes initiation, which occurs through various aging events and multiple insults (such as chronic infection, inflammation and genetic instability through reactive oxygen species causing DNA double-strand breaks), followed by a multistep process of progression.'], ['Intrinsic cardiac aging in the murine model closely recapitulates age-related cardiac changes in humans (left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction), while the phenotype of vascular aging include endothelial dysfunction, reduced vascular elasticity, and chronic vascular inflammation.'], ['RESULTS: Higher serum alpha-carotene and beta-carotene concentrations were positively associated with both FEV1 and FVC, respectively (all P < 0.05), in separate multivariate linear regression models adjusting for age, race, education, cognition, anemia, inflammation, and chronic diseases.'], ['The histological hallmarks seem to be inflammation, oxidized lipids-also detectable in aortic valve lesions-and a remodeling of the extracellular matrix leading to bone formation.'], ['AGEs are generated in hyperglycemia, but their production also occurs in settings characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['The overall objectives of this thesis were to study the functional importance of estrogen receptors in the periodontium with special focus on inflammation, and stimulators of inflammation and their signaling pathways.'], ['As a consequence of perturbed CNP expression, mice show secondary low-grade inflammation/neurodegeneration.'], ['Metabolic abnormality and systemic inflammation may be the risk factors.'], ['The available data regarding the association of fibrocytes with several forms of chronic tissue inflammation seen in the setting of lung disease, autoimmunity, liver disease, and normal aging will be presented.'], ['Chronic inflammation was found superficially in 59/125 plaques (47%) and deeply inside the plaque tissue in 103/125 plaques (83%).', 'Moreover, microvascular CD105 positivity correlated positively with plaque haemorrhage and deeply seated plaque inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Plaque inflammation and haemorrhages can be found at a high frequency throughout the coronary artery system of elderly patients with multivessel coronary atherosclerosis.'], ['Basically, SIRTs are mediators of aging process, they have the potential of ameliorating and taking part in important cellular processes associated, such as metabolic homeostasis, tumorigenesis and cancer cell proliferation, inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration.'], ['Evidence indicates that some of these changes may be mediated by the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation, and chronic light exposure.'], ['Oxidative stress markers including pentosidine and homocysteine were examined comparing them with inflammation markers including highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in serum from patients with Werner syndrome (WS) and healthy individuals.', 'As both pentosidine and homocysteine levels did not correlate with hsCRP or MMP-9, both oxidative stress markers may be differentially regulated by inflammation.'], ['In addition, oligospermia, dilatation of the duct, and inflammation were frequently observed in the epididymides.'], ['Blockade of the interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R) with a monoclonal antibody (tocilizumab) licensed for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis reduces systemic and articular inflammation.'], ['The literature on the expression of microglial Cx43 during inflammation is controversial.'], ['Endometriosis, a chronic benign gynecological disorder, shows some characteristics, such as oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and a pro-atherogenic lipid profile, which could increase the risk of developing accelerated atherosclerosis.', 'The presence of subclinical atherosclerosis was investigated by ultrasound evaluation of common carotid intima-media thickness (ccIMT) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD); in addition, serum levels of lipids, inflammatory and coagulation parameters, as well as markers of endothelial inflammation and activation, were determined.', 'As regards markers of endothelial inflammation and activation, women with endometriosis had significantly higher values of inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (P < 0.001), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (P < 0.001), E-selectin (P < 0.001), von Willebrand factor (P = 0.004) and ristocetin cofactor (P = 0.001) compared with controls.'], ['Further, a 10-day course of dietary glutamine supplementation reduced inflammation-induced neuronal cell cycle activation, tau phosphorylation and ATM-activation in two different mouse models of familial AD while raising the levels of two synaptic proteins, VAMP2 and synaptophysin.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Studies in the spontaneous ankylosis model in aging male DBA/1 mice and in patients with ankylosing spondylitis provide evidence that inflammation and new tissue formation leading to joint or spine ankylosis are likely linked but largely uncoupled processes.', 'Here, we further investigated the relationship between inflammation and ankylosis by focusing on the early phase of the spontaneous arthritis model.', 'RESULTS: Dexamethasone treatment did not affect incidence or severity of ankylosis, but led to an expected reduction in inflammation in the paws at week 15 as measured by PET tracer uptake.', 'CONCLUSIONS: BMP signaling may be a trigger for both inflammation and ankylosis in the spontaneous model of ankylosing enthesitis.'], ['Previous studies have also reported that inflammation is related to protein denaturation; however, the influence of inflammation on skin ageing has not been explored in detail.', 'AIM: To investigate the possible connection between inflammation and protein denaturation, which might lead to skin ageing, we focused on halogenated tyrosine as a denatured substance produced during the inflammation process.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our investigations indicate a possible connection between skin ageing and inflammation, suggesting that halogenated tyrosine could be a useful marker of ageing skin.'], ['Lysine acetylation is a major post-translational modification of proteins and regulates many physiological processes such as metabolism, cell migration, aging, and inflammation.'], ['The cf-DNA concentration could thus represent a novel biomarker for systemic inflammation and mortality in the elderly.'], ['Inflammation integrates diverse mechanisms that are associated not only with pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, but also with physiological processes like reproduction i.e.', 'Therefore, we also hypothesize that inflammation could represent a key tool used by nature to modulate organisms according to the environmental conditions in which these develop.', 'Thus, inflammation could be the pathway by which the environmental factors could be related to the evolutionary development.', 'If so, the diverse human chronic inflammatory diseases that nowadays the Western society suffer would represent the way for adapting to the abrupt changes in their lifestyle.', 'In this context, the use of inflammation by the Western society could represent the camouflaged expression of efficient mechanisms of evolution and development.', 'In addition, if the different types of the inflammatory response involved in these diverse chronic pathological conditions could trace the biochemical origins of life, perhaps inflammation could represent an archaeological tool of unsuspected usefulness for understanding our own origin.'], ['In mammals, autophagy is involved in antigen presentation, tolerance, inflammation and protection against neurodegenerative diseases.'], ['Such alterations could contribute to the development of infections, malignancies, and inflammatory diseases that rise with aging.'], ['Participants will be tested at baseline and then at 3, 6 and 12 months post-randomization on a wide battery of cognitive, neuropsychological and mood measures, cardiovascular (brachial and aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as arterial stiffness), biochemical (assays to measure inflammation, oxidative stress and safety) as well as genetic assessments (telomere length and several Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms).'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation, oxidative damage, and platelet activation are hypothesized biological mechanisms driving the disablement process.', 'Biomarkers of lipid peroxidation (ie, urinary levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha)), platelet activation (ie, urinary levels of 11-dehydro-thromboxane B(2)), and inflammation (serum concentrations of interleukin-6) were considered as independent variables of interest and tested in Cox proportional hazard models as predictors of (severe) mobility disability and overall mortality.'], ['Therefore, this observation suggests that genetic variation in inflammation-related genes could be an important mediator of the complex interplay between ageing and cancer.'], ['Although the etiology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) remains unclear, the pathologically increased permeability of blood vessels, elucidated by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), suggests the involvement of inflammation.', 'Because permeability of blood vessels in the inner ear is frequently increased in patients with SSNHL, inflammation of the inner ear might be involved.'], ['BACKGROUND: Associations of inflammation with age-related pathologies are documented; however, it is not understood how changes in inflammation over time impact healthy aging.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Although increases in inflammation markers over 9 years were associated with higher concurrent risk of functional impairment and subsequent CVD events and mortality, final levels of each biomarker appeared to be more important in determining risk of subsequent events than change over time.'], ['After controlling for age and sex, EPS was associated with outdoor occupational activity (age and sex adjusted odd ratio [ORa], 2.22; 95% CI, 1.31-3.37) and with degenerative disorders such as pinguecula (ORa, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.15-1.89) but not with inflammatory disorders such as blepharitis or dry eye.', 'Processes associated with tissue degeneration but not with inflammation are highly prevalent among subjects with EPS.'], ['Although pathogenic factors, such as oxidative stress, inflammation and genetics are thought to contribute to the development of AMD, little is known about the relationships and priorities between these factors.', 'Therefore, we propose a consecutive pathogenic pathway involving photic stress, oxidation of phospholipids and chronic inflammation, leading to angiogenesis.', 'These findings add to the current understanding of AMD pathology and suggest protection from oxidative stress or suppression of the subsequent inflammation as new potential therapeutic targets for AMD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The relation between inflammation and brain MRI findings in the elderly remains poorly known.'], ['The age-related accumulation of IgG-G0 can contribute to inflammaging, the low-grade pro-inflammatory status that characterizes elderly, by creating a vicious loop in which inflammation is responsible for the production of aberrantly glycosylated IgG which, in turn, would activate the immune system, exacerbating inflammation.', 'Moreover, recent data suggest that the N-glycomic shift observed in aging could be related not only to inflammation but also to alteration of important metabolic pathways.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Biomarkers of low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are associated with cardiovascular disease.', 'Arterial stiffening may be a mechanism through which low-grade inflammation and (or) endothelial dysfunction lead to cardiovascular disease.', 'Therefore, we investigated whether low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were associated with greater carotid stiffness in a population-based cohort of elderly individuals.', 'METHODS: We determined biomarkers of low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, tumour necrosis factor alpha and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1), and of endothelial dysfunction (von Willebrand factor, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, soluble endothelial selectin, soluble thrombomodulin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and flow-mediated dilation), and combined these into mean z-scores (n = 572; women = 286; age 67.5 +- 6.6 years).', "After adjustment for the above in addition to sex, age, glucose tolerance status and current smoking, the low-grade inflammation z-score was positively associated with Young's elastic modulus [beta (95% confidence interval) 0.080 (0.021-0.139), P = 0.008].", 'CONCLUSION: These data suggest that low-grade inflammation, in the elderly, plays an important role in carotid artery remodelling and stiffening.'], ['Since 2007, 21 female and 1 male patient aged 25 to 55 years, who either did not have any obvious causative infection source or, despite the presence of nonvital teeth, did not display typical symptoms of odontogenic infection, were treated for acute facial inflammation.', 'Patients with an atypical course of facial inflammation should be questioned about a history of cosmetic procedures.'], ['OBJECTIVES: We conducted a repeated measures study among male participants of the Normative Aging Study in the greater Boston, Massachusetts, area to determine whether individual-level residential black carbon (BC), a marker of TRPs, is associated with systemic inflammation and whether coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes, and obesity modify associations.', 'METHODS: We quantified markers of inflammation in 1,163 serum samples from 580 men.', 'However, BC was positively associated with markers of inflammation in men with CHD (particularly vascular endothelial growth factor) and in men with diabetes (particularly interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha).', 'CONCLUSIONS: In an elderly male population, estimated BC exposures were positively associated with markers of systemic inflammation but only in men with CHD or diabetes.'], ['Lymphocytes have been implicated in the process of amyloid-beta removal and inflammation occurrence.'], ['METHODS: Plasma levels of selenium, CML, folate, vitamin B12, and testosterone and markers of iron status and inflammation were measured at baseline in 1036 adults at least 65 y old in the Invecchiare in Chianti Study, a population-based cohort study of aging in Tuscany, Italy, and examined in relation to prevalent anemia and incident anemia over 6 y of follow-up.', 'At enrollment, plasma CML in the highest quartile (>425 ng/mL) and plasma selenium in the lowest quartile (<66.6 mug/L) predicted incident anemia (hazard ratio 1.67, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.59, P = 0.02; hazard ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.38, P = 0.05, respectively) in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model that adjusted for age, education, body mass index, cognition, inflammation, red blood cell distribution width, ferritin, vitamin B12, testosterone, and chronic diseases.'], ['This analysis may contribute to translational medicine by incorporating the clinical and laboratory data to better understand the relationship between chronic inflammation and functional dependence in the elderly population.'], ['The absence of TSP-2 resulted in increased cardiac inflammation and injury at 14 days, which resulted in depressed systolic function [fractional shortening (FS); 34 +- 2.6 in WT vs. 24 +- 1.8 in KO mice, P< 0.05] and increased cardiac dilatation (end-diastolic dimensions, mm; 3.7 +- 0.09 in WT vs. 4.8 +- 0.06 in KO mice, P< 0.05) 35 days post-infection.', 'Finally, overexpression of TSP-2 in WT hearts using cardiotropic vectors derived from adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) inhibited cardiac inflammation and injury at 14 days and improved cardiac function at 35 days post-CVB3 infection when compared with control AAV9.', 'CONCLUSION: TSP-2 has a protective role against cardiac inflammation, injury, and dysfunction in acute viral myocarditis.'], ['Increased oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from aging and declining estrogen levels can lead to increased bone loss in postmenopausal women.'], ['Increased oxidative stress has been incriminated in physiological conditions, such as aging and exercise, and in several pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and intoxications.'], ['Frailty and sarcopenia are linked, but distinct, correlates of musculoskeletal aging that have many causes, including age-related changes in body composition, inflammation, and hormonal imbalance.'], ['Oxidative stress develops from an imbalance between free radical production often increased through dysfunctional mitochondria formed with increasing age, type 2 diabetes mellitus, inflammation, and reduced anti-oxidant defences.'], ['Because systemic inflammation has been associated with protein catabolism, the study also evaluated whether a synergistic effect exists between protein intake and inflammatory markers on change in muscle strength.'], ['The double-edged sword function of autophagy in cancer has been attributed to both cell- and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms, as autophagy defects promote cancer progression in association with oxidative and ER stress, DNA damage accumulation, genomic instability and persistence of inflammation, while functional autophagy enables cancer cell survival under stress and likely contributes to treatment resistance.'], ['We present preliminary data from a small comet study that attempts to correlate single strand break (SSB) level with single strand break repair capacity (SSB-RC) and markers of oxidant stress and inflammation.', 'The data from the literature and from our very limited study suggest a complex relationship between measures of oxidative stress and frequently used clinical parameters believed to reflect inflammation or oxidative stress.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Polymyalgia rheumatica is associated with increased aortic stiffness which may improve upon reduction of systemic inflammation induced by treatment with glucocorticoids.'], ['Although persistent inflammation has been related to unsuccessful aging, a pro-inflammatory status is the common phenotype in older people.'], ['In cell and animal models, berry fruits mediate signaling pathways involved in inflammation and cell survival in addition to enhancing neuroplasticity, neurotransmission, and calcium buffering, all of which lead to attenuation of age- and pathology-related deficits in behavior.'], ['Serum T3 depression predicts a negative outcome in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and may be associated with cardiovascular complications or chronic inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Initial high RRF combined with the RRF preservation, maintenance of proper phosphorus, control of inflammation, and proper management of comorbidities may help to improve the survival of PD patients including stable PD patients.'], ['BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Whereas nutrition deficits are recognized as an expression of systemic inflammation in the elderly with diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), if they occur in symptomatic elderly smokers, unfulfilled COPD criteria are not confirmed.'], ['Additionally, associations were found between global DNA methylation content and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and inflammation, including fibrinogen and interleukin-6 (IL-6), after adjustment for socio-economic factors.'], ['The multifactorial nature of the pathogenesis of acne includes increased sebum production, alteration of the quality of sebum lipids, inflammatory processes, interaction with neuropeptides and dysregulation of the hormone microenvironment, follicular hyperkeratinization and inflammation maintained by Propionbacterium acnes products within the follicle.'], ['Klotho null mice are a model for premature aging and exhibit calcific nodules in the aortic valve hinge-region, but do not exhibit leaflet thickening, ECM disorganization, or inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that air pollution is related to thrombosis, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction.'], ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized with limitation of airflow that is not completely reversible, progressive deterioration of airways and systemic inflammation.'], ['On physical examination, a painful mass in the hypogastrium and intense inflammation in the thigh and the proximal portion of left knee were found.Emergent multiphase contrast computed tomography revealed a large nonhomogeneous hematoma neighboring the fractured left iliopubic rami, and contrast extravasation indicated arterial bleeding.'], ['Gene expression variation could be almost completely explained by four transcriptional biomarkers that we named BioAge (biological age), Alz (Alzheimer), Inflame (inflammation), and NdStress (neurodegenerative stress).'], ['It blocked oxidative DNA damage, lowered C-reactive protein (CRP) and other inflammation biomarkers, and boosted immunity in the tuberculin skin test.', "Astaxanthin's clinical success extends beyond protection against oxidative stress and inflammation, to demonstrable promise for slowing age-related functional decline."], ["Since then, increasing evidence has indicated that resveratrol may be useful in treating cardiovascular diseases, cancers, pain, inflammation, tissue injury, and in reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD)."], ['Immuno-inflammatory phenomena implicated in the normal aging process, including immune senescence, depreciation of the adaptive immune system, and heightened systemic inflammation are also pathophysiologic sequelae of HIV infection, suggesting HIV infection can potentiate the biological mechanisms of aging.'], ['Brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases of the elderly are characterized by oxidative damage, dysregulation of redox metals homeostasis and inflammation.', 'Natural plant polyphenols (flavonoids and non-flavonoids) are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet and as such, are ideal nutraceuticals for neutralizing stress-induced free radicals and inflammation.'], ['These mice had a delayed skin phenotype characterized by skin atrophy and pruritic inflammation, partly mediated by basement membrane disturbances involving laminin-332 (Ln-332) and integrins.'], ['PM is thought to contribute to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease by the mechanisms of systemic inflammation, direct and indirect coagulation activation, and direct translocation into systemic circulation.', 'PM causes respiratory morbidity and mortality by creating oxidative stress and inflammation that leads to pulmonary anatomic and physiologic remodeling.'], ['Abnormal cellular accumulation of the dicarbonyl metabolite MG (methylglyoxal) occurs on exposure to high glucose concentrations, inflammation, cell aging and senescence.'], ['In this review we examine the role of inflammation in the bone loss associated with diverse inflammatory conditions and new concepts into how the underlying mechanisms by which inflammation and immune dysregulation impact bone turnover may be pertinent to the mechanisms involved in HIV/ART-induced bone loss.'], ['Factorial structure change during healthy ageing was associated with a decrease in complexity but showed an increase in variability and inflammation.'], ['The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether regular consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces symptoms of URTI in older people, and determine the effect it has on plasma antioxidants, and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and immune function.', 'No changes to innate immune function (natural killer cell activity, phagocytosis) or inflammation markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, homocysteine) were detected.'], ['In addition to its role as a potent antioxidant, vitamin E is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, ranging from immune function and control of inflammation to regulation of gene expression and cognitive performance.'], ['The factors that contribute to the development of sarcopenia in the elderly are: the state of chronic inflammation, atrophy of motoneurons, reduced protein intake (secondary among others to the condition defined as geriatric anorexia), and immobility.'], ["BACKGROUND: Inflammation is a prominent feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD).", 'It has been proposed that aging has an effect on the function of inflammation in the brain, thereby contributing to the development of age-related diseases like AD.', 'However, the age-dependent relationship between inflammation and clinical phenotype of AD has never been investigated.', 'This age-dependent relationship between inflammation and clinical phenotype of AD has implications for the interpretation of biomarkers and treatment of the disease.'], ['Both chronic wounds and impaired acute wounds are characterized by excessive inflammation, enhanced proteolysis, and reduced matrix deposition.', 'Moreover, we have used a secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) null mouse model of severely impaired wound healing and excessive inflammation, comparable to age-related delayed human healing, to demonstrate that topical application of anti-TNF-alpha neutralizing antibodies blunts leukocyte recruitment and NFkappaB activation, alters the balance between M1 and M2 macrophages, and accelerates wound healing.'], ['Lobular inflammation occurred in 20.8% of the livers and PT inflammation in 38.8%.'], ['It can be concluded that inflammation plays an important role in both types of dementia.'], ['Several novel correlations between detected protein concentrations and age were discovered that indicate that both inflammation and response to injury in the central nervous system may increase with age.'], ['Characterization of CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells in patients and healthy controls reveals that they have an inflammation-seeking effector-memory T cell phenotype with cytotoxic properties, as they expel cytotoxic granules in response to a polyclonal stimulus or MS-related autoantigens.', 'Overall, our findings suggest that CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells migrate in response to a chemotactic gradient of fractalkine to sites of inflammation, where they contribute to the inflammatory processes in a subgroup of patients with MS and RA.'], ['Our hypothesis was that chronic inflammation in the bloodstream of persons with ID contributes to their "premature aging".', 'Asymptomatic inflammation in the bloodstream of the older adults with ID might explain the "premature aging" of these individuals.'], ['Recently, a multifaceted action in different physiological and pathological conditions has been also proposed for statins, beyond anti-inflammation and neuroprotection.'], ['Imaging modalities (such as ultrasonography) have increased our knowledge of the role of inflammation of the disease.'], ['Inflammation may play an essential role in the decline of physical performance.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation is crucial in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.'], ['After 100 years of symbiosis marked changes have been observed that may relate to an increased level of intestinal inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Age-related hearing loss is a common disabling condition but its causes are not well understood and the role of inflammation as an influencing factor has received little consideration in the literature.'], ['Ageing is an important determinant of atherosclerosis development rate, mainly by the creation of a chronic low-grade inflammation.', 'Our aim was to study the effects of dietary fat on the expression of genes related to inflammation (NF-kappaB, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), TNF-alpha and IL-6) and plaque stability (matrix metalloproteinase 9, MMP-9) during the postprandial state of twenty healthy, elderly people who followed three diets for 3 weeks each: (1) Mediterranean diet (Med Diet) enriched in MUFA with virgin olive oil; (2) SFA-rich diet; and (3) low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet enriched in n-3 PUFA (CHO-PUFA diet) by a randomised crossover design.'], ["Majority of the changes are often subject to a higher risk of developing diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, as well as the dysregulated immune and inflammatory disorders."], ['Notable drug-related RBC disorders include hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, sideroblastic anemia, polycythemia, methemoglobinemia, anemia of irritation/inflammation, and anemia caused by suppression of RBC production.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation, which disrupt nitric oxide (NO) production directly or by causing resistance to insulin, are central determinants of vascular diseases including ED.'], ['In these diseases, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation may play important causative roles.'], ['It has been reported that a Mediterranean-type diet in old age is protective against inflammation in Italians with depressive symptoms.', 'Controlling for confounding factors (e.g., CVD risk factors, medication) no interaction effect of depressive symptoms and Mediterranean diet was observed on inflammation.', 'An interaction between depressive symptoms and a Health Aware diet on transferrin levels showed that there was an association between increased depressive symptoms and inflammation in those following a Health Aware diet.', 'Our results indicate that there are advantages of a Mediterranean diet over a Health Aware diet with respect to the progression of inflammation in old age and that depressive symptoms compound inflammatory burden only for specific biomarkers and under specific dietary conditions unrelated to the Mediterranean diet.'], ['Important endoscopic diagnoses were defined as colorectal cancer (CRC), polyps, diverticuli and inflammation.', 'The percentage of patients with diverticuli and inflammation was constant.'], ['BACKGROUND: Depression is associated with elevated levels of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein (CRP); yet, the direction of this association remains unclear.'], ['C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant, is associated with systemic inflammation.', 'Mixed results reflect uncertainty about the ability of exercise to reduce inflammation.', 'These findings suggest that weight loss is important in reducing inflammation.'], ['METHODS: The study cohort recruited from a cross-sectional follow-up examination of the SALIA cohort (study on the influence of air pollution on lung function, inflammation, and aging).'], ['BACKGROUND: Lifetime occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in women has been associated with increased prevalence of aging-related chronic diseases, including those with a pathophysiology involving inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: IPV histories remitted for an average of 10 years were associated with biologic mediators of inflammation.'], ['Clinical and epidemiological studies suggested that low DHEA levels might be associated with ischemic heart disease, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, bone loss, inflammatory diseases, and sexual dysfunction.', 'CONCLUSIONS: DHEA modulates endothelial function, reduces inflammation, improves insulin sensitivity, blood flow, cellular immunity, body composition, bone metabolism, sexual function, and physical strength in frailty and provides neuroprotection, improves cognitive function, and memory enhancement.'], ['BACKGROUND: Many studies support the role of bilirubin as a cytoprotector in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as stroke and atherosclerosis.'], ['Thus, our study investigated whether increased aortic stiffness is associated with higher mortality risk in both the diabetic and non-diabetic elderly before and after adjusting for geriatric confounders such as inflammation (sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, orosomucoid levels, leukocyte count) and denutrition parameters (body weight, body mass index [BMI], plasma albumin and prealbumin).', 'In diabetics, inflammation and denutrition predominated over mechanical factors.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation caused by hepatitis B virus infection, hepatitis C virus infection, and/or heavy alcohol use can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).'], ['New targeted biologicals for musculoskeletal diseases such as chronic arthritis have entered daily clinical practice, thereby not only controlling symptoms and signs, inflammation and destruction, but also maintaining function of the joints.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: In the elderly, GDF-15 reflects endothelial activation and vascular inflammation and thus, multiple pathways involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.'], ['AIMS: To determine whether intensive risk factor management reduced markers of inflammation in middle-aged and older people with type 2 diabetes who either had, or were at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and whether these effects were mediated by adiposity.'], ['NDM molds should be suspected in patients with history of trauma and associated periungual inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Short relative telomere length (RTL) is associated with vascular ageing, inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors.'], ['Secondary outcomes are change in the Mini-mental State Examination, functional capacity and well-being (including health status, depression, mood, and self-report cognitive functioning), blood pressure, and biomarkers of n-3 LC PUFA status, glucose, lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage.'], ['Biochemical measures of selected nutrients, homocysteine, markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and blood safety parameters were also collected.'], ['Inflammation surrounding the ACL was assessed separately.', 'RESULTS: Histologic ACL substance scores and ligament sheath inflammation scores increased with age.'], ['Chronic inflammation is one of the most important physiologic correlates of the frailty syndrome and high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, related to both aging and increasing adiposity in older individuals are related to an increased risk of mortality, sarcopenia, reduced muscle strength and decreased mobility.', 'PURPOSE: The purpose of this narrative review is to inform the physical therapist of the effects of aging and increasing adiposity on chronic inflammation and the association of inflammation with muscle loss, strength, and mobility impairments in older adults; and to review the current evidence to provide clinical recommendations on physical activity and exercise regimes that may mitigate chronic inflammation in older adults.', 'CONCLUSION: Exercise is a potent preventive intervention strategy and countermeasure for chronic inflammation and adiposity.', 'Exercise can also benefit the frail older individual by combating the negative effects of chronic inflammation and optimally balancing the production of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines.', 'In addition to providing an anti-inflammatory environment within muscle to mitigate the effects of chronic inflammation, exercise has the added benefit of improving muscle mass and function and decreasing adiposity in older adults.'], ['Thickening of the intimal layer of arteries characterized by expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMalphaA), collagen deposition, and inflammation is an important pathophysiological change with aging assumed to be mediated by smooth muscle cells migrating from the medial layer.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To validate muscle endurance estimation and to examine relationships with dependency and inflammation in elderly persons.', 'In the elderly participants, relationships (controlling for age and physical activity) of GS, FR, GW and GW corrected for body weight (GW/BW) with dependency (Katz-scale) and inflammation (circulating IL-6 and TNF-alpha) were analyzed.'], ['Oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a major role in skin aging, carcinogenesis and inflammation.', 'However, additional studies are necessary to determine the clinical utility of GTE for decreasing skin cell ROS, necrosis and inflammation.'], ['Such age-related changes may depend: (i) on differences in percutaneous penetration in old and young skin, and/or on (ii) differences in the microcirculatory efficiency, which serves as the route by which inflammatory cells make their way to the site of inflammation.'], ['In this review we describe a general overview of gout including its assessment/diagnosis, clinical presentations, predisposing factors, pathophysiology, abortive and prophylactic therapy to control gouty inflammation, and the potential future direction of gout treatment.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia has been associated with age-related abnormalities, including abnormal glucose tolerance, increased pulse pressure, increased inflammation, abnormal stem cell signaling, and shorter telomere length.'], ['This study examines the association of optimism with change in inflammation and endothelial function over time in men.', 'The Life Orientation Test was used to measure optimism, and serum markers were used to measure inflammation and endothelial dysfunction and were obtained repeatedly during the course of the study (1999-2008).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Higher overall optimism scores were associated with lower levels of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in older men free of coronary heart disease.'], ['Gout can lead to inflammation and damage to cartilage, bone, bursa, tendons, heart, or kidneys.', 'Patients with gout will have many years of asymptomatic hyperuricemia followed by episodes of acute gouty inflammation and asymptomatic periods.'], ['Inflammation accompanied by severe oxidative stress plays a vital role in the orchestration and progression of neurodegeneration prevalent in chronic and acute central nervous system pathologies as well as in aging.'], ['Inflammation is an adaptive response to surgery.', 'Postoperative systemic inflammation is more common than is generally acknowledged and is observed in about 10-15% of elderly patients undergoing major surgery.', 'Although the vast majority of systemic inflammation is related to infections, other important predisposing risk factors, such as extent of trauma and haemorrhage, should not be overlooked.', 'Increased awareness, modification of risk factors and early recognition are the key elements in the management of systemic inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of chronic inflammation, have been associated with cognitive impairment in old age.'], ['BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Several studies have linked dietary patterns to insulin sensitivity and systemic inflammation, which affect risk of multiple chronic diseases.', 'The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary patterns of a cohort of older adults, and to examine relationships of dietary patterns with markers of insulin sensitivity and systemic inflammation.', 'In Health ABC, multiple indicators of glucose metabolism and systemic inflammation were assessed.', "With respect to inflammation, the 'healthy foods' cluster had lower interleukin-6 than the 'sweets and desserts' and 'high-fat dairy products' clusters, and no differences were seen in C-reactive protein or tumor necrosis factor-alpha.", 'CONCLUSIONS: A dietary pattern high in low-fat dairy products, fruit, whole grains, poultry, fish and vegetables may be associated with greater insulin sensitivity and lower systemic inflammation in older adults.'], ['Vitamin D appears to be neuroprotective and may regulate inflammation in the brain.', 'We also found preliminary evidence of interactions associated with AD between these polymorphisms and two other genes involved in the regulation of inflammation, interleukin-10 (IL10) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH): synergy factors >=3.4, uncorrected p<0.05.'], ['This brief review summarizes the findings of several studies that support a role for mitochondrial impairment as part of the mechanism of the reduction of neurogenesis associated with inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that elevated plasma EN-RAGE and decreased sRAGE level could play a crucial role in systemic inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in PD patients.'], ['Sixty patients (35.7%) in the US + CT group had inflammation in both studies, 34 (20.2%) had inflammation only on US, and 32 (19.0%) had inflammation only on CT.'], ["BACKGROUND: While exercise acts to combat inflammation and aging, the ability to exercise may itself be compromised by inflammation and inflammation's impact on muscle recovery and joint inflammation.", 'A number of nutritional supplements have been shown to reduce inflammation and improve recovery.'], ['A newly identified cytokine, IL-33, appears to be an important pro-inflammatory cytokine promoting tissue inflammation.'], ['Invasion of this space triggers inflammation and causes periodontal destruction.'], ['In fact, Nectin-2 (NC-2); apolipoprotein E (APOE); glycoprotein carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule-16 (CEACAM-16); B-cell lymphoma-3 (Bcl-3); translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (T0MM-40); complement receptor-1 (CR-l); APOJ or clusterin and C-type lectin domain A family-16 member (CLEC-16A); Phosphatidyl inositol- binding clathrin assembly protein gene (PICALM); ATP-bonding cassette, sub family A, member 7 (ABCA7); membrane spanning A4 (MSA4); CD2 associated protein (CD2AP); cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33); and ephrin receptor A1 (EPHA1) result in a genetic signature that might affect individual brain susceptibility to infection by the herpes virus family during aging, leading to neuronal loss, inflammation, and amyloid deposition.'], ['Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced inflammation plays an important role in the aging of human skin.'], ['Children exposed to maltreatment showed smaller volume of the prefrontal cortex, greater activation of the HPA axis, and elevation in inflammation levels compared to non-maltreated children.', 'Adults with a history of childhood maltreatment showed smaller volume of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, greater activation of the HPA axis, and elevation in inflammation levels compared to non-maltreated individuals.'], ['These assumptions were strengthened by the observation that, with treatment, all of these changes were reversed, the inflammation was reduced, the production of reticulocytes was increased, and the RBCs presented changes usually observed in younger/less damaged RBCs.', 'Finally, after treatment, a residual inflammation still persisted that might contribute to the observed erythroid disturbances.'], ['CONCLUSION: This study suggests that in people with ESRD, the relationship between age and cardiomyopathy is largely dependent on age-related risk factors and that interventions focused on modifiable risk factors linked to age (e.g., malnutrition and inflammation) could attenuate the detrimental effect of aging on cardiovascular risk in the dialysis population.'], ['MEASUREMENTS: Participants were classified according to the median value of the three inflammation markers (IL-6, 2.08 pg/mL; TNF-alpha, 1.43 pg/mL; CRP, 3.08 mg/L).', 'A composite summary score of inflammation was also created.', 'The composite summary score of inflammation was strongly associated with mortality, with the highest risk estimated for individuals with all three inflammatory markers above the median.'], ['Inflammation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'Airway inflammation is involved in increased bronchial wall thickness, increased bronchial smooth muscle tone, mucus hypersecretion and loss of parenchymal elastic structures.', 'Inflammation is also present in the pulmonary artery wall and at the systemic level in COPD patients, and may be involved in COPD-associated comorbidities.', 'Proximal airways inflammation contributes to symptoms of chronic bronchitis while distal and parenchymal inflammation relates to airflow obstruction, emphysema and hyperinflation.', 'Basal levels of airways and systemic inflammation are increased in frequent exacerbators.', 'Ongoing research aims at developing new drugs targeting more intimately COPD-specific mechanisms of inflammation, hypersecretion and tissue destruction and repair.'], ["CONCLUSIONS: The increase of PON1 activity in patients' serum in relation to the control groups indicates a probable pathogenic role of the increased formation of reactive oxygen species in the course of OA and may suggest acute inflammation of the synovial joint."], ['CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of hsCRP, IL-6, and IL-18 are associated with CMB, in both deep and lobar locations, suggesting the involvement of inflammation in CMB.'], ['Although clinicians may be reluctant to measure ferritin in older individuals due to its acute phase properties, such measurements are important in older persons with anaemia, especially in those with signs of inflammation.'], ['We also tested gut injuries including inflammation, irradiation, benzalkonium chloride treatment, partial gut stenosis, and glial ablation.'], ['Three, expression of interleukins in association with inflammation in the prostate may induce sensitization of afferent fibers innervating the prostate and result in increased sensitivity to pain and noxious sensations in the prostate and bladder and heightened sensitivity to bladder filling.'], ['However, albeit these studies provided novel insights into molecular mechanisms causing inflammation and vulnerability to infection, the details of these processes are still unknown.'], ['Different biological or molecular markers have been reported that reflect the mechanistic or pathogenic triad of inflammation, proteases, and oxidants and correspond to the different aspects of COPD histopathology.', 'Similar to the pathogenic triad markers, genetic variations or polymorphisms have also been linked to COPD-associated inflammation, protease-antiprotease imbalance, and oxidative stress.'], ['Although traditional risk factors of aging as well as treatment toxicity contribute to this risk, many investigators consider chronic HIV-associated inflammation a significant factor in such end-organ disease.', 'Despite effective viral suppression, chronic inflammation persists at levels higher than in uninfected people, yet the stimuli for the inflammation and the mechanism by which inflammation persists and promotes disease pathology remain incompletely understood.'], ['Inflammation may contribute to cognitive decline and dementia.', 'This study examined the cross-sectional relationships between markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukins-1beta, -6, -8, -10, -12, plasminogen activator inhibitor, serum amyloid A, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and vascular adhesion molecule-1) and cognitive function in 873 non-demented community-dwelling elderly participants aged 70-90 years.', 'Thus, markers of systemic inflammation are related to cognitive deficits in a non-clinical community-dwelling elderly population, independent of depression, cardiovascular or metabolic risk factors, or presence of apolipoprotein epsilon4 genotype.'], ['BACKGROUND: Fat mass (FM) in overweight/obese subjects has a primary role in determining low-grade chronic inflammation and, in turn, insulin resistance (IR) and ectopic lipid storage within the liver.', 'Obesity, aging, and FM influence the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis, and chronic inflammation might reduce IGF-I signaling.', 'We tested the hypothesis that FM, or spleen volume and C-reactive protein (CRP)--all indexes of chronic inflammation--could affect the IGF-I axis status in overweight/obese, independently of HS.'], ['The key role played by cytokines has been also confirmed in centenarians as we know that inflammation has been related to several pathological burdens (e.g., obesity, atherosclerosis, and diabetes).', 'This review provides an update in the field of ageing related to inflammation and genetics.'], ['Limited information exists, however, regarding the relationship between low-grade inflammation and cognitive function in healthy older adults.', 'This study examined the relation between inflammation, verbal memory consolidation, and medial temporal lobe volumes in a cohort of older community-dwelling subjects.', 'These findings underscore a potential role for inflammation in cognitive aging as a modifiable risk factor.'], ['Research has shown that the majority of the cardiometabolic alterations associated with an increased risk of CVD (e.g., insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and inflammation) can be prevented, and even reversed, with the implementation of healthier diets and regular exercise.', 'Taken together, research shows that CR has numerous beneficial effects on the aging cardiovascular system, some of which are likely related to reductions in inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Classical CV risk factors were determined simultaneously, in association with inflammation and denutrition parameters.', 'Interaction analysis revealed that the effect of PWV on mortality was increased in the presence of renal dysfunction and increased inflammation.', 'In conclusion, although marginally significant in crude analysis, PWV is a powerful determinant of prognosis in the oldest people taking into account inflammation and denutrition.'], ['We speculate that aging, rather than inflammation per se, promotes CIMP(+) CRCs in IBD patients.'], ['Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) can degrade fibrillar collagens and elastic microfibrils, and is involved in inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['Individuals with regular dental visits retained more teeth but the frequency of dental visits had no impact on plaque deposits, gingival inflammation, or alveolar bone levels.'], ['The detection of the antioxidative capacity of the skin is of great practical relevance since free radicals are involved in many skin damaging processes, including aging and inflammation.'], ['For example, inflammation and beta-adrenergic activation have been shown to play a prominent role in POAF, while these mechanisms are less important in non-surgical AF.'], ['The management of gout is 2-fold: (i) treatment of the acute attack to rapidly resolve the pain and inflammation; and (ii) long-term urate-lowering therapy (ULT) to prevent further gouty episodes.'], ['Potential mechanisms for such interactions may include stronger neuro-inflammation or greater amyloid deposition in younger HIV subjects with APOEepsilon4 allele(s).'], ['BACKGROUND: We wished to determine if a marker of endothelial dysfunction/activation soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (s-VCAM)-was related to functional status and mortality in community-dwelling older adults independent of the known effects of markers of inflammation and coagulation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Independent of inflammation and coagulation markers, endothelial dysfunction serves as a marker of, and potentially contributes causally to, poor function and death in community-dwelling older adults.'], ['Lowering the prevalence of obesity is the most urgent matter, and is pleiotropic since it affects blood pressure, lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, inflammation, and atherothrombotic disease progression.'], ["It is widely accepted that inflammation plays some role in the progression of chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as AD (Alzheimer's disease), but its precise role remains elusive.", 'The current review summarizes the relationship between dementia, systemic inflammation and episodes of delirium and addresses the basic scientific approaches currently being pursued with respect to understanding acute cognitive dysfunction during aging and dementia.', 'These data suggest that systemic inflammation is a major contributor to the progression of dementia and constitutes an important clinical target.'], ['Acting in concert with other exposures and genetic liabilities, the resulting inflammation drives forward pathogenic mechanisms that ultimately foster chronic disease.'], ['Frailty is associated with a pro-inflammatory state, which has been characterized by elevated levels of systemic inflammatory biomarkers, but has not been related to the number of co-existing chronic diseases associated with inflammation.'], ['We aimed to assess whether telomere lengths were reflected in circulating mediators of inflammation and redox control factors, including fetuin-A, a circulating modulator of calcium homeostasis.'], ['A reduction in calorie intake [caloric restriction (CR)] appears to consistently decrease the biological rate of aging in a variety of organisms as well as protect against age-associated diseases including chronic inflammatory disorders such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.', 'This review describes the general concepts of CR and CR mimetics as well as discusses evidence related to their effects on inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders.', 'While the implementation of this type of dietary intervention appears to be challenging in our modern society where obesity is a major public health problem, CR mimetics could offer a promising alternative to control and perhaps prevent several chronic inflammatory disorders including periodontal disease.'], ['Histopathologic evaluation of subject biopsies showed reduced inflammation and a more normal epidermal appearance in the active treatment sites.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated not only with inflammation but also with structural remodelling and altered endothelial activation which may contribute to clot formation, embolization and mortality.', 'Plasma samples were collected for ELISA analysis of biomarkers (inflammation [hsCRP, sCD40L], structural [MMP-2] and endothelial remodelling [vWF, sVCAM-1]) at enrolment.'], ['For those who gave informed consent specifically for blood analyses, bloods were taken and analysed for defined biological markers of inflammation and ageing.'], ['In vitro data, in vivo animal studies, and human data are reviewed suggesting a role for MR-activation in promoting vascular oxidative stress, inhibiting vascular relaxation, and contributing to vessel inflammation, fibrosis, and remodeling.'], ['Furthermore, estrogen modulates local inflammation, granulation, re-epithelialization, and possibly wound contraction, which collectively accelerates wound healing at the expense of forming lower quality scars.'], ['The chronic infection status suffered by HIV-infected individuals promotes chronic arterial inflammation and injury, which leads to dysfunction of the endothelium, atherosclerosis and thrombosis.'], ['During the repair process, one of the challenges is neurodegeneration, which can develop from interrupted innervations to/from the targets, chronic inflammation, ischaemia, aging or idiopathic neural toxicity.'], ['We have analyzed effects of senescence on the functions of endothelial cells relevant to the development of atherosclerosis including angiogenesis, adhesion, apoptosis and inflammation.'], ['Declining renal function has been associated with age-related cellular damage and dysfunction with reports of increased levels of apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation in the aged kidney.'], ['Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation.'], ['Inflammation plays a crucial pathophysiological role in the entire continuum of the atherosclerotic process, from its initiation, progression, and plaque destabilization leading ultimately to an acute coronary event.', 'Furthermore, once the clinical event has occurred, inflammation also influences the left ventricular remodelling process.'], ['It is the function of a variety of immune cells in the form of allergic inflammation that is a hallmark of allergic diseases.'], ['Anemia etiologies included iron deficiency anemia at 25.3%, anemia of chronic inflammation at 9.8%, and hematologic malignancy in 7.5%.'], ['In relation to vascular remodeling processes or inflammation it has been convincingly shown that FSAP interacts with growth factors as well as protease activated receptors (PAR).'], ['Here, we discuss how ROS signaling, NFkappaB- and HIF1-activation in the tumor microenvironment induces a form of "accelerated aging," which leads to stromal inflammation and changes in cancer cell metabolism.', 'Thus, we present a unified model where aging (ROS), inflammation (NFkappaB) and cancer metabolism (HIF1), act as co-conspirators to drive autophagy ("self-eating") in the tumor stroma.', 'These findings have important new implications for personalized cancer medicine, as they link aging, inflammation and cancer metabolism with novel strategies for more effective cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.'], ['BACKGROUND: Basophils are thought to play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of allergic reactions, but their roles in inflammation associated with systemic abnormalities such as metabolic disorders remain largely unknown.'], ['CONCLUSION: Changes in blood cell counts in this cohort are consistent with persistent sex differences, age-related changes in renal function (red cells), background inflammation (neutrophils and platelets) and immunosenescence (lymphocytes).'], ['BACKGROUND: Because inflammation is a factor promoting ageing, all-trans retinoic acid (RA)-induced irritation may have a negative influence on collagen accumulation in human skin despite its stimulation of collagen production.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Excessive RA-induced inflammation might prevent collagen accumulation in aged skin despite the positive effect of RA on collagen production.'], ['BACKGROUND: Environmental and endogenous stresses to skin are considered causative reasons for skin cancers, premature ageing, and chronic inflammation.'], ['Genotoxic stress induced by bleomycin and oxidative stress enhanced susceptibility of young mice to pneumonia and was positively correlated with enhanced p16, inflammation, and LR levels.'], ['Inflammation has been associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality in the elderly.', 'The current study aimed to: (1) examine associations between self-rated health and serum inflammatory markers in older adults; (2) examine the relative strength of these associations for self-rated health versus self-rated change in recent health; (3) examine components of self-rated health that may underlie the association between inflammation and global self-rated health.'], ['Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and histological inflammation may also potentially serve as rich sources of chemokine secretion in the prostate.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: inflammation is associated with the loss of TASM in free-living non-sarcopenic older men and women.'], ['AGEs induce oxidative stress and inflammation via the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) can neutralize the effects mediated by RAGE-ligand engagement.'], ['Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed "stemness," inflammation, DNA damage, aging, oxidative stress, hypoxia, autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in the tumor stroma of patients lacking stromal Cav-1.'], ['The accumulation of senescent stromal cells in aging tissue changes the local microenvironment from normal to a state similar to chronic inflammation.'], ['Aberrant Egr-1 expression or activity is implicated in cancer, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and ischemic injury and recent studies now indicate an important role for Egr-1 in TGF-ss-dependent profibrotic responses.'], ['For example, there is evidence that changes in estrogen/androgen ratios favoring increases in androgens, activation of the renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, metabolic syndrome and obesity, inflammation, increased vasoconstrictor eicosanoids, and anxiety and depression may be important in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal hypertension.'], ['However, the reproducibility of those models is limited, with only a proportion of animals supporting longstanding parasitemia, due to strong inflammation induced by P. falciparum.', 'RESULTS: We demonstrate here the role of aging, of inosine and of the IL-2 receptor gamma mutation in controlling P. falciparum induced inflammation.'], ['This review describes the effect of green tea with its bioactive components on bone health with an emphasis on the following: (i) the etiology of osteoporosis, (ii) evidence of osteo-protective impacts of green tea on bone mass and microarchitecture in various bone loss models in which induced by aging, sex hormone deficiency, and chronic inflammation, (iii) discussion of impacts of green tea on bone mass in two obesity models, (iv) observation of short-term green tea supplementation given to postmenopausal women with low bone mass, (v) possible mechanisms for the osteo-protective effects of green tea bioactive compounds, and (vi) a summary and future research direction of green tea and bone health.'], ['Whilst these studies provide evidence for mechanisms of metal-induced toxicity such as enhancing oxidative stress, extrapolation of these results to healthy individuals or patients with chronic inflammatory diseases is not straightforward.', 'In summary, the diverse nature of metals and their effects on human tissues along with a paucity of studies on the full range of their effects, warrant further in-depth studies on the association of metals to ageing, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer.'], ['Age-related macular degeneration, a prevalent blinding disease of the elderly, is strongly associated with mutations in the genes for complement regulatory proteins (CRP), causing chronic inflammation of the RPE.', 'Thus, Stargardt disease and age-related macular degeneration may both be caused by chronic inflammation of the RPE.'], ['Antiretroviral drug-related and inflammation-related effects can cause mitochondrial toxicity and are an emerging area of research.', 'The association of increased visceral adipose tissue with both drug-related and chronic inflammation-related factors is now better understood.'], ['RESULTS: The highest-rated problems were dyspnoea, activity limitation and airway inflammation, and these areas had good patient-physician concordance.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In asthma and COPD, patients and their physicians agree about the importance of managing activity limitation, dyspnoea, and airway inflammation.'], ['Thus, we propose that secretion of AGEs by bacteria is a novel avenue of bacterial-induced inflammation which is potentially important in the pathophysiology of bacterial infections.'], ['Recent studies have identified circulating Hsp as an important mediator in inflammation - the effects of low-grade inflammation in the aging process are overwhelming.', 'Elderly patients presenting inflammation (CRP serum levels >=5 mg/L) showed significantly (p = 0.007) higher Hsp70 values; and Hsp70 correlated positively (p < 0.001) with IL-6 and CRP, but not with TNF-alpha or IL-10.', 'Our study also shows that higher levels of Hsp70 are associated with inflammation and frailty in elderly patients.'], ['Also, chronic inflammation is closely associated with cardiovascular disease, as well as a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases of aging including AD.', 'In this review we summarize data regarding, cardiovascular risk factors and vascular abnormalities, neuro- and vascular-inflammation, and brain endothelial dysfunction in AD.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of a body fat content on the concentration of a serum prohepcidin, iron metabolism parameters and inflammation markers in elderly patients with microcytic or normocytic anemia.', 'In our study serum prohepcidin levels do not correlate with any iron parameters or inflammation markers.'], ['BACKGROUND: Reduced ankle-arm index (AAI), inflammation and mineral bone disorder (MBD) are all associated with increased risk of death and cardiovascular complications in patients on hemodialysis (HD), but the association between them deserves clarification.', 'OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between abnormal AAI with MBD and inflammation in patients on HD.', 'The risk of having low AAI seems to be increased by aging and inflammation, whereas BMD was associated with high AAI.'], ['Various nutrients influence telomere length potentially through mechanisms that reflect their role in cellular functions including inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA integrity, DNA methylation and activity of telomerase, the enzyme that adds the telomeric repeats to the ends of the newly synthesized DNA.'], ['Inflammation is paradoxical; it is essential for protection following biological, chemical or physical stimuli, but inappropriate or misdirected inflammation is responsible for tissue injury in a variety of inflammatory diseases.', 'The acute phase of inflammation is characterized by a T-lymphocyte:Th2 cytokine profile and involves a co-ordinated migration of immune cells to the site of injury where production of cytokines and acute-phase proteins brings about healing.', 'However, persistent inflammation can result in inappropriate and prolonged T-lymphocyte:Th1 cytokine-mediated action and reaction of self-molecules, leading to a chronic phase in diseases such as RA (rheumatoid arthritis), Ps (psoriasis) and atherosclerosis.', 'NR4A receptors may contribute to the cellular processes that control inflammation, playing a critical part in the contribution of chronic inflammation or they may have a protective role, where they may mediate pro-resolution responses.', 'Here, we will review the contribution of the NR4A orphan NRs to integration of cytokine signalling in inflammatory disorders.'], ['ST improves or reverses some of the adverse effects of fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis, particularly pain, inflammation, muscle weakness and fatigue.'], ['DNA damage plays a major role in various pathophysiological conditions including carcinogenesis, aging, inflammation, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases.'], ['In-vitro UVA radiation induced modulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis, oxidative stress, heat shock responses, cell growth, inflammation and epidermal differentiation.'], ['A plethora of laboratory investigations has provided evidence for the multi-faceted properties of resveratrol and suggests that resveratrol may target ageing and obesity-related chronic disease by regulating inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Local and systemic inflammation in AMD are mediated by the deregulated action of the alternative pathway of the complement system.'], ['Both the muscle fiber degeneration and the mononuclear-cell inflammation are components of the s-IBM pathology, but how each relates to the pathogenesis remains unsettled.'], ['Cigarette smoking, oxidative damage to the RPE and inflammation are postulated to be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease.', 'To better understand the cellular mechanism(s) linking oxidative stress and inflammation to AMD, we examined the expression of pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-angiogenic pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF) in RPE from smoker patients with AMD.'], ['The MUC1 expression level was not correlated with salivary cytokine level but did show a significant positive correlation with the level of periodontal inflammation (r(s)=0.505, P<0.01) in the elderly group.'], ['This selective pressure becomes more relaxed in the adult organism, permitting the onset of aging-associated diseases and inflammation-related aging; this concept echoes the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis of aging.'], ['Some antidepressants may reduce the expression of inflammation markers.', 'The "inflammation hypothesis" in geriatric depression cannot be tested in its entirety, but it can lead to testable hypotheses and data on mechanisms by which inflammatory processes promote geriatric depression.'], ['Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced, although not exclusively, by T helper 17 recently identified as a distinct T helper lineage mediating tissue inflammation.', 'We have investigated the effects of resveratrol and polydatin on the in vitro production of IL-17 in a model of inflammation in vitro.'], ['Brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases of the elderly are characterized by oxidative damage, dysregulation of redox metals homeostasis and inflammation, supporting a therapeutic use of antioxidants.', 'Natural plant polyphenols (flavonoids and non-flavonoids) are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet and as such, are ideal nutraceuticals for neutralizing stress-induced free radicals and inflammation.'], ['Factors that affect human olfaction included structural aspects of the nasal cavity that can modulate airflow and therefore odorant access to the olfactory cleft, and inflammatory disease, which can affect both airflow as well as olfactory nerve function.', 'Treatment options focus on reducing sinonasal inflammation when present, ruling out other treatable causes, and counseling patients on safety measures.'], ['Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-13, the major type II collagen-degrading collagenase, is regulated by stress-, inflammation-, and differentiation-induced signals that not only contribute to irreversible joint damage (progression) in OA, but importantly, also to the initiation/onset phase, wherein chondrocytes in articular cartilage leave their natural growth- and differentiation-arrested state.'], ['Based on the assumption that a complex endocrine-inflammatory-immune interaction is primarily implicated in human PCa, we have investigated the interplay between sex steroids and inflammation in development and growth of human PCa.'], ['The key targets of upstream therapy are structural changes in the atria, such as fibrosis, hypertrophy, inflammation, and oxidative stress, but direct and indirect effects on atrial ion channels, gap junctions, and calcium handling are also applied.'], ['Furthermore, the dissociation of NfH(SMI35) levels with biomarkers of inflammation suggests that the mechanisms responsible for their production are at least partly independent.'], ['The interrelation between aging, obesity, CVD, frailty and inflammation is a current issue of intensive research.', 'Although many studies have shown that weight loss in elderly patients is associated with a poor prognosis, recent data demonstrate that intentional weight reduction in obese elderly people ameliorates the cardiovascular risk profile, reduces chronic inflammation and is correlated with an improved quality of life.'], ['Baseline clinical characteristics, blood biochemistry and hematology variables, plasma levels of lipids and lipoproteins, and plasma markers of inflammation and adiposity were compared.', 'Blood markers of haemostasis and inflammation are not strongly predictive of VTE in older age however BMI, country and lower systolic blood pressure are independently associated with VTE risk.'], ['On multiple regression analysis, serum AGEs remained an independent determinant of HOMA-IR even after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, waist, smoking, adiponectin and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: S100A8/A9 complex is a new inflammation-related protein and has a positive correlation with C-reaction protein level.'], ['In our previous study we have shown that inflammation was able to induce increased NT pro BNP in a hospital cohort with chronic heart failure in the elderly, indicating that NT-proBNP/BNP ratio should be evaluated concomitantly with inflammatory status to avoid overestimation of heart failure severity.'], ['Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diverse chronic inflammatory disorders including diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease, aging, neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune disorders, and pulmonary fibrosis.', 'This can trigger apoptotic cascades resulting in chronic inflammatory disorders.'], ['BACKGROUND: To examine the association between obesity history and hand grip strength, and whether the association is partly explained by subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance.'], ['Four metabolites were measured over creatine: N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), marker of neuronal integrity; choline (Cho), myoinositol, markers of inflammation, and glutamate and glutamine (Glx) in the basal ganglia, frontal white matter (FWM), and mid-frontal cortex.'], ['Compared with those with normal fasting glucose, participants with diabetes (confirmed through self-report or elevated fasting blood glucose) at baseline had an elevated risk of depressive symptoms at follow-up (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.01-2.30) after adjusting for depressive symptoms at baseline, behavioural and sociodemographic variables, adiposity and inflammation.'], ['This is then followed by their subsequent removal by phagocytic cells such as macrophages, thereby preventing unwanted inflammation and tissue damage.'], ['Recent data suggest that chronic low-grade inflammation, a fundamental characteristic of aging, plays a role.', 'Effects might rely on the influence of inflammation on the activity of two enzymatic pathways, the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and the guanosine-triphosphate-cyclohydrolase-1 (GTP-CH1) pathways, which are involved in the biosynthesis of monoamines.', 'Increased inflammation was related to reduced tryptophan concentrations and increased kynurenine levels, suggestive of IDO-induced increased tryptophan catabolism.', 'In addition, inflammation was associated with increases in neopterin and nitrite levels and in phenylalanine concentrations at the expense of tyrosine.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that chronic low-grade inflammation in aging is associated with alterations in enzymatic pathways involved in monoamine metabolism and suggest that these alterations might participate in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly persons.'], ['We tested the hypothesis that short-term nitrite therapy reverses vascular endothelial dysfunction and large elastic artery stiffening with aging, and reduces arterial oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'Short-term nitrite therapy reverses age-associated vascular endothelial dysfunction, large elastic artery stiffness, oxidative stress, and inflammation.'], ['This study applied a case-control approach to investigate the association between low-grade inflammation, defined by high values within the normal range of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation.', 'This study shows no association between low-grade inflammation and urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation in a population of elderly Italian people.', 'The results suggest that low-grade inflammation only has a negligible impact on whole body nucleic acid oxidation, whereas iron status seems to be of great importance.'], ['Malfunctioning autophagy is observed in many human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac and muscular diseases, infectious and inflammatory diseases, diabetes, and obesity.'], ['NO production was measured by the total nitrite assay and conventional inflammation markers were determined.', 'RESULTS: C-reactive protein levels and white blood cell counts were significantly higher in inflammation than in the control group (P<0.05).'], ['Aging is associated with low-grade inflammation.', 'The benefits of regular exercise for the elderly are well established, whereas less is known about the impact of low-intensity resistance exercise on low-grade inflammation in the elderly.', 'Resistance training may assist in maintaining or improving muscle volume and reducing low-grade inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND/AIMS: Raised low-grade systemic inflammation has been associated with dementia, and preliminary studies suggest an association with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).', 'This study examines the relationship between systemic inflammation and MCI subtypes.', 'CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest an association between specific inflammatory markers and MCI subtypes, highlight sex differences in the association with MCI, and point to a discrete impact of systemic inflammation on cognition.'], ['Although the shared common pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully elucidated, the most important factors that might explain this association appear to be, besides age, estrogen deficiency and inflammation.'], ['Stressors such as acute injury or chronic inflammation may induce SCS, which in turn exhausts organ regenerative potential.'], ['Consequently, genetic variation in the expression of these proinflammatory cytokines may influence the development of anemia in elderly patients, both through induction of hepcidin expression (anemia of inflammation) and through cytokine suppression of erythroid colony formation.'], ['Endothelial dysfunction accompanied by increased oxidative stress and inflammation with aging may predispose older arteries to greater ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.', 'Circulating markers of antioxidant capacity and inflammation were not related to FMD.'], ['According to the recent theory of oxidation-inflammation to explain the aging process, the immune system seems to be involved in the chronic oxidative and inflammatory stress conditions of aging.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine whether combined higher interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with lower pulmonary function levels in older women, accounting for chronic inflammatory diseases, physical function, and other factors associated with inflammation.'], ['Recently, inflammation has been strongly associated with insulin resistance and diabetes.'], ['Administered at low doses, VCD specifically causes apoptotic cell death of primordial follicles but does not affect other peripheral tissues, including the liver and spleen, nor does it affect brain inflammation markers.'], ['COPD is characterized by a poorly reversible airflow limitation resulting from chronic inflammation, mainly due to tobacco exposure.', 'There is increasing evidence that chronic inflammation is a key factor in COPD and that inflammation might be the common pathway linking these comorbidities and explaining why they typically develop together.'], ['Oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation are physiopathological mechanisms related to diabetes and aging.', 'We evaluated the additive effect of diabetes and aging on OxS and inflammation in a cross-sectional comparative study of 228 subjects: (1) 56 healthy adults (mean age, 47 +- 7 years); (2) 60 diabetic adults (mean age, 52 +- 6 years); (3) 40 healthy elderly adults (mean age, 67 +- 7 years); and (4) 72 diabetic elderly adults (mean age, 68 +- 7 years).', 'Our findings suggest that aging, in concert with diabetes, exerts an additive effect on OxS and inflammation.'], ['This mitochondrial dysfunction may affect several pathways that have been implicated in cartilage degradation, including oxidative stress, defective chondrocyte biosynthesis and growth responses, increased cytokine-induced chondrocyte inflammation and matrix catabolism, cartilage matrix calcification, and increased chondrocyte apoptosis.'], ['However, the observations of an association between cystatin C level and inflammation stem from large cohort studies.', 'The present work concerns the cystatin C levels and degree of inflammation in longitudinal studies of individual subjects without inflammation, who undergo elective surgery.', 'Surgery caused marked inflammation with high peak values of CRP and SAA on the second day after the operation.'], ['The importance of these connections extends to several clinical scenarios of hyponatremia and inflammation, including hospital-acquired hyponatremia, postoperative hyponatremia, exercise-associated hyponatremia, and hyponatremia in the elderly.', 'Besides insights in pathophysiology, the recognition of the propensity for antidiuresis during inflammation is also important with regard to monitoring patients and selecting the appropriate intravenous fluid regimen, for which recommendations are provided.'], ['Inflammation is an underlying basis for the molecular alterations that link aging and age-related pathological processes.', 'To further investigate the association of inflammation with cellular senescence, the effects of PGE(2) on cellular senescence in HDFs were investigated, since PGE(2) is the most abundant prostanoid.', 'Taken together, these results suggest that PGE(2) may play an important role in controlling cellular senescence of HDFs through the regulation of IGFBP5 and therefore may contribute to inflammatory disorders associated with aging.'], ['According to this hypothesis, we studied in our population of young patients with AMI, the distribution of some polymorphisms influencing a inflammation and found an higher prevalence of pro-inflammatory polymorphisms (SNP A2080G of pyrin gene, SNP Gly670Arg of PECAM gene, C1019T of Cx 37 gene, SNP G1059C of PCR gene) and a lower prevalence of anti-inflammatory polymorphisms (Asp299Gly of TLR4 gene, SNP -1082 G/A of IL10 gene, CCR5Delta32).'], ['More recently, the identification of several transcription factors known to play a role in the immune system as sirtuin substrates has suggested that this family of enzymes may also play an important role in the regulation of inflammation, a pathological situation with clear links to metabolism and aging in humans.', 'We review herein the possible links between nuclear sirtuins and the regulation of an immune response, and discuss the possible strategies that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to treat inflammation by targeting sirtuin activity.'], ['Emerging data indicates that the cytokine Interleukin (IL)-18, one of the key mediator of inflammation and immune response, has relevance in the physiopathological processes of the brain, by ultimately influencing the integrity of neurons and putatively contributing to AD.'], ['The main mode of action of BB in treating systolic HF is inhibition of chronic beta-1 stimulation-induced myocardial apoptosis/necrosis/inflammation.'], ['Our results indicate that novel anti-inflammatory drugs may resolve imbalanced inflammation and improve outcomes in older people infected with viruses.'], ['Neighborhood Z-scores were positively associated with serum alpha-carotene (P = 0.0006), beta-carotene (P = 0.07), beta-cryptoxanthin (P = 0.03), and lutein+zeaxanthin (P = 0.004) after adjusting for age, race, BMI, smoking, inflammation, and season.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The inflammatory process is related to oxidative stress and inflammation was proven to be a strong determinant of the aging process and to ultimately lead to death.', 'The aim of the present study was to assess if, in a population of older adults, the effect of antioxidant genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes on mortality may differ depending on levels of inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: GSTM1 wildtype is associated with reduced mortality among older adults with high levels of inflammation, but not among those with low levels of inflammation.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, with a clinical manifestation both systemic and in joints.'], ['Recent studies have reported genes identified using non-biased approaches (ie, genetic linkage studies and genome-wide association studies) that are associated with susceptibility for atherosclerosis and related thromboembolic disorders; these genes may be implicated in the control of arterial wall inflammation and EPC-mediated tissue repair.', 'Most of the genes identified by using non-biased genomic techniques are associated with inflammation, immune response and stem cells.'], ['Immunosuppressants have many alternative effects: (i) Cyclosporin is proving useful in treatment of inflammatory disease such as asthma and muscular dystrophy.'], ['They play an important role in wound healing, in inflammation and in angiogenesis, but are also essential in the first stage of a "danger response".'], ['RESULTS: Scapular notching after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is due to repetitive contact between the polyethylene of the humeral component and the inferior scapular neck during adduction, leading to erosion of the scapular neck, polyethylene wear, joint inflammation, and potential implant loosening.'], ['BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder in which Th2, Th1 and suppressive T cells (Tregs) play a role.'], ['The pleiotropic cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), has emerged as a key factor in the biology of aging and the physiology of inflammation.'], ['Obesity, smoking and alcohol intake were associated with high CRP, a biomarker of low-grade inflammation in middle-aged men, while a dietary pattern rich in fruit and high physical activity were inversely associated with the prevalence of high CRP.'], ['Cartilage factors predisposing to CPPD and CPP-crystal-induced inflammation and current treatment options for the management of CPPD are also described.'], ['In these patients, the early identification of the specific clinical problems that may cause many adverse effects for the dialysis treatment population becomes a relevant factor: e.g., cardiovascular diseases, malnutrition, inflammation, depression and cognitive disturbances.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that eNO level inversely correlates with small airway narrowing, and airway inflammation has a significant effect on small airway lung function in asthmatic school children.'], ['These changes are consistent with some of the changes to the adaptive immune system that are seen in the very old ("immunosenescence") and that are likely related in part to persistent inflammation.', 'HIV-associated inflammation and immunosenescence have been implicated as causally related to the premature onset of other end-organ diseases.'], ['chronic renal disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, heart failure or sclerosis) and malignant progression (and likely by reducing TGFb-regulated inflammation and immune responses -inflamm-aging-), molecularly behaves as a bona fide anti-aging modality.'], ['Inflammation, oxidative stress, proteolytic degradation, and nuclear apoptosis are discussed as pathogenetic mechanisms of sarcopenia, although little evidence exists that they are important in human muscle.'], ['Common problems were: airways hyper-responsiveness (80%); airway inflammation (74%); activity limitation (74%) and systemic inflammation (60.5%).'], ['Few cross-sectional studies and some longitudinal studies have attempted to link oral health with dementia diagnosis or disease pathology but none has investigated the role of inflammation as a potential mediator.', 'After adjusting for age, significant differences were found between patients and controls with respect to gingival inflammation, dental plaque, bleeding on probing and probing pocket depth.'], ['With an increasing number of patients surviving to later years the impact of chronic inflammation and nutritional compromise on other organ systems over a lifetime are increasingly manifest.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), characterized 50 years ago as a primary immunodeficiency disorder of phagocytic cells (resulting in failure to kill a defined spectrum of bacteria and fungi and in concomitant chronic granulomatous inflammation) now comprises five genetic defects impairing one of the five subunits of phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Phox).', 'While fungal infections have lost some threat, therapeutic research focuses on two other important aims: pharmacologic cure of chronic inflammation and long-term cure of CGD by gene therapy.'], ['Th17 cells, which produce IL-17 and IL-22, promote autoimmunity in mice and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases in humans.', 'Importantly, transfer of CD4(+)CD45Rb(hi) cells from aged mice induced more severe colitis in RAG(-/-) mice compared to cells from young mice, Taken together, these results suggest that Th17 immune responses are elevated in aging humans and mice and may contribute to the increased development of inflammatory disorders in the elderly.'], ['The abundance of a selection of transcript species involved in inflammation, immunosenescence and stress response was compared between PBMC of 35 geriatric patients with hip fracture in acute phase (days 2-4 after hospitalization) or convalescence phase (days 7-10) and 28 healthy aged controls.'], ['The most common causes include chronic inflammation that is a typical manifestation of aging, iron deficiency that may be due to chronic hemorrhage, malabsorption and Helicobacter pylori infection, cobalamin deficiency from malabsorption and renal insufficiency.'], ['Conversely, fat replacement without fibrosis may be seen secondary to infectious myocarditis, chronic inflammation, and ischemia and as part of the aging process.'], ['Self-reported arthritis-related illness was indicated by the presence of arthritis, back and joint pain, biting sensation, swelling and inflammation in the joints.'], ['Importantly, SIRT1 is a regulator of aging, inflammation and metabolism.'], ['The basis of this relationship with survival is not known; however, systemic inflammation may reflect comorbidity.', 'The present study examines relationships between host factors (including age, comorbidity, deprivation, and systemic inflammation) and survival in CRC.'], ['Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory disorder associated with an increased risk of small bowel adenocarcinoma.', 'Recent studies have demonstrated aberrant CpG island methylation (CIM) in chronic inflammation, aging and cancer.'], ['In addition to hemostasis, TF can initiate intracellular signaling and promote inflammation and angiogenesis, the key processes underlying the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).', 'AMD, the leading cause of irreversible blindness among the elderly, involves many genetic and environmental risk factors, including oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Thus, RNA expression was assessed in the blood of individuals with and without extensive WMH to search for evidence of oxidative stress, inflammation, and other abnormalities described in WMH lesions in brain.', 'Function analyses suggested that WMH-specific genes were associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, detoxification, and hormone signaling, and included genes associated with oligodendrocyte proliferation, axon repair, long-term potentiation, and neurotransmission.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The unique RNA expression profile in blood associated with WMH is consistent with roles of systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as other potential processes in the pathogenesis or consequences of WMH.'], ['Senescent cells profoundly modify neighboring and remote cells through the production of an altered secretome, eventually leading to inflammation, fibrosis and possibly growth of neoplastic cells.'], ['The data regarding the role of serum uric acid (SUA) along with subclinical inflammation in the context of hypertensive vascular damage are rather scarce and controversial.'], ["Although the data are limited, this article reviews the animal and healthy human data providing a rational approach to the potential pathophysiological mechanisms involved in muscle mass regulation in critically ill patients, including the established muscle wasting 'risk factors' such as ageing, immobility and systemic inflammation, all of which are common findings in the general critical care population."], ["In order to achieve better orientation in the processing of results, the patient-described types of disorders were classified according to the patients' own opinions into the following groups: eufunctional thyroid gland, inflammation, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, tumour and surgery."], ['Allergy and asthma are recognized as inflammatory disorders, and there are data demonstrating that age-related changes in immune function can have a significant impact on these disorders.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation are key features in the initiation, progression, and clinical manifestations of smooth muscle disorders.'], ['Reciprocity of inflammation, oxidative stress and neovascularization is emerging as an important mechanism underlying numerous processes from tissue healing and remodelling to cancer progression.', 'Whereas the mechanism of hypoxia-driven angiogenesis is well understood, the link between inflammation-induced oxidation and de novo blood vessel growth remains obscure.', 'Here we show that the end products of lipid oxidation, omega-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP) and other related pyrroles, are generated during inflammation and wound healing and accumulate at high levels in ageing tissues in mice and in highly vascularized tumours in both murine and human melanoma.', 'Taken together, these findings establish a new function of TLR2 as a sensor of oxidation-associated molecular patterns, providing a key link connecting inflammation, oxidative stress, innate immunity and angiogenesis.'], ['We examined components of the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, a marker of inflammation, and the presence of painful comorbidities as possible mediators of this association.', 'High sensitivity C-reactive protein was used as a marker of inflammation.', 'After adjustment for insulin resistance, inflammation, and pain-related comorbidities, central obesity predicted higher TPI scores (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.04-2.33) and nearly doubled the risk of chronic pain (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.05-2.75).', 'Central obesity is the metabolic syndrome component showing the strongest independent association with pain, and the relationship is not explained by markers of insulin resistance or inflammation, nor by the presence of osteoarthritis or neuropathy.'], ['The effect of ritonavir and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir (for 30 days) on senescence, oxidative stress, and inflammation was evaluated in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs).', 'PIs induced senescence markers, prelamin A accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation in HCAECs.'], ["Therefore we conclude that LY333531 can reduce AGEs-induced macrophage adhesion to endothelial cells and relieve the local inflammation, this was realized by its effect on decreasing inflammatory cytokines' expression and increasing cell anti-oxidative ability."], ['This might translate into an etiology for chronic inflammatory diseases, when the stressed bacteria increase in numbers and overwhelm the normal biological functions of the host.'], ['Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress increase with advancing age and appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death worldwide.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease in the elderly population and is characterized by airway inflammation.', 'Whether it is a progressive condition resulting from allergic inflammation or a distinct condition involving a pathogen-induced reaction remains unclear.', 'OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of allergic inflammation in the pathogenesis of elderly COPD.'], ['Multiple factors appear to be involved in the development of sarcopenia including the loss of muscle mass and muscle fibers, increased inflammation, altered hormonal levels, poor nutritional status, and altered renin-angiotensin system.'], ['Inflammation, oxidative injury, altered myocyte metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis initiate and perpetuate cardiac arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation.', 'EPA and DHA form precursors to anti-inflammatory lipid molecules: lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins that are known to suppress inflammation, have anti-fibrotic actions and inhibit MPO activity.', 'Hence, it is likely that leukocyte and/or myocardial deficiency of EPA and DHA and consequent reduced formation of lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins enhance inflammation and MPO activity that leads to myocardial damage and fibrosis and initiation and progression of cardiac arrhythmias.'], ['Three major actions of oestrogen are discussed: enhancement of vasodilator capacity, suppression of vascular inflammation and increase in mitochondrial efficiency.', 'Oestrogen suppresses vascular inflammation through an NF-kappaB-dependent effect.'], ['The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors regulates genes that are critical for inflammation and immunity.', 'However, constitutive NF-kappaB activity is an equally important aspect of NF-kappaB function that is particularly relevant to chronic inflammation and cancer.', 'Here, we provide a brief overview of NF-kappaB biology and discuss the role of NF-kappaB in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of tocotrienols The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors is a central player in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses.', 'Additionally, there is considerable interest in the contribution of NF-kappaB-mediated chronic inflammation in aging.'], ["There is evidence to suggest that the inflammation associated with Crohn's disease (CD) impacts the bone health of patients, predisposing them to early onset osteoporosis and increasing their risk of fracture.", 'Studies in children suggest that, irrespective of time on corticosteroid therapy, the underlying systemic inflammation associated with CD is an independent detrimental influence on the bone health of children with CD.'], ['Skin explants could be a very convenient model to study wound-healing, inflammation processes, autoimmune diseases, malignant transformation, stress, ageing, and to serve as screening tests.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The role of inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis is unclear, and the associations between inflammatory cytokines and cartilage loss have not been reported.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha are associated with knee cartilage loss in older people suggesting low level inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of knee OA.'], ['With increasing age, plaque calcification and large lipid core increased (P<0.001 and P=0.01, respectively) and fibrous tissue (P=0.01) decreased, but lymphocyte infiltration of the plaque (P=0.03) and cap (P=0.002) and overall plaque inflammation (P=0.03) also decreased such that overall plaque instability was unrelated to age.'], ['This review of literature and our data suggests that up-regulated production of interferon-gamma (IFNG) in periphery and brain triggers a merger of tryptophan (TRY)-kynurenine (KYN) and guanine-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) metabolic pathways into inflammation cascade involved in aging and aging-associated medical and psychiatric disorders (AAMPD) (metabolic syndrome, depression, vascular cognitive impairment).', 'IFNG-inducible KYN/pteridines inflammation cascade is characterized by up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (induced by KYN) and decreased formation of NOS cofactor, BH4, that results in uncoupling of NOS that shifting arginine from NO to superoxide anion production.', 'IFNG-inducible KYN/pteridines inflammation cascade is impacted by IFNG (+874) T/A genotypes, encoding cytokine production.'], ['Exposure to both, excess body fat and particulate matter, is accompanied by systemic low-grade inflammation as well as alterations in insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling and cell cycle control.'], ['Based on the reviewed evidence, we propose that it is important to remove the comedones at the time of ovulation, prior to the reduction of the size of the sebaceous orifice and epidermal barrier function, to counteract the onset of increased sebum production, prevent blockage of the pores and subsequent bacterial colonization and inflammation.'], ['The effect of delirium on the cause of death might be explained by an aggravation of an ongoing neuro-inflammation.'], ['METHODS: We used data from the SALIA cohort study in Germany (Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Aging) to assess the association between the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic respiratory symptoms and the decline in air pollution exposure.'], ['Mechanisms probably contributing to fatigue in older adults include decline in mitochondrial function, alterations in brain neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, and inflammation.'], ['Furthermore, there is high possibility of a poor prognosis, which includes inflammation, hypertrophic scar formation and pigmentation associated with its misuse.'], ['Increasing evidence from research on several diseases show that oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, cancer, ageing, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, hypertension, apoptosis, cardiovascular diseases, and heart failure.'], ['This study originally suggests that efficient therapeutic protection of TL and structure in response to stresses that are known to reduce TL, such as oxidative damage or inflammation associated with tobacco smoking, would lead to better telomere maintenance.'], ['The etiologies of these diseases remain to be clarified, but the common disease-modifying factors are confirmed: oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired ubiquitine-proteasome system and inflammation.'], ['In mammals, protein misfolding diseases and aging cause inflammation and progressive tissue loss, in correlation with the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates and the defective expression of chaperone genes.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Low serum albumin levels are associated with increased risk for HF in the elderly in a time-dependent manner independent of inflammation and incident coronary events.'], ['It has long been used in Indian folk medicine to treat liver diseases, stomach ulcers, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, geriatric complaints, skin disorders and beauty care.'], ['The primary role of thymidine analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (tNRTI) in peripheral lipoatrophy has been clearly shown in vitro and in vivo, these drugs inducing a severe mitochondrial dysfunction and an increased oxidative stress together with fat inflammation leading to fat loss.', 'While severe lipoatrophy is now less prevalent in HIV-infected patients, fat hypertrophy is frequently observed: a role for drugs from the different classes acting in synergy to induce fat hyperplasia and hypertrophy is suggested, with milder mitochondrial dysfunction but increased inflammation and activation of the cortisol system.', 'In addition, it is now considered that long-term viral infection, even if controlled, could induce low-grade inflammation and prepare fat to the deleterious effect of ART.'], ['Patients with IgG4-related TAA showed clinicopathologic features similar to patients with IgG4-SD: male gender, old age, history of bronchial asthma and allergies, elevation of white blood cell counts, C-reactive protein levels, and IgG4 and IgE concentrations (in one patient); eosinophilic infiltration, obliterative phlebitis, lymph follicle formation, and perineural inflammation.'], ['Asthma pathogenesis includes not only IgE-mediated allergy but also innate immune inflammation from endotoxin and trypsin-like proteases, and therefore evaluation and control of environmental exposures is an important part of management.'], ['These results strongly suggest that PPARgamma plays a key role in age-related inflammation and may have clinical applications as a molecular target in the treatment of age-related inflammation.'], ['Metal ions are released from casting alloys and cause damage to cell structures and local inflammation.'], ["In fact, ROS and RNS have been implicated in the oxidative deterioration of food products, as well as in the pathogenesis of several chronic and/or ageing diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, and certain types of cancer."], ['Failure to resolve these lesions through one or more DNA-repair processes is associated with genome instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration, inflammation, aging, and cancer, emphasizing the importance of characterizing the pathways and proteins involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage.'], ['The insufficiency of antioxidant defense mechanisms is associated to the pathology of chronic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and diabetes.'], ['Resveratrol (RV)-induced SirT1 activation also improves endothelial dysfunction and suppresses vascular inflammation.'], ['A number of recent studies have suggested that the role of vitamin D in preventing fractures may be via its mediating effects on muscle function (a defect in muscle function is one of the classical signs of rickets) and inflammation.'], ["Interestingly, both inflammation and oxidative stress, which play a role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), may accelerate telomere shortening."], ['We analyzed the relationship between aging and hypoxia by examining oxidative stress and inflammation-related cytokines.'], ['In this context, we discuss the role of antigen, bystander inflammation, and cellular niches.'], ['A state of low-grade systemic inflammation may underlie this constellation of risk factors.', 'Chronic inflammatory conditions, such as periodontal disease, may contribute to systemic inflammation and development of MetS.', 'No significant differences in systemic inflammation were found between periodontal groups.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The association of alveolar bone loss to MetS is consistent with the hypothesis that destructive periodontal disease may contribute to the development of MetS and elevations in systemic inflammation.', 'Longitudinal studies are necessary to clarify the role of periodontal disease in the development of MetS and conditions associated with chronic inflammation.'], ['The essential experience of ginger compresses exposed the unique qualities of heat, stimulation, anti-inflammation and analgesia.'], ['Aging is a paradox of reduced immunity and chronic inflammation.'], ['As allergists, we are most likely to see this symptom in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, and this now appears to be due more to the mucosal inflammation than to physical airway obstruction.'], ['Systemic inflammation has been suggested as one of the mechanisms of malnutrition in COPD.', 'CONCLUSION: Low BMI was associated with the severity of emphysema and systemic inflammation reflected by elevated alpha1-AT level.'], ['High HDL contributes to protection against inflammation, oxidation and thrombosis, and associates with good cognitive function in very old people.'], ['Paradoxically, although inflammation is an essential part of the response of the body to infection, surgery and trauma, it can adversely affect patient outcome.', 'The metabolic effects of inflammation are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines.', 'A better understanding of this aspect of nutrient-gene interactions and of the genomic factors that influence the intensity of inflammation during disease will help in the more effective targeting of nutritional therapy.'], ['In conclusion, we found that HCV-related HCC in the elderly occurred against a background of chronic liver disease with mild inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['The enterocytic detachment and bowel inflammation provoke C. difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) sometimes developing into severe pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) and paralytic ileus.'], ['The aim of this study was to examine the associations between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and cognition and focus on the modifying effect of inflammation.', 'Furthermore, a significant modifying effect of inflammation (C-reactive protein, alpha-antichymotrypsin) was found.', 'A negative additive effect of low LDL cholesterol and high inflammation was found on general cognition and memory performance.', 'Also, high triglycerides were associated with lower memory performance in those with high inflammation.'], ['Advances in clinical care for disorders involving any system of the body necessitates novel therapeutic strategies that can focus upon the modulation of cellular proliferation, metabolism, inflammation and longevity.'], ['This review focuses on molecular, cellular, and functional changes that occur in the vasculature during aging; explores the links between mitochondrial oxidative stress, inflammation, and development of vascular disease in the elderly patients; and provides a landscape of molecular mechanisms involved in cellular oxidative stress resistance, which could be targeted for the prevention or amelioration of unsuccessful vascular aging.'], ['The growing body of evidence linking inflammation and frailty in older people, an association that seems consistent across different frailty definitions, is therefore of great interest to research gerontologists.', 'Inflammation may be primarily causal, a compensatory response to viral antigens or subclinical disease or an epi-phenomenon, merely a marker of another key pathophysiological process such as excessive oxidative stress.'], ['PARP-1 is involved in the regulation of genomic integrity, transcription, inflammation, and cell death.', 'Here, we show that hPARP-1 mice exhibit impaired survival rates accompanied by reduced hair growth and premature development of several inflammation and age-associated pathologies, such as adiposity, kyphosis, nephropathy, dermatitis, pneumonitis, cardiomyopathy, hepatitis, and anemia.'], ['It is probably true to say that a consensus view would implicate heightened chronic systemic inflammation as a major contributor to frailty.'], ['Active pathological bone destruction in humans often occurs in locations where oxygen tension (pO(2)) is likely to be low, for example, at the sites of tumours, inflammation, infections and fractures, or the poorly vascularized yellow fatty marrow of the elderly.'], ['Aging is associated with increasing inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, both of which can have negative health effects.', 'Parameters of systemic inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and the oxidative defense system (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, cyclooxygenase-2) were measured post supplementation, before and after an eccentric exercise bout performed to elicit an inflammatory response.', 'Overall results from our study do not support the notion that 4 weeks of daily soy milk ingestion can attenuate systemic elevations in markers of inflammation or oxidative defense.', 'However, data do suggest that the downhill-running protocol utilized in this study can be effective in altering systemic markers of inflammation and oxidative defense enzyme activity, and that the ingestion of soy may help prevent fluctuations in plasma TNF-alpha.'], ['Current models of oncogenesis incorporate the contributions of chronic inflammation and aging to the patterns of tumor formation.'], ['Inflammation is increasingly linked to loss of lung function and evidence suggests that consumption of dietary fat exacerbates inflammation.'], ['This study examined effects of short-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 on markers of systemic inflammation, coagulation, autonomic control of heart rate, and repolarization in 22 adults (mean age: 61 years) with type 2 diabetes.', 'Exposure to PM2.5 also increases systemic inflammation.'], ['Progranulin (PGRN) is involved in wound repair, inflammation, and tumor formation, but its function in the central nervous system is unknown.'], ['The objective of the present study was to investigate if a recreationally active lifestyle in older adults can conserve skeletal muscle strength and functionality, chronic systemic inflammation, mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity, and cellular antioxidant capacity.', 'Conversely a sedentary lifestyle, associated with osteoarthritis-mediated physical inactivity, is associated with reduced mitochondrial function, dysregulation of cellular redox status and chronic systemic inflammation that renders the skeletal muscle intracellular environment prone to reactive oxygen species-mediated toxicity.'], ['Cytokines are crucial for the regulation of inflammation development in humans.'], ['Mechanisms of this CR-mediated lifespan extension are not fully elucidated, but possibly involve significant alterations in energy metabolism, oxidative damage, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and functional changes in both the neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous systems.'], ['Novel therapies aimed at persistent central nervous system inflammation will be needed to close this gap.'], ['An understanding of the new paradigm that periodontal disease may have a relationship to various systemic inflammatory conditions of aging reinforces the importance of monitoring oral inflammation.', 'This review examines some of the clinical challenges associated with diagnosing and monitoring periodontal inflammation.'], ['DESIGN: Between 1985 and 1994, cross-sectional surveys were performed in the highly industrialized Ruhr district (West Germany); a follow-up investigation was conducted in 2006 using data from the Study on the Influence of Air Pollution on Lung, Inflammation and Aging (SALIA) cohort.', 'Complement factor C3c as marker for subclinical inflammation was measured at baseline.', 'Subclinical inflammation may be a mechanism linking air pollution with type 2 diabetes.'], ['AGEs cause widespread damage to tissues through upregulation of inflammation and cross-linking of collagen and other proteins.'], ["Ample evidence has shown that inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase in the AD patient's brain."], ['Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the liver, interface hepatitis (based on histologic examination), hypergammaglobulinemia, and production of autoantibodies.', 'Transgenic mice that express human antigens and develop autoantibodies, liver-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells, liver inflammation, and fibrosis have been developed as models of AIH.'], ['OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between inflammation and heart failure (HF) risk in older adults.', 'BACKGROUND: Inflammation is associated with HF risk factors and also directly affects myocardial function.'], ['BACKGROUND: Statins have been associated with beneficial effects on bone metabolism and inflammation in both experimental and clinical studies.'], ['Acute injury/inflammation of otherwise healthy animals has often been used to study effects on a target tissue/organ.', 'In addition, the relevance of observed changes following acute injury/inflammation, in terms of possible therapeutic targets, may not reflect that which occurs in the human condition.'], ['Biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6sR, IL-1sRII, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (sTNFRI, sTNFRII), IL-8, IL-15, adiponectin, IL-1ra, IL-2sRalpha, and TNFalpha) were measured at baseline, at 6 months, and at 12 months.'], ['BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that inflammation may play an important role in aging and the development of disabilities, but knowledge about its importance in the development of muscle weakness and functional disabilities in very old people is limited.'], ['To examine this, we found two types of responders to cantharidin-induced skin blisters in male healthy volunteers: those with immediate leukocyte accumulation and cytokine/chemokine synthesis followed by early resolution and a second group whose inflammation increased gradually over time followed by delayed resolution.', 'In early resolvers, blister 15-epi-LxA(4) and leukocyte ALX were low, but increased as inflammation abated.', 'In contrast, in delayed resolvers, 15-epi-LxA(4) and ALX were high early in the response but waned as inflammation progressed.', 'These findings show that two phenotypes exist in humans with respect to inflammation severity/longevity controlled by proresolution mediators, namely 15-epi-LxA(4).', 'These data have implications for understanding the etiology of chronic inflammation and future directions in antiinflammatory therapy.'], ['The findings reviewed here center around the hypothesis that dysfunctional Reelin-mediated signaling converges overlapping molecular pathogenic pathways in schizophrenia and AD; highlighting a surprising interaction between prenatal inflammation and developmental abnormalities that appear to play a common role in aging-related neuropathology and cognitive decline.', 'I hypothesize that the progression from normal aging to AD possibly results from late-gestational misregulations of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in immediate neuronal loss of Reelin-expressing neurons, facilitation of protein aggregation and concomitant impairments in proteolytical degradation during adulthood and aging, accompanied by chronic inflammation, expected to induce neurodegenerative processes.'], ['The sirtuins are highly conserved NAD-dependent deacetylases that were shown to regulate lifespan in lower organisms and affect diseases of aging in mammals, such as diabetes, cancer, and inflammation.'], ['Pulmonary diagnostics and monitoring will see the development and refinement of tools like the lung clearance index and the analysis of exhaled gases, volatiles and dissolved biomarkers of inflammation as techniques that might help clinicians identify both the initiation of inflammation while it is more amenable to therapy, and to identify more readily the early changes associated with chronic lung diseases in children.'], ['Severe mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress cause lipoatrophy, whereas the hypertrophy of upper body fat depots could result from mild oxidative stress, cortisol activation and inflammation.'], ['An important non-traditional risk factor for vascular disease is chronic inflammation.', 'Subclinical inflammation might be related to cellular senescence mechanisms in leukocytes that are fostered by renal insufficiency.'], ['Indirect evidence for a role of inflammation in sarcopenia is that markers of systemic inflammation correlate with the loss of muscle mass and strength in the elderly.', 'Further research is required to identify the cause(s) of inflammation in skeletal muscle of elderly people.', 'Additional work is also needed to expand our understanding of the cells, proteins, and transcription factors that regulate inflammation in the skeletal muscle of elderly people at rest and after exercise.'], ['In this review we will briefly discuss the aging phenotype in a systems biology perspective, showing four specific examples at different levels of complexity, from a systemic process (inflammation) to a cascade-process pathways (coagulation) and from cellular organelle (proteasome) to single gene-network (PON-1), which could also represent targets for anti-aging strategies.'], ['It is noteworthy the potential association of common SNPs in pro-inflammatory genes with PC risk, since chronic inflammation is assumed to play a key role in prostate carcinogenesis.'], ['Several studies show that a low-grade systemic inflammation characterizes ageing and that inflammatory markers are significant predictors of mortality in old humans.', "This pro-inflammatory status of the elderly underlies biological mechanisms responsible for physical function decline and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis are initiated or worsened by systemic inflammation.", 'Accordingly, as extensively discussed in the review and in the accompanying related papers, investigating ageing pathophysiology, particularly disentangling age-related low grade inflammation, is likely to provide important clues about how to develop drugs that can slow or delay ageing.'], ['AD has been linked to inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'Inflammation clearly occurs in pathologically vulnerable regions of AD and several inflammatory factors influencing AD development, i.e.'], ['The leaf extract of D. grandiflora actively affected several human skin cells such as skin whitening, anti-aging and anti-inflammation.'], ['They also have essential roles in vascular permeability, the circulation, coagulation, inflammation, wound healing, and tissue growth.'], ['Biochemical neutralization of PBEF/NAMPT/visfatin has been proven effective in various models of inflammation including sepsis/arthritis and in various models of cancer.'], ['Although oxidative damage and inflammation have been theorized to affect RDW, the relationships of antioxidants and inflammation with RDW have not been well characterized.'], ['Furthermore, ageing and neurodegenerative disorders exaggerate microglial responses following stimulation by systemic immune stimuli such as peripheral inflammation and/or infection.'], ['Advances in the molecular biology of ageing, insulin resistance, inflammation, carcinogenesis and caloric restriction have elucidated commonalities relevant to the chronic overnutrition syndrome termed obesity.'], ['MATERIAL/METHODS: Biopsies were taken from 271 patients 1, 3, 5, 10 years after LT. Specimen were analysed and staged concerning inflammation, rejection, fatty involution, and fibrosis/cirrhosis.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Our findings, although preliminary, support the notion that the differential biology of melanoma at the extremes of age is driven, in part, by deregulation of microRNA expression and by fine tuning of miRs that are already known to regulate cell cycle, inflammation, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)/stroma and more specifically genes known to be altered in melanoma.'], ['Additionally, polyphenolic compounds have demonstrated their inhibitory effects against chronic vascular inflammation associated with atherosclerosis.'], ['In this work we present multiple evidence that CS provide the important risk factors in many age-related diseases, and is associated with increased cumulative and systemic oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'Telomere attrition (expressed in WBCs) can serve as a biomarker of the cumulative oxidative stress and inflammation induced by smoking and, consequently, show the pace of biologic aging.', 'We originally propose that patented specific oral formulations of nonhydrolized carnosine and carcinine provide a powerful tool for targeted therapeutic inhibition of cumulative oxidative stress and inflammation and protection of telomere attrition associated with smoking.'], ['In conclusion, the pilot study of elderly persons shows that the intestinal lactobacilli are tightly associated with WBC count, blood glucose and content of ox-LDL which all serve as risk markers in pathogenesis of inflammation, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD).'], ['Aging is associated with suppressed inflammation, delayed phagocytosis of dead cardiomyocytes, and markedly diminished collagen deposition following myocardial infarction, due to a blunted response of fibroblasts to fibrogenic growth factors.'], ["Morbidities of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been related to defective functions of both T cells and macrophages leading to brain amyloidosis and inflammation.", 'The approaches to re-balancing Abeta immunity and inflammation are being pursued in transgenic animal models and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients.', 'The regulatory signaling pathways of microglial phagocytosis and inflammation involving co-receptors and transforming growth factor-beta have been considerably clarified in animal studies.', 'Other nutritional substances, such as plant polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids, may inhibit inflammation and stimulate immunity.', 'Increased inflammation may represent the "first hit", and defective transcription of immune genes the "second hit" in the pathogenesis of AD.'], ['However, recent investigations strongly suggest that increased adiponectin production in patients with heart failure is a part of compensatory mechanisms against oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Additionally, multiple human and animal studies have identified a relationship between chronic low-grade inflammation and geriatric syndromes, such as frailty, suggesting that the phenomenon of "inflamm-aging" may provide a rationale for the increased vulnerability to chronic inflammatory diseases in older adults.'], ['However, the differential diagnosis includes conditions which should not be missed such as septic arthritis and inflammatory disease.'], ['In general, autophagy acts as a cell protector and its dysfunction is correlated with diverse pathologies, such as neurodegeneration, liver, heart and muscle diseases, cancer, inflammation and ageing.'], ['Human gene 2 relaxin (RLX) is a member of the insulin superfamily and is a multi-functional factor playing a vital role in pregnancy, aging, fibrosis, cardioprotection, vasodilation, inflammation, and angiogenesis.'], ['The objective of this article was to evaluate whether serum uric acid (SUA) correlates with arterial stiffness and inflammation markers in a cohort of women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without overt atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, who attended a community hospital.'], ['AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the associations of telomere length to markers of obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation in Saudi children.', 'It was not associated to insulin resistance, adipocytokines and markers of inflammation.'], ['However, the cardiorenal connection is more elaborate than the hemodynamic model alone; effects of the renin-angiotensin system, the balance between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, inflammation, anemia and the sympathetic nervous system should be taken into account.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Inflammation plays an important role in many chronic degenerative diseases associated with aging, and social, economic, and behavioral factors that contribute to inflammation may lead to differential burdens of morbidity and mortality in later life.', 'Health-related behaviors and usage of medications related to inflammation accounted for substantial proportions of these associations.', 'DISCUSSION: These results highlight the fundamental causes of inflammation among older adults and suggest pathways through which social disparities in inflammation may be reduced.'], ['Accordingly DHEA improved the survival rate and clinical situation in several animal models of trauma hemorrhage and systemic inflammation.'], ['Common pathophysiological pathways should be identified, such as RANKL/OPG and inflammation markers, to explain the independent association of these disabling conditions.'], ['The pathophysiology of AMD is complex and may include genetic predispositions, accumulation of lipofuscin and drusen, local inflammation and neovascularization.', 'The Y402H variant of CFH significantly increases the risk of AMD and links the genetics of the disease with inflammation.', "During inflammation there is activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and release of nitric oxide, which in principal could lead to non-enzymatic nitration within extracellular deposits and/or intrinsic extracellular matrix protein components of human Bruch's membrane.", "We have identified two biomarkers for non-enzymatic nitration in aged human Bruch's membrane, indicative of inflammation, that include 3-nitrotyrosine identified in Bruch's membrane preparations and nitrated A2E from the lipid soluble extract of the Bruch's membrane preparation."], ['Thus, tempol has been effective in preventing several of the adverse consequences of oxidative stress and inflammation that underlie radiation damage and many of the diseases associated with aging.'], ['However, inflammation of the aorta and its branches occurs in a subset of patients although symptoms of aortic involvement may appear years after the initial diagnosis of GCA.'], ['Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation may play important causative roles in many chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, several malignancies, neurological disorders, and auto-immune diseases.'], ['RESULTS: Group I had distinct features compared with group II, including a low frequency of hepatolithiasis (P = 0.000); a high positive rate of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (P = 0.000) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated cirrhosis (P = 0.038); a high frequency of alpha-fetoprotein (> 400 microg/L) (P = 0.011); a low frequency of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (> 37 U/mL) (P = 0.017); and a high frequency of liver histological inflammation (P = 0.002).'], ['a combination of inflammation and aging.'], ['Among the pathogenic mechanisms in AD, chronic systemic inflammation is described and characterized by massive production of proinflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which may contribute to an altered immune response and exacerbation of neurodegeneration.'], ['Aldosterone participates in vascular and myocardial inflammation either directly or indirectly through blood pressure (BP).', 'Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) C-344T polymorphism may influence the severity of systemic inflammation.', 'The CC genotype of the CYP11B2 C-344T polymorphism was associated with an age-dependent increase in the serum CRP level independent of BP, and may contribute to a cardiovascular phenotype by promoting vascular inflammation.'], ["The omega-3 FA docosahexaenoic acid is a major constituent of neuronal membranes and, along with the other long-chain omega-3 FAs from fish such as eicosapentaentoic acid, has been shown to have a wide variety of beneficial effects on neuronal functioning, inflammation, oxidation and cell death, as well as on the development of the characteristic pathology of Alzheimer's disease.", 'Omega-3 FAs may prevent vascular dementia via salutary effects on lipids, inflammation, thrombosis and vascular function.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that intracellular Glycer-AGEs play important roles in promoting inflammation and hepatocellular death.'], ['Although these changes can be short-lived, sustained inflammation may occur via glucocorticoid resistance, catecholamines, sympathetic innervation of immune organs, and immune cell aging.'], ['We characterized the relationships between urinary hepcidin, iron status, anemia, and inflammation in 582 patients 65 years or older participating in the InCHIANTI (Invecchiare in Chianti, "Aging in the Chianti Area") study, a population-based study of aging in Tuscany, Italy.', 'Urinary hepcidin was positively correlated with log(ferritin) and negatively correlated with the soluble transferrin receptor/log(ferritin) ratio but not correlated with markers of inflammation: interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein (CRP).', 'Future studies should test whether hepcidin production becomes up-regulated only in situations of overt inflammation.'], ['Multiple factors contribute to CVD in CKD patients, including hypertension, anemia, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, calcium-phosphorus-parathyroid hormone imbalance, and hyperuricemia.'], ['By contrast, defects in autophagy lead to cell death, chronic inflammation, and genetic instability.', 'Analogous to infection or toxins that create persistent tissue damage and chronic inflammation that increases the incidence of cancer, defective autophagy represents a cell-intrinsic mechanism to create the damaging, inflammatory environment that predisposes to cancer.'], ['Dysregulations of the KKS are likely to be involved in pathologies such as inflammation, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.'], ['We conclude that systemic inflammation is relevant to the process that leads to functional loss in older persons and can be validly measured through biologically informed summary of inflammatory markers.'], ['It also persisted when adjustments were made for inflammation (C-reactive protein and IL-6).'], ['Concord grape juice supplementation has been shown to reduce inflammation, blood pressure and vascular pathology in individuals with CVD, and consumption of such flavonoid-containing foods is associated with a reduced risk for dementia.'], ['The efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of inflammation and pain of various origins is well established.'], ['In the elderly several diseases occur on the oral mucosae: inflammation, bacterial infections or candidiasis, ulcerations, autoimmune dermatosis, tumoral processes.'], ['Although the mechanisms by which estrogen exerts its influence upon indices of skeletal muscle damage, inflammation and repair have not been fully elucidated, it is thought that estrogen may potentially exert its protective effects by: (i) acting as an antioxidant, thus limiting oxidative damage; (ii) acting as a membrane stabilizer by intercalating within membrane phospholipids; and (iii) binding to estrogen receptors, thus governing the regulation of a number of downstream genes and molecular targets.', 'In contrast to animal studies, studies with humans have not as clearly delineated an effect of estrogen on muscle contractile function or on indices of post-exercise muscle damage and inflammation.', 'In recent years, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or estrogen combined with exercise have been proposed as potentially therapeutic agents for postmenopausal women, as these agents may potentially limit muscle damage and inflammation and stimulate repair in this population.'], ['Recent studies have shown that the heat-shock response (HSR) contributes to cytoprotection in a number of human diseases including inflammation, cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders.'], ['Aging is characterized by increasing inflammation and oxidant stress (OS).', 'Because advanced glycation end products (AGEs) induce both inflammation and OS, accumulate with age, and primarily are excreted by the kidney, one outcome of reduced renal function in aging could be decreased AGE disposal.', 'The build-up of AGEs with reduced renal function could contribute to inflammation, increased oxidant stress, and accumulation of AGEs in aging.', 'A clear link between inflammation, OS, AGEs, and chronic disease was shown in studies of mice that showed that reduction of AGE levels by drugs or decreased intake of AGEs reduces chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease of aging.'], ['Moderate increases in intraocular pressure were transient, and incidences of intraocular inflammation were rarely serious.'], ['Emerging evidence clearly suggests that there is a symbiotic relationship between aging, inflammation and chronic diseases such as cancer; however, it is not clear whether aging leads to the induction of inflammatory processes thereby resulting in the development and maintenance of chronic diseases or whether inflammation is the causative factor for inducing both aging and chronic diseases such as cancer.', 'Moreover, the development of chronic diseases especially cancer could also lead to the induction of inflammatory processes and may cause premature aging, suggesting that longitudinal research strategies must be employed for dissecting the interrelationships between aging, inflammation and cancer.', 'Here, we have described our current understanding on the importance of inflammation, activation of NF-kappaB and various cytokines and chemokines in the processes of aging and in the development of chronic diseases especially cancer.', 'We have also reviewed the prevailing theories of aging and provided succinct evidence in support of novel theories such as those involving cancer stem cells, the molecular understanding of which would likely hold a great promise towards unraveling the complex relationships between aging, inflammation and cancer.'], ['It may be that resistance exercise can be used to prevent the degenerative processes and inflammation associated with ageing.', 'Periodized resistance training seems to be an important intervention to reduce systemic inflammation in this population.'], ['Moreover, those with MetS and high inflammation had a still further higher risk of VaD (multivariate adjusted HR, 9.55; 95% CI 1.17 to 78.17) compared with those without MetS and high inflammation.', 'On the other hand, those with MetS and low inflammation compared with those without MetS and low inflammation did not exhibit a significant increased risk of VaD (adjusted HR, 3.31, 95% CI 0.91 to 12.14).', 'CONCLUSION: In our population, MetS subjects had an elevated risk of VaD that increased after excluding patients with baseline undernutrition and selecting MetS subjects with high inflammation.'], ['These major differences in pathology of aging are discussed in terms of genes that mediate infection, inflammation, and nutrition.'], ['Previous studies have shown that declines in human fibroblast ATP levels interfere with programmed cell death and promote necrotic inflammation.'], ['Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to serve as a second messenger in the intracellular signal transduction pathway for a variety of cellular processes, including inflammation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, aging and cancer.'], ['Oxidant stress (OS) and inflammation increase in normal aging and in chronic kidney disease (CKD), as observed in human and animal studies.', 'However, since many normal adults have intact renal function, and longitudinal studies show that some persons maintain normal renal function with age, the link between OS, inflammation, and renal decline is not clear.', 'In aging mice, greater oxidant intake is associated with increased age-related CKD and mortality, which suggests that interventions that reduce OS and inflammation may be beneficial for older individuals.', 'Both OS and inflammation can be readily lowered in normal subjects and patients with CKD stage 3-4 by a simple dietary modification that lowers intake and results in reduced serum and tissue levels of advanced glycation end products.', 'Thus, OS and inflammation may occur in the diabetic kidney at an early time.', 'We also discuss a simple dietary intervention that helps reduce OS and inflammation, an important and achievable therapeutic goal for patients with CKD and aging individuals with reduced renal function.'], ['These effects are mediated by a wide spectrum of biochemical and cellular adaptations, including redox homeostasis, mitochondrial function, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy.'], ['However, obesity is associated with disability and with physiological markers also recently linked with frailty, for example, increased inflammation and low antioxidant capacity.'], ['Agents targeting inflammation, oxidative injury, atrial myocyte metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibrosis have theoretical advantages as novel therapeutic strategies.'], ['At the same time, inflammation arising from atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases further contributes to the inflammatory milieu and effects a state of chronic inflammation.', "This chronic inflammation, or ''inflammaging'' as it has been termed, seems to be associated with a host of adverse effects contributing to many of the health problems that increase morbidity and decrease both quality of life and the ability to maintain independence in old age."], ['Once degenerative disc disease has begun, the tissue inflammation that accompanies DDD may further increase vitamin C requirements in the affected patient, thereby creating a cascade of positive feedbacks that potentially accelerates and contributes to further disc degeneration and low-back pain.'], ['Because this mutation might be associated with the increased development of age-related or chronic disease and inflammation, we also measured plasma concentrations of interleukin-1, which increases with aging and chronic disease.'], ['Chronic low-grade inflammation is a characteristic of ageing that may lead to alterations in health status and quality of life.', 'The present study aimed at assessing mental and physical components of quality of life and at determining their relationship to vitamin E status, inflammation and tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in the elderly.'], ['46% had gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, 25% depression, 20% chronic airways disease or chronic pain and 15% also had heart failure or inflammation-pain.'], ['Recent studies suggest that atrophy in the cortex and hippocampus-now considered to be the best determinant of cognitive decline with aging-results from a combination of AD pathology, inflammation, Lewy bodies, and vascular lesions.'], ['Nonetheless, despite high serum adiponectin and low inflammation, approximately 40% of CR individuals exhibited an exaggerated hyperglycemic response to a glucose load.'], ['Follow-up pathways analysis and functional annotation revealed among old subjects upregulation of transcripts related to stress and cellular compromise, inflammation and immune responses, necrosis, and protein degradation and changes in expression (up- and downregulation) of transcripts related to skeletal and muscular development, cell growth and proliferation, protein synthesis, fibrosis and connective tissue function, myoblast-myotube fusion and cell-cell adhesion, and structural integrity.'], ['In addition, control of inflammation does not equal cure of the disease as relapse occurs as soon as the treatment is interrupted, and only limited tissue repair has been observed.'], ['Despite suppressive antiretroviral treatment, inflammation remains elevated and CD4+ count often remains low, with both measures predicting age-associated events.', 'Several factors likely contribute to persistent inflammation and suboptimal gains during therapy.', 'How these factors influence disease outcomes and how chronic inflammation should be managed during therapy are the focus of intense ongoing investigation.'], ['In light of these developments, we aim to illuminate the integrated interplay between GR signaling and its correlating kinases and phosphatases in the context of the clinically important combat of inflammation, giving attention to implications on GC-mediated side effects and therapy resistance.'], ['METHODS: We used mixed regression models to examine the association of PM(2.5) (particulate matter < or = 2.5 microm in diameter) and black carbon with serum concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1), markers of endothelial function and inflammation, in a longitudinal study of 809 participants in the Normative Ageing Study (1819 total observations).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Black carbon is associated with markers of endothelial function and inflammation.'], ['Amyloid pathology, vascular factors, and inflammation are postulated to be involved in its pathogenesis, but causality has not been established unequivocally.', 'MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The APOE epsilon4 genotype, vascular factors, production capacity of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, and circulating markers of inflammation.'], ['Different patterns in telomere length from PBL are evidenced in rheumatologic pathologies, possibly dependent on the presence or absence of chronic systemic inflammation.'], ['Although at low concentration reactive species may contribute to normal cell signaling and homeostasis, at increased amounts they promote genomic instability, chronic inflammation, lipid oxidation, and amorphous aggregation of target proteins predisposing thus cells for carcinogenesis or other age-related disorders.'], ['Therefore, we hypothesized that leukocytes associated with either acute or chronic inflammation attracted to the prostate consequent to aging or tumorigenesis may promote the abnormal cellular proliferation associated with BPH and PCa.'], ['We hypothesized that subclinical inflammation of adipose tissue surrounding and infiltrating muscle could be related to the metabolic and functional abnormalities of the "aging muscle."', 'CONCLUSION: IMAT was primarily related to age and total body adiposity; subclinical inflammation in fat significantly contributes to IMAT.'], ['Aging is associated with increasing levels of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to the progression of cardiovascular disease.', 'The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that 4 weeks of daily soymilk consumption would improve systemic markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women when compared with a dairy control.', 'Plasma markers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2]) were obtained before and after supplementation.', 'Despite good dietary compliance, our study failed to show a significant effect of soymilk consumption on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in this postmenopausal female population.'], ['In primates, CR provides protection from type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases, immunological decline, malignancy, hepatotoxicity, liver fibrosis and failure, sarcopenia, inflammation, and DNA damage.'], ['We evaluated incidence of cerebrovascular events consistent with stroke or transient ischemic attack in relation to mean radiographic alveolar bone loss (a measure of periodontitis history) and cumulative periodontal probing depth (a measure of current periodontal inflammation).', 'INTERPRETATION: These results support an association between history of periodontitis-but not current periodontal inflammation-and incidence of cerebrovascular disease in men, independent of established cardiovascular risk factors, particularly among men aged <65 years.'], ['Global gene expression analyses of tetraploid endothelial cells revealed a dysfunctional phenotype characterized by a cell cycle arrest profile (decreased CCNE2/A2, RBL1, BUB1B; increased CDKN1A) and increased expression of genes involved in inflammation (IL32, TNFRSF21/10C, PTGS1) and extracellular matrix remodeling (COL5A1, FN1, MMP10/14).'], ['T helper cell 1 inflammation triggered by respiratory infection, superantigens, proteases and interleukin 17 are possible mechanisms.', 'An association between systemic inflammation in frailty and asthma may also be important.', 'Understanding the mechanisms of inflammation in this population is key to improved therapeutic interventions.'], ['This pathologic subset develops with replicative stress and is found in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as RA as well as with aging.'], ['land-based cereal, chocolate, alcohol and refined sugar, fat and oil), so tissues synthesize less inflammatory mediators and to lower transient short-lived meal-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, proliferation and impaired nitric oxide (e.g.'], ['NSAIDs depress prostaglandins synthesis through inhibition of COX-1 that is involved in maintaining cell integrity and COX-2 that, although presents particularly in the kidneys, is overexpressed in response to inflammation.'], ['Much research has targeted inflammation as a causative mediator of these deficits, although the diverse cellular and molecular changes that accompany these disorders obscure the link between inflammation and impaired memory.'], ['CONTEXT: Increased oxidant stress and inflammation (OS/infl) are linked to both aging-related diseases and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of AGEs in normal diets may lower oxidant stress/inflammation and restore levels of AGER1, an antioxidant, in healthy and aging subjects and CKD-3 patients.'], ['Its pathophysiology is marked by a gradual degenerative process accompanied by low-grade inflammation, and, although there is a strong correlation between age and OA risk, the abnormal changes that occur in the articular cartilage of people with OA differ notably from the typical changes associated with joint aging in several important ways.'], ['In particular, it has been shown that SIRT1 activation improves endothelial dysfunction and suppresses vascular inflammation, two central pathophysiological processes involved in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular disease.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation may be a causative factor in congestive heart failure (CHF).', 'Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) is an inflammation marker associated with vascular risk.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation markers and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with risk of congestive heart failure (CHF).', 'We evaluated whether combining inflammation markers and MetS provided additive information for incident CHF and if incorporating inflammation markers to the MetS definition added prognostic information.', 'MetS and elevated inflammation markers were independently associated with CHF risk (hazard ratios, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.16 to 1.51 for MetS; 1.53, 1.34 to 1.75 for CRP; 1.37, 1.19 to 1.55 for IL-6).', 'CONCLUSIONS: MetS and inflammation markers provided additive information on CHF risk in this elderly cohort.', 'Inflammation-incorporated MetS definitions identified more participants with the same risk level as ATPIII MetS.', 'Considering inflammation markers and MetS together may be useful in clinical and research settings.'], ['The hypothesis was that in vitro stimulation of RPE cells with Abeta(1-40), a constituent of drusen, promotes changes in gene expression and cellular pathways associated with the pathogenesis of AMD, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiogenesis.', 'GSEA and ingenuity analysis confirmed that the top affected pathways in RPE cells after Abeta(1-40) stimulation were inflammation and immune response related.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Abeta(1-40) promotes RPE gene expression changes in pathways associated with immune response, inflammation, and cytokine and interferon signaling pathways.'], ['There is only a very limited amount of information available on whether and how age, with concomitant inflammation, influences the epithelial barrier.'], ['Especially, intense oxidative and metabolic stress and chronic inflammation, enhanced telomere attrition and defects in DNA repair mechanisms may lead to severe DNA damages and genomic instability in adult stem/progenitor cells with advancing age that may in turn trigger their replicative senescence and/or programmed cell death.'], ['The images of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) demonstrated significant 18FDG uptake (indicating increased metabolic activity and presence of inflammation) in the aorta and its major branches, including the carotid and subclavian arteries.'], ['There are contributions to understanding individual differences in normal cognitive ageing from genetics, general health and medical disorders such as atherosclerotic disease, biological processes such as inflammation, neurobiological changes, diet and lifestyle.', 'The same applies to diet, biomarkers such as inflammation and lifestyle factors such as exercise.'], ['The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKi) drugs such as R-roscovitine have emerged as potential anti-inflammatory, pharmacological agents that can influence the resolution of inflammation.', 'In keeping with this, CDKi drugs like R-roscovitine have been reported to be efficacious in resolving established animal models of neutrophil-dominant and lymphocyte-driven inflammation.', 'This review will discuss current understanding of the processes of inflammation and resolution but will focus on CDKis and their potential mechanisms of action.'], ['Other functions of Ang II include effects on immune response, inflammation, cell growth and proliferation, which are largely mediated by Ang II type 1 receptor (AT(1)).'], ['Paradoxically, ageing is also characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation termed "inflammaging", which manifests as a two- to fourfold increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins.'], ['Fibrinogen is a positive acute-phase protein and its hepatic synthesis is enhanced following inflammation and injury.'], ['As the RPE cells age, they are subject to continued oxidative stress and this believed to induce inflammation and progression of AMD.'], ['Many of these technology solutions can be simulated today through the use of targeted supplements, designed to address the specific needs of an individual, such as insulin resistance, cholesterol and homocysteine levels, and inflammation.', 'To slow aging now, we propose a program of supplementing aggressively, eating foods that impede aging and disease processes, and reversing inflammation through diet.'], ['Clinically, MS is, in general, a rLung-MKhrispa disorder in women and a Bad gen-MKhrispa disorder in men, with rLung-MKhrispa excess in both genders during exacerbation, inflammation, and demyelination.'], ['Here, we show that Wrn mutant mice also develop premature liver sinusoidal endothelial defenestration along with inflammation and metabolic syndrome.'], ['Death was caused by intestinal herniation through a defect created by the greater omentum that had adhered to an area of acute serosal inflammation associated with underlying acute diverticulitis of the jejunum.'], ['Thus, they can not only act on tissue architecture, cell-cell interactions and extracellular matrix protection but also on inflammation, cell longevity, skin immune system protection, skin radiance and stem cell survey.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The increased IL-1beta and decreased NKCA with the progress of agitation in AD suggest that inflammation produces agitation and aggravates AD.'], ['Biceps tendinitis is inflammation of the tendon around the long head of the biceps muscle.', 'Inflammation of the biceps tendon in the bicipital groove, which is known as primary biceps tendinitis, occurs in 5 percent of patients with biceps tendinitis.'], ['Particularly, enhanced ultraviolet radiation exposure, inflammation and oxidative stress and telomere attrition during chronological aging may induce severe DNA damages and genomic instability in the skin-resident stem/progenitor cells and their progenies.'], ['Age, male sex, markers of inflammation, and cognitive function were related to multiple causes of death.', 'Inflammation may represent a common pathway to all causes of death.'], ['How obesity, muscle mass, inflammation, hormonal and lipid status, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and physical activity influences insulin sensitivity (IS) in frail elderly subjects remains uncertain.', 'We determined (1) whether frail elderly persons are more IR than non-frail elderly and (2) the influence of abdominal fat mass (AFM), muscle mass index (MMI), inflammation (CRP), hormonal (cortisol, free IGF-1, DHEA) and lipid (FFA, triglyceride (TG)) status, oxidative stress (paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), malondialdehyde (MDA)), antioxidant capacity (vitamin C, E) and physical activity (PASE questionnaire) on IS (QUICKI) in 16 frail obese (FO), 17 frail lean (FL) and 21 healthy, non-obese (HN) elderly subjects.'], ['At present, the emerging evidence suggests that hypoxia, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress may cause an early sub-clinical cardiovascular involvement in patients with COPD.'], ['Available data indicate that these patients may enter a vicious cycle of low calcitriol, increased inflammation markers, and renal impairment, which may be difficult to escape by simple vitamin D supplementation.'], ['Because the A allele at TNFalpha has been previously associated with higher TNFalpha levels in whole blood and isolated immune cells, our observations suggest that the antiinflammatory effect of vitamin E is specific to those genetically predisposed to higher inflammation.'], ['The new drug darapladib inhibits Lp-PLA2 and acts against inflammation.'], ['We reviewed the records of 346 consecutive patients aged more than 41 years to evaluate whether pericoronal radiolucency below the crown in mandibular horizontal incompletely impacted third molars is related to acute inflammation.', 'The frequency of acute inflammation in teeth with pericoronal radiolucency below the crown was similar to that in teeth without; however, the odds ratio of acute inflammation exhibited in women aged more than 61 years compared to women aged 41-50 years was 9.77 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67-57.29; P < <0.05), and in women aged more than 61 years compared to women aged 51-60 years was 26.25 (95% CI: 2.94-234.38; P < 0.01).', 'The odds ratio of severe acute inflammation exhibited in men aged more than 61 years compared to men aged 41-50 years was 16.67 (95% CI: 1.76-158.27; P < 0.01).', 'These odds ratios indicate an association of acute pericoronitis, including the severe forms of acute inflammation that result from pericoronitis, with pericoronal radiolucency below the crown in the elderly.'], ['In addition, liver biopsy was analyzed for steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['Laboratory tests of iron metabolism, markers of inflammation, renal and endocrine function, hormones and vitamins were performed.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that frequently affects people aged >or=65 years, causing significant impairment with pain and functional disability.'], ['The assumption that the pathogenesis of aortic valve disease is similar to that of atherosclerosis has not been supported by recent studies; rather there has been increasing evidence of a pathogenetic role of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.'], ['Biomarkers include anthropometry, grip strength, resting ECG, conventional cardiovascular factors of risk such as lipid profile and blood pressure, and other biochemical parameters such as those related to inflammation, glucose and insulin resistance, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and stress hormones.'], ['Here we characterize health and aging among the Tsimane, Amazonian forager-horticulturalists with short life expectancy, high infectious loads and inflammation, but low adiposity and robust physical fitness.', 'Inflammation has been implicated in all stages of arterial aging, atherogenesis and hypertension, and so we test whether greater inflammation associates with atherosclerosis and CVD risk.', 'Markers of infection and inflammation were much higher among Tsimane than among U.S. adults, whereas HDL was substantially lower.', 'Regression models examine associations of ABI and BP with biomarkers of energy balance and metabolism and of inflammation and infection.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation may not always be a risk factor for arterial degeneration and CVD, but instead may be offset by other factors: healthy metabolism, active lifestyle, favorable body mass, lean diet, low blood lipids and cardiorespiratory health.'], ['Current trials are investigating whether these beneficial properties of LA make it an appropriate treatment not just for diabetes, but also for the prevention of vascular disease, hypertension, and inflammation.'], ['Minor elevations in CRP (>3 mg/L) are a nonspecific marker of systemic inflammation and predict the future onset of cardiovascular disease.'], ['Aging of the immune system, or immunosenescence, is characterized by a decline of both T and B cell function, and paradoxically the presence of low-grade chronic inflammation.'], ['The results suggest a weight-associated pathway for inflammation in sarcopenia.'], ['There is also evidence that anti-aging molecules such as histone deacetylases and sirtuins are decreased in the lungs of COPD patients, compared with smokers without COPD, resulting in enhanced inflammation and further progression of COPD.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Epidemiological research and basic bench research have identified pathways of oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and inflammation as playing causative roles in the pathogenesis of AMD.'], ['We review these findings with reference to pathways linked to ageing, including cell cycle control or cell senescence, oxidative stress, insulin, IGF1 and other endocrine signalling, and inflammation.'], ['Local allergic inflammation, changes in T cell phenotypes and in apoptosis contribute to systemic inflammation.', 'Metabolic diseases are associated with an impairment of lung function and with systemic inflammation.', 'Corticosteroids dampen allergic inflammation; therefore, they are the first choice in the treatment of patients with persistent asthma and rhinitis.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation is frequently associated with the development of atrial fibrillation (AF).', 'This study was performed to investigate whether the high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) present during acute inflammation could predict early AF and its relationship to left atrial (LA) enlargement in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).'], ['RESULTS: Abnormality in each system (anemia, inflammation, insulin-like growth factor-1, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, hemoglobin A1c, micronutrients, adiposity, and fine motor speed) was significantly associated with frailty status.'], ['Para-inflammation is a tissue adaptive response to noxious stress or malfunction and has characteristics that are intermediate between basal and inflammatory states (Medzhitov, 2008).', 'The physiological purpose of para-inflammation is to restore tissue functionality and homeostasis.', 'Para-inflammation may become chronic or turn into inflammation if tissue stress or malfunction persists for a sustained period.', 'Chronic para-inflammation contributes to the initiation and progression of many human diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.', 'Evidence from our studies and the studies of some others suggests that para-inflammation also exists in the aging retina in physiological conditions and might contribute to age-related retinal pathologies.', 'The purpose of this review is to introduce the notion of "para-inflammation" as a state between frank, overt destructive inflammation and the non-inflammatory removal of dead or dying cells by apoptosis, to the retinal community.', 'In the aging retina, on the other hand, oxidized lipoproteins and free radicals are considered to be major causes of tissue stress and serve as local triggers for retinal para-inflammation.', "At the retinal/choroidal interface para-inflammation is manifested by complement activation in Bruch's membrane and RPE cells, and microglia accumulation in subretinal space.", 'An increased knowledge of contribution of retinal para-inflammation to various pathological conditions is essential for the better understanding of the pathogenesis of various age-related retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration.'], ['The odds of frailty associated with chronic kidney disease were only marginally attenuated with additional adjustment for sarcopenia, anemia, acidosis, inflammation, vitamin D deficiency, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.'], ['MEASUREMENTS: Severe periodontal inflammation was measured for all teeth present as the number of teeth with inflammation and periodontal pockets 6 mm deep or more.', 'CONCLUSION: Inflammation in the periodontium in early old age tends to be associated with mortality in older age.'], ['Perifollicular inflammation was almost a constant feature in early cases and showed a significant inverse correlation with perifollicular fibrosis (P = 0.048), which was more marked with thickening of the follicular sheath in advanced cases.'], ['Unlike human nephropathy, CPN is devoid of vascular changes, it has no immunological or autoimmune basis, and inflammation is not a prominent feature.'], ['This issue considers primate models of polycystic ovary syndrome; diet effects on glycemic control, breast and endometrium; estrogen, reproductive life stage and atherosclerosis; estrogen and diet effects on inflammation in atherogenesis; the neuroprotective effects of estrogen therapy; social stress and visceral obesity; and sex differences in the role of social status in atherogenesis.'], ['This retrospective study aims to determine the safety profiles for etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab in patients of 65 years or more, undergoing anti-TNF treatment for an active inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis, or skin disease like psoriasis.'], ['One particular nutrient that is increasingly discussed as a potential candidate for the generation of a DRI is the omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) due to its potential benefits in reducing risk for cardiovascular disease, role in resolution of inflammation, its importance in cognitive function in infants and inhibiting the progression of neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly.'], ['Moreover, from both the pathogenetic and therapeutic point of view, new relevant information is highlighted regarding the possible role of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in mucosal inflammation.'], ['Histology revealed well-formed granulomas and markedly diminished inflammation.'], ['We examined if persistent depressive symptoms are associated with markers of inflammation (C-Reactive Protein-CRP) and coagulation (fibrinogen), and if this association can be partly explained by weight control and behavioural risk factors (smoking, alcohol, physical activity).', 'In summary, the association between depressive symptoms and low grade inflammation can be partly explained by behavioural risk factors.'], ['CONCLUSION: Hyperglycemia is associated with greater prevalence of prefrail and frail status; BMI, inflammation, and comorbidities do not explain the association.'], ['The RAGE binds multiple ligand families linked to hyperglycemia, aging, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cancer.', 'Thus, in addition to being a potential therapeutic target in chronic disease, monitoring of plasma sRAGE levels may provide a novel biomarker platform for tracking chronic inflammatory diseases, their severity, and response to therapeutic intervention.'], ['In this review, we have examined the evidence regarding the influence of ageing, diet, inflammation and genetics on DD development.'], ['S100A8, a calcium-binding protein, is associated with keratinocyte differentiation, inflammation and wound healing.'], ['Substantial evidence suggests that inflammation marked by elevated IL-6 levels and total white blood cell (WBC) counts contribute to this syndrome.'], ['CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings, taken together, suggest a link between bacterial infection, inflammation and amyloid deposition of pro-inflammatory proteins S100A8/A9 in the prostate gland, such that a self-perpetuating cycle can be triggered and may increase the risk of malignancy in the ageing prostate.'], ["Inflammation in patients defined as frail by Fried's phenotypic definition may be related to sarcopenia.", 'This study aimed to investigate inflammation in older patients across different frailty criteria.', 'This study provides further evidence linking inflammation and frailty in older people, an association that seems consistent across different frailty measures.'], ['Together these facts indicate that ZEB2, occupying the crossroads of inflammation, aging and carcinogenesis, is an important target for drug discovery.'], ['The profiles of genes expressed in HSC and NSC from DS patients highlight pathways associated with cellular aging including a downregulation of DNA repair genes and increases in proapoptotic genes, s-phase cell cycle genes, inflammation and angiogenesis genes.'], ['Historical perspectives and biologic characteristics such as local tissue reaction (including phagocytosis and granulomatous inflammation) cross-linking, particle concentration, immunogenicity, biofilm formation, gel hardness, and collagen neogenesis are considered.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD).', 'We hypothesized that candidate genes selected for a study of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) are associated with markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in an aging population.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that genes thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD may influence levels of serum markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction via novel SNP associations which have not previously been associated with cardiovascular disease.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Whereas inflammatory marker levels predict contemporaneous general cognitive ability, the results support a model of reverse causation because childhood IQ predicts late-life inflammation.'], ['We have earlier shown that angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) reduces mediators of vascular inflammation in hypertension and cardiovascular disease.', 'We aimed at studying the effect of ARB and/or 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA blockade on Ang-2 and the association between vascular inflammation markers and Ang-2 levels in hypertensive patients.', 'METHODS: We assessed a panel of vascular inflammation markers and Ang-2 during 12 weeks of therapy with the ARB olmesartan (n = 94) or placebo (n = 96) in a prospective, double-blind, multicenter study in patients with essential hypertension (re-evaluation of the European Trial on Olmesartan and Pravastatin in Inflammation blood samples).', 'The association of demographic variables and inflammation markers with Ang-2 has been investigated.'], ['Namely extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, inflammation, and eventually osteoblast-like differentiation resulting in bone formation have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of calcific aortic stenosis.'], ['Naturally, other mechanisms such as cell inflammation and lack or incapacity of antioxidant enzymes also contribute to the variety of systematic distortions that characterize aging.'], ['Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is one of the most studied genes regarding cardiovascular risk, oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['The reason for this may well be the suppression of inflammation, but direct atheroprotective effects of MTX may also play a role.', 'The management of RA should include an early strong suppression of inflammation and continuously a tight control strategy.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Resistin is associated with inflammation and insulin resistance and exerts direct effects on myocardial cells including hypertrophy and altered contraction.', 'Correlation between baseline serum resistin concentrations (20.3+/-10.0 ng/mL) and clinical variables, biochemistry panel, markers of inflammation and insulin resistance, adipocytokines, and measures of adiposity was weak (all rho <0.25).'], ['Estrogens have potent antioxidant effects and are able to reduce inflammation, induce vasorelaxation and alter gene expression in both the vasculature and the heart.'], ['The association of obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation has been evident for several years by now.', 'Since obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation all are related to aging as well, the mechanisms underlying this association are of critical importance for gerontology.', 'Research currently focuses on adipose tissue inflammation as predominantly driven by adipose tissue macrophages, but also related alterations in other organs (liver, muscle, pancreas) have to be considered.'], ['In conclusion, probiotic administration in the elderly normalises the response to endotoxin, and modulates activation markers in blood phagocytes, and therefore may help reduce low-grade chronic inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Raised levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of low grade systemic inflammation, is common in ageing populations although the relevance of very highly elevated CRP (>10mg/L) remains unclear.'], ['Short leukocyte telomere length (TL), low BMD, and osteoporosis have been associated with increased inflammation.'], ['Photographic assessment is a useful technique, but in comparison with clinical assessment it can result in overestimation of scoring for trachoma for inflammation.'], ['We propose that increased longevity with HIV-mediated chronic inflammation combined with the secondary effects of HAART may increase the risk of early brain aging as shown by intraneuronal accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates like amyloid beta (Abeta), which might participate in worsening the neurodegenerative process and cognitive impairment in older patients with HIV.'], ['Multivitamin supplements represent a major source of micronutrients, which may affect telomere length by modulating oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.'], ['Potential markers of HF include neuro-hormonal mediators, markers of myocyte injury, and indicators of systemic inflammation.'], ['Ligation of RAGE triggers a series of cellular signaling events, including the activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and causing inflammation.', 'While acute inflammation serves to resolve pathogen infection and stresses, which promote tissue repair, persistent inflammation results in maladaptive tissue remodeling and damage.', 'In addition, prolonged inflammation often serves as the precursor for arterial remodeling that underlies the exponential increase of age-associated arterial diseases.'], ['Heat shock response contributes to establish a cytoprotective state in a wide variety of human diseases, including inflammation, cancer, aging and neurodegenerative disorders.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that low grade systemic inflammation, as indexed by CRP, is a risk marker for depressive symptomatology, although this mechanism explains only a modest (approximately 5%) amount of the association between PA and risk of depression.'], ['Recently, as a result of information implicating the role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative cellular stress reactions on the onset of neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders, it has been theorized that medications that could control or alter these reactions might improve or prevent the onset of these conditions.'], ['Both the direct stress response and the accumulation of visceral fat can promote a milieu of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is an underlying basis for the molecular alterations that link aging and age-related pathological processes.', 'These results suggest that sPLA(2) has a role in cellular senescence in HDFs during inflammatory response by promoting ROS-dependent p53 activation and might therefore contribute to inflammatory disorders associated with aging.'], ['RESULTS: Numerous 4- to 20-mum round vacuoles were present throughout the reticular dermis associated with focal fibrosis, interstitial mucin, and little surrounding inflammation.'], ['Besides, chronic inflammation plays a key role in PCa.'], ['We investigated the underlying mechanisms of this process, particularly those related with oxidative stress and inflammation, in the vasculature of subjects aged 18-91 years without cardiovascular disease or risk factors.', 'We conclude that the age-dependent endothelial dysfunction in human vessels is due to the combined effect of oxidative stress and vascular wall inflammation.'], ['The inflammation marker CRP was associated with low total and HDL cholesterol, and high HOMA-IR.'], ['The accelerated senescent features induced by chronic stress include higher oxidative stress, reduced telomere length, chronic glucocorticoid exposure, thymic involution, changes in cellular trafficking, reduced cell-mediated immunity, steroid resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation.'], ['Increased inflammation with aging has been linked to sarcopenia.'], ['Here we review cellular/molecular mechanisms by which estrogen modulates injury-induced inflammation, growth factor expression, and oxidative stress in arteries and isolated vascular smooth muscle cells, with emphasis on the role of estrogen receptors and the nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) signaling pathway, as well as evidence that these protective mechanisms are lost in aging subjects.'], ['Previous research has shown that inflammation is a major part of the biologic response to orthodontic forces.', 'In inflammation, signal molecules that originate in remote diseased organs can reach strained paradental tissues and exacerbate the inflammatory process, leading to tissue damage.'], ['We characterized the biological processes associated with these signatures and found that age-related gene expression changes most notably involve an overexpression of inflammation and immune response genes and of genes associated with the lysosome.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that patients with COPD experience accelerated telomere shortening and that inflammation is linked to this process.'], ['Systemic inflammation concomitant with prevailing MetS might turn apoA-I into proinflammatory particles.'], ['The diminishing effect appears to be associated with the severity of inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: We examined associations of pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a vascular inflammation marker, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause death.', 'PTX3 likely reflects different aspects of inflammation than CRP and may provide insight into vascular health in aging and chronic diseases of aging that lead to death.'], ['A growing body of evidence has consistently shown a correlation between obesity and chronic subclinical inflammation.', 'Thigh intermuscular fat had an inconsistent but significant association with inflammation, and there was a trend toward lower inflammatory marker concentration with increasing thigh subcutaneous fat in white and black women.'], ['The calcium content of the aortic valve was measured and valvular inflammation was quantified.', 'In the elderly patients, higher plasma resistin blood levels were associated with increased valve calcium content and inflammation.', 'On the other hand, older patients with AS had higher plasma level of resistin which was associated with the degree of valvular calcification and inflammation.'], ['Basal autophagy in atherosclerotic plaques is a survival mechanism safeguarding plaque cells against cellular distress, in particular oxidative injury, metabolic stress and inflammation, by removing harmful oxidatively modified proteins and damaged components.'], ['The widespread use of NSAIDs, along with an increase in the occurrence of inflammatory diseases (such as arthritis) in aging populations, creates an incentive to consider CYP polymorphisms in treatment strategies.'], ['Chronic inflammation is a pathological condition characterized by continued active inflammation response and tissue destruction.', 'Many of the immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils are involved directly or by production of inflammatory cytokine production in pathology of chronic inflammation.', 'From literatures, it is appear that there is a general concept that chronic inflammation can be a major cause of cancers and express aging processes.', 'Moreover, many studies suggest that chronic inflammation could have serious role in wide variety of age-related diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases.'], ['The impact of immunosenescence on innate and acquired immunity is associated with relative immunologic depression that may favor the spreading of inflammation.'], ['Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have a role in many physiological processes, including energy production, modulation of inflammation, and maintenance of cell membrane integrity.'], ['BACKGROUND: Subclinical, chronic tissue inflammation involving the generation of cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) might contribute to the cutaneous aging process.'], ['Therefore, it is important to take secondary age-related effects, attributable to factors such as chronic diseases, inflammation, frailty, nutrition, functional status, and stress, into account when assessing vaccination strategies.'], ['METHODS: Review of the scientific literature regarding three main players in tumourigenesis such as IGF-1, inflammation and p53, and centenarians.', 'Both inflammation and IGF-1 pathway converge on the tumour suppressor p53.'], ['There is increasing evidence for a close relationship between aging and chronic inflammatory diseases.', 'Environmental gases, such as cigarette smoke or other pollutants, may accelerate the aging of lung or worsen aging-related events in lung by defective resolution of inflammation, for example, by reducing antiaging molecules, such as histone deacetylases and sirtuins, and this consequently induces accelerated progression of COPD.'], ['Sex differences exist in adiposity, systemic inflammation, physical activity/fitness and fatigue; however, the relations among these variables remain inadequately characterized impeding the development of fatigue prevention strategies.', 'Women report more fatigue than men which was independently associated with inflammation, depression, physical activity and adiposity, whereas in men the only independent predictor was depression.', 'Strategies to prevent fatigue may differ in older women and men, especially with regard to inflammation, physical activity and adiposity.'], ['Low-grade inflammation, which plays important roles in the development of fatal diseases, is commonly observed in obese people.', 'Here, we elucidate the association between systemic low-grade inflammation and low body weight, with particular emphasis on aging.', 'These results suggest that elderly people with low body weight may have subtle low-grade inflammation irrespective of a favorable cardiovascular risk, which remains to be confirmed in further studies.'], ['Furthermore, prostate cancers and premalignant precursors exhibit chronic inflammation, which suggests a possible infectious involvement.'], ['Eighty-eight percent of the respondents reported that their students are knowledgeable about the role of inflammation and its impact on oral-systemic conditions.'], ['Diminished immune functions and chronic inflammation are hallmarks of aging.', 'In this investigation, we show an increased reactivity of dendritic cells (DCs) from aged subjects to self-Ags as one of the potential mechanisms contributing to age-associated inflammation.', 'This activated state of DCs may be responsible for their increased reactivity to self-Ags such as DNA, which in turn contributes to the age-associated chronic inflammation.'], ['These targets include beta amyloid (Ass) aggregates (including different isoforms and different aggregation species), neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, neuronal and synaptic loss, and mechanisms that contribute to Ass deposition-induced inflammation and immune dysregulation.'], ['C-reactive protein (CRP), a plasma inflammation marker, has been known to play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases.'], ['We hypothesized sex hormones influence wound healing rates, possibly through their modulating effects on inflammation.'], ['These findings suggest a potential causal role for inflammation in the development of depressive symptoms in older persons.'], ['Given that p53 can be activated by various kinds of diverse stresses, including sun exposure, inflammation, and aging, this finding led us to examine the involvement of p53 in cytokine receptor signaling, which might result in skin hyperpigmentation.'], ['DISCUSSION: The increase of skeletal muscle AGEs/RAGE and markers of inflammation and oxidative injury in association with weight gain and old age suggest a pathogenic role of AGEs in weight gain and in sarcopenia of aging.'], ['Homocysteine (HCy) metabolism (homocysteinemia, vitamin B12, plasma, and erythrocyte folates), inflammation (CRP, fibrinogen, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein), lipid parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL cholesterol), and nutritional parameters (albumin, transthyretin) were determined.', 'Taken together, the clinical data and in vitro experiments support the hypothesis that moderate homocysteinemia and low-grade inflammation synergically enhance NADPH oxidase activity in the elderly.'], ['Background Mast cells (MCs) are related with healing process in chronic inflammatory diseases, although in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) its importance is unknown.'], ['Yet, FoxOs also can significantly affect normal cell survival and longevity, requiring new treatments for neoplastic growth to modulate novel pathways that integrate cell proliferation, metabolism, inflammation and survival.'], ['There is increasing evidence that inflammation and fibrosis may play a major role in the initiation and maintenance of AF.'], ["This state of increased inflammation is associated not only with neurotoxic consequences but also neuroprotective effects, e.g., phagocytosis and clearance of amyloid in Alzheimer's disease."], ['It is characterized by chronic joint inflammation and variable degrees of bone and cartilage erosion.', 'Increased ROS production leads to tissue damage associated with inflammation.', 'The prevailing hypothesis that ROS promote inflammation was recently challenged when polymorphisms in Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1(Ncf1), that decrease oxidative burst, were shown to increase disease severity in mouse and rat arthritis models.', 'It has been shown that oxygen radicals might also be important in controlling disease severity and reducing joint inflammation and connective tissue damage.'], ['It is still unclear whether estradiol (E2), which generally has biological activities complementary to testosterone, affects inflammation.'], ['The major changes occurring during immunosenescence are the result of the accumulation of cellular, molecular defects and involutive phenomena (such as thymic involution) occurring concomitantly to a hyperstimulation of both innate and adaptive immunity (accumulation of expanded clones of memory and effector T cells, shrinkage of the T cell receptor repertoire, progressive activation of macrophages), and resulting in a low-grade, chronic state of inflammation defined as inflammaging.'], ['C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of systemic low-grade inflammation, and may be associated with subjective symptoms of androgen deficiency.', 'Low-grade inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of subjective symptoms of androgen deficiency in ageing men.'], ['The frailty syndrome is characterized by chronic inflammation, decreased functional and physiologic reserve, and increased vulnerability to stressors, leading to disability and mortality.', 'However, molecular mechanisms that contribute to inflammation activation and regulation in frail older adults have not been investigated.'], ['Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are already postulated to determine how the biological clock works, through regulating and modulating the processes such as protein oxidation, free radical production, inflammation and telomere shortening.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Levels of serum lipids are influenced by malnutrition and inflammation.', 'The study aimed to find the relation of the lipidogram to positive and negative markers of inflammation in geriatric patients.', 'Attention was paid to neopterin in urine as a non-protein positive bioindicator of inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: A significant negative correlation between levels of inflammation markers (neopterin in urine, CRP) and total cholesterol and HDL was found.', 'Total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL can be considered novel biomarkers of malnutrition and inflammation in geriatric patients.'], ['RESULTS: Adjusted odds ratios for the development of lymphedema were 3.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.84-7.87) for previous inflammation-infection and 1.06 (95% CI = 1.02-1.10) for an increase of 1 year of age at axillary dissection.', 'On exploratory analysis, adjusted odds ratios for moderate to severe degree of lymphedema were 4.53 (95% CI = 2.16-9.52) for previous inflammation-infection, 2.94 (95% CI = 1.44-6.03) for operation on dominant arm, 1.11 (95% CI = 1.01-1.22) for an increase of 1 kg/m in body mass index (BMI) at recruitment, and 1.05 (95% CI = 1.01-1.10) for an increase of 1 year of age at recruitment time.', 'DISCUSSION: Previous inflammation-infection and advanced age at axillary dissection are risk factors associated with the initiation of lymphedema.', 'Previous inflammation-infection, operation on the side of the dominant hand, obesity, and aging are potential risk factors associated with the aggravation of lymphedema.'], ['The most likely link between COPD and extrapulmonary effects is that inflammation in the lung periphery "spills over" into the systemic circulation and effects on other organs that may also be affected by the systemic effects of cigarette smoking.', 'The peripheral lung inflammation of COPD and systemic inflammatory effects could be treated by systemic antiinflammatory treatments, but this may have a high risk of systemic side effects, or by inhaled administration of antiinflammatory treatments that suppress inflammation in the lung and prevent the spillover of inflammatory mediators into the systemic circulation.', 'Treatments for comorbid diseases, such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated agonist agonists, may also have beneficial effects on COPD inflammation.', 'Increased oxidative stress may be an important mechanism linking COPD inflammation, systemic effects, and comorbid disease, so the development of antioxidants, including nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 activators, is a priority.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of a long-term exercise intervention on two prominent biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) in elderly men and women.'], ['Inflammaging differs significantly from the traditional five cardinal features of acute inflammation in that it is characterized by a relative decline in adaptive immunity and T-helper 2 responses and is associated with increased innate immunity by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage.'], ['Of all risk factors for CVD, smoking is most associated with the development of inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis due to a prooxidant-antioxidant imbalance.', 'EC exhibited higher expression levels of markers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxydation level and caveolin-1 mRNA), inflammation (angiopoietin-like 2 mRNA), hypoxia (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A mRNA), and cell damage (p53 mRNA).'], ['We discuss biomarkers of the cardiovascular system, metabolic processes, inflammation, activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and organ functioning (including kidney, lung, and heart).'], ['Furthermore, regular aerobic exercise appears to be associated with a reduction in chronic inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Overall, in healthy older adults, regular, particularly aerobic, exercise appears to be a friend of the immune system, helping to offset diminished adaptive responses and chronic inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: With data from 840 white, black, and Hispanic adults from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, we studied cross-sectional associations between telomere length and dietary patterns and foods and beverages that were associated with markers of inflammation.'], ['Inflammation and genetics play an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD).', 'Cyclo-oxygenases (COXs) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) are the key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT) and are implicated in a wide variety of inflammatory disorders, including atherosclerosis.'], ['The fine balance between inflammation and antiinflammation, as well as the role of humoral immune response either systemic or mucosal will be discussed as a consequence of red wine intake.'], ['The successful treatment for multiple disease entities can rest heavily upon the ability to elucidate the intricate relationships that govern cellular proliferation, metabolism, survival, and inflammation.'], ['Nevertheless it is important to remark that, in agreement with present knowledge, oxidative/nitrosative/metabolic stress, inflammation, senescence, and cancer are linked concepts that must be discussed in a coordinated manner.'], ['While it is agreed that both degeneration and mononuclear-cell inflammation are components of the s-IBM pathology, how each relates to the pathogenesis remains unsettled.'], ['Theperitoneal fibroblasts, mesothelial cells and especially endothelial cells function as a filtration barrier, but also control intraperitoneal inflammation as well as leukocytes and macrophages.Peritoneal exposure to conventional poorly biocompatible PDFs which combine non-physiological pH, high glucose concentrations,and high levels of glucose degradation products (GDPs), is associated with an accelerated peritoneal aging.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation may play an important role in atherothrombosis and in promoting cerebral damage after stroke.'], ['Peroxides have been increasingly shown to disrupt cell signaling cascades associated with excessive inflammation associated with a wide variety of human diseases.', 'Increasing attention has been devoted to developing catalase or peroxidase mimetics as a way to treat overt inflammation associated with the pathophysiology of many human disorders.', 'This review will focus on recent development of catalytic scavengers of peroxides and their potential use as therapeutic agents for pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders.'], ['Furthermore, serum zinc concentrations correlated negatively with age and markers of inflammation and positively with antioxidants.'], ['METHODS: I-type insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase associated protein (TP-1) expression were evaluated immunohistochemically on biopsy specimens from 11 mild, 11 moderate and 12 severe active inflammation of UC cases and from 10 normal colonic tissue cases.', 'RESULTS: In mild inflammation, all observed parameters showed significantly elevated epithelial protein expression (IGF1R: 22.3 +/- 9.46%; HGFR: 35.3 +/- 22.8%; TERT/TP-1: 2.1 +/- 1.87%/2 +/- 1.32%) compared to normal (p < 0.005).', 'In moderately active inflammation, only IGF1R expression was significantly higher (50.2 +/- 8.6%) compared to normal and mild inflammation (p < 0.005).', 'In severe inflammation, all parameters showed decreased epithelial expression; IGF1R showed decreased mRNA expression, while HGFR was overexpressed and TERT showed a decreased tendency.'], ["The factors associated with VCs were classified into 'classic' (age, diabetes, male gender, tobacco use, inflammation, more frequent warfarin treatment and peripheral vascular and cardiac diseases) and 'non-traditional' (higher FGF-23 and OPG serum levels, low albumin serum levels and low alfacalcidol and CaCO(3) use)."], ['In multivariate models adjusted for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and inflammation, prevalent stroke (OR, 95% CI: 1.55, 1.16-2.08) and heart failure (OR, 95% CI: 1.80, 1.40-2.31) were independent predictors of rapid kidney decline.'], ['Metabolic syndrome (MS) and "low grade" systemic inflammation (LGSI) are very common findings in the older population.'], ['The focus of the field has been on leukocyte telomere dynamics, which ostensibly register the accruing burden of oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['The presence of inflammation was the only independent risk factors for conversion (p=0.014) and had a marginal independent effect on the development of complications (p=0.079) among elderly patients.'], ['The pathogenesis of AF seems to be multifactorial, and includes electrical and structural remodelling, and inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Inflammation has emerged as an important factor in disease progression in human and transgenic models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).', 'In alternate models of inflammation, including the lipopolysaccharide model of innate immunity and the APPSwe-PS1DeltaE9 model of amyloidosis, deletion of EP2 also reduced expression of proinflammatory genes.'], ['It is an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase with over two dozen known substrates that affect a wide variety of cellular processes, ranging from metabolism, cell cycle, growth and differentiation, inflammation, senescence, apoptosis, stress response and aging.'], ['Inflamm-aging results in both decreased immunity to exogenous antigens and increased auto-reactivity, whereby the beneficial effects of inflammation devoted to the neutralization of harmful agents early in life become detrimental late in life.'], ['These patients usually do not fulfil the criteria for successful antiviral treatment, since they have normal or slightly elevated liver enzyme levels and few histological signs of liver inflammation.', 'Arguments in favour of treatment include elevated liver enzymes, histological signs of relevant liver inflammation, younger age, a virus genotype other than 1 and planned renal transplantation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: In sedentary, healthy older adults, the relationship between regional body fatness, aerobic fitness, and CRP differs between sexes such that (1) central adiposity was most strongly associated with CRP in women, whereas %fat was the strongest predictor of systemic inflammation in men and (2) the negative association between fitness and CRP was stronger in men.'], ['Liver X receptors (LXRalpha and -beta) are liposensors that exert their metabolic effects by orchestrating the expression of macrophage genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation.', 'We show that a synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the expression of cytokines and metalloproteinases in these in vitro models, thus indicating its potential in decreasing cutaneous inflammation associated with the etiology of photoaging.'], ['A number of factors are associated with arterial stiffness and may even contribute to it, including endothelial dysfunction, altered vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) function, vascular inflammation, and genetic determinants, which overlap in a large degree with atherosclerosis.'], ['CONCLUSION: We conclude that exposure to macrophages, as can be expected after anular injury, can result in enhanced response to local inflammation.'], ['This study indicates an association between increased levels of plasma 8-iso-PGF2alpha and IL-6 with depressive symptomatology in elderly individuals and indicates the necessity for further investigation, possibly within the framework of an integrated involvement of oxidative damage and inflammation in the pathophysiology of depression in the elderly.'], ['Added to conventional treatment, these agents appear to reduce symptoms, improve objective measures of disease, and control inflammation.'], ['Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) shortens with age, and inflammation and oxidative stress enhance this process.'], ['However, in animals and patients with chronic neurodegenerative disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke and even during normal aging, systemic inflammation leads to inflammatory responses in the brain, an exaggeration of clinical symptoms and increased neuronal death.', 'These observations imply that, as the population ages and the number of individuals with CNS disorders increases, relatively common systemic infections and inflammation will become significant risk factors for disease onset or progression.', 'In this review we discuss the underlying mechanisms responsible for sickness behavior induced by systemic inflammation in the healthy brain and how they might be different in individuals with CNS pathology.'], ['Finally, we argue that the ecologically negotiated immune-neuroendocrine strategies may have deleterious effects in the post-reproductive period of life when, at least in humans, chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation develops, in accordance with the antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging.'], ['Secondarily, we explored associations between plasma protein C, protein S and sEPCR levels and other candidate genes involved in thrombosis, inflammation, and aging.'], ['In contrast, patients with the anemia of inflammation have higher hepcidin levels than sex- and age-matched controls.'], ['A low-grade systemic inflammation characterizes ageing and this pro-inflammatory status underlies biological mechanisms responsible for age-related inflammatory diseases.', 'On the other hand, clinical and epidemiological studies show a strong association between chronic infection, inflammation and cancer and indicate that even in tumours not directly linked to pathogens, the microenvironment is characterized by the presence of a smouldering inflammation, fuelled primarily by stromal leukocytes.', 'Inflammation is necessary to manage with damaging agents and is crucial for survival.', 'Centenarians are characterized by a higher frequency of genetic markers associated with better control of inflammation.'], ['Classically, the development of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is believed to involve inflammation induced by cigarette smoke and leukocyte activation, including oxidant-antioxidant and protease-antiprotease imbalances.'], ['The role of inflammation in the process of atherogenesis and in determining the cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women has been focused only recently as well as the role of the estrogen receptor system in different tissues and the role of genetic susceptibility to adverse events during estrogen therapy.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To analyse the cross-sectional association between measures of renal function and inflammation in an elderly population and to evaluate the confounding effect of impaired physical functioning on these relationships.', 'CONCLUSION: The weaker association observed between CRP and creatinine-based measures, as compared to cystatin C, reflects the misclassification of elderly frail subjects as having normal kidney function rather than suggests cystatin C itself to be a marker of inflammation.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by long lasting inflammation, which may lead to arterial dysfunction and premature aging of the arteries.'], ['In conclusion, aging, central fat, hypertension and diabetes, inflammation process, low social status and abstinence from a Mediterranean diet seem to predict CVD events within a 5-year period.'], ['Neurologic dysfunction before initiating or in the absence of antiretroviral treatment is primarily the result of neuronal dysfunction or loss from direct viral effects, whereas that in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy appears to be associated at least in part with inflammation driven by chronic low-level infection.'], ['This was accompanied by a high ratio of gingival inflammation.', 'Gingival inflammation was 69.7% in the group of 5-9 year-old, and 83.7% in the group of 10-14 year-old with type 1 diabetes mellitus.'], ['Our understanding of atherosclerosis has shifted from a focal disease whose hallmark is symptoms caused by a severe stenosis to a systemic disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction (ED) and plaque inflammation, with the potential for rupture and thrombosis mainly in those with subcritical stenosis.', 'These interventions are now understood to decrease plaque inflammation and thereby promote plaque stability.', 'Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) appears to be a specific marker of plaque inflammation that may play a direct role in the formation of rupture-prone plaque.', 'Lp-PLA(2) may provide additional clinically relevant information that shows which patients have a high level of atherosclerotic disease activity as manifested by vascular inflammation, ED, and increased risk for progression toward rupture-prone plaque.'], ['Since recent investigations have suggested that inflammation possibly contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related disorders including atherosclerosis, cancer, and diabetes mellitus, the term "inflammaging," a combination of "inflammation" and "aging," has been coined.', 'Sera from 14 mutation-proven WS patients (ages: 33-70 years) and 21 healthy Japanese adults ages 15 to 95 years were examined with ELISA for soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) to compare conventional inflammation markers.', 'A significant correlation was noted between the serum levels of conventional inflammation markers such as CRP (p < 0.025), ESR (p < 0.024), and WBC count (p < 0.0085).', 'In conclusion, an increased level of serum sFasL in natural aging and WS patients may suggest a common pathophysiological mechanism: inflammation.'], ['Present knowledge about the process of vitamin and mineral absorption in the intestine and clinical study results suggest that chronic inflammation and corticosteroid use may adversely affect absorption.'], ['A significant improvement was obtained in the SUC-LIS 95-treated patient group with regard to local tissue inflammation as well as pain and burning, and consequently, in ulcer size and the evolution of granulation tissue.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that early knee and hand osteoarthritis (OA) development is characterized by detectable changes in serum proteins relevant to inflammation, cell growth, activation, and metabolism several years before OA becomes radiographically evident.', 'METHODS: Using microarray platforms that simultaneously test 169 proteins relevant to inflammation, cell growth, activation and metabolism, we conducted a case-control study nested within the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Changes in serum proteins implicated in matrix degradation, cell activation, inflammation and bone collagen degradation products accompany early OA development and can precede radiographic detection by several years.'], ['Initially, a presumptive diagnosis of lacrimal gland lymphoma or an idiopathic inflammation was made.'], ['In vitro evidence demonstrates that this peptide can modulate the function of various adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, and ultimately contributes to cell proliferation, hypertrophy and inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Inflammation is clearly linked to physical functioning among aging Latinos.', 'Further research examining the influence of infection, immune response, and inflammation on longitudinal trajectories of physical functioning is warranted.'], ['Quality of life and symptoms were measured by the EORTC QLQ-C 30 and progress of disease by the inflammation biomarker (CRP: c-reactive protein) via a blood test was assessed.', 'The MQ intervention also reduced the symptoms of side effects of cancer treatment and inflammation biomarker (CRP) compare to the control group.', 'Data from the pilot study suggest that MQ with usual medical treatment can enhance the QOL of cancer patients and reduce inflammation.'], ['There was frequent disruption of the internal elastic lamina but no evidence of inflammation.'], ['We explored this hypothesis in ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory disease that predisposes to colorectal cancer and in which shorter telomeres have been associated with chromosomal instability and tumor progression.', 'Shorter leukocyte telomeres and increased gammaH2AX in colonocytes might reflect oxidative damage secondary to inflammation.'], ['There is no doubt that NSAIDs and COXIBS are the mainstay for managing pain and inflammation in arthritis.'], ['RESULTS: High baseline IGFBP-1 level was a significant predictor of CHF, independent of established CHF risk factors and inflammation markers.'], ['This review provides an introduction into the wide and complex field of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in different pathologies with regards of cell death regulation, inflammation and resulting tissue damage.'], ['Evidence supporting the roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in the cardiovascular aging process is presented in detail in this review.'], ['PURPOSE: Transferrin (Tf) expression is enhanced by aging and inflammation in humans.'], ['The aim of this study was to examine esterase activity and inflammation in ageing and frailty.', 'Frailty indicators, plasma esterase activities and markers of inflammation were measured.'], ['Inflammation plays a prominent role in the development of atherosclerosis, which is the most important risk factor for vascular events.'], ['Acute inflammation is usually a self-limited life preserving response, triggered by pathogens and/or traumatic injuries.', 'In contrast, unchecked or chronic inflammation can lead to persistent tissue and organ damage by activated leukocytes, cytokines, or collagen deposition.', 'Excessive energy intake and adiposity cause systemic inflammation, whereas calorie restriction without malnutrition exerts a potent anti-inflammatory effect.', 'As individuals accumulate fat and their adipocytes enlarge, adipose tissue undergoes molecular and cellular alterations, macrophages accumulate, and inflammation ensues.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation has repeatedly been demonstrated to be associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance, but the relative importance of different aspects of the inflammatory process is largely unexplored.', 'DESIGN: We measured circulating interleukins (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10); other cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interferon gamma and monocyte chemotactic protein-1), cell adhesion molecules [vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, l-selectin], and systemic inflammation markers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte count] in 943 70 year old participants (50% women) of the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study.'], ['In light of the ageing/inflammation theory, we investigated the association of these markers with delirium in not acutely ill, elderly patients.'], ['METHODS: We used data from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM), a community-based cohort of elderly men, to investigate whether a combination of biomarkers that reflect myocardial cell damage, left ventricular dysfunction, renal failure, and inflammation (troponin I, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, cystatin C, and C-reactive protein, respectively) improved the risk stratification of a person beyond an assessment that was based on the established risk factors for cardiovascular disease (age, systolic blood pressure, use or nonuse of antihypertensive treatment, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, use or nonuse of lipid-lowering treatment, presence or absence of diabetes, smoking status, and body-mass index).'], ['The leading hypothesis is that telomere attrition is due to inflammation, exposure to infectious agents, and other types of oxidative stress, which damage telomeres and impair their repair mechanisms.'], ['Early vascular ageing is common in patients with hypertension and increased burden of cardiovascular risk factors, often influenced by chronic inflammation.'], ['Moreover, there is a growing body of evidence to show that the interaction of AGEs with a receptor for AGEs (RAGE) elicits reactive oxygen species generation and vascular inflammation, and subsequently alters various gene expressions in numerous types of cells, all of which could contribute to the pathological changes of diabetic vascular complications and AD.'], ["BACKGROUND: [corrected] The present study focused on cholecystectomized elderly patients and aimed to investigate whether inflammation in the gallbladder wall was associated with the number and size of gallstones, as well as the patients' age.", 'According to the histopathological examination, chronic inflammation was subdivided into mild-moderate and severe.', 'RESULTS: Mild-moderate inflammation characterized 63.4% of the cases and severe inflammation 366%.', 'The gallbladder wall thickness was associated with the degree of inflammation (p < 0.001, Chi-square).', "In the univariable analysis, inflammation was positively associated with the diameter of the largest gallstone (p = 0.032, Chi-square), but negatively associated with the number of gallstones (p < 0.001, Chi-square) and patients' age (p = 0.008, logistic regression).", 'In the multivariable logistic regression, the effect of age (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-0.99) and solitary gallstones (OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.02-6.93) on inflammation persisted, but that of the largest gallstone diameter vanished.', 'Solitary gallstones and younger age were the most important predictors for severe inflammation.'], ['It is well recognized that vitamin D is necessary for optimal bone health, but emerging evidence is finding that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of autoimmune diseases and nonskeletal chronic diseases and can also have a profound effect on human immunity, inflammation, and muscle function (in the elderly).', "Thus, it is likely that compromised vitamin D status can affect an athlete's overall health and ability to train (i.e., by affecting bone health, innate immunity, and exercise-related immunity and inflammation)."], ['Although the persistence of non-healing wounds is, in part, due to prolonged chronic inflammation and bacterial infection, our investigations show that premature fibroblast aging and an inability to correctly express a stromal address code are also implicated in the disease chronicity.'], ['Inflammation is a key component of immune system.', 'With advancing age, indeed, it increases the vulnerability and the intensity to inflammatory reactions responsible for the chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI).'], ['CONCLUSION: Humanized models of ocular inflammation developed in HLA class I and class II transgenic mice will help better understand the mechanisms responsible for ocular inflammation.'], ['Furthermore, male sex, obesity, anemia and inflammation appear to be associated with left-ventricular hypertrophy, whereas blood pressure shows surprisingly little association with left-ventricular mass, geometry or function.'], ['In this study, we investigated the effect of human (h)NEP gene transfer to the brain in a mouse model of AD before the development of amyloid plaques, and assessed how this treatment modality affected the accumulation of Abeta peptide and associated pathogenetic changes (eg, inflammation, oxidative stress, and memory impairment).', 'Overexpression of hNEP for 4 months in young APP/DeltaPS1 double-transgenic mice resulted in reduction in Abeta peptide levels, attenuation of amyloid load, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and improved spatial orientation.'], ["Evidence has been accumulating for a role of inflammation in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing a common form of dementia in the elderly."], ['Older people, with low education, abdominal obesity, lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and increased inflammation, constitute a model of prehypertensive individuals that are prone to develop hypertension.'], ['Given the crucial roles that selenoproteins play in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox status in nearly all tissues, it is not surprising that dietary Se strongly influences inflammation and immune responses.'], ['The present study was aimed to investigate in elderly humans changes in NF-kappaB activation and in the expression of the inflammation-related genes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by acute eccentric exercise and by submaximal eccentric training.', 'In conclusion, acute eccentric exercise increases NF-kappaB activation and the expression of several inflammation-related genes in PBMC from elderly individuals.'], ['However, if stress persists, it may lead to chronic diseases, ranging from inflammation and cancer to degenerative diseases.', 'Inflammation is a critical defense mechanism, that, uncontrolled, contributes to chronic conditions with inflammatory pathogenesis.', 'Subclinical chronic inflammation is an important pathogenic factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of common pathologies, including cardiovascular disease.'], ['Our data indicate that ROE is potentially able to efficiently counteract UVB-induced response, and in particular some events associated to inflammation and apoptosis, such as NF-kB and AP-1 translocation and procaspase-3 cleavage.'], ['It may also be an indicator of simultaneously occurring inflammatory disease.', 'Prealbumin, due to its short half-life, is a suitable indicator of changes in protein-energy balance, but its levels show, as with other serum proteins, a decrease in the case of inflammation too.', 'The present study aimed to determine the prealbumin values of hospitalized geriatric patients and how they are affected by inflammatory disease.', 'We confirm that in inflammation there is a statistically significant decrease in serum concentration of prealbumin.'], ['Oxidative stress, inflammation and altered cholesterol metabolism and levels are among the pathogenetic mechanisms of cognitive impairment that may accompany aging.', 'These experimental findings point to cholesterol oxidation as an essential reaction for this sterol to exert cellular stress and tissue damage in age-related diseases in which inflammation represents a main driving force.'], ['Dysregulation of this process has been implicated as a potential pathogenic factor in the development of co-morbid conditions associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, major depression, and even normal aging.'], ['We hypothesize that global historical increases in life span at older ages are partly explained by reduced lifetime exposure to infection and subsequent inflammation.', 'Further testing of the links among infection, inflammation, and chronic diseases of aging among the Tsimane requires collection of age-specific indicators of atherosclerosis and cardiac function.'], ['CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that polymorphisms in the WRN gene might have a significant role regulating PAI-1 levels in healthy individuals and "normal states" as well as acute or chronic stress, obesity, aging, acute inflammation, among others, where characteristic high levels of insulin, TNF alpha and TGFbeta, could favor PAI-1 high levels in carriers with polymorphic variants (C and F alleles), beyond the levels reached by carriers with other alleles (R and L alleles).'], ['Inflammation is thought to play an important role in the development of cognitive decline and dementia in old age.'], ['Regenerating gene (REG), an epithelial growth factor, has been reported to link mucosal inflammation and subsequent carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract.'], ['Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of proteolytic enzymes involved in an array of physiological and pathological processes from development, morphogenesis, reproduction, wound healing, and aging to inflammation, angiogenesis, neurological disorders, and cancer cell invasion and metastasis.'], ['In fact, the genes involved in longevity impact upon basic processes such as inflammation, glucose and energy utilization, and oxidative stress.'], ['This decrease is mostly related to a decline in proliferative activity as a result of an impoverishment of the microenvironment of the aged brain, including a reduction in trophic factors and increased inflammation.', 'The increase in neurogenesis as a result of UCBMC treatment seemed to be due to a decrease in inflammation, as a decrease in the number of activated microglia was found and this decrease correlated with the increase in neurogenesis.'], ['Basic and clinical investigations provide cumulative evidence of hyperosmolarity of the tear film and ocular surface/lacrimal gland inflammation as pathogenic features of dry eye disease.'], ['In differentiation to focal inflammation, contrast-enhanced EUS has shown to increase sensitivity and specificity for pancreatic cancer.'], ['RESULTS: Cross-sectionally, there is a generally linear negative relationship between inflammation and cognition, such that higher levels of inflammation are associated with lower levels of baseline cognitive function.', 'After controlling for potential confounders, there was no effect of inflammation on baseline cognitive function or the rate of longitudinal cognitive change.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Although high levels of inflammation are associated with incident cognitive impairment, these results do not generalize to the full range of cognitive changes, where the role of inflammation appears to be marginal.'], ['Inflammation is recognized as a major etiologic determinant of multiple disease states including myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, and individuals with elevated levels of the inflammatory biomarker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) are at increased risk of mortality and morbidity from these conditions.', 'Novel screening algorithms, such as the Reynolds Risk Score, that incorporate inflammation can greatly improve risk detection in primary prevention.', 'Whether inflammation in general or CRP in particular are appropriate targets for therapy remains controversial and is under investigation.'], ['Additional adjustment for renal function measures, inflammation markers, or both only partially reduced the association between beta(2)-M and mortality.'], ['Inflammation, particularly the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF), increases necrosis of skeletal muscle.', 'The basis for these interactions between TNF and IGF-1 is discussed with specific reference to clinical consequences for myofibre necrosis in DMD and also for the wasting (atrophy) of skeletal muscles that occurs in very old people and in cachexia associated with inflammatory disorders.'], ['Excessive inflammation is considered as a critical factor in many human diseases, including cancer, obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and aging.'], ['Markers based on oxidative stress, protein glycation,inflammation, cellular senescence and hormonal deregulation are discussed.'], ['These were ratios of markers of inflammation, Choline (Cho) and myoinositol (MI), and brain injury, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), divided by Creatine (Cr), measured in the basal ganglia and the frontal white matter.'], ['The possible mechanisms of inflammation include macrophage peroxide production, acidic dialysis solutions, glucose and its degradation products, the presence of a foreign body, and the integrated signaling of the chemokine-cytokine cascade of the peritoneal cellular immune response in conjunction with biofilm on the peritoneal catheter.'], ['MEASUREMENTS: Functional status, including the five frailty indicators proposed by Fried et al., anthropometry, and serum markers of nutrition and inflammation.'], ['The endo-/sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-adenosine triphosphatase (SERCA2) isoform of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase is sensitive to cellular conditions of inflammation and oxidative stress as evidenced by the common appearance of 3-nitrotyrosine-modified forms of SERCA2 in aging and disease in both striated and smooth muscle of humans and rodent models.'], ['BACKGROUND: Studies in Western populations find that depression is associated with inflammation and obesity.'], ['However, in recent years, the role played by chronic immune activation and inflammation in HIV pathogenesis has become increasingly apparent: quite paradoxically, immune activation levels are directly associated with HIV-1 disease progression.', 'In this review, we discuss the potential reasons for the establishment of sustained immune activation and inflammation from the early stages of HIV-1 infection, as well as the long-term consequences of this process on the host immune system and health.'], ['CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The presence of significant levels and activity of inflammatory mediators in saliva suggests that the oral cavity of healthy subjects may be in a constant low state of inflammation associated with age.'], ['Illness was staged as none (no clinical infection or inflammation), SIRS (fever, leukocytosis), severe (cholangitis, abscess, empyema), or MODS (bacteremia, hypotension, organ dysfunction/failure).'], ['Of 113 patients, only 7 reported minor adverse events that were short-term and resolved within 1 month: transient ecchymosis (3), nongranulatomous submucosal nodules of the lip (2), and inflammation and edema (2).'], ["In animal models of Alzheimer's disease, PPARgamma agonist treatment results in the reduction of amyloid plaque burden, reduced inflammation and reversal of disease-related behavioural impairment."], ['High serum YKL-40 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with inflammatory diseases and cancer.', 'We studied whether serum YKL-40 was associated with systemic low-level inflammation, an immune risk phenotype, and mortality in relatively healthy 80-year old humans.'], ['Finally, reduced telomere length was associated with increased mortality, independently of age, gender and inflammation (likelihood ratio 41.6, P < 0.0001), but dependently on fetuin-A levels.', 'CONCLUSION: Age and male gender seem to be important contributors to reduced telomere length in CKD patients, possibly via persistent inflammation.'], ['We have investigated the ability of the nucleotide ATP, to which neutrophils are exposed both in the circulation and at sites of inflammation, to modulate the lifespan of human neutrophils.', 'Specific targeting of P2Y11 could retain key immune functions of neutrophils but reduce the injurious effects of increased neutrophil longevity during inflammation.'], ['The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2000 guidelines state that NSAIDs may even be used as initial treatment in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and moderate-to-severe pain and inflammation.'], ['The consequences of all these alterations are an increased incidence of infections, as well as possibly cancers, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['BACKGROUND: To determine the effect of oral testosterone supplementation on systemic low-grade inflammation measured by high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in aging men with low testosterone levels.'], ['Eosinophilic infiltration is considered a hallmark of allergic inflammation.', 'The results of this study suggest that levocetirizine modulates the profile of inflammatory mediators including cytokines, growth factors, proteinases, and antiproteinases produced by eosinophils, which may be of importance in allergic inflammation and airway remodeling.'], ['Many older people living at home or in residential settings in the community suffer from inflammation of the skin of the lower legs, or venous eczema.', 'On the other hand, professionals with a background in dermatology may base initial care plans on the use of emollients and topical steroids to reduce inflammation.'], ['For example, combination (triple) therapy with verteporfin photodynamic therapy, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy and anti-inflammatory therapy addresses three main targets of CNV development: the CNV itself, VEGF expression (which promotes CNV growth) and inflammation (which exacerbates the disease process).'], ['BACKGROUND: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) could enhance inflammation in atherogenesis when inflammatory response is present, and the activity of paraoxonase and antioxidant in HDL in the elderly is significantly decreased.'], ['Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a predictor of aging-related disease and decreases with each cell cycle and increased inflammation.', 'This difference was further accentuated by increased concentrations of C-reactive protein, which is a measure of systemic inflammation.'], ['Plasma concentrations of D-dimers, circulating markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and apoptosis were higher, while plasma cholesterol and fibrinogen levels were lower-than-normal in the patient group.'], ['While the importance of telomere attrition is supported by cross-sectional evidence associating shorter telomeres with oxidative stress and inflammation, longitudinal studies are required to accurately assess telomere attrition and its presumed link with accelerated aging.'], ['Potential contributors to T1-diabetic suppression of bone formation are discussed in this review and include: increased marrow adiposity, hyperlipidemia, reduced insulin signaling, hyperglycemia, inflammation, altered adipokine and endocrine factors, increased cell death, and altered metabolism.'], ['This short insight focuses on the milestones in cytokine biology and how the various and often contradictory activities of these small, non-structural proteins affected the fields of inflammation and immunology.'], ['The oncocytic change is a phenomenon of metaplasia which occurs frequently in epithelial endocrine cells with high metabolic activity and it is also associated with inflammation, degenerative process or cellular ageing.'], ['UV radiation (UVR) is a complete carcinogen that elicits a constellation of pathological events, including direct DNA damage, generation of reactive oxidants that peroxidize lipids and damage other cellular components, initiation of inflammation, and suppression of the immune response.', 'Topical application of sulforaphane-rich extracts of 3-day-old broccoli sprouts up-regulated phase 2 enzymes in the mouse and human skin, protected against UVR-induced inflammation and edema in mice, and reduced susceptibility to erythema arising from narrow-band 311-nm UVR in humans.'], ['Although no study has investigated whether repaglinide lowers total mortality or cardiovascular endpoints, several studies indicate beneficial effects on cardiovascular surrogate endpoints, such as carotid intima-media thickening, markers of inflammation, platelet activation, lipid parameters, endothelial function, adiponectin, and oxidative stress.'], ['Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are known to be highly induced by ultraviolet (UV) light and may play important roles in UV-induced skin inflammation and the skin aging process.', 'Therefore, berberine may be used as an effective ingredient for anti-skin aging products, which can prevent skin inflammation and the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen, by MMPs.'], ['Modification of proteins to form AGE residues is significantly more enhanced in patients suffering from chronic renal disease than in hyperglycemia and is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular complications and inflammation in patients with chronic renal insuffiency.'], ["OBJECTIVE: Chronic inflammation with microglia activation is thought to play a major role in the formation or clearance of Alzheimer's disease (AD) lesions, as well as in the induction of demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS).", 'In MS, the cortex is severely affected by chronic, long-lasting inflammation, microglia activation, and demyelination.', 'To what extent chronic inflammation in the cortex of MS patients influences the development of AD lesions is so far unresolved.'], ['This review summarizes the current knowledge of IL-6 cytokines, gp130 receptor and STAT3 signaling in the heart exposed to physiological (aging, pregnancy) and pathophysiological stress (ischemia, pressure overload, inflammation and cardiotoxic agents) with a special focus on the potential role of individual IL-6 cytokines.'], ['Both degeneration and mononuclear-cell inflammation are components of the pathology, but how each relates to the pathogenesis remains unclear.'], ['Outcomes included: strength and muscular endurance, functional tasks, body composition (DEXA scan), blood tests (lipids, liver function, CK, glucose, systemic inflammation markers (IL-6, C-reactive protein)), urinary markers of compliance (creatine/creatinine), oxidative stress (8-OH-2dG, 8-isoP) and bone resorption (Nu-telopeptides).'], ['In black men, the relationship between SCr and loss of lean mass (-0.19+/-0.04 kg/y per SD, P<.001) persisted after adjustment for inflammation and overall weight change.', 'Inflammation appeared to mediate the relationship in white but not black men.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays a major role in both aging and chronic disease.'], ['chronic respiratory co-morbidity and old age) as an indication to prescribe antibiotics in stead of single inflammation signs or diagnostic labels.'], ['No significant associations were established with classical CVD risk factors such as cholesterol status and blood pressure, yet shorter TL was associated with increased levels of several inflammation and oxidative stress markers.', 'With these cross-sectional results we show that TL of peripheral blood leukocytes primarily reflects the burden of increased oxidative stress and inflammation, whether or not determined by an increasingly unhealthy lifestyle, while the association with classical CVD risk factors is limited.'], ['CFH plays a role in inflammation, which is causal to both diseases and both are highly prevalent in old age.', 'Therefore, we investigated whether or not Y402H associated with inflammation, visual acuity, and cardiovascular disease in old age.', 'We conclude that the CFH Y402H polymorphism associates with inflammation, visual impairment, and cardiovascular mortality in the elderly population at large.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between serum albumin, prealbumin, various serum inflammation associated-cytokines, and mortality in older geriatric recuperative care patients.', 'Patients with documented near-terminal medical disorder, overt infections, and any systemic or localized inflammatory disorders were excluded.', 'CONCLUSION: Subclinical inflammation appears to be an important factor contributing to low serum albumins in older recuperative care patients and may confound the association between albumin and mortality in this population.'], ['Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage, limited intraarticular inflammation with synovitis, and changes in peri-articular and subchondral bone.'], ['Chronic low-grade inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of many disease conditions in humans and it is frequently quantified by measuring the blood concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP).'], ['A growing body of evidence indicates that Foxo proteins furthermore play critical roles in immune cell homeostasis, modulating inflammation in some disease states such as inflammatory arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), via fundamental roles in T cells, B cells, neurophils and other myeloid lineages.'], ['Causes of anemia were classified as due to nutritional deficiencies (iron, folate, and B12 deficiencies), anemia of chronic inflammation, anemia with renal disease, and unexplained anemia.', 'Of the 147 anemic women, 22 (15.0%) had anemia due to nutritional causes, 45 (30.6%) had anemia due to chronic inflammation, 29 (19.7%) had anemia and renal disease, and 51 (34.7%) had unexplained anemia.', 'The proportions of those who died over five years among non-anemic women and women with anemia due to nutritional causes, chronic inflammation, renal disease, and unexplained anemia were 26.1%, 18.2%, 38.6%, 64.3%, and 33.3%, respectively (p<0.0001).', 'Anemia with renal disease and anemia of chronic inflammation are associated with a higher mortality.'], ['The association between inflammation and depression may depend on the presence of specific chronic diseases or be relevant in specific sub-groups of depressed patients only.'], ['In this study, we explore further the mechanism by which RSV regulates p53 to delay apoptosis but paradoxically enhance inflammation.'], ['RESULTS: The main reason for conversion was the unclear anatomy owing to previous inflammation, followed by bleeding and choledocholithiasis suspicion, gallbladder carcinoma, bile duct injury, or spilled gallstones.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The risk for the conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy increases significantly in males, the elderly, obese patients, and when inflammation is present.'], ['Finally, airway remodeling due to chronic inflammation is important in infants who later acquire asthma.'], ['(2) The model of centenarians is not simply an additional model with respect to well-studied organisms, and the study of humans has revealed characteristics of ageing and longevity (geographical and sex differences, role of antigenic load and inflammation, role of mtDNA variants) which did not emerge from studies in laboratory model systems and organisms.'], ['RATIONALE: Decreased lung function has been linked to increased inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['This review discusses definitions of "normal" hemoglobin levels in adults, common causes of anemia in people aged 65 years and older (eg, nutritional deficiency, renal insufficiency, inflammatory disorders, and myelodysplastic syndrome), and potential consequences of anemia in elderly patients (eg, poorer cognitive status, increased frailty, and an elevated risk of hospitalization and of complications during hospitalization).'], ['Failure to eradicate infecting pathogens contributes to persistence of infection and inflammation that requires repeated courses of therapy and hospitalisation.'], ['This same population additionally suffers from impaired healing of acute wounds, which are characterized by delayed closure, increased local inflammation, and excessive proteolytic activity.'], ['This difference disappeared for patients with inflammation who had increased levels of Hsp32, Hsp70 and Hsp90 compared to normal subjects.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of acute and/or chronic intraprostatic inflammation (ACI) in men undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for urinary retention and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), as recently a role was suggested for ACI in the pathogenesis and progression of BPH, and urinary retention is considered an endpoint in the natural history of this condition.', 'CONCLUSION: Inflammation appears to be important in the pathogenesis and progression of BPH.'], ['The goals of the dental hygiene care plan included decreasing tension of oral muscles and reducing periodontal inflammation and halitosis.', 'Evaluation in the fifth month demonstrated relaxation of oral muscles, decrease in plaque accumulation, and improvements in levels of gingival inflammation, indicating the partial achievements of the initial goals.'], ['Inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in brain aging.', 'Research from our laboratory suggests that dietary supplementation with fruit or vegetable extracts can decrease the age-enhanced vulnerability to oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Colonoscopy showed severe ulceration with inflammation suggestive of severe persistent colitis.'], ['Nine studies remained for the final assessment and 53 articles were thus excluded for the following reasons: (1) no information on implant maintenance was presented, (2) the number of patients/implants assessed at 10-year follow-up/final evaluation was not presented (3) fixture loss and marginal bone loss during function were not assessed at 10-year evaluation and (4) residual inflammation and/or probing pocket depth (PPD) not assessed at 10-year examination.', 'RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of 62 initially screened studies did not assess clinical inflammation and PPD around implants at long-term evaluation of implants.'], ['Increased ROS production leads to tissue damage associated with inflammation.', 'In this review, we discuss new knowledge about the role of the superoxide anion and its derivates as mediators of inflammation and the role of SODs and SOD mimetics as antioxidant treatments in joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and crystal-induced arthropathies.'], ['SAA regulates leukocyte activation; however, it is not known whether it also modulates neutrophil apoptosis, which is critical to the optimal expression and resolution of inflammation.', 'The opposing actions of SAA and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-LXA(4) may contribute to the local regulation of exacerbation and resolution of inflammation, respectively.'], ['Inflammation is a key component of the immune system.', 'These reactions may be the possible reasons of chronic inflammatory diseases, especially in old age.'], ['Resveratrol has also been shown to reduce inflammation via inhibition of prostaglandin production, cyclooxygenase-2 activity, and nuclear factor-kappaB activity.', 'There is growing evidence that resveratrol can prevent or delay the onset of various cancers, heart diseases, ischemic and chemically induced injuries, pathological inflammation and viral infections.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence suggests that the metabolic syndrome and inflammation affect cognitive decline in old age and that they reinforce each other.', 'There was a significant interaction between metabolic syndrome and inflammation on cognition (P < 0.01-0.09).', 'Metabolic syndrome was negatively associated with cognition in subjects with high inflammation (highest tertile for both CRP and ACT; B values ranging from -0.86 to -1.94, P < 0.05), whereas an association was absent in subjects with low inflammation (B values ranging from -0.10 to -0.70).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with metabolic syndrome showed poorer cognitive performance than subjects without metabolic syndrome, especially those with high levels of inflammation.'], ['Involvement of the Th1 directed cytokine interferon-gamma has been demonstrated and Th2 directed cytokines such as IL-10 protect against inflammation-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SN.'], ['This suggests that weight loss or other interventions targeted at adipocyte-related inflammation may represent an important means to prevent subclinical inflammation in the elderly, bearing a high risk of cardiovascular disease.'], ['Oxidative stress, associated with aging and inflammation, is likely to play a role in the etiology of prostate cancer.'], ['This review summarizes the current knowledge of IL-6 cytokines, gp130 receptor and STAT3 signaling in the heart exposed to physiological (aging, pregnancy) and pathophysiological stress (ischemia, pressure overload, inflammation and cardiotoxic agents) with a special focus on the potential role of individual IL-6 cytokines.'], ['Aging represents a state of paradox where chronic inflammation is associated with declining immune responses.'], ['Major exclusion criteria were current use of medications that could interfere with immunity, severe arthritis, history of cancer or inflammatory disease, recent illness or vaccination, and smoking.', 'CONCLUSION: HRR after exercise appears to be independently associated with lower CRP in older sedentary individuals, suggesting that the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in regulating chronic inflammation in older adults.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of metabolic syndrome on cognitive function in an elderly Latino population and to determine whether inflammation modifies this association.', 'This association was especially pronounced in participants with a high serum level of inflammation, resulting in an average 3MS score 0.64 points lower per year (P=.03) for those with metabolic syndrome.', 'CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome and inflammation may both contribute to cognitive decline in older people of diverse backgrounds.'], ['CONCLUSION: Systemic markers of inflammation are only moderately associated with cognitive function and decline and tend to be stronger in carriers of the APOE epsilon4 allele.', 'Systemic markers of inflammation are not suitable for risk stratification.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine whether circulating markers of activated inflammation and hemostasis are associated with cognitive decline in older people.', 'CONCLUSION: Systemic markers of inflammation and hemostasis are associated with a progressive decline in general and specific cognitive abilities in older people, independent of major vascular comorbidity.'], ['These include a very low level of inflammation as evidenced by low circulating levels of c-reactive protein and TNFalpha, serum triiodothyronine levels at the low end of the normal range, and a more elastic "younger" left ventricle (LV), as evaluated by echo-doppler measures of LV stiffness.'], ['BACKGROUND: The WBC count is a clinical marker of inflammation and a strong predictor of mortality.'], ['Furthermore, new roles for PPARgamma signaling have been discovered in inflammation, bone morphogenesis, endothelial function, cancer, longevity, and atherosclerosis, to mention a few.'], ['Injury to the skin initiates a complex process of events involving inflammation as well as the formation and remodeling of new tissue.'], ['Currently, inflammation has been proposed to play a role in diverticular disease.'], ['The ANA positivity at the age of 90 did not have any effect on the rate of survival, or on the levels of serum markers of inflammation.'], ['Chronic inflammation is a tissue-specific process implicated in several diseases of an aging population, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and arthritis.', 'Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a mediator of acute and chronic inflammation, and drugs designed to specifically target this enzyme have achieved widespread clinical use.'], ['BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.', 'The persistence of airway inflammation depends on a decrease in apoptosis of T lymphocytes and eosinophils and survival of these activated cells.', 'T lymphocytes expressing gamma delta receptors can be identified in human lungs and play an important role in immune defence against pathogens and in the regulation of chronic inflammation.'], ['Due to its clinical relevance, the genetics of inflammation in aging will be studied using an inflammatory disease like atherosclerosis as an example.', 'Several studies have reported a significant difference in distribution, between patients and controls, of genes involved in inflammation.'], ['Inflammation has recently proven to be associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammatory genes are good candidates for the risk of developing atherosclerosis.'], ['Life-long antigenic burden determines a condition of chronic inflammation, with increased lymphocyte activation and proinflammatory cytokine production.', 'A large number of studies have documented changes in zinc metabolism in experimental animal models of acute and chronic inflammation and in human chronic inflammatory conditions.', 'MT increase in aging and chronic inflammation allowing a continuous sequestration of intracellular zinc with subsequent low zinc ion availability against stressor agents and inflammation.', 'Moreover, this factor and A20 are regulated by specific genes involved in inflammation and by intracellular zinc ion availability.', 'So, it is not so surprising that zinc deficiency is constantly observed in chronic inflammation, such as in old individuals.'], ['This review discusses the evidence that collectively demonstrates the many diverse and vital roles of relaxin: the homeostatic role of endogenous relaxin in mammalian pregnancy and ageing; its gender-related effects; the therapeutic effects of relaxin in the treatment of fibrosis, inflammation, cardioprotection, vasodilation and wound healing (angiogenesis) amongst other pathophysiological conditions, and its potential mechanism of action.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ongoing myocardial injury and high cTnT had associated findings consistent with activation of the sympathetic system, synthesis of cardiac fibrosis, inflammation and metabolic abnormalities.'], ['METHODS: We examined 172 young (<45 years old) and older (>60 years old) healthy individuals to determine whether the concentration of specific serum AGEs (N(epsilon)-carboxymethyl-lysine [CML] or methylglyoxal [MG] derivatives) were higher in older compared to younger persons and whether, independent of age, they correlated with the intake of dietary AGEs, as well as with circulating markers of OS and inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Circulating indicators of AGEs (CML and MG derivatives), although elevated in older participants, correlate with indicators of inflammation and OS across all ages.'], ['The Asklepios Study is a longitudinal population study focusing on the interplay between ageing, cardiovascular haemodynamics and inflammation in (preclinical) cardiovascular disease.'], ['CONCLUSION: In essential hypertension, pronounced low-grade inflammation in conjunction with hypoadiponectinaemia exerts an additive detrimental effect on aortic stiffness, accelerating the vascular ageing process.'], ['DNA methylation is an important cellular mechanism modulating gene expression associated with ageing, inflammation and atherosclerotic processes.', 'Clinical characteristics (diabetes mellitus, nutritional status and presence of clinical CVD), inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, homocysteine and global DNA methylation in peripheral blood leucocytes (defined as HpaII/MspI ratio by the Luminometric Methylation Assay method) were evaluated.', 'Analysis by the Cox regression model demonstrated that DNA hypermethylation (HpaII/MspI ratio <median) was significantly associated with both all-cause (RR 5.0; 95% CI: 1.7-14.8; P<0.01) and cardiovascular (RR 13.9; 95% CI: 1.8-109.3; P<0.05) mortality, even following the adjustment for age, CVD, diabetes mellitus and inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that global DNA hypermethylation is associated with inflammation and increased mortality in CKD.'], ['When this is reduced further by embolic events, tissue oxygenation may fall to critically low levels, leading to blood-brain barrier dysfunction, inflammation, demyelination and eventually, axonal damage.'], ['Data extracted included age, gender, prodromal symptoms, visual acuity, ocular manifestations, extraocular findings, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), ocular complications, treatment, and smoldering inflammation.', 'The incidence of smoldering inflammation was more frequent in the elderly.', 'CONCLUSION: The significantly higher incidence of optic disk hyperemia, choroidal detachment, and cataract, and the more frequent smoldering inflammation in elderly VKH patients indicate that special attention should be paid to these parameters in elderly patients.'], ['Recent studies have uncovered important cross talk between inflammation, generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular aging.', 'Inhibition of the endocannabinoid anandamide metabolizing enzyme, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), is emerging as a promising novel approach for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.', 'These findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of FAAH may represent a novel protective strategy against chronic inflammation, oxidative/nitrative stress, and apoptosis associated with cardiovascular aging and atherosclerosis.'], ['Nutritional intervention and supplementation may help curb some of these potential adverse affects of poor nutrition by promoting wound healing; enhancing immunity; reducing swelling, bruising, and inflammation; and reducing oxidation caused by anesthetic agents and surgery.'], ['Increased IL-6 expression during normal brain aging suggests a link of age-related inflammation to the onset of AD during aging.', 'Some infections are known to induce inflammation and amyloid deposits.'], ['This was especially true for elders with the metabolic syndrome and with elevated serum level of inflammation.', 'Several possible mechanisms may explain the association between the metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline including micro- and macro-vascular disease, inflammation, adiposity and insulin resistance.'], ['Thus, PARP plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as, stroke, myocardial infarction, circulatory shock, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases, allergy, colitis and other inflammatory disorders.'], ['UNLABELLED: The inflammation of aging hypothesis purports that aging is the accumulation of damage, which results, in part, from chronic activation of inflammation process.', 'Baseline markers of inflammation were higher among subjects who subsequently experienced an incident fracture.', 'We conclude that elevated inflammatory markers are prognostic for fractures, extending the inflammation hypothesis of aging to osteoporotic fractures.'], ['Neutrophil apoptosis is impaired in neonates, and this contributes to prolonged inflammation and tissue injury in infants after infection or trauma.'], ['BACKGROUND: There are few studies of inflammation and hemostasis biomarkers and cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) in older adults.'], ['Given the evidence for increased levels of activated astrocytes in the aged brain, the age- and AD-associated increases in NF-kappaB in brain may be significant contributors to increases in A beta, acting as a positive feedback loop of chronic inflammation, astrocyte activation, increased p65/p50 activation of BACE1 transcription, and further inflammation.'], ['Quantifying alterations in protein synthesis and clearance rates is vital to understanding disease pathogenesis (e.g., aging, inflammation).'], ['Increased arterial stiffness in renal patients may be a consequence of vascular calcification, chronic volume overload, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and several other factors.'], ['The association between inflammation and neuropsychiatric symptoms in old age is generally accepted but poorly understood.', 'The purpose of this study was to examine whether inflammation precedes depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in old age, and to identify specific inflammatory pathways herein.', 'A high innate IL-1ra to IL-1beta production capacity reflects a better ability to neutralize inflammation and may therefore protect against depressive symptoms.'], ['These cases present with all of the classical features of inflammation including phagocyte activation, increased synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokines and complement activation.'], ['Whereas memory T cells are required to maintain immunity, regulatory T cells have to keep the immune system in check to prevent excessive inflammation and/or autoimmunity.'], ['This paper discusses the principal factors of pathological aging: nutrition, physical activity, hormones, inflammation, depression, ecology and social/behavioral factors.'], ['Disease pathogenesis mediated through infectious agents, inflammation, aging, or genetic damage often involves changes in gene expression.'], ['A common theme that links many chronic diseases is uncontrolled inflammation.', 'Minimizing the condition of persistent inflammation has been a primary aim for drug development, but understanding how food components attenuate this process is at the nexus for improving the human condition.', 'This new effort is focused on determining how candidate flavonoids and their metabolites affect gene targets of inflammation in cell culture and animal models.', 'The challenge of this research is to understand how LC omega-3 PUFA and flavonoids affect the biology of inflammation.', 'The goal is to determine how nutrients and phytochemicals attenuate chronic inflammation associated with a number of diet-related diseases that occur throughout the life cycle.', 'The purpose of this review is to introduce the concept for studying food components that influence inflammation and how LC omega-3 PUFA and flavonoids could be used therapeutically against inflammation that is mediated by environmental pollutants.'], ['The literature has well established that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are very effective in treating pain and inflammation, but these drugs are associated with significant gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity.'], ["A malfunction of the ER stress response caused by aging, genetic mutations, or environmental factors can result in various diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and bipolar disorder, which are collectively known as 'conformational diseases'."], ['Serum markers of collagen metabolism and vascular inflammation were assessed.', 'Improved endothelial function correlates better with reduced vascular fibrosis and inflammation markers than with vessel distensibility.'], ['Inflammation might play a role in the growth of DS brains.'], ['Inflammation is a key component of atherosclerosis and inflammatory genes are good candidates for the risk of the development of atherosclerosis.', 'Metalloproteinase (MMPs) are involved in tissue remodeling and therefore play a remarkable role in inflammation-based disease.'], ["In this article we discuss relevant data on aging, longevity, and gender with particular focus on inflammation gene polymorphisms which could affect an individual's chance to reach the extreme limit of human life.", 'These findings point to a strong relationship between the genetics of inflammation, successful aging, and the control of cardiovascular disease, but seem to suggest that the evidence for men is much stronger.'], ['Inflammation may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but no environmental carcinogenic risk factors have been definitively identified.'], ["It is clear that oxidant damage contributes to many of the diseases of aging, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's diseases, diabetes, diseases of inflammation, diseases of fibrosis, diseases of autoimmunity, and so on."], ['Thus, it is important to try to treat an acute flare of gout at the earliest sign, because the sooner treatment is initiated, the faster the inflammation will resolve.'], ['Higher levels of Hsp32, Hsp70 and Hsp90 were noticed in patients with inflammation, a commonly occurring natural stimulant of Hsp production, compared to control subjects.'], ['The chronic inflammation of RA has been associated with oxidative stress, which is shown to cause a decline in the levels of cellular antioxidant sulfhydryls (R-SH).'], ['Animal studies suggest that multiple risk factors, including retention itself, lack of estrogen, infection, inflammation, and aging, may contribute to DU.'], ['PURPOSE: Choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration is the primary cause of blindness in the elderly in developed countries, due to a number of pathogenic effects, including angiogenesis, cell-mediated inflammation, leukocyte adhesion and extravasation, and matrix remodeling.'], ['As cystatin C may detect small changes in kidney function not detected by estimated glomerular filtration rate, we evaluated the association between cystatin C and serum markers of inflammation in older adults with estimated glomerular filtration rate >or=60.'], ['A role of DCs in immunosenescence and chronic inflammation associated with aging has not been investigated in detail.'], ['Finally, the combination of carotenoids plus CoQ10 results in enhanced suppression of inflammation.', 'The results suggest that the combination of carotenoids and CoQ10 in topical skin care products may provide enhanced protection from inflammation and premature aging caused by sun exposure.'], ['Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyses the formation of prostanoids that are crucial in maintaining hemostasis and important in inflammation.'], ['Various common risk factors and mechanisms have been suggested to cause both bone loss and vascular calcification, including aging, estrogen deficiency, vitamin D and K abnormalities, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Inflammation is considered a response set by the tissues in response to injury elicited by trauma or infection.', 'Ageing is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation state clearly showed by 2-4-fold increase in serum levels of inflammatory mediators.', 'These findings point to a strong relationship between the genetics of inflammation, successful ageing and the control of cardiovascular disease at least in men, in which these studies were performed.'], ['Senile osteoporosis is an example of the central role of immune-mediated inflammation in determining bone resorption.'], ['The soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) has become a highly specific parameter for the detection of iron deficits as it can differentiate between iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease, because of the lack of effect by associated inflammation, unlike ferritin.', 'The objectives of this study were to evaluate patients with the prevalence of risk for transfusion, the effect of inflammation on ferritin (F) values and functional iron deficiency in elderly patients with advanced degenerative arthropathy scheduled for hip or knee replacement.', 'As sTfR is not affected by inflammation, it has emerged as a primary parameter for the evaluation of iron status during preoperative assessment among patients scheduled for arthroplasty surgery.'], ['This includes the discovery of novel mechanisms of autoantibody pathogenicity and the potential of B cells to mediate inflammation and tissue injury.'], ['Typical features of PMR include general symptoms of inflammation as well as severe muscle pain in shoulder and pelvic girdle.', 'Complex bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune relations are further modified by ongoing chronic inflammation.', 'Good clinical response to glucocorticoids in PMR patients supports the assumption that the actual levels of cortisol are lower than would be expected during ongoing inflammation.'], ['The cause of anemia should be investigated in these individuals; this can range from erythropoietin deficiency due to CKD, to deficiency of vitamin B(12) and/or folate, iron deficiency, blood loss, inflammation, malignancy, and aluminum intoxication.', 'Poor response to treatment with ESP can be due to many factors, including presence of iron deficiency, inflammation, continued blood loss, and hemoglobinopathy.'], ['Our findings suggest that global obesity and, to a greater extent, central obesity directly affect inflammation, which in turn negatively affects muscle strength, contributing to the development and progression of sarcopenic obesity.'], ['More symptoms resembling a sickness response induced by inflammation were implicated to be associated with lower self-rated health.'], ['After engaging the pathogenic patterned ligands, the cytosolic portion of the TLRs in monocytes and macrophages, recruits adaptor proteins, via a receptor-driven signaling cascade, activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB, leading to the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which trigger inflammation.'], ['Old age, inflammation, CVD, fluid overload and new comorbidities were all associated with malnutrition, with new comorbidities, mostly systemic infections, being the most significant risk factor.'], ['Early products of non-enzymatic glycation of proteins (Amadori adducts), and the ageing process share the capacity to induce oxidative stress and inflammation in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs).'], ['Among others that have been put forward are IL6 and other markers of inflammation, allostatic load, and corticosterone, which have been described primarily in humans.'], ['The growing "epidemic" of non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) with its associated morbidity and mortality intersects with a number of conditions including aging, thromboembolism, stroke, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and perhaps the metabolic syndrome and inflammation.In the USA approximately 2.3 million people currently have NVAF and estimates based upon the United States census and the aging of the population suggests that this will be 3.3 million by 2020 and 5.6 million by 2050.', 'The explanation is probably multifactorial but the socioeconomic implications of this phenomenon are enormous and sobering.Ongoing efforts towards understanding atrial fibrillation are driven, in part, by the concept that atrial fibrillation may in most patients be the consequence of a systemic condition, in which reduced vascular compliance, atherosclerosis, obesity, and inflammation are primary causal factors.'], ["RESULTS: The authors present two major complications, a rare case of Stensen's duct laceration and a case of chronic inflammation mandating surgical treatment."], ['These results support the hypotheses that telomere attrition may be related to diseases of aging through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and progression to CVD.'], ['Intramucosal gastric adenocarcinomas of poorly differentiated type in the young may be associated with H. pylori infection with antral chronic inflammation with lymphoid-follicle hyperplasia, regardless of the existence of intestinal metaplasia within the background gastric mucosa.'], ['CONCLUSION: Shorter LTL equivalent to around 11 years of annual loss in normal people is associated with radiographic hand osteoarthritis and disease severity, suggesting potential shared mechanisms between osteoarthritis and ageing, and implicating oxidative stress and low-level chronic inflammation in both conditions.'], ['After adjustment for demographic and lifestyle variables, chronic health conditions, and inflammation, each standard-deviation (0.34 mg/liter) increase in cystatin C concentration was associated with 1.32 odds (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 1.46) of not completing a 400-m walk, a 10.9-second (95% CI: 8.1, 13.8) slower 400-m walk time, a 0.11-point (95% CI: 0.09, 0.13) reduction in lower extremity performance score, a 1.12-kg (95% CI: 0.83, 1.40) lower grip strength, and a 4.7-nm (95% CI: 3.5, 5.9) lower knee extension strength.'], ['Inflammation was correlated with the presence of annular tears.'], ['In particular, zinc can increase late apoptosis/necrosis, a phenomenon that could trigger unnecessary inflammation in vivo.'], ['Because of the importance of HSP to disease processes, cellular protection, and inflammation, we hypothesized that: (1) Hsp70 levels in centenarians and centenarian offspring are different from controls and (2) alleles in genes associated with Hsp70 explain these differences.'], ['With increasing interest in alternatives to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the management of chronic inflammation, research is emerging on the use of food extracts.'], ['In response to traumatic injury, both skeletal and cardiac muscle activate signalling cascades involved in inflammation, cell death and fibrosis, often at the expense of cell survival and regeneration.'], ['Incidence studies of blood inflammatory markers as predictors of dementia in older age are few and did not take into account hyperhomocysteinemia, although this condition is associated with both inflammation and increased risk of dementia.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The utility of serum albumin and the traditional cutoff (35 g/l) in older people with low ADL function is questionable even among those without inflammation.'], ['Adipose tissue in general and visceral fat in particular are thought to be key regulators of inflammation.', 'Inflammation is heavily involved in the onset and development of atherothrombotic disease.', 'Moreover, chronic inflammation may also represent a triggering factor in the origin of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.', 'Most studies have shown that liposuction produces beneficial effects on insulin resistance and vascular inflammation in the obese patient, reducing its cardiovascular risk.'], ['Lifelong antigenic burden determines a condition of chronic inflammation, with increased lymphocyte activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.', 'A large number of studies have documented changes in Zn metabolism in experimental animal models of acute and chronic inflammation and in human chronic inflammatory diseases.', 'In particular, modification of zinc plasma concentration as well as intracellular disturbance of antioxidant intracellular pathways have been found associated to age-related inflammatory diseases, like atherosclerosis.', 'Moreover, this factor is regulated by the expression of specific cellular genes involved in inflammation.', 'Therefore, Zn deficiency in individuals genetically predisposed to a dis-regulation of inflammation response, may play a crucial role, in causing adverse events and in reducing the probability of a successful aging.'], ['Because TNF-alpha-induced endothelial activation and vascular inflammation play a critical role in vascular aging and atherogenesis, we evaluated whether resveratrol inhibits TNF-alpha-induced signal transduction in human coronary arterial endothelial cells (HCAECs).'], ['These include exposure to bacteria and viruses, inflammation, genetic factors, health behaviours and a variety of social factors, socio-economic status, behavioural and nutritional habits, the ability to cope with stress and the ability of the immune system to fight infections.'], ['On the initial basis of this kind of evidence, inflammation has been proposed as a possible cause or driving force of Alzheimer disease.', 'Alternatively, inflammation could simply be a byproduct of the disease process and may not substantially alter its course.', 'To address these possibilities, we need to determine whether inflammation in Alzheimer disease is an early event, whether it is genetically linked with the disease and whether manipulation of inflammatory pathways changes the course of the pathology.', 'Although there is still little evidence that inflammation triggers or promotes Alzheimer disease, increasing evidence from mouse models suggests that certain inflammatory mediators are potent drivers of the disease.'], ['The zinc release by MT is very limited in chronic inflammation and ageing.'], ['Several human diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancer, aging, retinal dystrophy, and inflammation arise from defects HSPs and protein folding.'], ['A moderate but selective increase in C-reactive protein in hypocretin-1 deficient subjects should prompt research on inflammation in narcolepsy.'], ['Interventions at early stages to reduce inflammation may preserve function in these individuals.'], ['The purpose of the study was to investigate this association by determining the levels of soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) which represent markers of ischemia-induced inflammation in elderly individuals with depression.'], ['In this article we summarise present knowledge on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines on chronic inflammation leading to organismal aging, a phenomenon we proposed to call "inflamm-aging".'], ['Several lines of evidence suggest that hGSTT1-1 and/or hGSTM1-1 play a role in the deactivation of reactive oxygen species that are likely to be involved in cellular processes of inflammation, ageing and degenerative diseases.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the association of inflammation with hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose [IFG]/impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]) and diabetes in older individuals.', 'After adjustment for obesity, fat distribution, and inflammation-related conditions, IL-6 remained significantly related to both diabetes and IFG/IGT.', 'Among diabetic participants, higher levels of HbA(1c) were associated with higher levels of all three markers of inflammation, but only CRP remained significant after full adjustment.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that dysglycemia is associated with inflammation, and this relationship, although consistent in diabetic individuals, also extends to those with IFG/IGT.'], ['folic acid and vitamin B supplements) on surrogate CVD endpoints, such as atherosclerotic progression, endothelial function, inflammation and hypercoagulation, are conflicting.'], ['We present information from a series of 1136 consecutive patients presenting with cognitive disorders and show possible significant contribution of toxic environmental and occupational exposures to pathological aging (21% of patients) and interactions of these exposures with common polymorphisms that affect cell injury and inflammation.', 'APOE, Hfe, and AAT genes are expressed in liver tissue and in macrophages and are involved in the host innate immune response to stress, inflammation and infections.', 'Common genetic polymorphisms that affect the response to inflammation and cell injury provide a beginning strategy for dissecting neurodegenerative disorders.'], ['The use of traditional and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) for the relief of pain and inflammation increases the risk of gastrointestinal side-effects ranging from dyspepsia to symptomatic and complicated ulcers.'], ['Recent data have indicated that fibroblasts derived from individuals with WS have activated a major molecular pathway involved in inflammation.', 'Moreover, drugs that specifically block this inflammation pathway may be possible candidates for therapeutic intervention in WS.'], ['Among the 107 patients with a final diagnosis (74.3%), non-infectious inflammatory disorders represented the most prevalent category (35.5%), surpassing infections (30.8%), miscellaneous causes (20.6%) and malignancies (13.5%).', 'As demonstrated in other studies, non-infectious inflammatory diseases emerge as the most prevalent diagnostic category.'], ['This increase may contribute to an enhanced risk for brain inflammatory processes during aging, although a role of extravascular ICAM-1 as a barrier to further inflammation cannot be ruled out.'], ['Whilst in PMR the musculoskeletal symptoms predominate, the major features of GCA are arterial inflammation and its consequences, which suggests clinical and pathological discrepancies between the two syndromes and important differences with respect to morbidity and mortality.'], ['Results regarding genes involved in inflammation (IL-1 cluster, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, TLR-4, PPARgamma), insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and lipid metabolism (apolipoproteins, CETP, PON1), and oxidative stress (p53, p66(shc)) will be described.'], ['Inflammation plays a role in all the phases of atherosclerosis, and increased production of the acute-phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP), predicts future cardiovascular events.'], ['METHODS: Baseline information on sociodemographic characteristics, serum beta-carotene level, inflammation markers, APOE genotype, and cognitive functioning measured by a 9-item Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) was obtained in 455 survivors.'], ['Although there are promising data on the benefits of some drugs blocking excitatory amino acid signaling pathways and inflammation, there are currently no drugs that can be recommended for neuroprotection during CPB.'], ['This functional alteration may affect binding of factor H to polyanionic patterns on host surfaces, potentially influencing complement activation, immune complex clearance, and inflammation in the macula of AMD patients.'], ['Mediators of vascular damage of diabetes include poor glycemic control, lipoprotein abnormalities, hypertension, oxidative stress, inflammation and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are modified proteins formed by non-enzymatic glycation.'], ['In the postoperative period, a rapid increase in binding because of inflammation decreases the free fraction, but the free drug concentration remains constant because of the resulting decrease in total clearance.'], ['Recently, chronic infection and inflammation have been recognized as important factors for carcinogenesis.', 'Therefore, 8-nitroguanine could be used as a potential biomarker to evaluate the risk of inflammation- related carcinogenesis.'], ['Preliminary data from 473 older male participants of the InCHIANTI population showed a significant inverse relationship between T and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6r) levels (a soluble portion of the IL-6 receptor that may enhance the biological activity of IL-6) but not with other markers of inflammation.'], ['Several mechanisms have been hypothesized to have an important role in the development of frailty, including inflammation, coagulation and oxidative stress (3).'], ['Pathways by which particles may act involve autonomic nervous system dysfunction or inflammation, which can affect cardiac rate and rhythm.'], ['We set out to estimate the incremental prognostic utility of inflammation and atherosclerosis markers in the prediction of all-cause and CV mortality in elderly men.'], ['OBJECTIVE: C-reactive protein (CRP) is emerging as an important predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic inflammation may be a mechanism through which stress affects disease risk.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial stress, as well as health behaviors, are important predictors of inflammatory activity in a population-based sample and should be considered in future research on inflammation and CVD.'], ['However, statins not only lower cholesterol, but also have been reported to exhibit a plethora of pleiotropic effects, including reduction of inflammation and improvement of endothelial function.'], ['Health practitioners should ensure that patients understand how the environment challenges the skin, the processes of inflammation and ageing and how emollients used on a regular basis can support the epidermal barrier.'], ['Oxidative stress is generated by a multitude of environmental and endogenous challenges such as radiation, inflammation, or psychoemotional stress.'], ['RESULTS: Data obtained are indicative of the presence of an unregulated systemic inflammation in AD patients.'], ['Tau and GSH ameliorate inflammation.'], ['The association between the fourth cystatin C quartile and functional limitation remained after adjustment for demographics, lean body mass, comorbidity, muscle strength, and gait speed (HR=1.41, 95% CI=1.13-1.75), although the association was attenuated after adjustment for markers of inflammation (HR=1.15, 95% CI=0.90-1.46).'], ['Immune variables included lymphocyte subsets, cytokine production, and markers of inflammation and oxidative damage.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic infection and inflammation, including periodontitis, is linked to an increased risk for atherosclerosis.', 'To investigate the possible adverse effects of periodontitis in maintenance hemodialysis patients, we compared periodontal severity with malnutrition and inflammation, which are associated with poor atherosclerotic outcome in hemodialysis patients.', 'Parameters of malnutrition and inflammation also were associated with poor periodontal status.', 'According to the severity of periodontitis, there were higher percentiles of patients with malnutrition (chi-square = 13.055; P = 0.005) and inflammation (chi-square = 10.046; P = 0.018) in the severe group.', 'CONCLUSION: Periodontal health is poor in hemodialysis patients and correlates with markers of malnutrition and inflammation.'], ['In the present review, we would like to focus on neuronal plasticity evoked by gastrointestinal inflammation occurring in inflammatory bowel disease and in a subset of patients with severe derangement of gut motility due to an enteric neuropathy characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate of the enteric plexuses.', 'Interestingly, neuronal changes may also occur in segments of the gastrointestinal tract remote from the site of the original inflammation, e.g.', 'A better comprehension of ENS plasticity during inflammation could be instrumental to develop new therapeutic options for patients with IBD and inflammatory enteric neuropathies.'], ['Whether elevated ENO reflects underlying airway inflammation in older persons remains unanswered.'], ['Repetitive exposure of the skin to UV radiation induces various harmful changes, such as thickening, wrinkle formation, inflammation and carcinogenesis.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation may be a potential mechanism of aging-related functional decline.', 'CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that inflammation may play a role in functional decline in persons with and without PAD.'], ['Reviews are drawn from human and animal studies and focus on age-related changes in sympathetic nervous system control of microvessels, capillary hemodynamics and oxygen pressure, microvascular network structure and functional integration, microvascular reactivity, whole muscle perfusion, and cellular contacts and inflammation.'], ['Adjustment for prevalent diseases (including heart diseases, lung disease, and diabetes) associated with inflammation explained less of the association.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that interventions to improve health behaviors, even in old age and especially in low SES groups, may be useful in reducing risks associated with inflammation.'], ['Mechanisms being studied include physical inactivity, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and general changes in body composition.'], ['Demographic and lifestyle factors, depression, diseases, and medication that could affect inflammation, coagulation, and sleep were controlled for in analyses regressing sleep variables and caregiver status and their interaction on plasma levels of IL-6 and D-dimer.'], ['Stepwise adjustment for inflammation, hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus did not decrease the relative risk of a greater waist circumference for the development of CHF (all HR=1.27-1.32, 95% CI=1.02-1.61 per SD increase).'], ['Human cancer is caused by multiple factors, such as genetic predisposition, chronic persistent inflammation, environmental factors, life style, and aging.'], ['Altered coagulation parameters, elevated lipoprotein (a) levels, and low-grade chronic inflammation are regarded to coalesce with the hypercholesterolemia of untreated patients with subclinical hypothyroidism to enhance the ischemic cardiovascular risk.'], ['The gene polymorphisms screened were: alcohol sensitivity-associated polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2) Arg47His, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) Glu487Lys, smoking sensitivity-associated polymorphisms of glutathione S transferase (GST) M1, (GST)T1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T, inflammation-associated polymorphisms of interleukin-1beta (IL-1B)T-31C, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) T-1031C, endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) Glu298Asp, longevity-associated polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 5178 A/C, allergy-associated polymorphism of interleukin-4 (IL-4), and immunity-associated polymorphism of CD14.'], ['Chronic inflammation due to high IL-6 production occurs in type 2 diabetes (NIDDM) and atherosclerosis.', 'In ageing and inflammation, IL-6 affects Metallothionein (MT) homeostasis, which in turn is involved in zinc turnover.', 'Zinc deficiency is an usual event in ageing, inflammation, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.', 'The aim of the present study is to screen a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the MT2A gene in relation to inflammation (IL-6) and plasma zinc in NIDDM-atherosclerotic patients.', 'The -209 A/G MT2A polymorphism is associated with chronic inflammation (higher plasma levels of IL-6), hyperglycaemia, enhanced HbA1c and more marked zinc deficiency in AA than AG genotype carrying patients.'], ['Ageing is accompanied by an age-dependent up-regulation of the inflammatory response, due to chronic antigenic stress stimulation, which potentially triggers the onset of inflammatory diseases, especially CVD.', 'Therefore, controlling inflammation might play a protective role against CVD, especially in ageing.'], ['Finally, we have found that the seropositivity of infection and the presence of higher levels of marker of inflammation were correlated with carotid lesion.'], ['Further research is needed to clarify the role of chronic inflammation in the process of BPH progression.'], ['In the present study we have investigated the effect of age and inflammation on the induction of Hsp27 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using flow cytometry.', 'Sixty-six healthy control subjects or patients suffering from inflammation participated in the study.', 'In conclusion, results presented herein provide evidence in support of an age-related decrease in the level of Hsp27, which disappeared in the presence of inflammation.'], ['Vascular calcification has long been considered to be a passive, degenerative, and end-stage process of atherosclerosis and inflammation.'], ['The relationship between APOE genotype and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), which is produced by the liver during inflammation, has not been studied in nonagenarians.'], ['Most anemia in older individuals results from iron deficiency, chronic inflammation, or chronic kidney disease, or it may be unexplained.'], ['Inflammation plays a central role in many diseases of aging, and genetic differences in the inflammatory response appear to influence different disease courses among individuals.', 'This growing understanding of the role of genetic variation in inflammation and chronic disease presents opportunities to identify healthy persons who are at increased risk of disease and to potentially modify the trajectory of disease to prolong healthy aging.'], ['We might consider inflammation markers as synthetic measures of lifelong attrition combined with genetic tendency to develop an inflammatory phenotype.'], ['Both strength and muscle size were assessed as in gender-specific Cox proportional hazards models, with age, race, comorbidities, smoking status, level of physical activity, fat area by CT or fat mass by DXA, height, and markers of inflammation, including interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha considered as potential confounders.'], ['It is unclear, whether inflammation may be a mechanism linking low SES to type 2 diabetes.', 'In conclusion, inflammation appears not to play a major role linking low SES and type 2 diabetes in the elderly population.'], ['These results suggest that age-related decline in the ATP level reduces the capacity to induce apoptosis and promotes necrotic inflammation.'], ['Sustained activation of lymphocytes and macrophages after infection results in massive cytokine response, thus leading to severe systemic inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: Older HCC patients showed less inflammation and better preservation of hepatic function, indicating that not only cirrhotic patients but also non-cirrhotic patients should be considered as a high-risk group among the elderly.'], ['Prolonged exposure to activated leukocytes, playing pivotal roles in chronic inflammation-associated carcinogenesis, is known to lead to oxidative and nitrosative damage to macromolecules in the body since they are primary sources of free radicals, such as superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) and nitric oxide (NO).'], ['Recent studies have indicated that components extracted from Ganoderma have a wide range of pharmacological actions including suppressing inflammation and scavenging free radicals.'], ['Because various subsets of the usual aging changes in aging brain, muscle, and vessels can be attenuated in rodents by caloric intake and possibly in humans by drugs with anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities, this study suggests that diet and inflammation may be useful experimental variations in exploring the pathogenesis of sIBM.'], ['Aside acute focal recurrent inflammation and diffuse chronic neurodegeneration, accelerated ageing-related mechanisms may operate in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients.'], ['BACKGROUND: A major cause of skin aging is a chronic micro-inflammation triggered by UV radiation and external pollutants.'], ['The heat shock response contributes to establishing a cytoprotective state in a wide variety of human diseases, including inflammation, cancer, aging and neurodegenerative disorders.'], ['These beneficial effects on cardiac function might be mediated by the effect of CR on blood pressure, systemic inflammation, and myocardial fibrosis.'], ['Histopathologic scores for inflammation (P < 0.01), hyperplasia (P < 0.01), and dysplasia (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the ileocecocolic (ICC) junction of animals in group C, relative to group A. Dysplastic lesions of various grades were detected in 5 of 11 hamsters in group C. Interestingly, the segment of the bowel that is usually colonized by Helicobacter spp.'], ["For many years, the central nervous system (CNS) was considered to be 'immune privileged', neither susceptible to nor contributing to inflammation.", 'It is now appreciated that the CNS does exhibit features of inflammation, and in response to injury, infection or disease, resident CNS cells generate inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, free radicals and complement, which in turn induce chemokines and adhesion molecules, recruit immune cells, and activate glial cells.', 'Much of the key evidence demonstrating that inflammation and inflammatory mediators contribute to acute, chronic and psychiatric CNS disorders is summarised in this review.'], ['After all, aging is about accelerated inflammation, depletion, and wear and tear.'], ['Conversely, the susceptibility alleles to inflammatory disease should be infrequent in the genetic background favoring longevity.', 'All these data indicate a strong relationship among inflammation, genetics, CHD, and longevity.'], ['Selenium and the carotenoids play an important role in antioxidant defenses and in the redox regulation involved in inflammation.'], ['Additionally, melatonin also plays a role in protecting cholinergic neurons and in anti-inflammation.'], ['Interest in exhaled nitric oxide as a biomarker of airways inflammation is increasing as a noninvasive tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of asthma.'], ["A decline in innate and acquired immunity is seen with increasing age and maintenance of low basal immune activity (degree of inflammation) seems important for health and longevity: 'people who are predisposed to weak inflammatory activity may live longer'."], ['Aging is accompanied by a greater increase in sympathetic traffic in women than in men, and inflammation (measured via C-reactive protein) seems to be more strongly related to metabolic syndrome in women than in men.', 'moxonidine), and AT-receptor blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to overcome sympathetic overactivity, hypertension and inflammation.'], ['Therefore, epigenetic CpG hypermethylation of the SFRP1 promoter during chronic persistent inflammation and aging leads to the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancers, such as colorectal cancer and gastric cancer, through the breakdown of Hedgehog-dependent WNT signal inhibition.'], ['Scientific evidence suggests the critical role of temperature in regulating three mechanisms contributing to cellular damage: Oxidative stress, oxygen demand overload and inflammation.'], ["Inflammation and lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands is a classical feature of Sjogren's syndrome."], ['Inflammation is now recognized as an overwhelming burden to the healthcare status of our population and the underlying basis of a significant number of diseases.', 'The elderly generally bear the burden of morbidity and mortality, which may be reflective of elevated markers of inflammation resulting from decades of lifestyle choices.', 'Cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia may be ameliorated by treating the underlying cause: inflammation caused by visceral adipose tissue.'], ['Hence, the aging AROM+ males present with a phenocopy of inflammation-associated infertility in men, providing a model for further studies on the putative link among estrogens, orchitis, and infertility.'], ['Many of the local ultraviolet (UV)-induced responses, including erythema and edema formation, inflammation, premature aging, and immune suppression, can be influenced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-produced NO, which plays a pivotal role in cutaneous physiology.', 'This enzyme-independent NO formation opens a new field in cutaneous physiology and will extend our understanding of mechanisms contributing to skin aging, inflammation, and cancerogenesis but also functional protection.'], ['Therefore, our results do not indicate a role of systemic inflammation in ARM beyond what is already present owing to concurrent cardiovascular disease.'], ['The elderly have generally higher levels than the younger age groups, which require higher decision levels in inflammatory diseases, including infections.'], ['Ciglitazone inhibits the inflammation of HGBECs in vitro and has potential therapeutic effect on cholecystitis in vivo.'], ['The ophthalmic NAC drug shows promise in the treatment of a range of ophthalmic disorders that have a component of oxidative stress in their pathogenesis (including cataract, glaucoma, dry eye, vitreous floaters, inflammatory disorders, and corneal, retinal and systemic diseases [such as diabetes mellitus and its ophthalmic complications]).'], ['We characterize the relationships of systemic inflammation, erythropoietin, and hemoglobin.', 'The threshold at which the effect of inflammation on erythropoietin reversed was close to 13.0 g/dL of hemoglobin.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that anemia of inflammation evolves from a "pre-anemic" stage characterized by a compensatory increment of erythropoietin that maintains normal hemoglobin levels to a stage of clinically evident anemia in which erythropoietin levels are not high enough to maintain normal hemoglobin, possibly because of the inhibitory effect of inflammation on erythropoietin production.'], ['MRI is associated with a number of cardiovascular risk factors, including nighttime hypertension, and increased levels of lipoprotein (a), homocysteine, asymmetric dimethyl-arginine, and inflammation and insulin resistance markers and mediators.'], ['Inflammation may play a role in changes in peritoneal function.', 'CONCLUSIONS: There were no major changes in dialysis adequacy or membrane characteristics during the follow-up period, but increased IL-6 in dialysate may reflect peritoneal inflammation, which may lead to long-term alterations in the peritoneal membrane.'], ['However, during genitourinary infection/inflammation these antioxidant mechanisms may downplay and create a situation called oxidative stress.'], ['Adjustment for causes and consequences of anemia (renal function, inflammation, or frailty) did not reduce associations.'], ['Some genes critically involved in the processes of inflammation and bone resorption, however, were found to be differentially regulated by these bivalent cations.', 'It is suggested that metal alloys used in arthroplasties may affect the extent of inflammation and bone resorption in the peri-implant tissues in dependence of their chemical composition.'], ['Generally, methylation patterns can be traced to a tissue-specific, proliferation-dependent accumulation of aberrant promoter methylation in aging tissues, a process that can be accelerated by chronic inflammation and less well-defined mechanisms including, possibly, diet and genetic predisposition.'], ['Further studies will show whether these mutations are actually able to trigger autoimmune inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis or whether they must be considered epiphenomena of cellular damage in chronic inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSION: The presence of enhanced passive and induced autoimmunity, as well as the emergence of spontaneous autoimmune disease at 20-45 weeks of age, suggest that FcgammaRIIa is a very important factor in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammation and a possible target for therapeutic intervention.'], ['In this review we will describe motor and cognitive deficits in behavior due to aging, and show how these deficits are related to increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, inflammation or signaling.'], ['Increasing evidence demonstrates that inflammation is associated with many pathophysiologic processes and mortality in older adults.', 'Increase in total white blood cell (WBC) counts is recognized as an important cellular marker of systemic inflammation.', 'They provide a basis for further investigation into the role of leukocytes in age-related inflammation and its associated adverse outcomes in older adults.'], ['We conclude that Hsp32 is up-regulated in the elderly as well as in individuals with inflammation, and that the HS response of Hsp32 is different in monocytes as compared to lymphocytes.'], ['Confounders included health and lifestyle factors, which are markers of inflammation and protein intake.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To study the levels of systemic markers for inflammation with parameters of periodontal diseases in older people.', 'Assessments of risk factors associated with elevated levels of markers of systemic inflammation were also determined.'], ['BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a bacterial infection, which has been classified as a local chronic inflammation.'], ['Oxidative stress is an important factor in many pathological conditions such as inflammation, cancer, ageing and organ response to ischemia-reperfusion.'], ['Several studies have shown that both oxidative stress and inflammation are linked to the process of hypertension and that the immune system is also involved in this age-related process.', 'More specifically, the oxygen stress related to immune system dysfunction seems to have a key role in senescence, in agreement with the oxidation/ inflammation theory of aging.'], ['Both are states of heightened oxidative stress, which increases the rate of telomere erosion per replication, and inflammation, which enhances white blood cell turnover.'], ['It is not known whether this represents ongoing inflammation or inadequate nutrition.'], ['This is likely due to increased acuity and chronic right upper quadrant inflammation in this population.'], ['In this review, we will explore what is known about the role of apoptosis in respiratory epithelial cell damage and the role of cytokines in inflammation and constitutional symptoms with particular emphasis on the link between apoptosis, inflammation, fever and cytokine production.'], ['The concomitant elevations in PCT, CRP, and IL-6 could be more sensitive in the evaluation of inflammation.'], ['It has been shown that apo E increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) from human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM); this effect could represent an important link between tissue redox balance and inflammation, since inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in chronic neurodegenerative disorders.'], ['The correlates were age, gender, low-grade inflammation as assessed by C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, high-homocysteine, total and LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein-a (Lip-a), apolipoprotein-A (Apo-A), apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B), nutrition point, coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular event history.', 'Female sex, high-homocysteine, low-grade inflammation, CAD and cerebrovascular event history was found to be associated with both modified WHO and NCEP MS groups in the multivariate analysis.', 'Low grade inflammation as assessed by CRP and high-homocysteine level is strongly related to MS.'], ['The systemic vasculitides are heterogeneous conditions of unknown etiology characterized by inflammation and necrosis of different sized blood vessels.'], ['The ubiquitarious distribution of PDE5 and the availability of selective inhibitory molecules foster newer studies in the treatment of heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, inflammation, and depression.'], ['Pathological circumstances like inflammation or ischemic insult facilitate the release of adenine nucleotides from several types of cells.'], ['Endothelial function, inflammation and oxidative stress are also positively modulated.'], ['How do inflammation and remodelling of airways vary with age and with duration and severity of asthma?'], ['How do we interpret inflammatory changes in the light of age-related airway inflammation?'], ['WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW: What changes occur in atopic and non-atopic airway inflammation in asthma with increasing age?'], ['WHAT WE NEED TO DO: Evaluate new diagnostic tools (eg, indirect markers of inflammation) for asthma and COPD.'], ['Processes influenced by Trx include the control of cellular redox balance, the promotion of cell growth, the inhibition of apoptosis and the modulation of inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: It is assumed that low-grade inflammation, characterized by increased circulating IL-6 and TNF-alpha, is related to the development of sarcopenia.'], ["Chronic inflammation is known to play an important role in the heterogeneous pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD)."], ["Consequently, treatment with anti-inflammatory agents provide symptomatic relief to several aging-associated diseases, even as remote as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, indicating that chronic inflammation may play a substantial role in the pathogenesis of these disease states.", 'Human polynucleotide phosphorylase (hPNPase(old-35)), a RNA degradation enzyme shown to be upregulated during differentiation and cellular senescence, may represent a molecular link between aging and its associated inflammation.'], ['The final common pathway of degradation is clearly related to oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, glucocorticoid dysregulation, inflammation and amyloid deposition.'], ['Late-onset peripheral spondylarthropathies are characterised by severe disease, marked elevation of laboratory parameters of inflammation, oligoarthritis involving the lower limbs and oedema of the extremities.'], ['Moreover, we assessed whether the serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker for systemic inflammation, was associated with cellular impairment of EPCs.', 'CONCLUSION: Depletion and cellular aging of EPCs in patients with preeclampsia might be associated with endothelial dysfunction and could be affected by systemic inflammation.'], ['However, the decline of glyoxalase expression and activity in old age, possibly caused by impairment in transcription or/and translation, may subsequently lead to increased levels of reactive carbonyl compounds, followed by protein crosslinking, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration.'], ['Inflammation plays a part in the etiology of dementia.'], ['Using data from the population-based cardiovascular health study (CHS) cohort, we examined the associations between promoter polymorphisms of several inflammation and thrombosis genes with longevity.'], ['Ongoing low-grade chronic inflammation represents a pathogenetic background for age-related diseases.'], ['MCP-1 and RANTES are molecules that regulate monocyte and T-lymphocyte recruitment towards sites of inflammation.'], ['Health practitioners should ensure that patients understand how the environment challenges the skin, the processes of inflammation and ageing and how emollients used on a regular basis can support the epidermal barrier.'], ['Local inflammation and MMP-9 levels slightly increased with age in plaques obtained from patients suffering from haemodynamically significant advanced atherosclerotic lesions.'], ['Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP-1), a nuclear enzyme activated by DNA strand breaks, is involved in DNA repair, aging, inflammation, and neoplastic transformation.', 'Because circulating mononuclear cells (MNCs) are involved in inflammation mechanisms, these cells were chosen as the experimental model to evaluate PARP-1 levels and activity in patients with type 2 diabetes.', 'The different PARP-1 behavior in MNCs from patients with type 2 diabetes could therefore be responsible for the abnormal inflammation and infection responses in diabetes.'], ['indicator of intestinal inflammation and/or defect in mucosal defence, is a strong mortality predicting factor.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between asymptomatic chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the frailty syndrome and to assess whether inflammation modifies this association.', 'CONCLUSION: Chronic CMV infection is associated with prevalent frailty, a state with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults; inflammation enhances this effect.', 'Further prospective studies are needed to establish a causal relationship between CMV, inflammation, and frailty.'], ['Therefore, any disease accompanied by inflammation can be threatening to the muscle function in geriatric patients.', 'In patients admitted with inflammation, no improvement of muscle function was observed.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Geriatric hospitalized patients presenting with inflammation show significantly worse muscle functions, which do not improve during hospitalization despite adequate treatment of the primary disease.'], ['In recent studies, signs of inflammation have been shown as predictors for mortality in dialysis patients, and the role of inflammation as a risk factor for complications of CKD in children has emerged.', 'Although preliminary findings suggest that inflammation is highly prevalent in the pediatric population with CKD, information related pathogenic links and to clinical outcomes is lacking.', 'For the future, it is crucial for investigations to address the mechanisms and complications of inflammation that are manifested in pediatric patients with CKD in all stages.'], ['BACKGROUND: Histopathological findings in the acute stage of Kawasaki disease (KD) indicate widespread vascular inflammation that involves not only coronary arteries but also systemic arteries.'], ["Progressive memory impairment, beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques associated with local inflammation, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neurons in selective brain areas are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD)."], ['The most common complications for patients in the study group were soft tissue inflammation (mucositis) and cheek and lip biting (p < .05) whereas resin veneer fractures were the most common complications for the control group.', 'Cleaning problems and associated soft tissue inflammation (mucositis) as well as tongue, lip, and cheek biting were significantly more often observed among the elderly patients (p < .05).'], ['Inflammation, oxidative damage, cholesterol metabolism and/or impaired function of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have been implicated in AMD pathogenesis.', 'We examined toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a candidate gene for AMD susceptibility because: (i) the TLR4 gene is located on chromosome 9q32-33, a region exhibiting evidence of linkage to AMD in three independent reports; (ii) the TLR4-D299G variant is associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease with subendothelial accumulation; (iii) the TLR4 is not only a key mediator of proinflammatory signaling pathways but also linked to regulation of cholesterol efflux and (iv) the TLR4 participates in phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by the RPE.'], ['Although it has been hypothesized that IDI might be secondary to uremia, anorexia, underlying illness, psychosocial conditions, loss of dentures, depression, aging, or chronic inflammation, definite data on the etiology of IDI in HD patients are still lacking.'], ['Increased NOX2 mRNA levels were observed in biopsies with signs of chronic inflammation (p=0.01).'], ['Histology showed acute necrotizing hepatitis in 19%, severe interphase hepatitis in 15%, chronic hepatitis with plasmo-lymphocytic infiltrate in 30%, cirrhosis in 29% (with active inflammation in one-third); biopsy was refused in 11%.'], ['Prostate tissue-remodeling in the transition zone is characterized by: (i) hypertrophic basal cells, (ii) altered secretions of luminal cells leading to calcification, clogged ducts and inflammation, (iii) lymphocytic infiltration with production of proinflammatory cytokines, (iv) increased radical oxygen species (ROS) production that damages epithelial and stromal cells, (v) increased basic fibroblast (bFGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta 1) production leading to stromal proliferation, transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix production, (vi) altered autonomous innervation that decreases relaxation and leads to a high adrenergic tonus, (vii) and altered neuroendocine cell function and release of neuroendocrine peptides (NEP).'], ['STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: One hundred seventy-three people (totaling 238 maxillary sinuses) who had undergone paranasal sinus CT scan between December 2000 and November 2003 and had no evidence of inflammation or hypoplasia in the CT finding and had no specific history of paranasal sinus surgery or maxillofacial trauma were retrospectively analyzed.'], ['Age-upregulated transcripts were mostly of glial origin and related to inflammation and cellular defenses, whereas downregulated genes displayed mostly neuron-enriched transcripts relating to cellular communication and signaling.'], ['Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), induces injury of endothelium in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, such as inflammation, aging, and cancer.'], ['The signature revealed increased expression of several genes involved in mediating cellular responses to inflammation and apoptosis, including complement component C1QA, Galectin-1, C/EBP-beta, and FOXO3A, among others.'], ['A counterbalance to the inflammation is exerted by IL-10 with an inhibitory role on TNF-alpha production.'], ['Many of the local UV-induced responses including erythema and edema formation, inflammation, premature aging, and immune suppression can be influenced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-produced NO which is known to play a pivotal role in cutaneous physiology.', 'The enzyme-independent NO formation found in human skin opens a completely new field in cutaneous physiology and will extend our understanding of mechanisms contributing to skin aging, inflammation, and cancerogenesis.'], ["Both oxidative damage and inflammation are elevated in brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, but their pathogenic significance remains unclear.", 'The putative anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acid DHA had a profound impact on pathogenesis but did not lower inflammation, while vitamin E was surprisingly ineffective in reducing oxidative damage or amyloid in the aged APPsw mouse.'], ['Increased rate of inflammation has been observed to be associated with aging.'], ['However, there are no clear data concerning the basal state of activation of T lymphocytes and its putative link with the low-grade inflammation observed with aging.', 'In conclusion, we show a link between aging, T-lymphocyte lipid rafts, immune senescence, and low-grade inflammation.'], ['If the production of ROS was persistent, it would result in chronic inflammation and the imbalance of oxidative-reductive status in those patients.'], ['On the basis of previous observations on the immunology, endocrinology and cellular biology of centenarians we focused on genes that regulate immune responses and inflammation (IL-6, IL-1 cluster, IL-10), genes involved in the insulin/IGF-I signalling pathway and genes that counteract oxidative stress (PON1).'], ['On the basis of WBC telomere data, it is evident that age-adjusted telomere length is highly variable, highly heritable, longer in women than men, and shorter in people who harbor a host of age-related disorders, whose common denominators may prove to be increased oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Associated with the anabolic deficits were marked increases in NFkappaB, the inflammation-associated transcription factor.'], ['The aim of this review is to discuss the possible contribution of epidemiology to understanding the role of immunity in host defense against cancer, and also to assess the involvement of inflammation in the occurrence of selected cancers.', 'The host immune system is also involved in inflammatory responses to pathogen infection: insufficient immune function of the host, or repeated infection, may result in persistent inflammation, where growth/survival factors continuously act on initiated cells.', 'The combined use of biomarkers will be necessary to define low-grade persistent inflammation in future cohort studies; and, in addition to these phenotype marker-based cohort studies, one plausible future direction will be a genomic approach that can be undertaken within cohort studies, looking at the genetic background underlying individual variations in phenotype markers.'], ['Furthermore, experimental studies have consistently reported that the deranged immune responses and the less efficient inflammation towards infectious organisms associated with aging may be enhanced or modulated by treatment with carnitines.'], ['Aging may further exacerbate brain metabolites associated with inflammation in HIV patient and thereby increase the risk for cognitive impairment.'], ['The future is likely to emphasize greater application of the already effective therapies at our disposal and the development of novel anti-platelet and anti-thrombin agents as well as those directed toward inflammation.'], ['An increased oxidative stress is one of the common traits for inflammation, carcinogenesis and ageing, so it is a reasonable assumption to consider that fasting might act through influencing the oxidative status.'], ['Decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins due to pancreatic insufficiency, altered sex hormone production, chronic inflammation, physical inactivity, and glucocorticoid treatment are some of the factors that contribute to this problem.'], ['The identification of activated microglia within neuritic plaques, coupled with the presence of numerous inflammatory proteins, suggests that inflammation is an integral part of the pathogenetic process in AD.'], ['Ageing is characterized by an impairment of the main way of protection (the adaptive branch) but, successfully aged people show compensatory mechanisms of defense such as proneness to inflammation.'], ['Chronic inflammation is a characteristic feature of aging, and the relationship between cellular senescence and inflammation, although extensively studied, is not well understood.', 'Understanding the relationship between hPNPase(old-35) and inflammation and aging provides a unique opportunity to mechanistically comprehend and potentially intervene in these physiologically important processes.'], ['Oxidative stress in CRF plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the associated hypertension (oxidation of NO and arachidonic acid and vascular remodeling), cardiovascular disease (oxidation of lipoproteins, atherogenesis), neurologic disorders (nitration of brain proteins, oxidation of myelin), anemia (reduction of erythrocyte lifespan), inflammation (nuclear factor kappa B activation), fibrosis, apoptosis, and accelerated aging.'], ['Several works have demonstrated the involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of both, PD and LOAD.'], ['The aorta was divided into three vascular regions (ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta) to localise the aortic inflammation and compare both imaging techniques.'], ['Epidemiological studies demonstrated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could prevent or delay the onset of LOAD suggesting inflammation may be involved in AD.'], ['We evaluated the direct actions of DHEA and DHEA sulphate on angiogenesis, a critical event in pathologies that are common in the elderly (cancer, atherosclerosis, inflammation...'], ["Inflammation is a human being's primary defense against threats to homeostasis that are encountered every day.", 'The inflammation response is a plastic network composed of redundant signaling among several different mediators.'], ['In recent years, the role of selenium in the prevention of a number of degenerative conditions including cancer, inflammatory diseases, thyroid function, cardiovascular disease, neurological diseases, aging, infertility, and infections, has been established by laboratory experiments, clinical trials, and epidemiological data.'], ['Inflammation and its regulation by cytokines have been connected to many aspects of aging, and mechanisms addressed here provide a rationale for this.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The number of remaining teeth may indicate the extent of life-long exposure to inflammation, a known risk factor for muscle loss and consequent disability.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The presence of oral inflammation may lead to loss in muscle strength increasing the risk of disability.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation has been demonstrated to be an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD).'], ['Data on the recently Food and Drug Administration-approved osteoanabolic substance parathyroid hormone and on osteoprotegerin are promising in terms of both steroid-induced and inflammation-mediated osteoporosis, the key elements of inflammatory bowel disease-associated bone disease.'], ['Accumulating evidence suggest that oxidative stress resulting in reactive oxygen species generation and inflammation play a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases, supporting the implementation of radical scavengers, transition metal (e.g., iron and copper) chelators, and nonvitamin natural antioxidant polyphenols in the clinic.'], ['BACKGROUND: It remains unclear to what extent the associations between low serum beta-carotene concentration and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and cancers are attributable to inflammation.', 'The objective of this study was to evaluate simultaneously the effects of serum beta-carotene concentration and inflammation on the subsequent all-cause mortality risk in high-functioning older persons.', 'Sex-specific univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to study the effects of low beta-carotene, high inflammation burden, or both on 7-year all-cause mortality rates while adjusting for other confounders.', 'After adjustment for inflammation markers and other covariates, the relative risks for low beta-carotene for the 7-year all-cause mortality risk were 2.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23 to 4.31) in men and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.42 to 1.75) in women.', 'Compared with men with high beta-carotene levels and low inflammation, the multiply adjusted relative risk for low beta-carotene and high inflammation burden was 3.78 (95% CI, 1.69 to 8.47) in men.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of serum beta-carotene are independently associated with an increased all-cause mortality risk in older men, even after adjustment for the effects of inflammation and other risk factors.', 'In men, but not women, a synergistic effect occurs between low beta-carotene concentration and high inflammation burden in predicting higher mortality rates.'], ['Recent studies have shown that the heat shock response contributes to establishing a cytoprotective state in a wide variety of human diseases, including ischemia and reperfusion damage, inflammation, cancer, as well as metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.'], ['Activation of Ras, an important signaling molecule involved in atherogenic stimuli, induces vascular cell senescence and thereby, promotes vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo.'], ['Hypercoagulability is widely associated with sepsis, inflammation, diabetes, cancers, aging, and many pathological conditions, resulting in life-threatening disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), venous thrombosis, thromboembolism, cardiovascular complications, or even deadly multiple organ failure.', 'Anticoagulation also extends its significance to anti-inflammation, making broad impacts on the improvement of human health.'], ['This may suggest a role of inflammation in the development of arterial stiffness.'], ['CRTH2/DP2 on basophils may afford opportunities for therapeutic targeting in allergic inflammation.'], ['A complex series of events involving inflammation, cell migration and proliferation, ECM stabilisation and remodelling, neovascularisation and apoptosis are crucial to the tissue response to injury.'], ['We hypothesize that many cases of osteoporosis are also partially attributable to a maladaptation of the link between inflammation and bone turnover.', 'We explore the spatial and temporal link between inflammation and osteoporosis in conditions such as aging, menopause, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, HIV, pregnancy, transplantation, and steroid administration.', 'While nutritional and mechanical factors clearly play a role in many of these situations, the spatial and temporal concordance of osteoporosis and inflammation is buttressed by emerging molecular evidence.', 'Osteoporosis may result from disequilibrium between structural demand for key minerals and their biologic demand during maladaptive states of inflammation.'], ['Therefore, CD50 and CD62L shedding from the cell surface of activated granulocytes and monocytes could be interpreted as a tentative to counteract the dangerous effects of an excessive chronic inflammation in the elderly.'], ['Aetiologically, a shift of focus from mineralization to immune responses and inflammation emerges.'], ['The hemolytic events are often associated with an inflammatory response that usually turns into chronic inflammation.', 'Our data suggest that free heme associated with hemolytic episodes might play an important role in the development of chronic inflammation by interfering with the longevity of neutrophils.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The variability found in the number, stage, localization and inflammation in the parasite lesions is strongly associated with the heterogeneity of NCC symptoms.', 'The increased number of vesicular cysticerci and the decreased number of degenerating cysticerci with aging, as well as the prominence of inflammation in women suggest that immuno-endocrinological factors may play a role in susceptibility and pathogenesis.'], ['On day 21 after intramuscular KLH administration, subjects received an intradermal injection with 1 microg of KLH of inflammation recorded at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h to assess anti-KLH delayed-type hypersensitivity response.'], ['The classic biopsy finding is similar to that of ischemic colitis, with acute inflammation and hemorrhage involving the superficial mucosa with preservation of the deeper crypts.'], ['As opposed to fetal healing, inflammation is necessary to sustain and control the fibroproliferation.'], ['No T cell response or inflammation was observed.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between indicators of inflammation and the incidence of mobility limitation in older persons.', 'The association between inflammation and incident mobility limitation was especially strong for the onset of more severe mobility limitation and when the levels of multiple inflammatory markers were high.', 'CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that inflammation is prognostic for incident mobility limitation over 30 months, independent of cardiovascular disease events and incident severe illness.'], ["BACKGROUND: The presence of neutrophils among epithelial cells is one of the major features of the inflammation in Crohn's disease, and has been used to indicate disease activity.", 'Peripheral leucocyte count, C-reactive protein and the degree of mucosal inflammation, evaluated histologically, were determined.', "CONCLUSION: In-vitro cell culture production of GM-CSF was increased in Crohn's disease and related to inflammation, but decreased after infliximab treatment, probably because intestinal T cell GM-CSF production was reduced."], ['Although its pathogenesis is incompletely understood, chronic inflammation plays an important part and so new therapies with a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of action may be of benefit in the treatment of COPD.'], ['Outcome measures include symptoms, lung function, reduction in concomitant medication, exacerbations, quality of life and measures of inflammation.'], ['Overexpression of cytokines in inflamed joints plays an important role in joint inflammation and tissue damage, and the place of cytokines in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis has offered hope that their antagonism will reduce symptoms and slow the advancement of the condition.'], ['Neutrophils not stimulated by cAMP-elevating agents showed increased apoptosis when exposed to the cA-PK inhibitors Rp-8-Br-cAMPS and H-89, suggesting that even moderate activation of cA-PK is sufficient to enhance neutrophil longevity and thereby contribute to neutrophil accumulation in chronic inflammation.'], ["Overproduction of oxygen-free radicals, or oxidative stress, upregulates inflammation and cellular proliferation and is believed to play a critical role in the development of cancer, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as the basic aging process.", 'Both in vitro and in vivo experimental studies strongly indicate that DHEA and related steroids inhibit inflammation and associated epithelial hyperplasia, carcinogenesis, and atherosclerosis, at least in part, through the inhibition of G6PDH and oxygen-free radical formation.'], ['Inflammatory mediators delay neutrophil apoptosis, which contributes to the persistence of inflammation.'], ['Our results portray positive correlations between the serum levels of Hsp 70 and various markers of inflammation (monocyte count, serum concentration of TNF-alpha, plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen), explaining the difference in Hsp 70 serum concentrations in these subjects with various degrees of inflammation.', 'We conclude that Hsp 70 is involved in inflammatory diseases and that the serum level of Hsp 70 is directly linked to the inflammatory status of the subject.'], ['The score model was applied to our patients to assess its validity where it proved to be accurate in discriminating patients with mild inflammation and fibrosis (sensitivity 81.8%, specificity 80.5% and accuracy 80.7%) and more accurate in detecting patients with cirrhosis (specificity 96.6%, sensitivity 80% & accuracy 93.6%) but less accurate in detecting patients with moderate to severe fibrosis (specificity 66.7%, sensitivity 68.7% & accuracy 67.9%).'], ["One candidate gene is apolipoprotein E (apoE), with the E3 allele evolved in the genus Homo that reduces the risks for Alzheimer's and vascular disease, as well as influencing inflammation, infection, and neuronal growth."], ['In response to oxidized lipids, inflammation, and mechanical injury, the microvascular smooth muscle cell becomes activated.'], ['There is increasing evidence that inflammation plays an important role in cardiovascular disease.'], ['RESULTS: Five concepts relevant to the cell biology of AMD are as follows: (1) AMD involves aging changes plus additional pathological changes (ie, AMD is not just an aging change); (2) in aging and AMD, oxidative stress causes retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and, possibly, choriocapillaris injury; (3) in AMD (and perhaps in aging), RPE and, possibly, choriocapillaris injury results in a chronic inflammatory response within the Bruch membrane and the choroid; (4) in AMD, RPE and, possibly, choriocapillaris injury and inflammation lead to formation of an abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM), which causes altered diffusion of nutrients to the retina and RPE, possibly precipitating further RPE and retinal damage; and (5) the abnormal ECM results in altered RPE-choriocapillaris behavior leading ultimately to atrophy of the retina, RPE, and choriocapillaris and/or choroidal new vessel growth.'], ['MEASUREMENTS: Periodontal disease was measured as mean pocket depth and attachment loss, extent (percentage) of pockets with at least 6 mm probing depth, extent of bleeding on probing, and tissue inflammation.'], ['Both gastric and renal toxicity induced by traditional NSAIDs and coxibs seem to be related to the fact that these drugs inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs), but not those of leukotrienes (LTs), important mediators of inflammation and of many other physiopatological events.'], ['Nonagenarians with C+ genotype show less inflammation, low MTmRNA, satisfactory NK cell cytotoxicity and good zinc bioavailability than long-living individuals with C- genotype.', 'Therefore, C- genotype is coupled with chronic inflammation, impaired immune efficiency, low zinc ion bioavailability and high MTmRNA.'], ['Increased levels of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) may play a role in both cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and old-age dementias via enhancement of vascular inflammation.', 'However, the association between plasma tHcy and serum C-reactive protein (sCRP), taken as a marker of low-grade inflammation, is still uncertain.', 'A positive association between plasma tHcy and serum CRP, independent of several confounders (socio-demographic status, known tHcy and sCRP determinants, inflammation markers, traditional vascular risk factors), was found for CVD+/comorbidity+ (p=0.001; not affected by dementia type) and dementia (p=0.001; not affected by dementia type), but not for CVD+/comorbidity- and controls.', 'The results suggest that the association between plasma tHcy and sCRP is more an aspecific reflection of poor health than a specific correlate of vascular inflammation.'], ['In addition to menopause and advanced age, other risk factors for CVD such as dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperhomocystinemia, hypertension, and diabetes have also been associated with increased risk of low bone mineral density (LBMD).', 'Similarly, inflammation plays a pivotal role in both atherosclerosis and osteoporosis.'], ['BACKGROUND: Some studies have proposed chronic inflammation as an underlying biological mechanism responsible for physical function decline in elderly people.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation, measured as high levels of IL-6, CRP, and IL-1RA, is significantly associated with poor physical performance and muscle strength in older persons.'], ['Both growth inhibition and proliferation are observed, as well as inflammation and immune suppression.'], ['Factors such as the number of episodes of inflammation, the age of the patient, and his/her overall medical condition play a role in determining whether or not a patient should undergo surgical resection.'], ['Coronary heart disease, systolic blood pressure, and C-reactive protein (a measure of inflammation) are predictive of heart failure independent of ejection fraction.'], ['Proopiomelanocortin-derived neuropeptides, such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone may therefore play an important part in modulating ultraviolet-induced inflammation.'], ['Clinical features include oral aphthae, genital ulcers, ocular inflammation, skin lesions, as well as articular, vascular, neurological, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal and genitourinary manifestations.', 'Recurrent ocular inflammation, which occurs in approximately 50% of cases, is the major morbidity that may eventually lead to blindness.', 'Therefore, the main objectives are to relieve symptoms associated with mucocutaneous lesions and arthritis, to modify the course of the disease, to control inflammatory eye disease, clinically suppress the inflammation and vasculitis, to prevent recurrences and thus, prevent irreversible damage.'], ['These changes may result from the retensioned capsuloligamentous structures and reduced pain and inflammation.'], ['Activation of Ras, an important signaling molecule involved in atherogenic stimuli, induces vascular cell senescence and thereby promotes vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo.'], ['The present double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention study investigated the effects of 4 weeks Lingzhi supplementation on a range of biomarkers for antioxidant status, CHD risk, DNA damage, immune status, and inflammation, as well as markers of liver and renal toxicity.'], ['The existing evidence suggests that direct interaction of Optineurin with E3-14.7K protein probably utilizes TNF-alpha or Fas-ligand pathways to mediate apoptosis, inflammation, or vasoconstriction.'], ['CONCLUSION: As the mucosa under traditional denture has been shown to possess reduced innervation and the histological aspect of chronic overloading, these results may be considered indicative of a tentative induction to nerve re-growth in the under-innervated epithelium, or as a response to chronic inflammation.'], ['AGE generation is paralleled by oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation within target tissue, with features of inflammation through the involvement of monocytes/macrophages expressing receptors for glycated macromolecules.'], ['This effect was ameliorated by steroids, implying that inflammation is the cause of increased bone resorption and that this can be reduced by steroids.', 'This is in keeping with accumulating evidence that systemic inflammation is associated with bone resorption and bone loss.'], ['While there has been speculation that underlying airway inflammation in asthma may be made worse by regular use of short-acting beta(2)-agonists, in contradistinction, a number of studies have shown that long-acting beta(2)-agonists have positive anti-inflammatory effects.'], ['Influence of different volume replacement regimens on inflammation/endothelial activation in elderly surgical patients was assessed.', 'CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients, markers of inflammation and endothelial injury and activation were significantly higher after crystalloid- than after HES 130/0.4-based volume replacement regimens.'], ['Persistent inflammation leads to joint destruction, but the disease can be controlled with drugs.'], ['Epiglottitis is supraglottic inflammation of the oropharynx caused by infective, thermal, or caustic insult.'], ['Since GSH is limited under conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation, supplementation with antioxidants such as lipoic acid, vitamin E or flavonoids could indirectly strengthen the anti-glycation defence system in AD.'], ['Since nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of inflammation, the production of NO (assessed as the accumulation of nitrate and nitrite and measured by capillary electrophoresis) in blood plasma of FMF patients during acute attacks (active) and attack-free periods (inactive) of the disease has been determined and compared with NO levels found in healthy volunteers (control group C).', 'No significant differences were found between the NO levels in blood of inactive FMF patients and those of control group C, or between inactive colchicine-treated group D patients and inactive patients of groups A and B, a finding which is atypical for chronic inflammatory disorders.'], ['Once that capacity is exhausted, a cycle of pathological inflammation ensues and leads to overt disease manifestations.'], ['Aldosterone has been shown to have a number of adverse effects, including activation of other neurohumeral mediators, stimulation of active reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of the NF-Greek small letter kappa kappabeta and AP-1 signalling pathways, vascular inflammation and fibrosis, myocardial hypertrophy, autonomic imbalance, and a decrease in fibrinolysis.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays an important role in cardiovascular disease.', 'A composite summary indicator of inflammation showed a strong association with incident cardiovascular events, with an especially high risk if all 3 inflammatory markers were in the highest tertile.'], ['Introduction of Ras into the arteries enhanced vascular inflammation and senescence compared with mock-infected injured arteries.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that atherogenic stimuli mediated by Ras induce VSMC senescence and vascular inflammation, thereby contributing to atherogenesis.'], ['At sites of airway inflammation, respiratory epithelium is considered an active participant in regulating neutrophil survival.'], ['Another implication of the complex relationships between risk factors and comorbid conditions in the pathogenesis of coronary-related events and mortality, typical of the elderly subjects, is represented by the multiple effects of treatment for single risk factors, such as the decrease in LDL-cholesterol levels and inflammation markers yielded by statins.'], ['Although onychomycosis accounts for about 50% of all nail diseases seen by physicians, nonfungal causes of similar symptoms include repeated trauma, psoriasis, lichen planus, local tumours vascular disorders and inflammatory diseases.'], ['The present study attempted to compare the methylation status of nonneoplastic gastric mucosa, using clinicopathological parameters, including age, gender, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), acute and chronic inflammation, and intestinal metaplasia.', 'Our results demonstrated that many genes are methylated in the stomach as a function of age, and suggested that male gender, intestinal metaplasia, and chronic inflammation are closely associated with increased methylation in nonneoplastic gastric mucosa samples.'], ['Prostaglandins (PGs) induced by UV may play important roles in UV-induced inflammation, photocarcinogenesis, and photoaging processes in human skin.'], ['This review summarises the evidence on the associations of cerebrovascular pathology, inflammation, and endocrine and nutritional status with depression in the elderly.', 'However, it remains unclear as to whether inflammation contributes to the pathological process as longitudinal studies are lacking.'], ['The cause of CNV was idiopathic (nine eyes), age-related macular degeneration (six eyes), presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (one eye), and inflammation (one eye).'], ['BACKGROUND: Aging is accompanied by low-grade inflammation.', 'Plasma levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and C-reactive protein were measured at baseline, and we determined the associations between the markers of inflammation and mortality during the subsequent 5 years.'], ['In old age, depressed mood is associated with high levels of inflammatory markers, suggesting that depressed mood is causing and/or caused by systemic inflammation.'], ['The physiological importance of DHEA was not clear until recent research reports showing that DHEA has beneficial effects on preventing diabetes, malignancy, inflammation, osteoporosis, and collagen disease.'], ["Current disease models of autoimmune syndromes, such as rheumatoid arthritis, propose that chronic inflammation is caused by 'forbidden T-cell clones' that recognize disease-inducing antigens and drive tissue-injurious immune reactions."], ['OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationships between recreational activity, house/yard work activity, work activity, and total physical activity and high levels of two peripheral blood markers of inflammation: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP).'], ['Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in the physiology of vasculature, blood pressure and inflammation.', 'ACE gene polymorphism in an inflammation associated osteoarthritis (OA) patients is not known.'], ['In the present study, we have investigated whether changes in vascular reactivity in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients can be detected in the cutaneous microvessels and whether these changes are due to endothelial dysfunction, are affected by increasing age and related to an ongoing inflammation.', 'The results were correlated with plasma concentrations of vascular risk factors and markers for endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.', 'This group also had increases in levels of several markers associated with inflammation, higher blood glucose and homocysteine levels, a lower low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and a rise in the concentration of von Willebrand factor, indicating a prothrombotic endothelial function.', 'The severity of the heart failure, measured as the plasma level of brain natriuretic peptide, correlated with the intensity of inflammation and to the changes in vascular risk factors and endothelial function.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To examine whether several markers of inflammation are associated with cognitive decline in African-American and white well-functioning elders.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Serum markers of inflammation, especially IL-6 and CRP, are prospectively associated with cognitive decline in well-functioning elders.', 'These findings support the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to cognitive decline in the elderly.'], ["As the research progresses, scientists hope to bolster elderly people's response to infectious diseases and quiet the inflammation that can make aging a painful experience."], ['Because this relation was not secondary to inflammation, atherosclerosis, or possible confounders, it suggests a direct effect of fatty acid composition on mood.'], ["Since chorionic gonadotropin increases secretion of a variety of cytokines by monocytes, and induces their inflammatory reaction and phagocytic activity, high LH levels in aging individuals may also activate microglia (mononuclear phagocyte system in the central nervous system) and contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease and other inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases."], ['This study determined plasma levels of pentosidine as well as the presence of inflammation (CRP > or = 10 mg/L), clinical CVD (CVD(clin)), and malnutrition (subjective global assessment [SGA] > 1) in a cohort of 191 ESRD patients, median age of 55 yr (range, 23 to 70 yr) and median GFR = 7 ml/min (range, 2 to 17 ml/min), close to start of renal replacement therapy.', 'The present study shows that an elevated plasma pentosidine content in ESRD patients is significantly associated with both inflammation and malnutrition and confirms that low residual renal function and high age further contribute to an increased plasma pentosidine content.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between muscle strength and total and cause-specific mortality and the plausible contributing factors to this association, such as presence of diseases commonly underlying mortality, inflammation, nutritional deficiency, physical inactivity, smoking, and depression.', 'Presence of chronic diseases commonly underlying death or the mechanisms behind decline in muscle strength in chronic disease, such as inflammation, poor nutritional status, disuse, and depression, all of which are independent predictors of mortality, did not explain the association.'], ['Both platelet aggregation and white blood cell aggregation are involved in pathological processes such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation.'], ['The physiology of age-related functional decline is poorly understood, but may involve hormones and inflammation.'], ['In order to accomplish this role, MTs sequester and/or dispense zinc during stress and inflammation to protect cells against reactive oxygen species.', 'This role of MTs is peculiar in young adult-age during transient stress and inflammation, but not in ageing because stress-like condition and inflammation are persistent.'], ['The cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the physiological process of ageing and senescence are far from understood, although inflammation is likely to play an important role, at least in some cancers.'], ['BACKGROUND: Neutrophil (PMN) apoptosis regulates PMN functional longevity and is integral to the resolution of inflammation.'], ['A number of cardiovascular risk factors become prevalent with MRI, including night-time hypertension, increase in lipoprotein(a), in homocysteine, in asymmetric dimethyl-arginine (ADMA), markers and mediators of inflammation, and insulin resistance.'], ['Also, in the context of this and accompanying reviews, do we modify coronary inflammation with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockers?'], ['Ageing is associated with low-grade inflammation and markers such as IL-6 possess prognostic value.'], ['The elderly also have an increased incidence of cancer and inflammatory diseases.'], ['Interventions to selectively target changes that are identified as part of IRP may improve the health and quality of life of the elderly, reduce healthcare costs, and avoid potential unwanted side effects of global intervention approaches, such as triggering or exacerbating autoimmunity and inflammation.'], ['PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine the effects of markers of inflammation (interleukin 6) and coagulation (D-dimer) on mortality and functional status in older persons.'], ['Furthermore, associations of overall mortality with inflammation differed among the markers and only alpha 1-acid glycoprotein entered the multivariate prediction model.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To explore the effect of inflammation and undernutrition on the association between hypocholesterolemia and higher overall mortality in high-functioning older persons.', 'The multiple adjusted risk ratios were 1.82 (95% CI = 1.10-3.00) after controlling for markers of inflammation and nutrition and 1.39 (95% CI = 0.80-2.40) after adjustment for additional cardiovascular risk factors.', 'The association between low total cholesterol and high mortality observed in crude analysis is mainly confounded by common cardiovascular risk factors, rather than underlying inflammation or undernutrition.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: AT1RBs are an important addition to the therapy of endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in patients.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: There are predisposing factors for the chronic inflammation that occurs during ageing.', 'Obesity induces chronic inflammation.', 'Inflammation is a key factor in the progressive loss of lean tissue and impaired immune function observed in ageing.', 'In the healthy aged male population, the former polymorphisms are under-represented and the latter over-represented, indicating a genetically determined survival advantage in maintaining inflammation at a low level.', 'Nutrients with anti-inflammatory properties, such as vitamin E and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, may reduce the level of chronic inflammation and thereby ameliorate tissue and functional loss during ageing.', 'SUMMARY: Ageing is associated with increased levels of chronic inflammation.', 'The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genotype is linked negatively and positively, respectively, with life-span, because of its influence on inflammation.'], ['Likewise, chronic inflammation increases growth patterns of fibromuscular tissue in benign prostatic hyperplasia similar to wound healing, and a paracrine loop for chronic inflammation with overexpression of interleukin could be identified.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Interleukin (IL)-6-mediated inflammation is involved in cardiovascular disease (CVD).', 'Although the -174C allele was not associated with incident events, associations of the genotype with inflammation and MRI infarcts, combined with the plasma IL-6 results, suggest that IL-6 may chronically predispose an individual to develop atherosclerosis.'], ['Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in chronic inflammatory diseases reveal significant benefit, including decreased disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To test whether accelerated sarcopenia in older persons with high interleukin (IL)-6 serum levels plays a role in the prospective association between inflammation and disability found in many studies.'], ['The neurobiology of Alzheimer disease includes changes that may initially be adaptive but can become excessive and thereby harmful; they include increased expression of APP with accumulation of potentially damaging peptides such as Abeta, inflammation, and increased ROS activity.'], ['Abeta1-42 fibrils can in turn cause inflammation and neurotoxicity.', 'Abeta therapy can be targeted to the periphery, which may result in fewer CNS side effects, such as inflammation.'], ['In contrast to high level of LPO processes induces diseases combined with inflammation, for instance rheumatic arthritis.'], ['Patients were monitored for signs of hypersensitivity, infection, and inflammation.'], ['Mechanisms may include enhanced inflammation, pathogen-dependent tissue destruction, or accelerated cellular ageing through increased turnover.'], ["Senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease are associated with evidence of chronic local inflammation (especially activated microglia) A major aspect of QUIN toxicity is lipid peroxidation and markers of lipid peroxidation are found in Alzheimer's disease.", "This review describes the multiple correlations between the KP and the neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and highlights more particularly the aspects of QUIN neurotoxicity, emphasizing its roles in lipid peroxidation and the amplification of the local inflammation."], ['It has been hypothesized that brain aging results from a progressive inability to cope with such insults as oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ["These lines of evidence include studies of lower respiratory tract bacteriology during exacerbations, correlation of airways' inflammation with results of sputum cultures during exacerbations, analysis of immune responses to bacterial pathogens, and the observation in randomised, prospective, placebo-controlled trials that antibacterial therapy is of benefit."], ['This may provide a new insight into the ERbeta-dependent protective action of estrogen and phytoestrogens in inflammation involving diseases, and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic treatment strategies.'], ['As such, it chronicles not only the growth that results from the replication of somatic cells but also their turnover-a process that is strongly linked to inflammation and oxidative stress, which are key factors in the biology of human aging.'], ['We evaluated the long-term prospective association between dementia and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, a nonspecific marker of inflammation.'], ['Several of these factors suggest that inflammation may play a part in the excess risk of death.'], ["CONCLUSIONS: The results support a role for local inflammation in drusen biogenesis, and suggest that it is analogous to the process that occurs in other age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis, where accumulation of extracellular plaques and deposits elicits a local chronic inflammatory response that exacerbates the effects of primary pathogenic stimuli."], ['AGEs-RAGE interaction in vessel wall may lead to inflammation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix production, culminating in exaggerated intimal hyperplasia and restenosis.'], ['Patients presenting with periareolar non-lactating inflammation, a periareolar inflammatory mass, abscess, mammary fistula, or nipple inversion were included in the study.'], ['Nevertheless, assessment of the status of magnesium and trace elements in the elderly is difficult, even for iron because infection and inflammation increases ferritin.'], ['Our recent studies indicate that activated neutrophils use oxidants generated by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase to produce protein-bound dityrosine during acute inflammation.'], ["In patients with Crohn's disease, a similar approach is followed, with the additional consideration that the formulation of drug used must ensure delivery of drug to the site of inflammation."], ['The response to injury in the vasculature and the heart is inflammation.', 'Atherosclerosis is often the result of injury followed by inflammation and atherosclerosis.', 'Vascular and myocardial infections from various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, chlamydia, and other infections result in vascular inflammation and almost certainly play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and acute coronary heart disease syndromes in at least some patients.', 'Current evidence favors prior exposure to multiple pathogens as most likely playing a role in initiating inflammation and contributing to atherosclerosis.', 'Genetic predisposition is almost certainly an important factor in the development of inflammation, impaired endothelial vascular repair, vascular infection, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis.', 'The aging process itself is most likely associated with altered vascular and myocardial defense mechanisms predisposing to inflammation.', 'The oxidation of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) leads to the production of oxidized radicals that promote vascular inflammation.', 'Interventional injury, including angioplasty and stenting, causes endothelial inflammation, thrombosis, and fibroproliferation.', 'Systemic evidence of inflammation identifies patients at high risk of future coronary events, including those who appear to be healthy initially as well as those with stable and unstable coronary heart disease syndromes.', 'The presence of vascular inflammation may be detected by identifying temperature heterogeneity within plaques that demonstrate inflammation.', 'In the future, the local evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques to detect the presence of inflammation coupled to measurements of systemic markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein, may help identify patients at increased risk and allow both local and systemic therapies that reduce their risk and prevent the development of acute coronary syndromes in at least some patients.'], ['Therefore, approximately 30 other candidate genes involving a protein in a critical pathway in the pathogenesis of disease (principally interaction with amyloid-beta, oxidative stress and inflammation/apoptosis) have been considered as risk factors for sporadic AD.'], ['These findings indicate a novel [IL-1beta+Abeta42]-mediated, hypoxia-enhanced, free radical-triggered gene program that drives inflammatory gene signaling and suggest a mechanism by which hypoxia during aging contributes episodically to amyloidogenesis, inflammation, and AD pathophysiology.'], ['On follow-up examination 1 year later, the patient has remained afebrile and asymptomatic without evidence of increasing joint effusion or acute joint inflammation.'], ['Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of retinal arteriolar narrowing, a marker of microvascular damage from aging, hypertension, and inflammation, to incident diabetes in healthy middle-aged persons.'], ['As clinical and animal studies show a relationship between higher cytokine levels and low muscle mass, the aim of this study was to investigate whether markers of inflammation are associated with muscle mass and strength in well-functioning elderly persons.'], ['Inflammation, resulting in periductal fibrosis and compression of the duct orifices, may be a causative factor.'], ['In this transgenic model, selective overexpression of betaAPP leads to the development of a subset of other histopathological and clinical features characteristic of IBM, including centric nuclei, inflammation, and deficiencies in motor performance.'], ['Our focus is to identify determinants of human longevity and disease at old age with an emphasis on inflammation, atherosclerosis, and cognitive decline.'], ['These findings altogether, indicate that glutamate might be involved in chronic tendon pain, and further emphasizes that there is no chemical inflammation (normal PGE2 levels) in the chronic stage of these relatively common so-called tendinopathies.'], ['Granulocytes are key cells in inflammatory processes that are recruited to sites of inflammation by chemoattractants such as IL-8 produced by neutrophils and monocytes.', 'Programmed cell death (apoptosis) of granulocytes and subsequent recognition and phagocytosis by macrophages is a crucial mechanism for resolution of inflammation.'], ['Clincial evaluation of wrinkling, pigmentation, inflammation, and hydration was performed prior to the study and at weeks 4, 8, and 12.', 'No patients were found to have any evidence of inflammation.'], ['MEASUREMENTS: Plasma lipids and lipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer protein mass, apo E phenotype, body mass index, nutritional indices (serum albumin, prealbumin, transferrin), dietary intake, inflammation markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6)), activities of daily living, and cognitive function.', "Lipoprotein profiles in centenarians were consistently related to the subjects' nutritional status, inflammation markers, and apo E polymorphisms."], ['There is, however, a clear need for studies based on cellular and molecular methods aimed to clarify the role of factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation and nutritional deficiencies on skeletal muscle structure and function.'], ['Inflammation has been recognized as an integral component of atherothrombotic disease, and inflammatory markers are strongly related to future cardiovascular disease risk in elderly men, and to a certain extent in elderly women.', 'For fatal events, inflammation markers exhibit a time-to-event dependency in the elderly that has not been noted to the same degree in younger people.'], ['There is overwhelming acceptance that xanthine oxidase serum levels are significantly increased in various pathological states like hepatitis, inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion, carcinogenesis and aging and that ROS generated in the enzymatic process are involved in oxidative damage.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: AGEs, through RAGE, may prime proinflammatory mechanisms in endothelial cells, thereby amplifying proinflammatory mechanisms in atherogenesis and chronic inflammatory disorders.'], ["It should be pointed out that chronic inflammation is known to play a critical role in the development of the killer diseases of aging: heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and certain types of cancer."], ['Considering the neoangiogenic properties of VEGF and its important function in inflammation, repair and, probably, in oral mucosa homeostasis, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ageing on the immunolocalization of VEGF in minor salivary glands.'], ['When evaluating the association between serum uric acid and mortality, the potential confounding effect of underlying inflammation and other risk factors must be considered.'], ['RESULTS: Both adults (n = 45) and children (n = 37) mainly demonstrated chronic mild antral inflammation.', 'Adults tended to demonstrate more frequent acute (AI) and chronic inflammation (CI) (38% compared with 18% and 85% compared with 72%, respectively).'], ['The main complications that were recorded were sore wounds in 15%, inflammation in the entrance of the screws in 9%, and aseptic loosening of the femoral screws/loss of reduction in varus >10 degree in 8%.'], ['Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that steroids only suppress clinical symptoms, while a smoldering level of damaging vascular inflammation persists.'], ['Improved muscle mechanics, strength, and endurance make them less vulnerable to acute injury and chronic inflammation.'], ['This protection is peculiar in young-adult age during transient stress and inflammatory condition, but not in ageing because stress-like condition and inflammation are constant for the whole circadian cycle.'], ['We chose nitric oxide as the angiogenic factor for our experiments because of its ability to induce angiogenesis, vasodilation, and inhibit inflammation.'], ['Many older persons have mild inflammatory disorders that lead to anorexia.'], ['BACKGROUND/AIMS: We aimed to determine predictors of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the ESR level pointing to the presence of inflammation in 60 chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients.', 'Using these cut-off points, the positive and negative predictive values of the Hct-corrected ESR on the presence of inflammation were 1.0, and its sensitivity and specificity were 100%.', 'The Hct-corrected ESR values of 23 and 59 mm/h precisely select the HD patients with severe inflammation from those without.'], ['Osteoarthritis (OA) is not a simple consequence of "wear and tear" or aging--the presence of cytokines suggests a role for inflammation.'], ['Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in the elderly for the treatment of fever, pain, pain associated with inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, neuromuscular disorders, headache, and musculoskeletal conditions.'], ['Its production by living cells has been previously suspected during cellular oxidative bursts as well as in several human pathologies (arthritis, inflammation, apoptosis, ageing, carcinogenesis, Alzheimer disease, AIDS, etc.).'], ['Several studies suggest that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of some glucose disorders in adults.', 'All 5,888 participants had baseline testing, including FG and markers of inflammation: white blood cell and platelet counts and albumin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and factor VIIIc levels.', 'There was no relationship between the development of diabetes and other markers of inflammation.', 'Understanding the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of glucose disorders in this age-group may lead to better classification and treatment of glucose disorders among them.'], ['In the present study, we examined the relationship of insulin resistance (measured by postload insulin) with levels of markers of inflammation and cellular adhesion molecules in a random sample of 574 nondiabetic elderly men and women participating in the Rotterdam Study.', 'In our population, insulin was strongly and significantly (P < 0.001) associated with the markers of inflammation C-reactive protein [1.52 (0.96-2.08)], alpha-1-antichymotrypsin [1.25 (0.82-1.69)], and IL-6 [2.60 (1.69-3.52)], adjusted for age and gender.', 'The results of this population-based study indicate that low-grade inflammation and the cellular adhesion molecule soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 are an integral part of insulin resistance in nondiabetic elderly.'], ['The endothelium is a major organ involved by cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, inflammation, ageing, postmenopausal status, and smoking.'], ['The endothelium is a major organ involved by cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, inflammation, ageing, postmenopausal status, and smoking.'], ['In autopsies, small cerebral arterial blood vessels and capillaries show signs of inflammation, amyloid accumulations, and a focal breach of the blood-brain barrier.'], ['In view of the recent recognition of association among inflammation, malnutrition, and atherosclerosis, the possible role of inflammation and malnutrition in VC was investigated.', 'The data suggest that VC not only is a passive degenerative process but also involves active inflammation, similar to that seen in atherosclerosis.', 'The data also indicate that VC and atherosclerosis should be considered as associated syndromes, sharing similar pathogenic mechanisms, namely active inflammation.'], ['As humans age, their morbidity and mortality from infection increases, their response to vaccination declines and they have an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases and cancer.'], ['Although elderly persons regularly consume nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), it is not clear that NSAIDs alleviate muscle dysfunction and/or inflammation following injurious exercise.'], ['Using these admission parameters, we defined a multiparameter score of malnutrition by low lymphocyte counts, decreased values of albumin, cholesterol, transferrin, cholinesterase, and zinc, iron deficiency by low transferrin saturation and normal C-reactive protein, and inflammation by increased C-reactive protein and high transferrin saturation.', 'Using a multiparameter score, anemia correlated significantly with parameters of malnutrition (P=0.0001) but not with iron deficiency (P=0.5) or with inflammation (P=0.08).'], ['Subjects were screened for health using the SENIEUR protocol and a panel of laboratory tests for inflammation, as well as for the adequacy of nutritional status using criteria related to undernutrition, and protein, iron, vitamin B(12), and folate status.'], ['RESULTS: Hepatic artery resistance index and age were higher in patients with more severe liver fibrosis (respectively 0.638 +/- 0.084 and 39.0 +/- 10.9 (years) in mild fibrosis versus 0.687 +/- 0.060 and 49.4 +/- 14.4 (years) in severe fibrosis; P < 0.05 for both), whereas no difference between the two groups was found for the other histological features (degeneration, inflammation and necrosis), nor for portal flow velocity.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The increase in hepatic artery resistance index appears to be influenced by the extent of fibrous tissue deposition in the liver, determined by chronic inflammation and repair and, secondly, by ageing.'], ['Management concentrates on optimising nutritional status and preventing lung infection and inflammation.'], ['In two cases, rupture was associated with erosion of the body of one or more vertebrae and laboratory evidence of inflammation, i.e., increase in sedimentation rate and fibrinogen level.'], ['Classically inflammation is absent.'], ["Copper mobilization and redox activity form damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury, chronic inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, aging, and cancer."], ['Hemorrhage, inflammation, amyloidosis, tumor, fatty infiltration and developmental malformations were observed in 31 cases.'], ['The excessive generation of these reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydroxyl, nitric oxide, peroxide, peroxynitrile) by immature and abnormal spermatozoa and by contaminating leukocytes associated with genitourinary tract inflammation have been identified with idiopathic male infertility.', 'During chronic disease states, aging, toxin exposure, or genitourinary infection/inflammation, these cellular antioxidant mechanisms downplay and create a situation called oxidative stress.'], ['These results indicate that p38 MAPK activation mediates RAGE-induced NF-kappaB-dependent secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and suggest that accelerated inflammation may be a consequence of cellular activation induced by this receptor.'], ['Furthermore, the data suggest that chronic inflammation is associated with high levels of methylation, perhaps as a result of increased cell turnover, and that UC can be viewed as resulting in premature aging of colorectal epithelial cells.'], ['Epidemiologic studies suggest that chronic low-grade inflammation in aging promotes an atherogenic profile and is related to age-associated disorders (eg, Alzheimer disease, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, etc.)'], ['CONCLUSIONS: These results, apparently in disagreement with earlier reports on the clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in hyperinsulinemic individuals, could be due to the high frequency of chronic inflammation and the high prevalence of urinary infections in older diabetic women.'], ['Many of these biological response modifiers are responsible for various pathological conditions, including inflammation, infection, cachexia, aging, genetic disorders, and cancer.'], ['Biochemical phenotypes measured included markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative status, coagulation, lipid metabolism and flow cytometric surface receptor expression of lympho-, mono- and thrombocytes.'], ['The impact of new emerging risk factors (inflammation and chronic infection, hyperhomocysteinaemia, metabolic waste-product accumulation) and their proper management are still under research.'], ['"Diseased" subjects were defined as those with possible pathologically altered iron measures due to inflammation, infection, elevated liver enzymes, hereditary hemochromatosis, or cancer.'], ['Oxidative modification of DNA, proteins and lipids by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a role in aging and disease, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases and cancer.'], ['GBLE shows a very strong scavenging action on free radicals, and is thus considered to be useful for the treatment of diseases related to the production of free radicals, such as ischemic heart disease, cerebral infarction, chronic inflammation, and aging.'], ['A 36-year-old Taiwanese male, who denied any history of ocular trauma, intraocular inflammation or surgery, had a macular pucker associated with a peripheral retinal angioma.'], ['Therefore, in the elderly without clinically or biochemically overt thyroid dysfunction, positive TgAb and/or TPOAb could imply presence of FLT, and their titers might reflect degree of inflammation.'], ['The histopathology of late onset disease appears to be similar to that of asthma in general, with persistent airway inflammation a characteristic feature.'], ['BACKGROUND: Systemic chronic inflammation has been found to be related to all-cause mortality risk in older persons.', 'Systemic inflammation, as measured by IL-6, may be related to the clinical evolution of older patients with CVD.'], ['These factors are co-ordinately responsible for a huge range of extracellular signalling molecules responsible for inflammation, tissue remodelling, oncogenesis and apoptosis, progessess that orchestrate many of the degenerative processess associated with ageing.'], ['Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely prescribed in the United States to treat pain and reduce inflammation from chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.'], ['All tissues containing tetraploid cells have in common the fact that they are subjected to stress, which is caused by a variety of circumstances like inflammation, elevated metabolism, ageing, repair processes or selection pressure.'], ['Systemic inflammation, represented in large part by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, is the response of humans to the assault of the non-self on the organism.', "Three distinct types of human ailments - namely autoimmunity, presenile dementia (Alzheimer's disease), or atherosclerosis - are initiated or worsened by systemic inflammation.", 'Atherosclerosis, an underlying cause of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases, consists of focal plaques characterized by cholesterol deposition, fibrosis, and inflammation.', 'The premature hyperimmunity of autoimmunity, the local "brain inflammatory response" to A/3 protein in AD, and the immune response to fatty changes in vessels in atherosclerosis all signal the critical importance of unregulated systemic inflammation to common neurological and cardiovascular disease that shortens the nominal longevity of humans.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation has been proposed as a biological mechanism underlying the decline in physical function that occurs with aging.', 'The purpose of this investigation was to examine the cross-sectional and prospective relationships between markers of inflammation, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), with several measures of physical performance in older persons aged 70 to 79 years.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Although IL-6 has been shown to predict onset of disability in older persons and both IL-6 and CRP are associated with mortality risk, these markers of inflammation have only limited associations with physical performance, except for walking measures and grip strength at baseline, and do not predict change in performance 7 years later in a high-functioning subset of older adults.'], ['Discussion includes fibrosing processes, skin inflammations, wound healing, blistering diseases, premature sun-induced skin aging and primary cutaneous malignomas and their metastases.'], ['Leptin may provide a link between inflammation and T cell function in aging.'], ['Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used and effective treatments for pain and inflammation.', 'COX-1 generates prostaglandins with physiological functions, COX-2 is induced by inflammation and its physiologic functions are unclear at present.'], ['Platelets contribute to arterial thrombosis by multiple mechanisms that promote blood clotting, favor vasoconstriction, activate the procoagulant capacity of endothelium, and stimulate inflammation.'], ['CD4(+)CD28(null) T cells are oligoclonal lymphocytes rarely found in healthy individuals younger than 40 yr, but are found in high frequencies in elderly individuals and in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['In both the study and the control groups, PI, MI, and MET were found to be increased due to inflammation.'], ['Both isoforms contribute to the inflammatory process, but COX-2 is of considerable therapeutic interest as it is induced, resulting in an enhanced formation of prostaglandins, during acute as well as chronic inflammation.', 'With the rapid clinical acceptance of celecoxib and rofecoxib, knowledge about their clinical usefulness in various inflammatory disease states and pain disorders is increasing.'], ['Particular attention has been paid to illustrate: (i) how the network theory of aging fits with recent data on aging and longevity in unicellular organisms (yeast), multicellular organisms (worms), and mammals (mice and humans); (ii) the evolutionary and experimental basis of the remodeling theory of aging (immunological, genetic, and metabolic data in healthy centenarians, and studies on the evolution of the immune response, stress and inflammation) and its recent development (the concepts of "immunological space" and "inflamm-aging"); (iii) the profound relationship between these two theories and the data which suggest that aging and longevity are related, in a complex way, to the capability to cope with a variety of stressors.'], ['Patients with visual ischemic complications had lower clinical and laboratory biologic markers of inflammation.'], ['Microscopic sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin revealed complete, organizing infarction in 107 cases with areas of coagulative necrosis, anoxic-ischemic neuronal injury, inflammation, macrophages, vascular proliferation, gliosis, and swollen axons.'], ['Smokers, patients with chronic inflammatory disorders, and the elderly, are characterized by increased production of IL-6 as well as increased plasma levels of homocyst(e)ine.'], ['Frostbites developing concomitantly with fatal hypothermia show only oedema and hyperaemia, but no blisters or inflammation in the skin, which are the most conspicious vital reactions of frostbites after thawing.'], ['Furthermore, Elastase (a decisive marker for inflammation and infectious complications) was found to be higher in patients being pronounced in day 2 than in day 1 (day 1 [200 +/-136], day2 [139 +/-118]).'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Screening for older patients who are not disabled but have poor lower extremity performance selects a subgroup of the population with a high percentage of women, high prevalence of diabetes and hip fracture, and high levels of biological markers of inflammation.'], ['Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during inflammation and aging contribute to the resorption of articular cartilage.'], ['Four different mechanisms of action could be postulated to explain the role of apoJ as a neuroprotectant during cellular stress: (1) function as an anti-apoptotic signal, (2) protection against oxidative stress, (3) inhibition of the membrane attack complex of complement proteins locally activated as a result of inflammation, and (4) binding to hydrophobic regions of partially unfolded, stressed proteins, and therefore avoiding aggregation in a chaperone-like manner.'], ['These medications are effective in mitigating pain and inflammation associated with arthritis.'], ['BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic inflammation of the airways is a key characteristic of asthma.'], ['In spite of the fact that 5-LOX and leukotrienes are major players in the inflammation cascade, their role in AD pathobiology/therapy has not been extensively investigated.'], ['Amyloid and amyloidosis are especially associated with inflammatory disorders and ageing.'], ['Variables analyzed included neuropsychological test scores and amount of tissue inflammation and Alzheimer-type pathological changes.'], ['No evidence of inflammation was found in the LA lesions.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CHF is high in the elderly and is related mainly to age, gender, clinical and subclinical coronary heart disease, systolic BP and inflammation.'], ["OBJECTIVE: Ginkgo biloba may have a role in treating impairments in memory, cognitive speed, activities of daily living (ADL), edema, inflammation, and free-radical toxicity associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), Alzheimer's dementia, stroke, vasoocclusive disorders, and aging."], ['Giant cell arteritis is a chronic granulomatous inflammation of unknown aetiology involving large and medium size arteries in the elderly.'], ['Telomere shortening in human liver with aging and chronic inflammation was examined by hybridization protection assay using telomere and Alu probes.'], ['Following trauma and surgery, heavily pigmented eyes are apt to experience greater inflammation than lightly pigmented eyes.'], ['Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) reflects inflammation and predicts cardiovascular disease in middle-aged individuals.'], ['This review provides a survey of the literature that is available regarding the involvement and influence of oestrogens on the various phases of cutaneous repair - inflammation, proliferation and remodelling.'], ['Because MTF-stimulated PA activity from hPLF cells was increased by in vitro cellular aging, aging of the periodontal ligament may affect the severity of the inflammation and the degradation of the extracellular matrix of periodontal ligament tissue by producing a large amount of PA in response to excessive force such as a traumatic occlusion.'], ['Inflammation markers have been related to cardiovascular short and long-term prognosis.'], ["MRI may also assist the differential diagnosis in dementia associated with metabolic or inflammatory diseases.MRI has the potential to detect focal signal abnormalities which may assist the clinical differentiation between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD)."], ['Human catalase is an heme-containing peroxisomal enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen; it is implicated in ethanol metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, aging and cancer.'], ['The many by-products of NO include nitrite ion, which accumulates in the anterior chamber during ocular inflammation and can be derived from cigarette smoking.'], ['The serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) blood test may be a better indicator of iron status as it is not affected by inflammation nor by advancing age.'], ['Since LPS-stimulated PA activity from gingival fibroblasts was stimulated in aged cells using both in vitro- and in vivo-experimental models, the ageing of gingival fibroblasts may have an effect on the severity of inflammation and degradation of the extracellular matrix of gingival tissues by producing a large amount of PA in response to LPS.'], ['Neutrophil apoptosis or programmed cell death regulates functional longevity, and is an integral component of inflammation and its resolution.'], ['The combined formulation of diclofenac/misoprostol provides effective relief of pain and inflammation, with a 2- to 3-fold lower incidence of NSAID-associated gastroduodenal ulcers than diclofenac monotherapy.'], ['These opposite effects are also seen with inflammation, particularly with rheumatoid arthritis, and with asthma.'], ['RESULTS: Based on two pathological parameters of hepatic fibrosis and inflammation, the cases were divided into five groups; group A (non-inflammatory group without significant fibrosis; 11 cases), group B (inflammatory group without significant fibrosis; 9 cases), group C (non-inflammatory group with significant fibrosis; 1 case), group D (inflammatory group with significant fibrosis; 11 cases) and group E (undetermined inflammatory index; 5 cases).', 'The two pathological parameters of hepatic fibrosis and inflammation can be used to divide the cases into five groups with each group being well correlated with clinical and virological features.'], ['The agent is sold in the US as a nutritional supplement and is recommended for numerous conditions, including depression, anxiety, insomnia, and inflammation.'], ['There was evidence that plasma pyridoxal phosphate was sensitive to metabolic conditions associated with inflammation and the acute-phase reaction, and that plasma pyridoxic acid was sensitive to renal function.'], ['NSTIs, which are characterized by rapidly progressing inflammation and necrosis of soft tissue, comprise a spectrum of disease ranging from necrosis of the skin to life-threatening infections.'], ['Since PGE2 from hPLF cells was stimulated by in vitro aging as presented here, aging of hPLF cells may affect the severity of inflammation and bone resorption in the aged through the production of a large amount of PGE2 in response to an excessive force such as a traumatic occlusion.'], ['BACKGROUND: The serum concentration of interleukin 6 (IL-6), a cytokine that plays a central role in inflammation, increases with age.', 'Because inflammation is a component of many age-associated chronic diseases, which often cause disability, high circulating levels of IL-6 may contribute to functional decline in old age.'], ['49 women from the same village, free of acute inflammation or neoplastic diseases, were selected and divided into the following three groups: nulliparous 1935 years old, nulliparous 65 92 years old and multiparous (3-9 pregnancies) 65-88 years old.'], ['Results were independent of age, sex, body mass index, and history of smoking, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as well as known indicators of inflammation including fibrinogen and albumin levels and white blood cell count.'], ['The profession has begun to place more emphasis on systemic risk factors and their role in modifying periodontal inflammation.'], ['The finding that there are two isoforms of the enzyme prostaglandin synthase or cyclooxygenase (COX) has led to the search for compounds that inhibit only the isoform associated with the development of inflammation (COX-2), while sparing the isoform involved in normal physiologic processes.'], ['In the corpus mean scores increased in groups II-IV versus group I (P < 0.05 each), and aging was associated with a significant increase in bacterial density and active inflammation.', 'Antral inflammation decreases slightly in patients of advanced age.'], ['30), procoagulant factors (eg, factor VIIc, r=0.15), thrombin activity (prothrombin fragment F1+2, r=0.29), and inflammation-sensitive proteins (eg, fibrinogen, r=0.44; factor VIIIc, r=0.37).'], ['Relationships were independent of other risk factors, including inflammation markers.'], ['Basic research on this problem suggests that chronic inflammation and increased local production of elastin-degrading proteinases play prominent roles in the process of aneurysmal degeneration.'], ['Stress, inflammation, and infection have all been shown to cause induction of iNOS in rats, and it is likely that this triad of events is very important in progression of coronary arteriosclerosis leading to coronary occlusion.'], ['While clinicians await the results of such studies, they should continue to be alert to the possibility of acute CNS adverse effects in their elderly patients who are receiving NSAIDs and to prescribe the minimum dose that is necessary to control pain and inflammation.'], ['These data support a relationship between excess alveolar iron and the generation of inflammation within the lung.'], ['Injury is defined based on symptoms or organ damage resulting in esophagitis, laryngeal inflammation, or acute and/or chronic pulmonary injury.'], ['Every Ontarian is affected by air pollutants, although he or she may be unaware of the asymptomatic effects such as lung and bronchial inflammation.'], ['These data are the first linking inflammation-related transcription factor NF-KB-DNA binding to up-regulation of transcription from a key inflammatory gene, COX-2, in both normally aging brain and in AD-affected neocortex.', 'Systematic deletion of NF-KB-DNA binding sites in human COX-2 promoter constructs attenuates COX-2 transcriptional induction by mediators of inflammation.', 'These data suggest that basic gene induction mechanisms, which have been conserved over long periods of evolution, that increase NF-kappaB-DNA binds ing may be fundamental in driving transcription from inflammation-related genes, such as COX-2, that operate in stressed tissues, in normally aging cell lines, and in neurodegenerative disorders that include AD brain.'], ['While a number of underlying factors likely contribute to enhanced periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss in diabetes, a common characteristic of these disorders, regardless of etiology, is the presence of hyperglycemia.'], ['Intestinal obstruction is the most common complication in the adult, and inflammation mimicking acute appendicitis may also occur.'], ['The inhibitors were highly intercorrelated, and were associated with increased levels of inflammation-sensitive proteins (e.g., fibrinogen.', 'In summary, the inhibitors did not appear to increase with age, and were predominantly associated with inflammation markers and lipids.'], ['We report an extreme example of how intimal inflammation in multiple sites of a coronary tree with and without atherosclerosis may trigger coronary thrombosis, in an elderly female patient who died of a clinically unrecognized systemic autoimmune-inflammatory disorder with necrotizing arteritis.', 'Although there were no clinical signs of heart involvement, the coronary tree showed inflammation associated with multiple mural and occlusive thrombi.'], ['There was no consistent correlation between the mitochondrial abnormalities and markers of muscle regeneration, inflammation, or microscopically detectable pathological alterations of myonuclei in the same fibers.'], ['Since a mildly acidic environment together with increased Zn2+ and Cu2+ are common features of inflammation, we propose that Abeta aggregation by these factors may be a response to local injury.'], ['The association of immune proteins and immune-competent microglial cells with senile plaques (SP) in both AD and normal aging suggests that these drugs may be able to modify the course of AD, either by interfering with SP formation or by suppressing the inflammation associated with SP.'], ['The presence and extent of the following vascular abnormalities was assessed: (1) hyalinization/fibrosis, (2) microaneurysm formation, (3) chronic (especially lymphocytic) inflammation, (4) perivascular multinucleated giant cells/granulomatous angiitis, (5) macrophages/histiocytes within the vessel wall, (6) vessel wall calcification, (7) fibrinoid necrosis, and (8) mural or occlusive thrombi.'], ['This reduces the synthesis of prostaglandins and therefore decreases joint inflammation, but it may also lead to the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers.'], ['These findings suggest that SCF and HGF derived from human fibroblasts may play a part in regulating cutaneous pigmentation during inflammation and aging.'], ['Exposure to ultraviolet radiation of solar light is responsible for inflammation, premature skin aging and is the main cause of human skin carcinogenesis.', 'light activates multiple signalling pathways that could be involved in skin inflammation following U.V.-induced skin injury or in U.V.-induced skin carcinogenesis.'], ['With adequate control of intraocular inflammation and its sequelae, the visual prognosis in patients in this age group with uveitis is relatively good.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To determine the association among aging, inflammation, and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells.', 'The elderly subjects were categorized by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, a marker of systemic inflammation.', 'The increase in IL-6 also correlated with increased production of CRP, a marker of inflammation.', 'Although limited by the small control group, these data suggest that dysregulation of some inflammatory cytokines occurs with age, but the role of inflammation in aging remains unclear.'], ['Age-related changes in the human inflammatory response in vivo have been largely ignored, resulting in a lack of understanding of the patho-physiologic processes involving inflammation that become increasingly important with age, of which wound repair is an important example.'], ['This lung tumor response in rats is thought to be secondary to persistent alveolar inflammation, indicating that the MTD may have been exceeded.'], ['Sensory nerves serve an afferent role and mediate neurogenic components of inflammation and tissue repair via an axon reflex release of sensory peptides at sites of injury.'], ['Blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, are related to cardiovascular disease risk.', 'Only 2% of the values were greater than 10 mg/L, the cut-point usually used to identify inflammation.', 'CRP levels appeared tightly regulated, since there were strong bivariate correlations between CRP and the following: inflammation-sensitive proteins such as fibrinogen (r = .52); measures of fibrinolysis such as plasmin-antiplasmin complex (r = .23); pack-years of smoking (r = .30); and body mass index (r = .24; all P values < or = .001).', 'An a priori physiologic model was used to guide these analyses, which disallowed the use of other inflammation-sensitive variables such as fibrinogen.'], ['These findings suggest that theophylline accelerates granulocyte apoptosis, which may play an essential role in inflammation, and controls granulocyte longevity regardless of the elevation of intracellular cAMP levels.'], ['Vulvar pruritus and irritation are common findings with normal aging, but they may also be signs of infection, inflammation, or other skin conditions.'], ["METHODS AND RESULTS: Spondylitis was diagnosed on the basis of pain, a transient Babinski's sign, and systemic inflammation."], ['The influence of ageing and the contact of the adjacent tooth on purulent inflammation associated with the completely impacted lower third molar was assessed in 26 patients with clinical symptoms of infection out of 800 patients who had roentgenographically-confirmed completely impacted lower third molars.', 'The 9 with pain alone ranged from 25 to 44 years of age, whereas the 17 patients with inflammation ranged from 29 to 67 years of age, and non-contact to adjacent tooth was associated with purulent inflammation in older patients, indicating completely impacted lower third molars may cause pain only until 45 years of age; but purulent inflammation occurs even in the group of non-contact to adjacent tooth after 45 years of age.'], ['Markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), are related to risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in those with angina, but little is known about individuals without prevalent clinical CVD.'], ['Single-stage operation for enterovesical fistula should be limited to those patients in good nutritional state and without severe inflammation, radiation injury, intestinal obstruction, other major medical problem, advanced malignancy or old age.'], ['The most common finding was inflammation under the denture, which occurred alone or combined with other lesions in 25% of the denture wearers.', 'Angular cheilitis and inflammation under removable dentures were more frequent in women than in men.'], ['Median (range) SAA on admission was 98 (0.1-940) mg/ml in patients with infection and was twice that observed in patients with other causes of inflammation, median value 50 (0.6-699) mg/l.', 'There was no difference between median CRP on admission in patients with infection or inflammation, median value 53 (0.1-235) and 51.5 (5-246) mg/l respectively.'], ['Eighty four (40.2%) were suffering from jaundice on admission (on average 4 days) and 89 (42.6%) showed signs of inflammation.'], ['In sum, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial such as PVP-I may be beneficial in reducing deleterious bacteria-related inflammation.'], ['Cutaneous tissue is especially susceptible to damage mediated by reactive oxygen species and low-density lipoprotein oxidation, triggered by dysmetabolic diseases, inflammation, environmental factors, or aging.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Soluble adhesion molecules are regarded to be markers of inflammation, endothelial activation, or damage.'], ['Polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes play an important role in host defense, but may also cause tissue injury through excessive inflammation.'], ['If this proves to be the case in humans, these novel agents may be useful for the treatment of inflammation and pain as well as in colorectal cancer prevention, but they will not have utility as antithrombotic agents.'], ['Since the migration of immunologically active cells into perivascular tissue is an important step in acute and chronic inflammation, the authors studied the possible influence of age on the transendothelial migration of T cells in an in vitro model.'], ['Diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis (DAB) is a new term that we proposed to define a clinical entity that is characterized by a chronic inflammation of bronchioles caused by recurrent aspiration of foreign particles.', 'Histologic findings of DAB were characterized by localization of chronic mural inflammation with foreign body reaction in bronchioles.'], ['However, during genitourinary infection/inflammation these antioxidant mechanisms may downplay and create a situation called oxidative stress.'], ['To compare the synovial fluid (SF) levels of these ILs, and their relationship to local inflammation as well as the acute phase response, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in the two RA subsets, we determined white blood cell (WBC) number, total protein (TP), IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in the SF of 50 patients, 15 with EORA and 35 with YORA.'], ['Inclusion body myositis, a chronic inflammatory disorder, is the most common cause of myopathy in adults over the age of 50.'], ['Over the past years, inhaled glucocorticoids have become established as a cornerstone of maintenance therapy because of their demonstrated clinical efficacy, ability to reduce bronchial inflammation and good tolerability.'], ['These include reducing the amyloid precursor protein pool in familial amyloid polyneuropathy by liver transplantation, inhibiting nidus formation in familial Mediterranean fever by the use of colchicine, inhibiting amyloid precursor protein/heparan sulphate interaction in experimental inflammation-associated amyloidosis by the use of novel small molecule anionic sulphates and sulphonates, and the use of new analogues of doxorubicin in light chain amyloidosis to accelerate amyloid removal.'], ['The frequency of ulcer lesions was 13.7% while non-ulcer, mucosal inflammation was diagnosed with a frequency of 33.7%.'], ['No inflammation was evident.'], ['Variability estimates for the indexes other than serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation were not altered by the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis.'], ['Because cartilage is not innervated, the pain of OA arises from secondary effects, such as joint capsule distention, stretching of periosteal nerve endings, and, possibly, synovial inflammation.'], ['The major adverse clinical outcomes of drug-alcohol interactions are altered blood levels of the medication or of alcohol, liver toxicity, gastrointestinal inflammation and bleeding, sedation and delirium, disulfiram-like reactions, and interference with the desired effect of medications.'], ['These processes are reflected in a wide spectrum of morphological changes that include atrophy, focal necrosis, epithelial regeneration, apoptosis, inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, and thrombosis.'], ['Short-term ozone exposure causes lung function decrements, increased airway reactivity, airway inflammation, increased respiratory symptoms and hospital admissions.'], ['OBJECTIVE: PMR/GCA is a relatively common inflammatory disease in the elderly population.'], ['Steam and nasal saline, decongestants, topical corticosteroids and mucoevacuants are given in an attempt to reduce nasal obstruction, increase sinus ostia size, promote improved mucociliary function, decrease mucosal inflammation and thin secretions.'], ['Of these, 357 showed microcytosis, caused by iron deficiency (58%), thalassaemia minor (35%), inflammation (6%) or chronic renal failure (1%).', 'The most common causes of normocytic anaemia (25 patients) were disseminated malignancy and acute blood loss; of macrocytosis (27 patients), chronic liver disease and cancer; of erythrocytosis (16 patients), chronic hypoxia; of thrombocytopaenia (48 patients), chronic liver disease and ITP; of thrombocytosis (47 patients), iron deficiency and inflammation; of leukopaenia or pancytopaenia (20 patients), cirrhosis and disseminated malignancy; and of leukocytosis (26 patients), chronic leukaemias in the elderly and infection in children.'], ['These results may have importance in understanding the diminished immune response, inflammation, and wound healing associated with aging.'], ['The key to surgical success is undoubtedly a careful preoperative treatment of infection and inflammation as well as a meticulous muco-mucosal approximation of healthy margins at the anastomosis.'], ['Wound repair can be thought of as a culmination of three major overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation and remodelling.'], ['declined with increasing PDLs of HUVECs, which may explain the decreased immunity during inflammation in aged people.'], ['As all NSAIDs can reduce pain and inflammation, selection of a particular NSAID should be based on careful consideration of pharmacologic and clinical differences.'], ['Animal data suggest that over time aging and stress can permanently downregulate hippocampal cell receptors, produce chronic hippocampal inflammation (astroglial), and kill cells.'], ['Values for saliva collected at the same time of day tend to remain consistent within subjects, but events such as stress, inflammation, infection, menstruation, or pregnancy may induce short-term changes.'], ['Alternative diagnostic considerations include neurodegenerative illnesses such as AD, cerebral infarction, neoplasm, and other forms of white matter pathology such as those due to infection, inflammation, a primary demyelinative condition, or metabolic leukodystrophy.'], ['We suggest that such ultra-fine particles are able to provoke alveolar inflammation, with release of mediators capable, in susceptible individuals, of causing exacerbations of lung disease and of increasing blood coagulability, thus also explaining the observed increases in cardiovascular deaths associated with urban pollution episodes.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To determine the status of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other measures of immunity and inflammation in chronic heart failure (CHF) in the elderly.', 'CONCLUSION: TNF and other measures of immune function and inflammation do not appear to be significantly elevated in elderly patients with heart failure of moderate severity.', 'However, significant relationships exist between TNF, NK activity, XDP and E/alpha in the heart failure patients only, suggesting that immune activation and subclinical inflammation does exist in these patients.'], ['Reactive oxygen species are generated physiologically in cells with a significant increase in certain pathological conditions, such as inflammation, cancer, aging, degenerative disease.'], ['Ibuprofen is widely used in the treatment of pain and inflammatory disorders.'], ['There was increased solar elastosis (p < .0001), dermal elastic tissue (p < .0001), melanophages (p < .0001), perivascular inflammation (p < .05) and perifollicular fibrosis (p < .01) but no change in the number of mast cells or dermal mucin in the photo exposed skin.'], ['Diverticular disease includes pain without inflammation, diverticulitis, and bleeding.', 'A higher-fiber diet is recommended if there is no acute inflammation.'], ['Morbidity and mortality are caused by parasite eggs that evoke in the liver and intestines of infected persons, T cell-mediated granulomatous inflammation and irreversible fibrosis.', 'In the murine model granulomatous inflammation is induced by CD4+ T helper lymphocytes.', 'Concurrently IL-2, IL-4 production peaked with maximal granuloma growth and declined with the onset of the immune modulation of the inflammation.', 'Whereas these latter lymphokines appear to play a proinflammatory role, IFN-gamma when administered in large doses diminished granulomatous inflammation, plays a regulatory role in the maintenance of the granulomatous response.'], ['Others include cutaneous inflammation, autoimmunological processes, keratinization disturbances, and vasculitis.'], ['Chronic inflammation of the bronchial wall has blurred the distinction between traditional asthma and chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and similar drug therapy can be useful for all.'], ['In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is not associated with inflammation for two reasons.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To measure markers of inflammation in a cohort of young and old subjects and relate these findings to the functional level of the individuals.', 'To inquire whether higher D-Dimers were associated with markers of inflammation, we also examined the macrophage metabolite, neopterin, the neutrophil product, elastase complexed to antitrypsin (E/a), and the albumin globulin ratio (A/G ratio).', 'A sample containing more subjects with lower physical function will be needed to establish the relationship between inflammation, altered hemostasis, and physical function decline.'], ['NSAIDs cause small intestinal inflammation in 65% of patients receiving the drugs long-term.'], ['These findings suggest that microbial pathogens associated with periodontitis occur more commonly around implants exhibiting gingival inflammation (GBI) and may contribute to peri-implantitis.'], ['The high rate of accumulated days of peritoneal inflammation was related to these significant changes, and thus may be proposed to be a good prognostic index of long-term peritoneal survival.', 'We conclude that after 5 to 11 years, the human peritoneum shows functional stability (diffusion and water transport) in patients with low rates of peritoneal inflammation.', 'With a few exceptions, represented by patients with a high rate of peritoneal inflammation, long-term peritoneal dialysis accomplished its newly entrusted task.'], ['Concepts of ozone-induced health effects have been extended to include processes of chronic disease (e.g., markers of ongoing inflammation and repair, markers of accelerated lung aging).'], ['Because of the important role of peripheral airways inflammation in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD and because of the known anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids, we hypothesized that endogenous cortisol may influence the rate of decline of pulmonary function with aging.'], ['Malaria and upper intestinal inflammation were less frequent in the elderly; liver cirrhosis, primary hepatocellular cancer, pneumonia, prostatic cancer, cardiovascular pathology, chronic renal pathology and chronic lung disease were more prevalent.'], ['This may represent a neutrophil removal mechanism that is important both in the control of inflammatory tissue injury and for the normal resolution processes of inflammation.'], ['Although albumin can serve as a nutritional marker, findings on its relationship with sedimentation rate, triiodothyronine uptake, fasting plasma amino acids, and retinol-binding protein levels suggest that the low albumin related to failure to thrive is not a simple reflection of steady-state deficits in protein-calorie nutrition; it appears to be sensitive to more direct effects of disease and inflammation or to the interactions between nutrition and illness.'], ['IL-6 expression is normally low and serum levels are usually nondetectable in the absence of inflammation.'], ['The degenerative process is accelerated with aging, chronic inflammatory diseases, impingement, and repetitive activity.'], ['The pathogenesis of this unwanted effect is uncertain but appears to be enhanced by plaque-induced gingival inflammation.'], ['Asthma is characterised by variable wheeze and shortness of breath caused by variable narrowing of the bronchial airways secondary to inflammation.'], ['When used appropriately, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are safe and effective for treating pain and inflammation.'], ['To evaluate the relationship of atopy and inflammation to the occurrence of ventilatory impairment, we studied 1,301 middle-aged and older men participating in the Normative Aging Study at the time of their 1984 to 1987 examination.', 'The inverse relationship between total leukocyte count and FEV1 in this sample supports the hypothesis that nonallergic inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic airflow obstruction in this group.'], ['Albumin levels were normal in both populations, suggesting that there was not an increase in occult inflammatory disorders in the Japanese population.'], ['Oxygen radicals were shown to damage critical biomolecules leading, apart from cancer, to a variety of human disease states, including inflammation and atherosclerosis.'], ['In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is not associated with inflammation and there are two reasons for this.'], ['Intraperitoneal infections or inflammatory disease in elderly patients are a diagnostic challenge that will be encountered with increasing frequency in the aging population of the United States.'], ["Although the 5' regions of the human transferrin and mouse transferrin genes are homologous, sequence diversities exist which could account for the different responses to inflammation and aging observed."], ['We suggest that depletion of such systems, particularly in ageing organisms and under conditions of oxidative stress, plays an important role in degenerative and inflammatory diseases, including cancer.'], ['Specimens were also examined histologically for inflammation and the presence of Helicobacter pylori.', 'Gender, alcohol use, endoscopic appearance, dyspeptic symptoms, mucosal inflammation, and the presence of H. pylori had no consistent effect on prostaglandin content.'], ['Periodontitis is inflammation associated with net resorption of supporting alveolar bone and periodontal ligament.', 'Gingivitis is inflammation limited to the covering gingival tissues and does not directly lead to tooth mobility or loss.'], ['This eliminates bile and pancreatic juice from the oesophagus, with dramatic effects on inflammation but without reversal of a CLO.', 'Reversal of inflammation may facilitate endoscopic surveillance.'], ["These include: 1. central neurological disorders affecting laryngeal function (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, Alzheimer's disease); 2. benign vocal fold lesions (e.g., Reinke's edema, benign and dysplastic epithelial lesions); 3. inflammatory disorders (e.g., laryngitis sicca, medication effect); 4. laryngeal neoplasia; and 5. laryngeal paralysis."], ['NSAIDs are useful in controlling the symptoms and signs of inflammation.'], ['These lungs were characterized in addition by an increased thickening of alveolar septa, without inflammation or fibrosis, normal size of the diameter, and reduced density of the membranous bronchioles.'], ['It has proven to be the most sensitive inflammation parameter in CSF analysis so far, more sensitive than the Western blot, the "oligoclonal" response, and the empirical differentiation of CSF immunoglobulins.'], ["The bowel inflammation is controlled with sulfasalazine or the newer 5-amino-salicylic acid (5-ASA) compounds, antibacterial drugs for complications of Crohn's disease and IBD, adrenocortical steroids, and the immunosuppressive compounds 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), azathioprine, and cyclosporine, as determined in each patient."], ["The bowel inflammation is controlled with sulfasalazine or the newer 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA) compounds, antibacterial drugs for complications of Crohn's disease and IBD, adrenocortical steroids, and the immunosuppressive compounds 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), azathioprine, and cyclosporine, as determined in each patient."], ['In both groups, common positive findings were inflammation (i.e., colitis, esophagitis), benign neoplasms, diverticulae, peptic ulcer, and cancer.'], ['The histological changes of healed arteritis include medial chronic inflammation with ingrowth of new blood vessels, focal medial scarring and a bizarre pattern of intimal fibrosis.'], ['An increase in the non-reactive form of AGP in CAIE should be considered as general expression of chronic inflammation which is of no clinical relevance.'], ['In the patients with anemia due to an association of chronic bleeding and chronic inflammation, the mean FEP value was very significantly different (p less than 0.001) from that in the patients with chronic inflammation but without bleeding, whereas this was not the case for TIBC or serum ferritin.'], ['For arthropathic knees clinically assessed inflammation was classified as active or inactive using a summated score of six clinical features.', 'Clinical inflammation, as well as diagnosis, is important in synovial fluid studies.'], ['Sural nerve taken at necropsy from five asymptomatic AIDS patients had evidence of axonal degeneration without inflammation or demyelination.'], ['High C4b-BP might contribute to the increased thrombotic risk associated with inflammation and aging.'], ['The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and selected acute-phase proteins (APPs) were studied in 101 elderly people (mean age, 72 years) to determine their utility as diagnostic aids in subjects with underlying infections or inflammation.', 'ESR and values for serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), the fourth component of complement (C4), haptoglobin, and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) all correlated with infection or inflammation.', 'In the elderly, measurement of APPs as a guide to underlying infection or inflammation has limited utility and offers no advantage over the traditional low-cost ESR.'], ['When they do occur in adults, intestinal obstruction or inflammation is the usual mode of presentation, hemorrhage being much less common.'], ["For 1150 fluids, local joint inflammation was assessed as 'active' or 'inactive' using a summated score of six clinical variables.", 'ARP was more frequent in active than inactive OA (P less than 0.05) but showed no association with inflammation in CPA or RA.', 'CPPD may contribute to acute and other calcific particles to chronic inflammation in OA.'], ['UVA induction of inflammation in human skin is thought to be mediated by membrane lipid derived products.'], ['The interrelationships between smoking history, objective markers of allergy and inflammation, and methacholine responsiveness were examined among 778 middle-aged and elderly men (age range 41 to 86 yr).', 'Allergic airway inflammation, as reflected by total serum [IgE] and blood eosinophil count, may also influence nonspecific airway responsiveness in this age group.'], ['The removal of neutrophils and their histotoxic contents from the inflamed site is a prerequisite for resolution of tissue injury, and a point at which factors critical to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation may act.'], ['The more obvious problems of contact lens-induced chronic inflammation, e.g., contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC), and acute inflammation, e.g., acute red eye (ARE), are less well understood.', 'The remaining frontiers include understanding and avoiding the stimuli to low grade irritation and inflammation by making contact lenses more comfortable and improving their compatibility with the ocular surfaces.'], ['Mechanisms governing the normal resolution processes of inflammation are poorly understood, yet their elucidation may lead to a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.', 'Because it leads to recognition of intact senescent neutrophils that have not necessarily disgorged their granule contents, these processes may represent a mechanism for the removal of neutrophils during inflammation that also serves to limit the degree of tissue injury.'], ['The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were studied in 101 elderly individuals (mean age 72 y) to determine their utility as diagnostic aids in subjects with underlying infection/inflammation.', 'Whereas ESR and CRP were both significantly increased in patients with infection or inflammation, or both, analysis of variance indicated that those subjects still alive six months later had significantly lower ESR values.'], ['Health and pollution control professionals and the general public need to develop a more complete understanding of the health effects of ozone (O3) because: 1) we have been unable to significantly reduce ambient O3 levels using current strategies and controls; 2) in areas occupied by more than half of the U.S. population, current peak ambient O3 concentrations are sufficient to elicit measurable transient changes in lung function, respiratory symptoms, and airway inflammation in healthy people engaged in normal outdoor exercise and recreational activities; 3) the effects of O3 on transient functional changes are sometimes greatly potentiated by the presence of other environmental variables; and 4) cumulative structural damage occurs in rats and monkeys exposed repetitively to O3 at levels within currently occurring ambient peaks, and initial evidence from dosimetry models and interspecies comparisons indicate that humans are likely to be more sensitive to O3 than rats.'], ['Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can effectively reduce pain and inflammation.'], ['We studied the differences in oxygen metabolite generation, using a chemiluminescence (CL) assay, in peripheral blood phagocytic cells from various donors including healthy young volunteers, patients with acute or chronic inflammation, pregnant women, and elderly persons.', 'The CL response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) after stimulation with serum-opsonized zymosan was increased in patients with acute inflammation due to infection and in pregnant women as compared with that in controls.', "In contrast, CL of monocytes from patients with chronic inflammation (Crohn's disease patients) and elderly persons was significantly enhanced, whereas that of their PMN remained in the range of control values."], ['Clinical trials are necessary in order to precisely define the dose and mechanisms involved in defining the essentiality of omega 3 fatty acids in growth and development and their beneficial effects in coronary heart disease, hypertension, inflammation, arthritis, psoriasis, other autoimmune disorders, and cancer.'], ['We would conclude that neutrophil inhibitor-bound elastase could be used as a marker of inflammation in old people.'], ['In addition to diffuse phlegmonous inflammation, acute interstitial pancreatitis was characterized by rupture of the ducts and ductules associated with profuse intraluminal exudation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and protein plugs formation.'], ['A reasonable explanation for a very high percentage of all chemicals being carcinogenic at the MTD is that the MTD causes cell proliferation and inflammation, risk factors for cancer.'], ['Although frequently a typical acute monoarticular arthritis, gout in the elderly is often a chronic, polyarticular disease, sometimes with minimal inflammation.'], ['FR have been thought to play a part in inflammation, the aging process, carcinomatous transformations, damage due to recirculation and autoimmune diseases.'], ['Its etiology is clearly multifactorial, the main factors being ageing, mechanical stress hereditary and/or constitutional factors, and inflammation.', 'Familial or constitutional factors, or the possible triggering role of inflammation, are particularly well documented in certain subsets of OA.'], ['The pathogenesis of this process is discussed, including relevant animal models, and chronic inflammation and ischaemia (rather than acute posterior vitreous detachment) are implicated.'], ['Morphometry may provide more reliable criteria for distinguishing changes induced by inflammation and related to age which occur in salivary tissue.'], ['Inflammatory changes certainly improve the penetration of many agents, especially the penicillins and cephalosporins, but it must be remembered that with resolution of inflammation, achievable concentrations decline.'], ['By contrast, they are virtually unreported in the two common forms of amyloidosis, that is, secondary amyloidosis (AA), usually associated with a chronic inflammatory lesion, and primary amyloidosis (AL), resulting from light-chain immunoglobulins of plasma cell dyscrasias.'], ['CPPD and BCP crystals can be associated with acute or subacute inflammation, but as in acute gout, it is easily controlled with anti-inflammatory drugs or by local injections of corticosteroids.'], ['With the increased understanding of inflammation today, it is clear that those therapeutic agents that control noxious effects of inflammation without blocking the protective aspects are more desirable.'], ['18.5% of the population) could be readily explained by their known association with a particular pathology (inflammatory syndrome, renal failure, cardiovascular diseases, alcoholism).'], ['This does not exclude the possibility that hypertrophy and hyperplasia of these cells can develop in response to subsequent pericolic inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['Seventy-seven were complicated by acute inflammation (right-sided diverticulitis, 61, and left-sided diverticulitis, 16).'], ['Since the serum levels of the acute phase reactants, haptoglobin and amyloid-related serum protein AA, were higher in the group of patients with reactive amyloidosis than in patients with SSA, the depression of the prealbumin levels in SSA is not a result of inflammation.'], ['The main histopathologic features included: (1) collagen degeneration and elastosis of the tarsal plate; (2) increased amounts of adipose tissue in the distal tarsus and capsulopalpebral fascia; (3) subacute inflammation and epidermidalization of the tarsal conjunctiva; (4) focal degeneration, fibrosis and elastosis of pretarsal orbicularis, and occasionally minimal change in the muscle of Riolan; and (5) arteriosclerosis of the marginal artery.'], ['Surgery is indicated when cataract is associated with vision decrease interfering with activities important to the patient, intraocular inflammation or glaucoma, or interference with management of posterior segment disease.'], ['Plasma proteins as indices of non-specific inflammation mattered less.'], ['The pattern of laboratory abnormalities in anemic subjects indicated that iron deficiency predominated as a cause in infants and young women in contrast to inflammatory disease in the elderly.'], ['This increase in protein turnover in spite of a reduced muscle mass in the ill subjects appears to be mainly due to the effects of tissue trauma and inflammation.'], ['Recurrent periodontal lesions which still displayed severe inflammation despite renewed conventional therapy showed a marked reduction in probing depths, bleeding and suppuration from the pockets, and further, a reduced presence of spirochetes and motile rods during the trial.'], ['In young people, mechanical irritation tends to give rise mainly to painful inflammation and swelling, while chronic atrophic processes predominate in old age.'], ['While there were several other indices that reflected placental aging, the significantly increased chorioamnionitis, acute funisitis , and acute decidual inflammation among placentas of those who delivered prematurely [the former two associated with very early delivery (less than 35 wk gestation)] were likely to have been involved as causes of premature delivery.'], ['It seems plausible that periodontal breakdown can occur only in the presence of plaque with consequent inflammation of the periodontium, or as a result of trauma.', 'Research findings do suggest that the degree of periodontal breakdown increases with age, that with increasing age inflammation of the periodontium tends to develop more rapidly and that in the process of aging the periodontium shows a slower rate of wound healing.', 'This implies that (1) the susceptibility to periodontal disease is more significant for the rate of periodontal destruction than the length of time plaque is present (the age effect) and (2) the greater the susceptibility to periodontal disease, the slower the rate of wound healing and the more rapidly inflammation of the periodontium tends to develop.'], ['Chemical synovectomy by the instillation of appropriate radionuclides can be recommended as an effective means of reducing inflammation, effusion, and pain in patients with RA.'], ['Uveitis comprises a complex group of diseases in which morbidity may depend on the nature of the initial inflammation as well as on the genetic, hormonal, and emotional background of the patient.', 'In other cases, recurrence of inflammation may be attributed to the localization of immune complexes in the uveal tract.'], ['In about 60% of the amyloid-positive cases in the 28 killed SAM and 7 mice in the R series, there were no signs of inflammation or neoplasm.'], ['These data suggest that the monocyte maturation process, akin to that seen during inflammation, is necessary in vitro before macrophages recognize and remove senescent neutrophils.'], ['Features of inflammation (joint swelling and joint line tenderness) involving the knee, wrist, and elbow were particularly common in ACC.'], ['It can be concluded that (1) the UMKC implants surpass the 5- and 10-year longevity standards of the Harvard Conference on Dental Implants; (2) periodic recall is an important part of an implant program; (3) acute inflammation is prevalent among implant patients; (4) surgical removal of part of an implant framework can be preventive treatment and prolong the life of the implant; (5) all but one of the implants reviewed were successful to a degree; (6) unilateral anesthesia or paresthesia can be expected in approximately 50% of patients; (7) anesthesia was not a deterrent to success in this study; (8) satisfaction with the implants was absolute; and (9) if removal of an implant was necessary, patients requested replacement if possible.'], ['They respond to inflammation by dilatation and gross breakdown of their physiologic barrier properties.'], ['Acute inflammation of the appendix secondary to luminal obstruction is the chief reason for appendectomy.'], ['Forty-one (8%) of 500 randomly selected biopsy specimens in verruca vulgaris showed evidence of inflammation.', 'The inflammation was lymphocytic and lichenoid in 21 specimens and was associated with papillary hemorrhage and infarction in 23.'], ['Present in inactive joints, the crystal surfaces are bare; in acute gout, the crystals are covered with mucin, confirming the observation that protein binding to crystals is necessary for inflammation to proceed.'], ['As a result, a typical distribution of degrees of inflammation in the region of the greater curvature became evident.'], ['Fifty subjects between 27 and 43 years of age were studied to determine the relationship between the severity of gingival inflammation, the amount of bone loss and the plaque score in interproximal sites.', 'It was also found that when patients were divided into two age groups, younger and older than 35 years, the older individuals studied had more bone loss interproximally compared with the younger despite comparable amounts of plaque or gingival inflammation.', 'The data suggest that both severity and longevity of the inflammation may play a role in determining the rate of alveolar bone resorption.'], ['Local inflammation occurred in 18.7% of vaccinees (predominantly females) and frequently was seen with systemic reactions, but did not correlate with antibody response.'], ['Minor causalgia, shoulder-arm syndrome, or chronic traumatic edema may follow either forearm fracture or inflammation around the shoulder joint.', 'In degenerative disk disease, osteoarthritis, and metastatic disease, the cause of back pain is essentially the same--edema and inflammation of nerve roots at the intervertebral foramina.', 'Injection of local anesthetic and steroid into the epidural space usually reduces swelling and inflammation.'], ['The effects of normal aging, endothelial dystrophies, trauma, and inflammation can be monitored.'], ['This syndrome can result from an L3-4 disk protrusion with nerve root neuritis but may be a reflex disturbance from the posterior arch structures as evidenced by fusion mass, apophyseal joint or spinous process overgrowth and associated soft tissue inflammation.'], ['This inhibitory effect was associated with a shorter hospitalization time of adult patients suggesting a role for TGF-beta in preventing an excessive NK cell activation and systemic inflammation.'], ['The telomeres shorten with aging and this process can be affected by oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Mechanistically, immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation, both of which persist in PLWH with well-controlled virally suppressive HIV infection, are suggested to create and exacerbate noninfectious comorbidity development.', 'Persistent inflammation often leads to fibrosis, which is the common end point pathologic feature associated with most comorbidities.'], ['Predicted upstream regulators also showed divergent results, with inhibition of inflammation and immune response with aging and activation of these processes with AMD.'], ['CP treatment significantly upregulated FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP51), an atrophy marker (2.4 +- 0.25 and 3.3 +- 0.3 fold in in vitro and in vivo, respectively), phosphorylated GR (1.96 +- 0.08 and 2.29 +- 0.25 fold in in vitro and in vivo, respectively), decreased fibroblast proliferation (82.71 +- 1.95% in in vitro), reduced collagen synthesis (0.36 +- 0.05 and 0.3 +- 0.1 fold in in vitro and in vivo, respectively), and induced aging, all of which were reversed by LY treatment (from 1.43 +- 0.08 to 2.8 +- 0.12 fold) without showing growth inhibition and exerting the anti-inflammation of CP.'], ['Each member of the Sirtuin family is prominently involved in the regulation of myriad fundamental biological processes including inflammation, proliferation, cell survival, DNA repair and metabolism.', 'In fact, each Sirtuin isoform plays distinct yet fundamental roles in controlling folliculogenesis, oocyte meiotic maturation, oocyte aging, trophoblast functions, feto-maternal inflammation and placental angiogenesis and oxidative stress.'], ['Studies have confirmed that inflammation is involved in the development of hypertension and that the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein(CRP) is significantly associated with hypertension.', 'RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension, coronary artery disease and joint reactive inflammation was significantly higher in the group with elevated CRP.'], ['While male patients exhibited changes in oxidative stress based on metal ions, inflammation, and angiogenesis, female patients exhibited dysfunctions in mitochondrial and lysosomal activity, antigen processing and presentation functions, and glutamic and purine metabolism.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Our in silico approach has highlighted sex-based differential mechanisms in typical Parkinson Disease hallmarks (inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress).'], ['Mitochondrial dysfunction also contributes to other age-related molecular and cellular mechanisms, such as crosstalk with telomeres, senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, and low-grade inflammation.'], ['Accordingly, HP1gamma gene inactivation in the mouse gut epithelium triggers IBD-like traits, including inflammation and dysbiosis.', 'Splicing noise is also extensively detected in UC patients in association with inflammation, with progerin transcripts accumulating in the colon mucosa.'], ['Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease characterized by degradation of articular cartilage, inflammation, and changes in periarticular and subchondral bone of joints.', 'This review summarizes the role of OPN in regulating inflammation activity and bone metabolism in OA and OP.'], ['Mechanistically, krill oil increases neuronal resilience through temporal transcriptome rewiring to promote anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation via healthspan regulating transcription factors such as SNK-1.'], ['We investigated the effects of Irvingia gabonensis (IG) kernel extract on the metabolism, adiposity indices, redox status, inflammation, adipocytokines, blood leukocyte relative telomere length (RTL), and aerobic capacity of overweight/obese individuals.', 'There were no differences between groups with respect to metabolism, inflammation, RTL, and aerobic capacity after the supplementation.'], ['When endothelial denudation is no longer replaced by progenitor cells, the path opens for focal lipid deposition, initiating subsequent oxidation, inflammation and micromineralisation.'], ['Studies of blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers showed that systemic inflammation, neurodegeneration, endothelial activation, oxidative stress, and iron dysregulation are associated with worse cognition in people with HIV.', 'Systemic inflammation, astrocyte activation, and tryptophan metabolism pathways are associated with post-COVID-19 neurologic syndromes.'], ['RPE cells are susceptible to oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation involving nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and impaired autophagy are challenges faced by aged RPE cells in AMD.'], ['SAH and T2DM have clinically silent low-grade inflammation as a common risk factor.', 'This inflammation has a relevant element, the excess of fatty tissue.'], ['The in-depth research on crosstalk between macrophages (Mphis) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) suggests that there is a close relationship between inflammation and regeneration.', 'The excessive tissue inflammation and lack of stem cells make the transplantation of biomaterials necessary.'], ['PEW and muscle wasting are induced by factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic acidosis that activate the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the main regulatory mechanism of skeletal muscle degradation.', 'Whether deficiency of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which regulates expression of antioxidant proteins protecting against oxidative damage triggered by inflammation, may exacerbate PEW has yet to be examined in aging patients with CKD.'], ['Inflammaging is a theory of ageing which purports that low-level chronic inflammation leads to cellular dysfunction and premature ageing of surrounding tissue.', 'We propose the presence of chronic inflammation in young skin contributes to an imbalance of epidermal homeostasis that leads to a prematurely aged appearance during later life.'], ['We conjecture that these observations in CP volume and microstructure are due to obesity-induced inflammation, diet, or, very likely, dysregulations in leptin binding and transport.'], ['Our results suggest that aging activates the inflammation and stress-driven kynurenine pathway systemically and in the brain, but we cannot determine whether this activation is harmful or adaptive.'], ['Chronic HIV infection causes persistent low-grade inflammation that induces premature aging of the immune system including senescence of memory and effector CD8 T cells.'], ['Physicians should pay special attention to cardiac biomarkers in patients with old age, inflammation, and comorbidities among COVID-19 infections.'], ['This metabolic remodeling is suggestive of cognitive benefits, better antioxidant capacity, the attenuation of local inflammation, and health-span-promoting processes, which play a critical and positive role in shaping healthy aging.'], ['This review focuses on the potential influence and main regulating mechanisms of walnuts and their active ingredients on neuroinflammation, including the regulation of microglia activation induced by amyloid beta or lipopolysaccharides, inhibition of peripheral inflammation mediated by macrophages, reduction in oxidative stress by decreasing free radical levels and boosting antioxidant defenses, and control of gut microbes to maintain homeostasis.'], ['In addition, the active group had a lower abundance ratio of Lachnoclostridium, Monoglobus, and Oscillibacter genera, which have been reported to be involved in inflammation.'], ['Therefore, we examined the effects of eight weeks of vibration and home-based resistance exercise combined with a whey-enriched, omega-3-supplemented diet on muscle power, inflammation and muscle biomarkers in community-dwelling old adults.', 'CONCLUSION: Vibration and home-based resistance exercise combined with a high-protein, omega-3-enriched diet increased muscle power and reduced inflammation in old men, but not in old women.'], ['These diseases and aging cause low-level and persistent inflammation in humans, which can promote poor prognosis of COVID-19.'], ['Consistently, evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies have also suggested a marked ability of SGLT-2i to ameliorate low-grade inflammation in humans, a relevant driver of aging commonly referred to as inflammaging.'], ['Immnunosenescence could promote inflammaging (chronic low-grade inflammation) and contribute to late-onset adult asthma and asthma in the elderly, along with age-related pulmonary disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis, due to lung parenchyma senescence.', 'Aged patients with asthma exhibit local and systemic type 2 and non-type 2 inflammation, associated with clinical manifestations.', "Here, we discuss immunosenescence's contribution to the immune response and the combination of type 2 inflammation and inflammaging in asthma in the elderly and present an overview of age-related features in the immune system and lung structure."], ['We find that OKSM extends lifespan and show that both interventions protect the intestinal stem cell pool, lower inflammation, activate pro-stem cell signaling pathways, and synergistically improve health and lifespan.'], ['The dysregulation of global m6A levels and m6A regulators may affect the occurrence and development of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and other lung diseases through inflammation and immune function.'], ['Decorating nanoparticles with a neutrophil-specific peptide confers neutrophil specificity and these neutrophil-specific nanoparticles accumulate in sites of inflammation.'], ['Biological aging processes, such as loss of muscle strength, diminished cardiorespiratory function, chronic inflammation, and age-associated diseases, as well as the adverse effects of medical treatments, all contribute to physical dysfunction.'], ['The pathway plays an important role in aging-related inflammation (inflammaging).'], ['With the aging of the population and the increasing number of patients with modern chronic diseases, the prevalence and complications of sarcopenia have increased, involving Akt-mediated signaling pathways, mitochondrial activity, satellite cell differentiation, inflammation and so on.'], ['Aged female mice exposed to dLAN displayed dysregulated hypersensitivity and inflammation as a measure of cell-mediated immune response and decreased lifespan compared to females housed in dark nights.'], ['There was significant association between awareness level of individuals regarding cancer associated symptoms including weight loss, fatigue, inflammation and hair loss and common causes of cancers, including family history, radiation exposure, smoking, obesity, aging and fast-food exposure.'], ['A major challenge is to characterize transcriptional cascades that modulate the response to inflammation.', 'Here, we show that the murine Gcm2 (mGcm2) gene is expressed in a subpopulation of aged microglia (chronic inflammation) and upon lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced central nervous system (CNS) demyelination (acute inflammation).'], ['Although the beneficial role of A. muciniphila and its component in intestinal inflammation has been discovered, in gnotobiotic mice with specific gut microbiota, certain genotype, and colorectal cancer, or in animal models infected with a specific pathogen, A. muciniphila may be related to the occurrence and development of intestinal diseases.'], ['Probiotic and omega-3 supplements have been shown to reduce inflammation, and dual supplementation may have synergistic health effects.', 'We investigated if the novel combination of a multi-strain probiotic (containing B. lactis Bi-07, L. paracasei Lpc-37, L. acidophilus NCFM, and B. lactis Bl-04) alongside omega-3 supplements reduces low-grade inflammation as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in elderly participants in a proof-of-concept, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study (NCT04126330).', 'In addition, dual supplementation increased levels of valeric acid, further suggesting the potential of the supplements in reducing inflammation and conferring health benefits.', 'Together, the results suggest that probiotic and omega-3 dual supplementation exerts modest effects on inflammation and may have potential use as a non-pharmacological treatment for low-grade inflammation in the elderly.'], ['A higher intake of B vitamins in the elderly is also associated with preventing some aging problems, especially those related to inflammation.'], ['We then assessed the effects of the best hit on senescence, inflammation and mitochondrial remodeling on a 3D skin cell model, while also testing its mutagenic potential.'], ['Patients with CHIP exhibited a potent IFN-gamma response in exacerbating inflammation, particularly in classical monocytes, compared to patients without CHIP.'], ['In humans, chronic pain can last for years, even after the observable signs and symptoms of the primary inflammation or damage.'], ['Further, analyses of large postmortem brain cohorts demonstrate that only one-third of AD patients show hallmark disease endotypes like increased inflammation and decreased synaptic signaling (Neff et al.'], ['Here we show that lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a lipid mediator of inflammation resolution known to stimulate endocannabinoid signaling in the brain, is reduced in the aging central nervous system.', 'Conversely, administration of exogenous LXA4 attenuated cytokine production and memory loss induced by inflammation in mice.'], ['Other articles delineate biobehavioral mechanisms relevant to mental health in PWH such as inflammation, immune activation, neuroendocrine signaling, cellular aging, the microbiome-gut-brain axis, and neurobehavioral processes.'], ['However, powdered gloves technique is preferred method in cases with less inflammation, though, it prolongs the need for drainage catheter use and length of hospital stay.'], ['Inflammatory cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes, secrete a medley of pro-fibrotic proteins into the prostatic microenvironment, including IFNgamma, TNFalpha, CXC-type chemokines, and interleukins, all of which have been implicated in inflammation-mediated fibrosis.'], ['Additional variables were cardiovascular factors, APOE4, educational attainment, Area Deprivation Index, and C-reactive protein (reflecting systemic inflammation state).'], ['Forskning har specielt fokuseret pa lokale forandringer i ojet hvor man har fundet at inflammation spiller en betydelig rolle for udviklingen af sygdommen, men flere studier tyder ogsa pa at systemiske forandringer og specielt systemisk inflammation spiller en vaesentlig rolle i patogenesen.', 'Flere studier har ogsa vist at kronisk inflammation spiller en vigtig rolle for bade initiering og udvikling af den maligne celleklon hos MPNs og herfra er en "Human Inflammationsmodel" blevet udviklet.', 'I dette Ph.d.-projekt vil vi tilsvarende forsoge at undersoge systemisk inflammation i forhold til forekomst af druser.', 'systemiske markorer for inflammation, aldring og angiogenese (artikel II, III og IV).', 'Vi fandt ogsa at forekomst af druser var associeret med hojere neutrofil-lymfocyt ratio, hvilket indikerer et hojere niveau af kronisk inflammation i patienterne med druser sammenlignet med dem uden druser.', 'Da vi undersogte markorer for inflammation, fandt vi en hojere grad af systemisk inflammation i MPNd end MPNn.', 'Endvidere viser vores resultater at systemisk inflammation muligvis spiller en vaesentlig storre rolle i udviklingen af AMD end tidligere antaget.', 'Vi foreslar derfor en AMD-model (Figur 18) hvor inflammation kan initiere og accelerere den normale aldersafhaengige akkumulation af affaldsstoffer i nethinden, som senere udvikler sig til druser, medforende oget lokal inflammation og med tiden tidlig og intermediaer AMD.', 'Research has focused on local changes in the eye where inflammation has been found to play an essential role, but studies also point to systemic alterations and especially systemic inflammation to be involved in the pathogenesis.', 'Several studies have also shown that systemic inflammation plays an essential role in both the initiation and progression of the malignant cell clone in MPNs.', 'From this knowledge, a "Human inflammation model" has been developed.', "Since then, the MPNs has been used as model diseases for a similar inflammation model for the development of Alzheimer's disease.", 'In this PhD project, we would like to investigate systemic inflammation in relation to drusen presence.', 'This study was divided into three substudies exploring systemic markers of inflammation, ageing and angiogenesis, respectively.', 'We also found that drusen prevalence was associated with a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio indicating a higher level of chronic low-grade inflammation in patients with drusen compared to those without drusen.', 'When we investigated markers of inflammation, we found a higher level of systemic inflammation in MPNd than MPNn.', 'This was indicated by a higher inflammation score (based on levels of pro-inflammatory markers), a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and indications of a deregulated complement system.', 'Further, our results show that systemic inflammation may play a far more essential role in AMD pathogenesis than previously anticipated.', 'We, therefore, propose an AMD model (Figure 18) where inflammation can initiate and accelerate the normal age-dependent accumulation of debris in the retina, which later evolve into drusen, resulting in increased local inflammation, and over time early- and intermediate AMD.'], ['The primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of acute-phase reactants and inflammation-based biomarkers in predicting 90-day mortality in patients aged over 65 years who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to HAP.'], ['Herein, we demonstrated the multifactorial effects of SARS-CoV-2 on liver injury such as psychological stress, immunopathogenesis, systemic inflammation, ischemia and hypoxia, drug toxicity, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, and several others which can significantly damage the liver.'], ['Aging is associated with changes in the immune system, with a decline in protective components (immunosenescence), increasing susceptibility to infectious disease, and a chronic elevation in low-grade inflammation (inflammaging), increasing the risk of multiple noncommunicable diseases.', 'Age-related changes in immune competence, low-grade inflammation, and gut dysbiosis may be interlinked and may relate, at least in part, to age-related changes in nutrition.'], ['OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) explained the association between lung function and subsequent cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults with a systemic low-grade inflammation state.', 'CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The present study revealed that serum CRP level and TyG play a chain mediating role in the relationship between lung function at baseline and subsequent cognitive impairment in a nationally representative cohort of middle-aged and older adults with a systemic low-grade inflammation state.'], ['OBJECTIVE: In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chronic inflammation can enhance the development of sarcopenia with a depletion of muscle mass, strength and performance.'], ['BACKGROUND: Chronic low-level inflammation is thought to play a role in many age-related diseases and to contribute to multimorbidity and to the disability related to this condition.', 'In this framework, inflamma-miRs, an important subset of miRNA able to regulate inflammation molecules, appear to be key players.', 'RESULTS: MiR-181a levels resulted increased in old men, and significantly correlated with worsened blood parameters of inflammation (such as low levels of albumin and bilirubin and high lymphocyte content), particularly in females.', 'CONCLUSIONS: These data support a role of miR-181a in age-related chronic inflammation and in the development of multimorbidity in older adults and indicate that the routes by which this miRNA influence health status are likely to be gender specific.'], ['The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ovo and its precursor 5-thiohistidine (5-thio) in comparison with ergothioneine (erg), in human skin cells and tissues upon inflammation.', 'We observed that ovo, 5-thio, and erg were not cytotoxic in HaCaT cells, but instead exerted a protective function against TNF-alpha -induced inflammation.'], ['Many factors, including aging, estrogen deficiency, and prolonged immobilization, disrupt normal apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation, leading to abnormal activation of osteoclasts, which gradually overwhelm bone formation by bone resorption.'], ['Conversely, autophagy enhancer could improve metabolic profile of obese mice by reducing tissue lipid content and ameliorating metabolic inflammation.'], ['IGF-1, SIRT1, GDF-15, IL-6, CRP and TNF-alpha presented more evidence among these biomarkers, highlighting the importance of inflammation and nutrient sensing on frailty.'], ["Objective: Despite a burgeoning body of literature demonstrating that inflammation is linked to TRD, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on the relationship between proinflammatory biomarkers and ketamine's antidepressant effect on TRD patients."], ['Here, we review the elements that affect how tryptophan metabolism is regulated, including inflammation and stress, exercise, vitamins, minerals, diet and gut microbes, glucocorticoids, and aging, as well as the downstream regulatory effects of tryptophan metabolism, including the regulation of glutamate (Glu), immunity, G-protein coupled receptor 35 (Gpr35), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and dopamine (DA).'], ['BACKGROUND: In persons living with HIV (PLWH), the burden of non-communicable chronic diseases increased over time, because of aging associated with chronic inflammation, systemic immune activation, and long-term exposure to the combination antiretroviral therapy (ART).'], ['BACKGROUND: Air pollutants can activate low-grade subclinical inflammation which further impairs respiratory health.', 'We aimed to investigate the role of polygenic susceptibility to chronic air pollution-induced subclinical airway inflammation.', 'METHODS: We used data from 296 women (69-79 years) enrolled in the population-based SALIA cohort (Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Aging).', 'Biomarkers of airway inflammation were measured in induced-sputum samples at follow-up investigation in 2007-2010.', 'Chronic air pollution exposures at residential addresses within 15 years prior to the biomarker assessments were used to estimate main environmental effects on subclinical airway inflammation.', 'CONCLUSIONS: While this study confirms that higher chronic exposures to air pollution increase the risk of subclinical airway inflammation in elderly women, we could not demonstrate a significant role of polygenic susceptibility on this pathway.'], ['We aim to examine the association of HGS with iron indices and inflammation.'], ['We investigated whether long-term consumption of two healthy diets (low-fat (LF) or Mediterranean (Med)) interacts with SIRT1 genotypes to modulate aging-related processes such as leucocyte telomere length (LTL), oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).', 'LTL, inflammation, OxS markers (at baseline and after 4 years of follow-up) and SIRT1-Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7069102 and rs1885472) were determined in patients from the CORDIOPREV study.', 'After the LF diet intervention, the GG-carriers showed stabilization in LTL which was significant compared to the C allele subjects (p = 0.037), although the protective effects found for inflammation and OxS markers remained significant after follow-up with the two diets.', 'Patients who are homozygous for the SIRT1-SNP rs7069102 (the most common genotype) may benefit from healthy diets, as suggested by improvements in OxS and inflammation in patients with CHD, which may indicate the slowing-down of the aging process and its related diseases.'], ['Many studies have shown that ellagic acid (EA), a phenolic compound widely distributed in dicotyledonous plants, has powerful anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties.'], ['Among the risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the dysbiotic gut microbiota plays an essential role, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and production of various toxic metabolites.'], ['Muscle atrophy is defined as the progressive degeneration or shrinkage of myocytes and is triggered by factors such as aging, cancer, injury, inflammation, and immobilization.'], ["There is evidence suggests that chondrocytes' survival, inflammation, and apoptosis play critical roles in OA pathogenesis.", 'LMX1B knockdown increased IL-1beta-induced cell viability and proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis and inflammation response, including IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and NO both in SW1353 and C28/I2.', "Moreover, NLRP3 overexpression reversed the effects of LMX1B silence on chondrocytes' survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation."], ['This elevated risk has been attributed to viral infection, anti-retroviral therapy, chronic inflammation, and lifestyle factors.'], ['Aging is associated with chronic inflammation, which inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption.'], ['Oxylipins are oxidized lipids derived from omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids involved in inflammation.'], ['The peripheral inflammation response and the neuron impairment and inflammation response in the hippocampus were observed in the surgery group, but only peripheral inflammation response was detected in the anaesthesia group.', 'The peripheral inflammation response and the neuron impairment and inflammation response in the hippocampus was significantly reduced by the electroacupuncture stimulation.', 'Our findings indicated the protection of electroacupuncture form POCD after femoral fracture surgery is related to the inhibition of inflammation response and neuron impairment.'], ['Long-term exposure to air pollution and systemic inflammation are associated with increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, their joint effects in Chinese middle-aged and older adults is unknown.', 'C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was assessed to reflect systemic inflammation.', 'Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with increased prevalence of MetS, which might be enhanced by systemic inflammation.', 'Given the rapidly aging society and heavy burden of MetS, measures should be taken to improve air quality and reduce systemic inflammation.'], ['Reflecting that such conditions are associated with chronic systemic inflammation, evidence is emerging that infection with parasitic helminths might protect against obesity-accelerated ageing, by virtue of their evolution of survival-promoting anti-inflammatory molecules.', 'Furthermore, the consequent prevention of ageing-associated myeloid/lymphoid skewing is associated with reduced accumulation of inflammatory CD11c+ macrophages and IL-1beta in adipose tissue, disrupting the perpetuation of inflammation-driven dysregulation of haematopoiesis during obesity-accelerated ageing in male HCD-fed mice.'], ['Our previous study has found that retinal vascular inflammation and leakage occur at the very early stage of tauopathic mouse model.'], ['One of the main reasons for this is the dysfunction of the immune system associated with its accelerated aging, weakened immune functions, impaired regulation of pro-inflammatory reactions, chronic inflammation and immunosuppressive therapy.'], ['Higher circulating levels of soluble CD40L and MPO, markers of immune cell activation, were associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tests, while higher CD5L, a key regulator of inflammation, was associated with smaller total brain volumes.'], ['This pathological condition is due to multifactorial processes including physical inactivity, inflammation, oxidative stress, hormonal changes, and nutritional intake.'], ['The use of this supplement should be considered at a low dosage for a prolonged period to reduce inflammation and modulate immune senescence in patients over 60 years old.'], ['Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common gynecological endocrine disorder, is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, both factors associated with accelerated telomere attrition.'], ['These studies also demonstrated that neutrophil responses were controlled by sophisticated feedback mechanisms, including directed chemotaxis of neutrophils to tissue-draining lymph nodes resulting in modulation of anti-microbial immunity and inflammation.'], ['inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), chronic viral infections, genomic damage, oxidized-LDL, hypertension, cigarette smoke, hyperglycaemia, and mitochondrial failure.', 'The impact of SARS-CoV-2 mega-inflammation on atherogenesis, however, remains to be investigated.'], ['On the other hand, in situations where intracellular cholesterol homeostasis is disrupted by inflammation, aging, or metabolic abnormalities, a strategy that restores reduced ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in a timely and localized manner may be useful.'], ['HF-associated ILC2s elaborated IL-13 that attenuated HFs and epithelial proliferation at anagen onset; in their absence, Demodex colonization led to increased epithelial proliferation and replacement of gene programs for repair by aberrant inflammation, leading to the loss of barrier function and HF exhaustion.', 'Humans with rhinophymatous acne rosacea, an inflammatory condition associated with Demodex, had increased HF inflammation with decreased type 2 cytokines, consistent with the inverse relationship seen in mice.'], ['CONCLUSION: This study is the first to show that within-person changes in variable sleep duration are related to changes in inflammation.', 'Future studies should investigate inflammation as a pathway linking sleep variability and health.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Recent findings support that aging and menopause dysregulate the immune system leading to sterile low-grade inflammation.', 'Both animal models and human studies demonstrate that certain kinds of inflammation, in both men and women, mediate bone loss.', 'Emerging data indicates that there are several mechanisms that lead to sterile low-grade chronic inflammation, inflammaging, that cause age- and estrogen-loss dependent osteoporosis in men and women.'], ['Type 2 diabetes in both murine models and humans displays alterations in epidermal functions, including reduced levels of stratum corneum hydration and increased epidermal permeability as well as delayed permeability barrier recovery, which can all provoke and exacerbate cutaneous inflammation.', 'Because inflammation plays a pathogenic role in type 2 diabetes, a therapy that improves epidermal functions could be an alternative approach to mitigating type 2 diabetes and its associated cutaneous disorders.'], ['CONCLUSION: Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent, which link to aging, alopecia, inflammation, and severe renal involvement in LN patients.'], ['Osteoblastic differentiation of human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVICs) induced by inflammation play a crucial role in CAVD pathophysiological processes.', 'Knockdown of IL-37 by siRNA not only exaggerated LPS-induced HAVIC inflammation and mitochondrial stress but also abrogated the anti-inflammatory effect of S18 on HAVICs.'], ['It is characterized by multisystem dysregulation and inflammation, and oxidant/antioxidant balance has been suggested as an important factor for its initiation and progression.', 'Information on general health status, dyslipidemia prevalence, and selected mediators of inflammation was collected through a two-stage probability sampling design according to socioeconomic level, sex, and age.', 'Conclusions: The correlation between the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the modification of inflammation status was statistically significant.'], ['Background and Objectives: Statins have been extensively utilised in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention and can inhibit inflammation.', 'However, the association between statin therapy, subclinical inflammation and associated health outcomes is poorly understood in the primary care setting.'], ['A "low-grade inflammation stage" is delineated as a possible risk factor for thrombosis in the elderly.'], ['It has been proposed that prostate chronic inflammation is a risk factor for the development of both BPH and PCa.', 'However, potential stimuli that cause or maintain inflammation in the prostate gland are still poorly characterized.'], ['The vaginal microbiome influences genital inflammation and HIV infection risk.'], ['This is partially attributed to immune activation and CD38 expression on T cells driving chronic inflammation.', 'Therefore, CD38 is a potential therapeutic target for mitigating chronic inflammation that likely drives cellular aging, comorbidities, and end organ disease in PWH.'], ['Premature ageing of the immune system and chronic systemic low-grade inflammation are the main causes of immune alteration in these patients.'], ['The compound mostly acts via inhibition of inflammation through suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and intracellular inflammatory mediators, as well as antioxidant properties such as improvement of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms.'], ['One common factor is that they arise in the setting of chronic inflammation, likely due to advanced age or chemotherapy-induced senescence.', 'In the absence of EGR1, HSPCs are characterized by upregulated MYC-driven proliferative signals, downregulated CDKN1A (p21), disrupted DNA damage response, and downregulated inflammation - adaptations anticipated to confer a relative fitness advantage for stem cells especially in an environment of chronic inflammation.'], ['Exposure to UV can trigger various cellular responses, including inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell death, and cellular aging.'], ['Moreover, aging is associated with a mild form of systemic inflammation.', 'The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between age, systemic and vascular inflammation, and the presence of CVD comorbidities in a stable COPD population.', 'Elderly COPD patients had more frequent exacerbation events per year (2 vs 1, P = .06), a higher prevalence of CVD (3 vs 2, P = .04), more limited exercise tolerance (6-minute walking test distance, 343 [283-403] vs 434 [384-484]; P = .02), and mild systemic inflammation (TNF-alpha, 9.02 [7.08-10.96] vs 6.48 [5.21-7.76]; P = .03; ET-1, 2.24 [1.76-2.71] vs 1.67 [1.36-1.98] pg/mL; P = .04).', 'Mild systemic inflammation, characterized by a slightly increased level of TNF-alpha, and endothelial dysfunction, marked by elevated ET-1, could be liaisons between aging, COPD, and CVD comorbidities.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Vascular aging (arterial stiffness [AS]) is an inflammation-linked process that predicts macro- and microvascular complications in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).', 'We evaluated the utility of measuring the inflammation-linked N-glycans GlycA and GlycB to assess vascular aging in adults with T1D.'], ['We investigated cross-sectional associations between pain, depressive symptoms, and inflammation, then explored whether pain was related to poorer physical function among older PLWH.', 'Links between pain, depressive symptoms, inflammation, and physical function were tested using linear regression models.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Pain is a potential pathway linking depressive symptoms and inflammation to age-related health vulnerabilities among older PLWH; longitudinal investigation of this pattern is warranted.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Sexual minority stress processes are associated with markers of cellular aging and inflammation in methamphetamine-using sexual minority men living with HIV.'], ['Epigenetic regulation plays a key role in infection and inflammation.', 'STAT1, PARP9, IFITM1, MX1, and IFIT1) related to inflammation and antiviral response.'], ['Similarly, while the HIV+ participants exhibited higher T cell responses and elevated inflammatory marker levels in plasma, indicative of chronic inflammation, this trait was not age-sensitive.', 'We did find differences in immune control of hCMV, and, more importantly, a sustained elevation of sCD14 and of proinflammatory CD4 and CD8 T cell responses across age groups, pointing towards uncontrolled inflammation as a factor in reduced healthspan in successfully treated older HIV+ patients.'], ['DEK, a chromatin-remodeling phosphoprotein, is associated with various functions and biological pathways in the periphery, including inflammation, oncogenesis, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation.', 'Consistent with its roles in the periphery, pathways related to DEK in the brain were associated with cellular proliferation, DNA replication and repair, apoptosis, and inflammation.'], ['This increased susceptibility is positively correlated with chronic inflammation and compromised neurocognitive functions.'], ['Additional, secondary outcomes include network strength in an a priori defined neuromarker of attentional control, fluid and everyday cognition, emotion regulation strategy use, and markers of inflammation.'], ['Furthermore, the N-terminal acidic domain of SPARC was required for ISG induction, while adipocyte-specific deletion of SPARC reduced inflammation and extended health span during aging.', 'Collectively, SPARC, a CR-mimetic adipokine, is an immunometabolic checkpoint of inflammation and interferon response that may be targeted to delay age-related metabolic and functional decline.'], ['Common up-regulated biological pathways were identified both in brain and LCLs (including inflammation and glial cell differentiation), while down-regulated pathways were detected mainly in brain tissue (including synaptic signaling, metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction).', 'The use of LCLs might be appropriate for studying early immune system and inflammation, and some neural features in neurodegenerative dementias.'], ['The purpose of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effects of resveratrol on blood glucose, insulin metabolism, lipid profile, renal function, inflammation, and nutrient sensing systems in the elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.', 'CONCLUSION: In conclusion, resveratrol treatment improves inflammation, renal function, blood glucose parameters, inflammation, insulin resistance, and nutrient sensing systems in the elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, indicating resveratrol may be a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of the elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation, along with aging processes, contributes to the development of insulin resistance (IR), but the roles of different inflammatory and other cytokines in this process remain unclear.'], ['Meanwhile, CDFC also had a maintenance and improvement effect on learning and memory ability in aging mice, as well as improved antioxidant capacity and reduced inflammation level.'], ['Increased oxidative stress and inflammation in older subjects constitute the background for skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system alterations.', 'Aged skeletal muscle mass and strength impairment is related to anabolic resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress and inflammation as well as a reduced antioxidant response and myokine profile.', 'Arterial stiffness and endothelial function stand out as the main cardiovascular alterations related to aging, where increased systemic and vascular oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role.', 'This review focuses on the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in aged musculoskeletal and vascular systems and how physical activity/exercise influences functional status in the elderly.'], ['Low-grade inflammation gradually accumulates over time, inhibits proteosynthesis, worsens anabolic resistance, and increases insulin resistance.'], ['The radiopharmaceutical [68Ga]Ga-THP-NH(CH2)9Tac was ultimately selected due to its increased accuracy and improved sensitivity in PET imaging of lung tissue with high levels of acetylcholinesterase, and it may become a novel potential diagnostic modality for the determination of lung perfusion, including in inflammation after COVID-19.'], ['The function of core ingredients against oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells was assessed using biochemical assays.', 'The key core proteins were predominantly involved in inflammation.', 'Quercetin, luteolin and naringenin demonstrated capacities against oxidative stress and inflammation in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The data suggests that anti-AMD Decoction has multiple functional components and targets in treating AMD, possibly mediated by suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Whether diabetes and adipokine-driven inflammation explain the association of obesity to cognitive impairment is unknown.', 'Each SD higher waist circumference was associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment, odds ratio (OR) = 1.63; (95% confidence interval: 1.17, 2.24), with mediating pathways explaining 65% of the total effect (58% from diabetes; 7% from inflammation).', 'Each SD higher waist circumference was associated with higher odds of developing cognitive impairment (OR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.18, 2.74); the direct effect of waist circumference explained 37% of the total effect and mediating pathways explained 63% (61% from diabetes; 2% from inflammation), although individual pathways were not statistically supported in the smaller sample.', 'CONCLUSION: Diabetes, and to a lesser degree, adiposity-driven inflammation, appear to explain a substantial proportion of abdominal adiposity relationships with cognitive impairment.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation may impact foot pain.', 'Future work assessing whether inflammation is part of the mechanism linking obesity to foot pain may identify areas for intervention and prevention.'], ['This increased risk is thought to be due to both traditional (for example, smoking, diabetes) and HIV-specific (for example, inflammation, persistent immune activation) risk factors.'], ['Biological profile analysis of 90 trauma patients revealed that D-8 exhibited excessive inflammation, including enhanced acute inflammatory response, dysregulated complement activation pathways, and impaired coagulation, including downregulated coagulation and platelet degranulation pathways, compared with other phenotypes.', 'CONCLUSIONS: We identified clinical phenotypes with high mortality, and the evaluation of the molecular pathogenesis underlying these clinical phenotypes suggests that lethal trauma may involve excessive inflammation and coagulation disorders.'], ['BACKGROUND: Accelerated bone loss associated with aging and estrogen withdrawal is mediated in part by increased oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) were measured at weeks 0, 24, and 48, and circulating markers of bone turnover (CTX-1, BALP, RANKL, OPG), oxidative stress (MDA, GSH), and inflammation (hsCRP) at weeks 0, 12, 24, and 48.', 'CONCLUSION: Daily supplementation with this shilajit extract supports BMD in postmenopausal women with osteopenia in part by attenuating the increased bone turnover, inflammation and oxidative stress that coincides with estrogen deficiency in this population at increased risk for osteoporosis and bone fractures.'], ['However, the relationship between circulating shed SDC4, systemic inflammation, and age-related vascular alterations remains unknown.', 'Our preliminary evidence suggests that systemic inflammation might not induce SDC4 shedding in healthy aging.'], ['Our results demonstrated that Cx43-sEVs released by OA-derived chondrocytes spread senescence, inflammation and reprogramming factors involved in wound healing failure to neighbouring tissues, contributing to the progression of the disease among cartilage, synovium, and bone and probably from one joint to another.'], ['Additionally, FNDC5 deficiency aggravated vascular stiffness, senescence, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in 24-month-old naturally aged and Ang II-treated mice.', 'Adeno-associated virus-mediated rescue of FNDC5 specifically in muscle but not liver in FNDC5 knockout mice, promoted the release of FNDC5/irisin-enriched EVs into circulation in response to exercise, which ameliorated vascular stiffness, senescence, and inflammation.'], ['Molecular mechanisms involved in CRM include hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, production of advanced glycation end-products, oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, calcium-handling abnormalities, mitochondrial malfunction and deficient energy production, and chronic inflammation.'], ['In rodents, hypothalamic inflammation plays a critical role in aging and age-related diseases.', 'Hypothalamic inflammation has not previously been assessed in vivo in humans.', 'Our finding of age-correlated hypothalamic inflammation in women could have implications for understanding and perhaps altering reproductive aging in women.'], ['Low-grade infections, like chronic periodontitis, may cause low-grade inflammation and subsequently increase the likelihood of developing chronic diseases.'], ['Curative therapies remain elusive as the mechanisms that underlie chronic inflammation in tendon disease remain unclear.'], ['Western-style obesity-promoting diets are associated with increased inflammation, higher disease incidence and mortality.'], ['Conclusion: Natural ageing of the ovary is significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration and activation of inflammation-related signaling pathways, with inflammation levels reaching a maximum during early ovarian ageing (30-39, 40-49) and then gradually decreasing after that.'], ['Here, we reviewed the link between chronic intestinal inflammation and central nervous system inflammation and found that IBD patients had a higher risk of AD than non-IBD patients.'], ['Despite being an important model for neural aging and the role of inflammation in neuropathic pain, the immune repertoire of Aplysia californica is poorly understood.'], ['Compression cold therapy combines cold therapy with air pressure therapy to ease local exudation, constrict blood vessels, improve circulation, relieve pain, and control inflammation through the effects of low temperature and pressure.'], ['RESULTS: Women, residents of Oga-shi, and those with a higher education and greater frequency of shopping followed a more anti-inflammatory diet, while those living alone and residents of Minamiawaji-shi had higher dietary inflammation.'], ['The SSE increased expression of genes related to epidermal keratinization and downregulated genes related to inflammation.'], ['Clinical studies have shown that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of inflammation, is associated with physical decline.'], ['Systemic inflammation and depression in older people have been associated with decreased levels of cognition but results have been inconsistent.', 'AIMS: To explore the interactive network of inflammation, depression and cognition by sex in older people.'], ['This review is aimed at highlighting the biochemical mechanism of SP with a focus on studies linking SP to the inhibition of HIV, inflammation, and oxidative stress.'], ['It is often characterized by body weight loss, inflammation, and muscle and adipose wasting.'], ['Chrysin (Chy) is known for various biological proprieties such as inhibitory effects on inflammation, cancer, oxidative stress, aging, and atherosclerosis.'], ['Currently, many non-communicable diseases are threatening global human health, noticeably: diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other ailment related to chronic inflammation and ageing.'], ['These findings suggest that NMN or Q10 ameliorates PM-induced inflammation by improving the cellular oxidative status, suppressing proinflammatory NF-kappaB, and promoting the levels of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory regulators Nrf2 and SIRT1 in HDFs.'], ['These three entities share common mechanisms such as insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.'], ['Air pollution is considered a harmful environmental risk to human skin and is known to promote aging and inflammation of this tissue, leading to the onset of skin disorders and to the appearance of wrinkles and pigmentation issues.'], ['Besides, miR-107 targeted KIF1B, and overexpressed KIF1B reverted miR-107 elevation-mediated effects on cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress of Abeta-induced SK-N-SH and CHP-212 cells.'], ['BBH is designed to examine whether estrogen insufficiency-induced inflammation compounds HIV-induced inflammation, leading to end-organ damage and aging-related co-morbidities affecting the neuro-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (brain), musculoskeletal (bone), and cardiovascular (heart) organ systems.'], ['Ageing-related delays and dysregulated inflammation in wound healing are well-documented in both human and animal models.', 'Furthermore, we uncovered an elevated pro-inflammatory gene expression program in the aged macrophages correlated with poor inflammation resolution and excessive tissue damage observed in aged wounds.'], ['Several mechanisms may be involved in long COVID syndrome, including chronic inflammation, metabolic perturbations, endothelial dysfunction, and gut dysbiosis.'], ['BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that inflammation plays an important role in intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS).'], ['These results provide insight into the mechanisms of action of NURR1 in the aging eye, and demonstrate that the relative expression levels and activity of NURR1 is critical for both physiological and pathological functions of human RPE cells through RXRalpha-dependent regulation, and that targeting NURR1 may have therapeutic potential for AMD by modulating EMT, inflammation, and lipid homeostasis.'], ['Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) mediate regeneration of the hematopoietic system following injury, such as following infection or inflammation.', 'Unexpectedly, we observed an irreversible depletion of functional HSCs following challenge with inflammation or bacterial infection, with no evidence of any recovery up to 1 year afterward.', 'This work positions early/mid-life inflammation as a mediator of lifelong defects in tissue maintenance and regeneration.'], ["Inflammation is the natural defense mechanism against any external stimuli in the human body and it saves us from foreign entities that may alter our bodies' normal functioning.", 'Any anomaly in this natural defense system leads to the development of different pathological conditions associated with chronic inflammation like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, atopy, asthma, allergic rhino-conjunctivitis, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, obesity, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes, depression, and aging.', 'Among these, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are the most common chronic inflammation-associated disorders.'], ['In addition, it can reduce the expression of IL-1 and IL-6 by inhibiting the transcription of NF-kappaB(p65), thereby reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in UVB-irradiated HaCaT.'], ['Interestingly, both sarcopenia and NAFLD-related fibrosis share common pathophysiological pathways, including insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, hyperammonemia, alterations in the regulation of myokines, sex hormones and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling, which may explain reciprocal connections between these two disorders.'], ['Administration of NaHS would protect the mice from angiotensin II-induced inflammation, gelatinolytic activity, elastin fragmentation, and aortic dilation.'], ['This persistent inflammation is often called "inflammageing" and likely contributes to frailty progression.'], ['We hypothesized that air pollution could cause oxidative damage and inflammation in the human body, which was linked to bone loss.'], ['Aberrant activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by host DNA can lead to sterile inflammation associated with tissue damage, degeneration as well as premature aging.'], ['As phospholipid-esterified fatty acid hydroxides, and especially those deriving from arachidonic acid are both markers and effectors of inflammation, the findings suggest that in addition to age-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, age-related impairment of spatial memory performance has an additional and distinct (neuro-) inflammatory component.'], ['Dysfunctional adipocyte precursors have emerged as key determinants for obesity- and aging-related inflammation, but the mechanistic basis remains poorly understood.', 'Here, we explored the dysfunctional adipose tissue of elderly and obese individuals focusing on the metabolic and inflammatory state of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hASCs), and on sirtuins, which link metabolism and inflammation.', 'Overall, our data point to a glycogen-SIRT1/6 signaling axis as a driver of age-related inflammation in adipocyte precursors.'], ['Lastly, we examine the potential role of GnRH in aging and inflammation and its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative disease and spinal cord lesions.'], ['PURPOSE: Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation affects muscle protein metabolism.'], ['Ageing and chronic degenerative pathologies demonstrate the shared characteristics of high bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, chronic/persistent inflammation, glycation, and mitochondrial abnormalities.', "In this review, we summarise the interconnected mechanism of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation that contributes to ageing and chronic degenerative pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), cardiovascular diseases CVD, diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD)."], ['A low-grade chronic inflammation status also accompanies it without overt infections, an "inflammaging" condition.', 'Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation promoted by senescent innate immune cells, oxidative stress and impairment of microglia functions constitute, therefore, the framework within which small vessel disease develops: it is a concatenation of molecular events that promotes the decline of the central nervous system and cognitive functions slowly and progressively.', 'Furthermore, the purpose of our work is to detect patients with CSVD at an early stage, through the evaluation of precocious MRI changes and serum markers of inflammation, to treat untimely risk factors that influence the burden and the worsening of the cerebral disease.'], ['Moreover, it is known that at the cellular level, a huge number of mechanisms are involved in this process, from mitochondrial dysfunction to inflammation.'], ['Objective: To compare the related indexes of blood glucose, inflammation, blood viscosity, and peripheral neuropathy between the nonischemic diabetic foot and ischemic diabetic foot, the same and different characteristics of the two different types of diabetic foot in pathogenesis were discussed and studied.', 'The differences in blood glucose, inflammation, blood supply, and peripheral neuropathy between the nonischemic diabetic foot and ischemic diabetic foot were compared to explore their different characteristics.'], ['Advanced age is also associated with elevated markers of chronic inflammation and perturbations in gut and urinary tract microbiota.'], ['Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of cardiovascular death, is driven by hyperlipidemia, inflammation and aggravated by aging.'], ['Metrnl is a secreted protein able to activate different intracellular signaling pathways in adipocytes, macrophages, myocytes and cardiomyocytes with physiological effects of the browning of white adipose tissue (BWT), insulin sensitivity, inflammation inhibition, skeletal muscle regeneration and heart protection.', 'Considering the established metabolic and anti-inflammatory hallmarks, exercise-induced Metrnl (as a myokine) is regarded as an exercise mediator in improving obesity-induced complications such as insulin resistance, T2D and inflammation.'], ['Furthermore, Urolithin A reduced disease progression in a mouse model of OA, decreasing cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation, and pain.'], ['RESULTS: The results obtained in the present study showed that resveratrol supplementation might be effective in improving PCOS-related symptoms by reducing insulin resistance, alleviating dyslipidemia, improving ovarian morphology and anthropometric indices, regulating the reproductive hormones, and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress by affecting biological pathways.'], ['In osteoarthritis cartilage tissue, we analyzed autophagy- and senescence-associated proteins using immunohistochemistry and western blot (WB), in vitro, to confirm the role played by TRB3 in the process of autophagy, cell senescence, and inflammation, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used for TRB3 knockdown in cells.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that low testosterone in middle-aged/older men may contribute to a reduction in cBRS; increased inflammation may also contribute to a reduction in cBRS.'], ['Reduced calorie intake ameliorates risk factors and delays the onset of cancer by altering metabolism and fostering health-enhancing characteristics including increased autophagy and insulin sensitivity, and decreased blood glucose levels, inflammation, angiogenesis, and growth factor signaling.'], ['Conventional clinical treatment of chronic wounds relies on non-specific topical care (including debridement, infection/inflammation control, and frequent wound dressing changes), which can alleviate disease progression and reduce patient suffering to a certain extent, but the overall cure rate is less than 50% and the recurrence rate is high.'], ['This study investigated depressive symptoms and systemic inflammation as potential mediators of the association between ACEs and later cognitive function.', 'ACEs also positively predicted systemic inflammation as measured by CRP (b = 0.031, s.e.', 'CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that ACEs may be related to cognitive decline partly via depressive symptoms and corroborate prior research linking ACEs with systemic inflammation in adulthood.'], ['Probiotics also reduced the plasma markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in CHF patients.'], ['The algorithm integrates biomarkers that represent six body systems involved in overall cerebrovascular health including metabolic function, cardiac function, lung function, kidney function, liver function, immunity, and inflammation.'], ['Moreover, increasing evidence from human postmortem studies and from animal models for PD point towards inflammation as an additional factor in disease development.', 'We here assessed the impact of aging and inflammation on dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the hm2alpha-SYN-39 mouse model of PD that carries the human, A30P/A53T double-mutated alpha-synuclein gene.'], ['Mountain-grown ginseng has free radical scavenging activity and suppresses inflammation.'], ['Chronologically aged individuals exhibit increased cutaneous inflammation and elevated circulating cytokine levels, linked to alterations in epidermal function, which itself can induce cutaneous inflammation.', "Thus, it seems likely that epidermal dysfunction could contribute, at least in part, to the development of chronic low grade inflammation, also termed 'infalmmaging', in the elderly.", 'The evidence of cognitive impairment in patients with inflammatory dermatoses suggests a link between cutaneous inflammation and cognitive impairment.', 'Because of the pathogenic role of epidermal dysfunction in aging-associated cutaneous inflammation, improvements in epidermal function could be an alternative approach for mitigation of the aging-associated decline in cognitive function.'], ['Aging and altered BPV share the same molecular mechanisms, in particular the clinical state of subclinical inflammation has been widely ascertained in advanced age and it is also related to BP dysregulation through altered endothelial function and increased production of ROS.'], ['Glutamate carboxypeptidase-II (GCPII) expression in brain is increased by inflammation, e.g.', 'However, little is known about GCPII expression and function in the primate dlPFC, despite its relevance to inflammatory disorders.'], ['Some risk factors contribute to the development of AS, such as aging, high blood pressure, vascular calcification, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus.'], ['The SASP can cause chronic inflammation in local tissues and organs through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, and a series of factors secreted by senescent cells can deteriorate the cellular microenvironment, promoting tumor formation and exacerbating aging-related diseases.'], ['Periodontitis, a chronic, inflammatory disease, induces systemic inflammation and contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.', 'Chronic neuroinflammation is a well-recognized component of these disorders, and evidence suggests that systemic inflammation is a possible stimulus for neuroinflammation development.', 'Systemic inflammation can lead to deleterious consequences on the brain if the inflammation is sufficiently severe or if the brain shows vulnerabilities due to genetic predisposition, aging, or neurodegenerative diseases.', 'Dysbiotic oral bacteria can release bacterial products into the bloodstream and eventually cross the brain-blood barrier; these bacteria can also cause alterations to gut microbiota that enhance inflammation and potentially affect brain function via the gut-brain axis.', 'This nexus among the brain, periodontal disease, and systemic inflammation heralds new ways in which microglial cells, the main innate immune cells, and astrocytes, the crucial regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain, contribute to brain pathology.', 'However, we may prevent this pathogenesis by tackling one of its possible contributors (periodontitis) for systemic inflammation through simple preventive oral hygiene measures.'], ['LLD syndrome is often related to a variety of vascular mechanisms, in particular hypertension, cerebral small vessel disease, white matter lesions, subcortical vascular impairment, and other processes (e.g., inflammation, neuroimmune regulatory dysmechanisms, neurodegenerative changes, amyloid accumulation) that may represent etiological factors by affecting frontolimbic and other neuronal networks predisposing to depression.'], ['Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been demonstrated to alleviate age-associated inflammation (inflamm-aging)-induced cellular senescence of skeletal stem/progenitor cells.'], ['These results demonstrated that AYAPE is potential to against skin aging by decreasing matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production, inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, and attenuating fibroblast senescence.'], ['Smoking cessation, weight loss, physical exercise, and diet control are the milestones of cardiovascular primary prevention, and they may restore endothelial function via epigenetic-sensitive pathways able to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and increase NO production .'], ['This paper provides a comparative summary of the roles of SIRT1-7 in the intestine and lung (both inflammatory diseases and tumors), and the promoter/suppressor effects of targeting SIRT family microRNAs and modulators of inflammation or tumors.'], ['In this review, we focus on the immunosenescence caused by chronic inflammation and aging in BD.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Poor functional capacity was associated with increased CRP levels, which might be due to the development of age-related inflammation.'], ['Acetabular mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) showed a senescent profile associated with the expression of survival and inflammation-related genes.'], ['It has a vital role in inflammation, regulation of antioxidant reactions, and fibrosis of tissues in both animals and humans.'], ['Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with persistent, low-degree inflammation, which could explain the increased prevalence of autoimmune conditions and accelerated aging among patients.'], ['The association between inflammation, aging and cancer may be crucial for better treatment selection.', 'CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a role of inflammatory parameters as a possible prognostic tool in therapeutic decision-making process in older patients with BC, as increased level of inflammation was associated with cancer-specific mortality.'], ['Prior studies suggest a link between chronic inflammation and cognitive dysfunction, while aging-associated epidermal dysfunction has been connected to elevations in circulating cytokines.'], ['Here we confirm that the rosacea-like skin inflammation induced by Cathelicidin LL37 is alleviated in aged mice and mice with progeria.'], ['Furthermore, the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress were also significantly reduced by uridine treatment.'], ['Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacetylase and deacylase enzymes that control important cellular processes, including DNA damage repair, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial function and inflammation.'], ['Patients who survive acute critical illness including, but not limited to, pulmonary and systemic insults associated with ARDS, pneumonia, systemic inflammation, and mechanical ventilation, will likely suffer from Post-ICU Syndrome (PICS), a phenomenon of cognitive, psychiatric, and/or physical disability following treatment in the ICU.'], ['Genes and pathways identified have roles in endothelial dysfunction, extracellular matrix remodeling, altered remyelination, inflammation, and response to ischemia.', 'Progression of WMH volumes over time is associated with genes involved in endothelial dysfunction, extracellular matrix remodeling, altered remyelination, inflammation, and response to ischemia.', 'Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of peripheral inflammation in relation to rate of WMH progression and the contribution to cognitive decline.'], ['Moreover, immune dysregulation by the so-called inflamm-aging results in chronic low-grade inflammation in such conditions.', 'IMPLICATIONS: Immunosenescence and chronic low-grade inflammation accompanying aging and a variety of chronic conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, asthma, COPD, chronic renal disease and hypertension, contribute to the poor outcomes observed following viral respiratory infections.'], ['SIRTs have been linked to a number of clinical and physiological operations, such as energy responses to low-calorie availability, aging, stress resistance, inflammation, and apoptosis.'], ['We predicted that C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of stress-related inflammation, would mediate this relation.', 'DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that psychological factors such as subjective aging impact cardiovascular health through physiological mechanisms, specifically markers of inflammation.'], ['Moreover, numerous studies of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with PD suggest alterations in markers of inflammation and immune cell populations that could initiate or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process.'], ['The underlying causes are not yet fully understood, but different mechanisms such as cell stress and chronic inflammation have been described as contributing factors.'], ['OBJECTIVES: HIV infection is associated with ectopic fat deposition, which leads to chronic inflammation and cardiometabolic dysregulation.'], ['They suggest that Fus1-dependent mechanisms are relevant in etiologies of diseases beyond cancer, such as chronic inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, premature aging, and geriatric diseases.'], ['Associated pathophysiologic mechanisms may include thromboembolism, hypercoagulability, hypoxia, hypoperfusion and inflammation.'], ['OBJECTIVES: Substantial evidence documents gender and racial disparities in C-reactive protein (CRP), a measure of systemic inflammation, among older adults.'], ['Previous longitudinal evidence suggested that sleep disturbance (i.e., difficulties in sleep onset and sleep maintenance) may be longitudinally associated with systemic inflammation, which is involved in the pathophysiology of mental and somatic illness.', 'Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether subjective sleep disturbance is longitudinally associated with serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, and whether this association is mediated by a decrease in positive affect.', 'The findings suggest that sleep onset and sleep maintenance difficulties may be associated with inflammation through the mediation of low positive affect.'], ['These chemicals affect genes involved in biological processes relevant to preterm birth such as inflammation, aging, and estradiol pathways.'], ['Results: The up-regulated biological process in Old women with POP is mainly related to chronic inflammation, while the up-regulated biological process in Young women with POP is mainly related to extracellular matrix metabolism.', 'Meantime, CSF3+ endothelial cells and FOLR2+ macrophages were found to play a central role in inducing pelvic chronic inflammation.'], ['Increases in inflammation brought on by aging may contribute to some characteristics of sarcopenia.', 'This anti-inflammatory cytokine inhibits the ability of human monocytes and macrophages to induce inflammation as well as the production of cytokines like IL-6.'], ['Type 2 inflammation is an immune response largely mediated by group 2 innate lymphoid cells, type 2 T helper cells, eosinophils, and inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13.', 'Among patients with BP, the levels of immunoglobulin E and eosinophils are significantly increased in the peripheral blood and skin lesions, suggesting that the pathogenesis is tightly related to type 2 inflammation.', 'In this review, we summarize the general process of type 2 inflammation, its role in the pathogenesis of BP and potential therapeutic targets and medications related to type 2 inflammation.'], ['Expression of SASP protein was closely associated with telomerase activity and severity of HF phenotype and inflammation.'], ['This study is aimed at comparing inflammation and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in elderly subjects.', 'Longitudinal prospective studies may help illuminate the mechanisms inducing oxidative stress and inflammation due to cigarette smoking in each gender.'], ['CONCLUSION: The results may pave the way for OCT to be considered as a possible adjunctive tool to detect and monitor early skin inflammation and side effects of radiotherapy, thus supporting patient healthcare in the future.'], ['Among the differentially expressed genes, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (ARNTL), BTG antiproliferation factor 2 (BTG2), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), immediate early response 3 (IER3), Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (FOS), and peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A), mainly involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, metabolism, and inflammation, were also dysregulated in liver tissues suffered from IRI and could form a FOS-centered interaction network.'], ['Herein, the complex role of irisin in metabolism and inflammation is described, including its subsequent effects on thermogenesis through browning to control obesity and improve glycemic regulation for diabetes mellitus control, its potential to improve cognitive function (via brain derived neurotrophic factor), and its pathways of action and role in aging.'], ['The accumulation of oxidatively modified and glycated proteins is associated with inflammation and the progression of chronic diseases (aging).'], ['Oxidative stress is a common trigger of this condition and may be induced by various factors such as toxins, drugs, and inflammation.', 'Ferroptosis is known to play a role in the development of these pathologies by promoting the death of damaged or diseased cells and contributing to the inflammation often associated.'], ['This is accompanied by low-grade inflammation and over time results in heart dysfunction and failure.'], ['Immunosenescence is closely aligned to reduced adaptive immunity and increased non-specific innate immunity leading to chronic inflammation of inflammaging.'], ['On day-8 in elderly ICU patients with sepsis, genes related to innate immunity and inflammation, such as ZDHCC19, ALOX15, FCER1A, HDC, PRSS33, and PCSK9, were upregulated.'], ['Given the central role of inflammation of the lower extremities in driving the cutaneous changes characteristic of stasis dermatitis, new therapeutic approaches that target the inflammation are under clinical evaluation in patients with stasis dermatitis.'], ['However, aging frequently impairs homeostatic maintenance by thyroid hormones due to increased prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis.'], ['Low-grade inflammation is common in obesity, but the mechanism between inflammation and cognitive impairment in obesity is unclear.'], ['Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common type of arthritis, is a complex biological response caused by cartilage wear and synovial inflammation that links biomechanics and inflammation.'], ['Conclusion: The plant adaptogens can repair the skin barrier and maintain skin homeostasis by regulating the skin HPA-like axis, influencing the oxidative stress pathway to inhibit inflammation, and regulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) components to maintain a dynamic equilibrium, ultimately achieving the treatment of skin diseases and the maintenance of a healthy state.'], ['BACKGROUND: Low-grade chronic inflammation associated with unhealthy diets may lead to cognitive aging.'], ['Although its etiology is not fully known yet, AD may develop due to multiple factors, including inflammation and oxidative stress, conditions where microRNAs (miRNAs) seem to play a pivotal role as a molecular switch.'], ['We confirmed the previously observed increase in the levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, and found that several other cytokines, directly or indirectly involved in inflammation (such as IFN-alpha, IL-23, CCL-5), were present at higher levels in centenarians.'], ['Chronic inflammation, the impairment of endothelial function, age-related endocrine system modifications and immunosenescence are important mechanisms in the pathophysiology of frailty.'], ['IC and FA predicted 10-year mortality, whereas chronic inflammation, hyperglycemia, and low DHEA-S were associated with low IC status.'], ['BACKGROUND: Epigenetic age, a robust marker of biological aging, has been associated with obesity, low-grade inflammation and metabolic diseases.'], ['Insulin resistance and chronic inflammation are the two common mechanisms of diabetes and frailty, as well as the main targets of metformin.'], ['Moreover, several studies reveal that patients with Parkinson experience more gastrointestinal issues in the early stages of the disease, such as constipation, increased motility, gut inflammation, etc.'], ['A cross-sectional study of 30 breast cancer survivors on AIs was performed to assess the associations between self-reported scores of psychosocial measures of depression, anxiety, and stress assessed by validated questionnaires with markers of inflammation (CRP; IL-6; IL-18), aging (p16INK4a), and endothelial function (ICAM-1, EndoPAT ratio).', 'Psychosocial stress is associated with greater inflammation in breast cancer survivors on AIs, corroborating previous studies in cancer-free populations.', 'Further work in a larger and more diverse cohort of patients is needed to further understand the relationships among inflammation, aging and endothelial function in breast cancer survivors.'], ['The impact of physiologic normalization of von Willebrand factor, which may occur in various settings such as pregnancy, inflammation, or aging, remains uncertain, as is the optimal management in these scenarios.'], ['Chronic low-grade inflammation remains an essential feature of HIV-1 infection under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and contributes to the accelerated cognitive defects and aging in HIV-1 infected populations, indicating cART limitations in suppressing viremia.', 'The impairment of autophagy is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and immune senescence, a known characteristic of pathological aging.'], ['Their high content in the human body can slow down the aging processes, reduce cell death, counteract the appearance of inflammation, and regulate metabolic processes.'], ['Aging causes chronic low-grade inflammation known as inflamm-aging.', 'Collectively, our results suggest that aging causes increased sensitivity to NLRP3 inflammasome activation at a cellular level, which may explain increased inflammation and immune dysregulation in older individuals.'], ['Recent studies have shown that patients with AD have greater amounts of inflammatory markers in their bodies, which suggests that inflammation occurs early on in the progression of the disease.'], ['Our results reveal alterations in the platelet transcriptome and activation responses that may contribute to age-associated chronic inflammation and the increased incidence of thrombotic and pro-inflammatory diseases in older adults.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammation closely correlates with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD).', 'Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) is a novel inflammation index that can be obtained by routine blood tests.', 'These findings may indicate the need for early assessment and intervention for inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation is an indicator of oxidative stress that may contribute to cardiovascular diseases in older people living with HIV (OPWH).'], ['The protease and antiprotease imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs are extensively studied in diseases but recent discoveries suggest that TIMPs, specifically, TIMP2 could play other roles in aging and inflammation processes.'], ['Defects and dysregulation of mitochondrial functions are critically involved in pathological mechanisms contributing to aging, cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and other severe human diseases.'], ['Tyrosinase overproduction and hyperactivity are triggered by the ageing processes and skin inflammation as a result of oxidative stress.'], ['However, the behavior of MSCs at sites of inflammation and tumor growth is relevant to potential tumor transformation, immunosuppression, the inhibition or stimulation of tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis.'], ['Moreover, ApoE4 translocates to the nucleus, regulating the expression of genes involved in aging, Abeta production, inflammation and apoptosis, potentially linked to AD pathogenesis.'], ['Herein, we explored the degree to which chronic home radon exposure relates to biomarkers of low-grade inflammation in 68 youths ages 6- to 14 years old residing in an area of the United States prone to high home radon concentrations.'], ['It then focusses on more recent discoveries regarding the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in stem cell ageing and age-related inflammation.'], ['The importance inflammation during ageing "inflammageing" is becoming increasingly recognized.'], ['The association of low Vitamin D and chronic inflammation in the onset of cognitive decline in the elderly population has been established but the variable population-based study is still lacking.', 'Conclusion-The result from the present study depicts that chronic inflammation and lower Vitamin D level influences neurodegeneration and decline in cognitive performance in the elderly population.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: While PLWH did not appear to have accelerated aging in our cohort, the phenotypic aging marker was significantly associated with systemic inflammation, frailty, and cardiovascular disease risk factors.'], ['PURPOSE: The mean platelet volume (MPV) is regarded as a marker for thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and inflammation in various vascular diseases.'], ['Deeper transcriptome, chromatin and pathway analyses revealed conservation of cell identity traits as well as two universal senescence hallmarks (inflammation and fibrosis) across cell type, regeneration time and ageing.', 'Senescent cells create an aged-like inflamed niche that mirrors inflammation associated with ageing (inflammageing4) and arrests stem cell proliferation and regeneration.'], ['In this review, we discuss the role of skin and wound commensal microbiota in the different healing stages, including inflammation, cell proliferation, re-epithelialization and remodelling phase, followed by multiple immune cell responses to commensal microbiota.'], ['METHOD: We conduct a match-mismatch-trial to test if add-on omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduces depressive symptoms in patients with MDD and systemic low-grade inflammation.', 'MDD patients on a stable antidepressant treatment are stratified at baseline on high sensitivity-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels to a high-inflammation group (hs-CRP >= 3 mg/L) or a low-inflammation group (hs-CRP < 3 mg/L).', 'Patients and raters are blind to inflammation status.', 'We hypothesize that the inflammation group has a superior antidepressant response to EPA compared to the non-inflammation group.', 'Secondary outcomes include a composite score of "inflammatory depressive symptoms", quality of life, anxiety, anhedonia, sleep disturbances, fatigue, cognitive performance and change in biomarkers relating to inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolomics and cellular aging.'], ['SIRT6 is an essential nuclear sirtuin that regulates numerous pathological processes including insulin resistance and inflammation, and recently it has been implicated in the amelioration of NAFLD progression.'], ['Thus, we could observe that RSV has better activity in the reduction of important biomarkers of oxidation and inflammation.'], ['Polyphenols can prevent age-related diseases because they regulate complex networks of cellular processes such as oxidative damage, inflammation, cellular aging, and autophagy, and have also attracted wide attention as a potential beneficial substance for longevity.'], ['Inflammatory disease is often associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism in affected patients, although in most instances, the mechanistic basis for this increased thrombogenicity remains poorly understood.', 'In this review, we describe the detailed cellular and biochemical mechanisms that cause inflammation-driven haemostatic dysregulation, including aberrant contact pathway activation, increased tissue factor activity and release, innate immune cell activation and programmed cell death, and T cell-mediated changes in thrombus resolution.', 'Despite the increasing recognition and understanding of the prothrombotic nature of inflammatory disease, significant challenges remain in effectively managing affected patients, and new therapeutic approaches to curtail the key pathogenic steps in immune response-driven thrombosis are urgently required.'], ['It was found that HBO1 knockdown may modulate liver fibrosis by regulating the processes of EMT, inflammation, and oxidative stress.'], ['In multivariate analysis, an age of 65 y or older (odds ratio [OR], 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.86; P = 0.014), a serum albumin level <=4.11 g/dL (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03-1.77; P = 0.03), skeletal muscle loss (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.28-2.24; P < 0.001), declined functional status (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.14-1.98; P = 0.004), systematic inflammation (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.09-2.8; P = 0.026), and significant weight loss (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.06-2.85; P = 0.017) were independent predictors of overall postoperative complications.'], ['Mechanisms implicated in age-related sarcopenia or frailty include inflammation, muscle stem cell depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and loss of motor neurons, but whether there are key drivers of sarcopenia are not yet known.'], ['Ageing was associated with lower endothelial cell activation and dysfunction, and similar inflammation and coagulation activation, despite higher disease severity scores.'], ['Several risk factors are related to CVC in patients with ESKD including traditional ones as well as inflammation, bone mineral disease and malnutrition.'], ['We selected 35 blood/serum pathological parameters, including bone, inflammation, nutritional, and aging markers for the study.'], ['BACKGROUND: Sulfur mustard (SM) is a toxic gas that causes chronic inflammation and oxidative stress leading to cell senescence.'], ['The underlying mechanism in both cognitive impairment and depression was chronic inflammation, which could be reflected by the dietary inflammatory index (DII).', 'Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that cognitive impairment could mediate the association between dietary inflammation and depressive symptoms.'], ['Excessive and repeated exposure to ultraviolet radiation, especially UVA induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, and collagen and elastin degeneration, ultimately leads to skin photoaging, manifested by skin redness, coarse wrinkles, and pigmentation even skin cancer.', 'By miRNA-seq and GEO data analysis, we found that miRNAs in 3D-sEVs were enriched in cell activities related to apoptosis, cellular senescence, and inflammation.'], ['High expression of SIRTs in the human body can regulate metabolic processes; they prevent inflammation but also resist cell death and aging processes.'], ['This evidence presents a challenge for biomedical research on aging and also identifies some key players in inflammation, including mast cells and platelets, which could represent important markers and, at the same time, unconventional therapeutic targets.'], ['This study elucidated a novel role of GDHBA in protecting against skin inflammation and damage through external stimuli, such as UV radiation.'], ['Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with skeletal muscle function decline with ageing or disease or inadequate exercise and/or poor diet.'], ['Sleep and exercise have an important role in the development of several inflammation-related diseases, including sarcopenia.'], ['In the field of reproduction, the important functional role of inflammation-induced ovarian deterioration and therapeutic strategies to prevent ovarian aging and increase its function are current research hotspots.'], ['Numerous internal and external factors have direct impact on inducing various skin problems like inflammation, aging, cancer, oxidative stress, hyperpigmentation etc.'], ['Studies have shown that inflammation and cerebral desaturation are the potential pathogenesis of postoperative delirium.', "Prone-position surgery increases peak airway pressure and decreases lung compliance, exacerbating ventilator-induced inflammation response, as well as the decrease of the patient's cerebral oxygen saturation."], ['Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are non-enzymatic crosslinks and adducts that accumulate in collagen with age, altering tissue mechanics and cell function, ultimately leading to increased injury and inflammation.'], ['There has been an increasing recognition that overnutrition in obesity causes adipose tissue expansion and local and systemic inflammation, which consequently exacerbates cardiac remodeling and leads to the development of obese heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.', 'Growing evidence indicates that the innate immune response pathway from the NLRP3 inflammasome, to interleukin-1 to interleukin-6, is involved in the generation of obesity-related systemic inflammation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.', 'This review established the existence of obese heart failure with preserved ejection fraction based on structural and functional changes, elaborated the inflammation mechanisms of obese heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, proposed that NLRP3 inflammasome activation may play an important role in adiposity-induced inflammation, and summarized the potential therapeutic approaches.'], ['mtDNA-induced inflammation promotes autoimmune- and aging-related degenerative disorders.', 'However, the global picture of inflammation-inducing mitochondrial damages remains obscure.', 'Taken together, beyond revealing the central role of cristae architecture to prevent mtDNA release and inflammation, our results mechanistically link mitochondrial cristae disorganization and inflammation, two emerging hallmarks of aging and aging-related degenerative diseases.'], ['OBJECTIVES: In humans, renal aging is associated with an increased frequency of glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation and tubular atrophy.', 'Glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and the presence or absence of lipid in the interstitium and tubules were scored by a pathologist masked to clinical data.', 'Geriatric cats had significantly more inflammation than senior cats (P = 0.02), mature cats (P = 0.01) and young cats (P <0.0001).', 'Senior cats had significantly more inflammation than young cats (P = 0.004).'], ['BACKGROUND: Inflammation has been proposed to initiate the development of cachexia and is a driver of skeletal muscle loss.', 'It raised the question of whether inflammation may also predict the age-related decline in muscle-related measures.', 'hsCRP was measured at baseline as a marker of inflammation.'], ['Moreover, SRT effectively inhibits infection of SARS-CoV-2 PsV and alleviates the inflammation process and lung pathological alterations in transduced mice in vivo.'], ['Some cellular defects due to increased oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, autophagy defects, mitochondrial dysfunction, and imbalances in the composition probiotics in favor of harmful bacteria over beneficial bacteria are common to both aging and AD, while others such as telomere attrition, loss of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid, failure of DNA repair system, and impaired immune function are unique to aging; and some such as increased production of beta-amyloids, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and abnormal behaviors are unique to AD.'], ['Following preregistered analyses of data from 1,183 participants, ages 8 to 19 years, from the Texas Twin Project, we found that children growing up in more socioeconomically disadvantaged families and neighborhoods and children from marginalized racial/ethnic groups exhibit DNA methylation profiles that, in previous studies of adults, were indicative of higher chronic inflammation, lower cognitive functioning, and a faster pace of biological aging.'], ['Vascular aging is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation occurring in late life, known as "inflammaging" and the hallmark "mitochondrial dysfunction" due to age-related stress.', 'Unlike inflammation biomarkers, higher GDF-15 levels were associated with greater SBPV.'], ['Long-term HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation through potentially direct mechanisms caused by viral replication or exposure to viral proteins and indirect mechanisms resulting from increased translocation of microbial products from the intestine or exposure to antiretroviral therapy.', 'Chronic inflammation (as marked by IL [interleukin]-6 and CRP [C-reactive protein]) in PLWH promotes endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis.', 'Several small clinical trials analyzed the effect of different antithrombotic agents on platelet activation, coagulation, inflammation, and immune cell activation.', 'More studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms driving inflammation in PLWH to create better therapies for lowering chronic inflammation in PLWH.'], ['This may be due to enhanced inflammation in mutated innate immune cells, which could be targeted clinically with anti-inflammatory drugs.'], ['In addition, both osteoporosis and atherosclerosis, which underlies most cardiovascular disease, are both characterized by low grade chronic inflammation.'], ['Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is common among older people and associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, inflammation, and shorter overall survival.', 'Age and inflammation are major risk factors for ischemic stroke, yet the association of CH with risk of secondary vascular events and death is unknown.', 'The CH mutation profile is accompanied by a pro-inflammatory profile opening new avenues for preventive precision medicine approaches to resolve the self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation and clonal expansion.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Arterial thrombosis may be initiated by endothelial inflammation or denudation, activation of blood-borne elements or the coagulation system.'], ['The apparent evolution to a progressive course reflects a partial shift from predominantly localised acute injury to widespread inflammation and neurodegeneration, coupled with failure of compensatory mechanisms, such as neuroplasticity and remyelination.'], ['Levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, inflammation markers, leptin and fibroblast growth factor 21 were measured as potential determinants of the relationship between adiponectin and body composition.'], ['We determined whether gut microbiota-produced trimethylamine (TMA) is oxidized into trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in non-liver tissues, whether TMAO promotes inflammation via trained immunity (TI) and made the following findings: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes were co-upregulated with mitoCarta genes in chronic kidney diseases (CKD); TMAO upregulated 190 genes in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs); TMAO synthesis enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) was expressed in human and mouse aortas,;4) TMAO trans-differentiated HAECs into innate immune cells; TMAO phosphorylated 12 kinases in cytosol via its receptor PERK and CREB, and integrated with PERK pathways; and PERK inhibitors suppressed TMAO-induced ICAM-1; TMAO upregulated 3 mitochondrial genes and downregulated inflammation inhibitor DARS2, induced mitoROS; and mitoTEMPO inhibited TMAO-induced ICAM-1; and -glucan priming followed by TMAO re-stimulation upregulated TNF-alpha by inducing metabolic reprogramming; and glycolysis inhibitor suppressed TMAO-induced ICAM-1.', 'Our results have provided novel insights over TMAO roles in inducing EC activation and innate immune trans-differentiation, inducing metabolic reprogramming and TI for enhanced vascular inflammation and new therapeutic targets for treating cardiovascular diseases (CVD), CKD-promoted CVD, inflammations, transplantation, aging, and cancers.'], ["The following recommendations were created based on application of patient's and provider's surveys, and various workshops held over a period of 2 years: (1) PwMS should receive basic information on understanding of brain functional anatomy, and explanation of inflammation and neurodegeneration; (2) the expertise for atrophy measurements should be characterized as evolving; (3) quality patient education materials on these topics should be provided; (4) the need for standardization of MRI exams has to be explained and communicated; (5) providers should discuss background on volumetric changes, including references to normal aging; (6) the limitations of brain volume assessments at an individual-level should be explained; (7) the timing and language used to convey this information should be individualized based on the patient's background and disease status; (8) a discussion guide may be a very helpful resource for use by providers/staff to support these discussions; (9) understanding the role of brain atrophy and other MRI metrics may elicit greater patient satisfaction and acceptance of the value of therapies that have proven efficacy around these outcomes; (10) the areas that represent possibilities for positive self-management of MS symptoms that foster hope for improvement should be emphasized, and in particular regarding use of physical and mental exercise that build or maintain brain reserve through increased network efficiency, and (11) an additional time during clinical visits should be allotted to discuss these topics, including creation of specific educational programs."], ['In late pregnancy, the placenta develops signs of aging, including inflammation and impaired function, which may complicate pregnancy.'], ['However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of plasmalogens in inflammation have remained largely elusive.', 'The aim of this Short Review is to highlight the emerging roles and implications of plasmalogens in chronic inflammatory disorders, along with the promising outcomes of plasmalogen replacement therapy for the treatment of various PAF-related chronic inflammatory pathologies.'], ['Recent evidence showed that these phospholipids enhanced memory and reduced neuro-inflammation in the murine brain.'], ["STUDY QUESTION: Which biological mechanisms are responsible for physiological ovarian reserve decline owing to aging, or pathological follicle depletion triggered by inflammation or a pro-oxidant environment throughout a woman's lifetime?"], ['We tested if eliminating p38 will reduce oxidative stress (OS) induced cell fates like cellular senescence, EMT, and inflammation induced by these processes in CTCs.', 'Cell cycle, senescence, EMT, and inflammation were analyzed.', 'CONCLUSION: Senescence and senescence-associated inflammation in human fetal CTCs are mediated by p38MAPK.'], ['Exposure to blue light for 6 hours for 5 consecutive days (total intensity of 30 J/cm2 ) increased the expression of genes that regulate inflammation and oxidative stress pathways and decreased the expression of genes that maintain skin barrier and tissue integrity.', 'Exposure to blue light significantly increased protein biomarkers associated with aging, inflammation and tissue damage.'], ['Despite this, central and peripheral metabolic dysfunction, such as abnormal brain signaling, insulin resistance, inflammation, and impaired glucose utilization, have been indicated to be correlated with AD.'], ['Insufficient dietary iron, reduced iron absorption due to increases in hepcidin secondary to the low-grade inflammation associated with atherosclerosis and congestion or reduced gastric acidity, and increased blood loss due to anti-thrombotic therapy or gastro-intestinal or renal disease may all cause ID.'], ['Dietary interventions known to reduce inflammation and improve metabolic health are potentiated by prior fasting.', 'There is substantial evidence for the efficacy of fasting in improving insulin signaling and blood glucose control, and in reducing inflammation, conditions for which, additionally, the gut microbiota has been identified as a site of both risk and protective factors.'], ['Socioeconomic determinants are well-established modulators of inflammation and neuroendocrine activity.', 'Lower socioeconomic status was associated with heighted inflammation and lower neuroendocrine activity unadjusted both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.', 'Lifestyle accounted for the greatest variance in associations between socioeconomic indicators and inflammation (<=42.11%), but demographics were more salient to neuroendocrine activity (<=88.46%).'], ['This work enhances interest in SGDGs regarding their roles in aging and inflammatory diseases and highlights the complexity of the brain lipidome and potential biological functions in aging.'], ['Additionally, other aspects of aging can be affected by senolytics, such as limiting age-related mitochondrial dysfunction, lowering inflammation and fibrosis, blunting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, decreasing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, and reinforcing insulin sensitivity.'], ['This study suggested that the promotion of normal-flora and probiotics through dietary supplementation and excessive inflammation reduction by preventing secondary infections might lead to a better outcome for those co-morbid patients.'], ['Skin is the largest organ in the body and the first defense to resist various diseases and external stimuli that easily cause infection and inflammation.', 'Aseptic inflammation, barrier damage, and foreign aid pressure induce the destruction and damage to the skin microenvironment.'], ['Mechanistically, HFD-OVX treatment led to upregulation of genes markers of senescence, bone resorption, adipogenesis, inflammation, downregulation of gene markers of bone formation and bone development.'], ["We examine novel biomarkers potentially associated with delirium, including inflammation, Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and neurodegeneration, neuroimaging markers, and neurophysiologic markers."], ['New therapeutic methods for OA treatment have been developed based on many research findings that show nutraceuticals have strong anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-bone resorption, and anabolic properties.'], ['Impaired DDR is studied as a signature mechanism for cancer; however, it also plays a role in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), inflammation, cardiovascular function, and aging, demonstrating a complex and intriguing relationship between cancer and pathophysiology of CVDs.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Aging is often associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and a senescent immune system.'], ['The present study provides new evidence that subjective aging is prospectively associated with inflammation, including systemic inflammation and pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines.'], ['The aim of this study is to determine whether inflammatory proteins are dysregulated and can serve as potential biomarkers for systemic inflammation in COVID-19 survivors.', 'RESULTS: Compared to HS, we found that COVID-19 survivors still exhibited systemic inflammation, as evidenced by significant changes in the levels of multiple inflammatory proteins in plasma from both COV-LH and COV-AS.'], ['PURPOSE: To determine whether blood-based biomarkers of inflammation, metabolic dysregulation and neurotoxins are associated with risk of cognitive decline and impairment.', 'METHODS: Baseline blood samples from the longitudinal Beaver Dam Offspring Study (2005-2008) were assayed for markers of inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and environmental neurotoxins.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Biomarkers related to inflammation and metabolic dysregulation were associated with an increased risk of developing cognitive decline and impairment.'], ['These senescent cells and their downstream effects appear to perpetuate inflammation and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation indicate worse endothelial function in the aging haemophilia population.', 'AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the underlying molecular pathways of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in haemophilia patients.'], ['Inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are among the most promising mechanisms through which malnutrition may cause fatigue.'], ['We aimed to analyse the prognostic capability of 33 proteins related to, among other pathways, inflammation, coagulation, and Wnt signalling in LHF-PH.'], ['METHODS: Two cohorts of HC were compared to a cohort of pwMS without clinical or radiological signs of acute inflammation.', 'Lack of inflammation was defined as the absence of relapses or gadolinium-enhancing lesions (GEL) brain in an MRI performed within three months before and after s-NFL determination.'], ['Disturbance of these microRNAs is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, inflammation, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) pathogenic process, synaptic loss, and cognitive deficits induced by AD.'], ['Preclinical research has shown that FGF21 is involved in the pathophysiology of HF through the prevention of oxidative stress, cardiac hypertrophy, and inflammation in cardiomyocytes.'], ['Obesity and sedentarism can exacerbate, or at least facilitate, anabolic resistance, mediated in part by insulin resistance and systemic inflammation.'], ['Inflammation may be a key driver of the development and progression of HFpEF and many of its associated comorbidities.', 'There is growing interest in novel therapies specifically designed to target deregulated inflammation in many therapeutic areas, including cardiovascular disease.', 'In this manuscript, we review the role of inflammation in HFpEF and the possible implications for future trials.'], ['With rising technological advancements, several factors influence the lifestyle of people and stimulate chronic inflammation that severely affects the human body.', 'Chronic inflammation leads to a broad range of physical and pathophysiological distress.', 'For many years non-steroidal drugs and corticosteroids were most frequently used in treating inflammation and related ailments.', 'For over 2000 years, these plants have been used in Asian medicinal system for curing inflammation-associated disorders.', 'Therefore, in the present article, we scientifically reviewed the molecular targets, biological activities, beneficial and contradicting effects of RSV as evinced by clinical studies for the prevention and treatment of inflammation-mediated chronic disorders.'], ['Participants were studied before, after 2-weeks, and after 16-weeks of supplementation to assess GSH concentrations, OxS, MFO, molecular regulators of energy metabolism, inflammation, endothelial function, IR, aging hallmarks, gait speed, muscle strength, 6-minute walk test, body composition, and blood pressure.', 'RESULTS: Compared to YA, OA had GSH deficiency, OxS, mitochondrial dysfunction (with defective molecular regulation), inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, IR, multiple aging hallmarks, impaired physical function, increased waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure.'], ['Altered CpG sets were enriched for insulin-production, glucose-tolerance, inflammation, and DNA-binding and -regulation pathways, several of which are known to be modified by CR.'], ['We found that several risk factors such as nutritional status, physical inactivity, inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine system dysfunction, insulin resistance, history of chronic disease, mental health, and genetic factors are linked or associated with sarcopenia.'], ['These include microbiome-altering medications as well as probiotic microorganisms capable of modulating the inflammation in the brain through the gut-brain axis.'], ['Limited evidence exists on the link between inflammation and epigenetic ageing.', 'We aimed to 1) assess the cross-sectional and prospective associations of 22 inflammation-related plasma markers and a signature of inflammaging with epigenetic ageing; 2) determine whether epigenetic ageing and inflammaging are independently associated with mortality.', 'Blood samples from 940 participants in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, collected at baseline (1990-1994) and follow-up (2003-2007) were assayed for DNA methylation and 22 inflammation-related markers, including well-established markers (e.g., interleukins and C-reactive protein) and metabolites of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.', 'Cross-sectionally, most inflammation-related markers were associated with epigenetic ageing measures, although with generally modest effect sizes (regression coefficients per SD<=0.26) and explaining altogether between 1% and 11% of their variation.', 'Prospectively, baseline inflammation-related markers were not, or only weakly, associated with epigenetic ageing after 11 years of follow-up.', 'Although cross-sectionally associated with epigenetic ageing, inflammation-related markers accounted for a modest proportion of its variation.'], ['Overall, MyMD-1 emerges as a new compound that, even when begun at an advanced age, induces beneficial effects on health and lifespan by modulating inflammation and tissue remodeling.'], ['This condition may promote chronic low-grade inflammation, which can be further aggravated by antioxidant nutrient deficiency.', 'Low plasma carotenoids are associated with an increased risk of inflammation and cellular damage and predict mortality.'], ['Brain deterioration with age is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress that result in structural and functional changes.'], ['Our results demonstrate that hypothalamic structure and function are affected by body mass, focused on neural density and dispersion, but not inflammation.'], ['We discuss this literature through the lens of psychological stress and inflammation, two well-established risk factors for psychiatric illness that are also known to predispose to reactivation of HCMV.'], ['Inflammation (C-reactive protein, glycoprotein acetylation), amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine), and ketogenesis (3-hydroxybutyrate) were included in the cf-DNA level-related biomarker profiles in at least two of the cohorts.In conclusion, circulating cf-DNA level is different by sex, and related to health behaviour, health decline and metabolic processes common in health and disease.'], ['Obesity is heterogeneous in its phenotype, and it is the accumulation of excess adipose tissue viscerally associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, inflammation, hypothalamic leptin resistance and gliosis that underpins the functional hypogonadism of obesity.'], ['BACKGROUND: Dietary inflammation is associated with increased risk of frailty.', 'Those with depressive symptoms may be at higher risk of frailty onset since they typically have higher levels of inflammation.'], ["PURPOSE: Despite the established causal links to skin cancer, skin ageing and eye inflammation, people continue to use indoor tanning devices (hereafter 'sunbeds')."], ["It can be stated that AMPK is inhibited in many pathological conditions such as inflammation, diabetes, aging and cancer, and AMPK activation has positive effects in many diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, cancer and Alzheimer's."], ['Aging is characterized by declines in physiological function that increase risk of age-associated diseases and limit healthspan, mediated in part by chronic low-grade inflammation.', 'Interleukin (IL)-37 suppresses inflammation in pathophysiological states but has not been studied in the context of aging in otherwise healthy humans.'], ['Data for all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, baseline nutrition markers, inflammation and oxidative stress, adipokines, body composition parameters, handgrip strength and quality-of-life (QoL) scores were measured.'], ['Our data reveal a discernible transition between normal skin and the skin surrounding BP lesions, which is characterized by a loss of protective microbiota and an increase in sequences matching Staphylococcus aureus, a known inflammation-promoting species.'], ['Both leptin and LAR were positively associated with insulin resistance and inflammation markers in all participants.'], ['CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the higher pro-inflammatory potential of diet is associated with a higher risk of OA, and low PA is an important part of the mediating factor in the relationship between systemic low-grade dietary inflammation and the risk of OA.'], ['We highlight the role of innate immune system activation and cross-talk between inflammation and oxidative stress as pathogenic mechanisms underlying anti-cancer therapy-induced vascular toxicity.'], ['Many senescent cells (SnCs) develop a senescent-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) comprising of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, bioactive lipids, inhibitory molecules, extracellular vesicles, metabolites, lipids and other factors, able to promote chronic inflammation and tissue dysfunction.'], ['It leads to different changes in the signaling pathway including cytokines, elevated transmitters of inflammation, higher levels of free fatty acids (FFA), and adipokines, resulting in vasoconstriction, insulin resistance, impaired glucose uptake and high insulin secretion.'], ['OBJECTIVE: The objective of this pilot study was to compare the effects of the meditation intervention to a music listening intervention on biomarkers of inflammation and cellular aging (secondary outcomes) in breast cancer survivors.'], ['BACKGROUND: Frailty is associated with chronic inflammation, which may be modified by aspirin.'], ['RESULTS: In non-matched model, serum albumin concentration was significantly associated with osteoporosis-related factors such as aging, inflammation, physical disability, and glucocorticoid dose.'], ['Further research is needed to confirm the role of inflammation and diet in the development of metabolic syndrome; however, it is desirable to reduce the dietary components associated with inflammation.'], ["METHODS: Metrics of cardiometabolic risk, stress, inflammation, neurotrophic/growth factors, AD, and cognition were assessed in 154 MCI participants (Mean age = 74.1 years) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative."], ['Tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) are inducible ectopic lymphoid tissues that develop at sites of chronic inflammation in non-lymphoid organs.', 'Furthermore, the potential of TLTs as a novel kidney injury/inflammation marker as well as a novel therapeutic target for kidney diseases are also suggested.', 'In this review article, we describe the current understanding of TLTs with a focus on age-dependent TLTs in the kidney and discuss their potential as a novel therapeutic target and kidney inflammation marker.'], ['Food phytochemicals derived from agroindustry wastes, including peanut skins, and the bagasses derived from citrus and grapes are promising antiglycant agents via scavenging of free radicals, metal ions, the suppression of metabolic pathways that induces inflammation, the activation of pathways that promote antioxidant defense, the blocking of AGE connection with the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE).'], ['Cellular senescence induces inflammation and is now considered one of the causes of organismal aging.'], ['In addition to established risk factors, this group of patients is subjected to a plethora of other emerging vascular risk factors, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, vitamin K deficiency, cellular senescence, somatic mutations, epigenetic modifications, and increased apoptosis.'], ['This study aimed to understand if CMV reactivation in older COVID-19 patients is associated with increased inflammation and in-hospital mortality.'], ['BBB biomarkers correlated with the baseline lipid profile and with glucose, vitamin D, and inflammation markers after KT.'], ['In this review, we discuss corticosteroid insensitivity in asthma with an emphasis on mechanisms that contribute to persistent inflammation and diminished lung function in older individuals.'], ['Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a state of chronic inflammation that is related to an increased risk of cardiovascular events and death.'], ['Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone methyltransferase that is implicated in inflammation, immune regulation, and senescence.'], ['METHODS: The search strategy was performed in PubMed and Embase, using the keywords "immunosenescence", "inflammation", "inflammaging" and "frailty".'], ["Senescence of the immune system is characterized by a state of chronic, subclinical, low-grade inflammation termed 'inflammaging', with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, both at the tissue and systemic levels.", 'Age-related inflammation can be mainly driven by self-molecules with immunostimulant properties, named Damage/death Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), released by dead, dying, injured cells or aged cells.'], ['Since prebiotic dietary components such as inulin have been shown to impart positive benefits with regards to aging, this study used C57Bl6 mice to investigate whether 8 weeks on a 2.5 % inulin enhanced AIN-93M 1 % cellulose diet could offset age-associated changes in gut microbiome composition and markers of colon health and systemic inflammation in comparison to a AIN 93M 1 % cellulose diet with 0 % inulin.', 'Our results demonstrated that, in both age groups, dietary inulin significantly increased production of butyrate in the cecum and induced changes in the community structure of the gut microbiome but did not significantly affect systemic inflammation or other markers of gastrointestinal health.', 'However, significant benefits in age-associated changes in systemic inflammation or intestinal outcomes were not detected.'], ['BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and genetic liability are important risk factors for depression and inflammation.', 'For the first time, we tested the independent and interactive associations of ACEs and polygenic scores of major depressive disorder (MDD-PGS) and C-reactive protein (CRP-PGS) with longitudinal trajectories of depression and chronic inflammation in older adults.', 'RESULTS: All types of ACEs were independently associated with high depressive-symptom trajectories (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.30-1.60) and inflammation (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.07-1.09).', 'The risk of high depressive-symptom trajectories (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.28-1.70) and inflammation (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.04) was also higher for participants with higher MDD-PGS.', 'ACEs were also more strongly related to inflammation in participants with higher CRP-PGS (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03).', 'CONCLUSIONS: ACEs and polygenic susceptibility were independently and interactively associated with elevated depressive symptoms and chronic inflammation, highlighting the clinical importance of assessing both ACEs and genetic risk factors to design more targeted interventions.'], ['Metabolomics showed that hUCMSC-exos decreased the contents of saturated glycerophospholipids, palmitoyl-glycerols and eicosanoid derivatives associated with lipotoxicity and inflammation, consistent with the decreased phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, such as propionate-CoA ligase (Acss2), at S267 detected by phosphoproteomics.'], ['Considering that people living with HIV/aids (PLWHA) on effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) present early aging due to an intense immune activation, inflammation, and redox imbalance, propolis consumption could offer a benefit to such patients.'], ['More than 50 systemic inflammatory disorders and comorbidities are associated with periodontitis, many of which overlap with immunotherapy-associated toxicities.'], ['Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and increased glycation can accelerate the aging process.'], ['Conclusions: Inflammation mediated the association between the overall burden of comorbidity and Ct values among elderly with COVID-19, which suggests that combined immunomodulatory therapies could reduce the Ct values for such patients with a high burden of comorbidity.'], ['Functionally, miRNAs play important roles in diverse biological processes and diseases (cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, stress responses, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, aging, neurological diseases, and HIV/SIV pathogenesis).'], ['Therefore, our main objective is to evaluate the effect of including 50 g of raisins in the diet daily for 6 months, on the improvement of cognitive performance, cardiovascular risk factors and markers of inflammation in a population of older adults without cognitive impairment.', 'It will also be analyzed the level of physical activity, quality of life, activities of daily living, energy and nutritional composition of the diet, body composition, blood pressure, heart rate, markers of inflammation and other laboratory tests of clinical relevance (glycaemia, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides).'], ['Ageing is associated with increased oxidative stress, chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, which reduces cerebrovascular function leading to cognitive decline.', 'Capsaicin-induced TRPV1 activation reduces adiposity, chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, as well as improves endothelial function, all of which are associated with cerebrovascular function and cognition.'], ['The effects of silencing ADIPOQ (Adiponectin) were evaluated by quantifying cell proliferation, immunohistochemical staining for cellular senescence and inflammation-associated proteins, SA-beta-gal assays, RT-PCR, and western blot.', 'Histological findings demonstrated the presence of more lipocytes, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration in old SG.', 'Silencing of ADIPOQ (a lipogenesis-related gene) reduced inflammation and SA-beta-gal levels and increased cell proliferation and the expressions of amylase and aquaporin 5 in human SG epithelial cells.'], ['Trace elements such as zinc, selenium, and copper are known to modulate inflammation and immunity.'], ['In general, CA is associated with low-grade inflammation, a condition linked to the risk of the incidence of disease and overall cause-specific mortality, and is modulated by diet.', 'To address the hypothesis that diet-related inflammation is associated with Deltaage, a cross-sectional analysis of data from a sub-cohort from the Moli-sani Study (2005-2010, Italy) was performed.', 'The inflammatory potential of the diet was measured using the Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DIITM) and a novel literature-based dietary inflammation score (DIS).', 'In conclusion, a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with accelerated biological aging, which likely leads to an increased long-term risk of inflammation-related diseases and mortality.'], ['The aging process alters the microbiota composition, which is associated with inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased tissue function, and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases.'], ['Eventually, a gut microbiota interrupted by dysbiosis might initiate several health issues, such as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, the induction of cancer, and the progression of a variety of diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.', 'Metabolites secreted by the ingested probiotics help to relieve gastrointestinal tract inflammation and can avoid the induction of cancer.'], ['Indeed, these stressors could increase low-grade inflammation and promote oxidative stress associated with accelerated telomere shortening.', 'Both low-grade inflammation and shorter telomeres have been associated with a cognitive decline.', 'This study suggests that some work-related psychosocial factors could be associated with shorter telomeres and low-grade inflammation, but these associations do not explain the relationship between work-related psychosocial factors and global cognitive function.'], ['Studies have also uncovered novel functions for telomere-related genes beyond the immediate regulation of telomere length, such as transcriptional regulation and inflammation.'], ['Some traditional medicines are believed to contain bioactive small molecules that induce the healing of chronic wounds by reducing excessive inflammation, thereby allowing re-epithelisation to occur.'], ['Cystic fibrosis is a monogenic disease with a multisystemic phenotype, ranging from predisposition to chronic lung infection and inflammation to reduced bone mass.'], ['LPS is also called endotoxin and is well known to induce inflammation when administered systemically.'], ['Estrogenic PFASs may influence biological aging by mimicking the activity of endogenous estrogens, which can decrease inflammation and oxidative stress and enhance telomerase activity.'], ['Inflammation is a culprit in many conditions affecting millions of people worldwide.', 'A plethora of studies has revealed that inflammation and inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines are associated with altered expression and activity of various proteins such as those involved in drug metabolism, specifically cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs).', 'Emphasis of most available reports is on the inflammation-induced downregulation of CYPs, subsequently an increase in their substrate concentrations, and the link between the condition and the inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha.', 'However, reports also suggest that inflammation influences expression and/or activity of other proteins such as those involved in the drug-receptor interaction.', 'These multifaced involvements render the clinical consequence of the inflammation unexpected.'], ['In this overview, we focus on cellular senescence as a major factor of biological aging, associated with organ dysfunction and increased inflammation (inflammaging).'], ['Although MetS and chronic inflammation could accelerate the aging process and increase the risk of mortality, the association of the retinal age gap with MetS and inflammation has not been examined yet.', 'Inflammation index was defined as a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level above 3.0 mg/L.', 'Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of retinal age gaps with MetS and inflammation.', 'RESULTS: We found that retinal age gap was significantly associated with MetS and inflammation.', 'Similar trends were identified for the risk of inflammation and combined MetS and inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: We found that retinal age gaps were significantly associated with MetS as well as inflammation.'], ['Advances over the past decade have linked cellular senescence and function with their metabolic reprogramming pathway in cardiac aging, including autophagy, oxidative stress, epigenetic modifications, chronic inflammation, and myocyte systolic phenotype regulation.', 'In addition, metabolic status is involved in crucial aspects of myocardial biology, from fibrosis to hypertrophy and chronic inflammation.'], ['The associations of ferritin with unfavorable anthropometric traits and low HDL cholesterol were rendered statistically non-significant upon additional adjustment for chronic systemic inflammation (CRP) suggesting that these associations were largely driven by the pro-inflammatory role of ferritin (an acute-phase reactant).'], ['By reducing the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote abnormal hair follicle cycling and morphology, follicle inflammation and oxidative stress are reduced, minimising the effects of these health issues.'], ['Accumulating evidence shows that age-related dysfunction in the colon leads to disorders in multiple organs and systemic inflammation.'], ['Moreover, the two sexes differ in inflammation parameters, particularly in response to infection and disease.', 'In addition, we summarize sex differences in inflammation which may underly the aforementioned conditions because pro-inflammatory cytokines deeply affect muscle homeostasis.', 'Thus, the understanding of sex-dependent responses to different forms of muscle atrophy and inflammation is of pivotal importance to design innovative, tailored, and efficient interventions.'], ['The pathophysiology of heart failure comprises several mechanisms, such as activation of neurohormonal systems, oxidative stress, dysfunctional calcium handling, impaired energy utilization, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation, which are also implicated in the development of endothelial dysfunction.', 'On the other hand, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is common in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension, which trigger the creation of a micro-environment of chronic, ongoing inflammation.'], ['Some of the principal characteristics are chronic and low-grade inflammation, a general increase in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory markers.', 'A small group of individual flavonoid molecules (e.g., quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and myricetin) has been used to explore the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro studies and in animal models of focal ischemic stroke and AD and PD, and the results show that these molecules reduce the activated neuroglia and several proinflammatory cytokines, and also, inactivate inflammation and inflammasome-related transcription factors.'], ['The reasons for drug abuse are common in the geriatric population: musculoskeletal disorders, colds, inflammation and pain of various origins.'], ['Chronic, low-grade inflammation in the elderly, usually known as inflammaging, accelerates the development of age-related diseases, including cancer, obesity, sarcopenia, and cardio-metabolic diseases.', 'Two of the most studied interventions against inflammation are diet supplementation and the regular practice of exercise.', 'The interventions had a range of duration between 4 and 24 weeks, and the effects on inflammation markers in most of the studies showed a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and non- or slightly significant change in anti-inflammatory cytokines.', 'However, these results suggest that exercise and supplement interventions can contribute to diminishing the inflammation process in the elderly.', 'We can also conclude that further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the possible synergistic effects of exercise and food supplementation against inflammation in the elderly due to the limited studies that currently exist.'], ['These results suggest that chronic periodontitis is mediated by senescent PDL cells that exacerbate inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues through production of SASP proteins.'], ['Young mutant fish without CM appear healthy and are able to complete their life cycle normally, but with increasing age they develop gut inflammation, resulting in gut atrophy.'], ['Inflammation is believed to play a role in the progression of numerous human diseases.', 'Research has shown that inflammation and telomeres are involved in a feedback regulatory loop: inflammation increases the rate of telomere attrition, leading to telomere dysfunction, while telomere components also participate in regulating the inflammatory response.', 'This review presents the latest findings on this topic, with a particular focus on the detailed regulation and molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of aging, various chronic inflammatory diseases, cancers, and different stressors.', 'Understanding the latest discoveries of this feedback regulatory loop can help identify novel potential drug targets for the suppression of various inflammation-associated diseases.'], ['Transcriptome analysis revealed a restoration of the pro-aging gene reprogramming towards inflammation and metabolic disorders in the liver after FABP4 knockdown.'], ['Poly ADP-ribosylation levels, protein expression of DNA damage markers, and inflammation increased significantly in the olfactory bulb of older mice.'], ['Numerous pieces of evidence demonstrate that oxidative stress impairs biological functions, speeds up aging, and has a role in a variety of human diseases, including systemic and oral inflammatory disorders, and even cancer.'], ['In sum, we showed that the aging-related transcriptional activation of Jun and Fos family members in AP-1 complex is conserved across immune tissues and long- and short-living mouse strains, possibly contributing to increased inflammation with age.'], ['The risk of sarcopenia is high (with a prevalence of >=25%) in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and this rheumatoid sarcopenia is associated with increased likelihood of falls, fractures and physical disability, in addition to the burden of joint inflammation and damage.', 'Chronic inflammation mediated by cytokines such as TNF, IL-6 and IFNgamma contributes to aberrant muscle homeostasis (for instance, by exacerbating muscle protein breakdown), and results from transcriptomic studies have identified dysfunction of muscle stem cells and metabolism in RA.'], ['In contrast, in at-risk groups, there was an increase in Prevotella, with a high proportion of MSM, which could potentially lead to higher systemic inflammation and increased cardiometabolic risk profile.'], ['Recent studies clearly showed that exposure to particulate matter directly caused adverse effects on the respiratory system via various mechanisms including the accumulation of free radical peroxidation, the imbalance of intercellular calcium regulation, and inflammation, resulting in respiratory diseases.'], ['The alleviating effects of Arctii Fructus on chronic inflammation and ageing have been demonstrated by clinical studies.'], ['-Seventeen-month-old Mlkl-/- female mice were also protected against age-related chronic sterile inflammation in connective tissue and skeletal muscle relative to wild-type littermate controls, exhibiting a reduced number of immune cell infiltrates in these sites and fewer regenerating myocytes.', 'These observations implicate MLKL in age-related sterile inflammation, suggesting a possible application for long-term anti-necroptotic therapy in humans.'], ['The pathophysiology of the disease is multifactorial and can be attributed to genetics, aging, inflammation, environmental factors, and lifestyle factors including smoking, diet, obesity, and alcohol consumption.'], ['Exercise and dietary restriction rescue mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Fibrinogen plays an essential role in blood coagulation and inflammation.', 'We compared models with and without C-reactive protein (CRP) adjustment to examine the role of inflammation.'], ['The nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multi-protein complex that combines sensing, regulation, and effector functions to regulate inflammation in health and disease.', 'NLRP3 is activated by a diverse range of inflammation-instigating signals known as pathogen associated molecular patterns and danger associated molecular patterns.', 'Upon activation, NLRP3 oligomerizes and recruits partner proteins to form a supramolecular platform to process the maturation and release of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-18, and gasdermin D, major mediators of inflammation and inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis.', 'The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of disease conditions, including chronic inflammatory disease that are associated with lifestyle and dietary changes, aging, and environmental exposures and have become the leading cause of death worldwide.', 'Significance Statement The NLRP3 inflammasome plays central role in innate immune sensing and control of inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: How inflammation relates to intrinsic capacity (IC), the composite of physical and mental capacities, remains undefined.', 'Our study aimed to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between plasma inflammation-related biomarkers and IC in older adults.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation was associated with lower IC in older adults.'], ['Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is strongly associated with obesity-induced insulin resistance.', 'Although sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) is known to control genomic stabilization, aging, and cellular metabolism, it is now understood to also play a pivotal role in the regulation of AT inflammation.', "In this review, we summarize the potential mechanism of AT inflammation caused by impaired action of Sirt6 from the immune cells' point of view.", 'We first describe the properties and functions of immune cells in obese AT, with an emphasis on discrete macrophage subpopulations which are central to AT inflammation.', 'We then highlight data that links Sirt6 to functional phenotypes of AT inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: Tendinopathy, enthesopathy, labral degeneration, and pathologic conditions of the articular disc (knee meniscus and ulnocarpal) are sometimes described in terms of inflammation or damage, while the histopathologic findings are often consistent with mucoid degeneration.', 'QUESTION/PURPOSE: In this systematic review of studies of surgical specimens, we asked: Are there are any differences in the histopathologic findings of structural soft tissue conditions (mucoid degeneration, inflammation, and vascularity) by anatomic site (foot, elbow, or knee) or structure (tendon body, muscle or tendon origin or insertion [enthesis], labrum, or articular disc)?', 'Inclusion criteria were the prespecified anatomic location or structure being analyzed histologically and any findings described with respect to inflammation, vascularity, or mucoid degeneration.', "The original authors' judgment regarding the presence or absence of inflammation, greater than expected vascularity, and elements of mucoid degeneration was recorded along with the type of data used to reach that conclusion.", 'RESULTS: Regarding differences in the histopathology of surgical specimens of structural soft tissue conditions by anatomic site, there were no differences in inflammation or mucoid degeneration, and the knee meniscus was less often described as having greater than normal vascularity.', 'Overall, 20% (10 of 51) of the studies that investigated for inflammation reported it (nine inflammatory cells and one inflammatory marker).', 'CONCLUSION: Our systematic review of the histopathology of diseases of soft tissue structures (enthesopathy, tendinopathy, and labral and articular disc) identified consistent mucoid degeneration, minimal inflammation, and imprecise assessment of relative vascularity; these findings were consistent across anatomic sites and structures, supporting a reconceptualization of these diseases as related to aging (senescence or degeneration) rather than injury or activity.'], ['BACKGROUND: There is little knowledge on the association of changes over time in adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) with changes in modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and of markers of low-grade inflammation.', 'OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between long-term changes in MD adherence and concurrent changes in established CVD risk factors and in markers of low-grade inflammation among adult Italians.', 'CONCLUSIONS: An increased adherence to a traditional Mediterranean Diet over time was associated with reduced low-grade inflammation.', 'These findings suggest the potential of a traditional Mediterranean eating pattern to help reduce the long-term risk of inflammation-related chronic diseases in an ageing population.'], ['These data suggest that the OPN level can be used to evaluate the severity of inflammation in patients experiencing drug reactions.'], ['Concentrations were positively associated with female sex, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, markers of inflammation and kidney injury.'], ['HCFW extracts have significantly lowered inflammation factors such as COX-2 and Hsp70 proteins in oxidative stressed HaCaT cells induced by H2O2 and UVA treatments.', 'All H. cordata extracts significantly downregulated gene expression involved in oxidative stress and inflammation factors, including IL-1beta, IL-6, COX-2, TNF-alpha, NF-kappaB, and MMP-1 in the H2O2/UVA-treated HaCaT cells.'], ['As inflammation and oxidative stress can damage cellular structures, phase angle has potential utility in early detecting inflammatory and oxidative status.', 'Herein, we aimed to critically review the current understanding on the determinants of phase angle and its relationship with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'We also discussed the potential role of phase angle in detecting chronic inflammation and related adverse outcomes.', 'Future studies including diverse populations and bioelectrical impedance devices are required to confirm the validity and accuracy of phase angle as a marker of inflammation and oxidative stress for clinical use.'], ['In older adults with cancer sarcopenia (OACS), systemic inflammation, reduced food intake, and reduced physical activity led to a poor prognosis.', "This study was to investigate the prognostic ability of the inflammatory Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), which combines patient's inflammation, diet status, and physical activity status to predict overall survival of OACS."], ['This research may provide basic data for developing of Capsicum fruits as ingredients to improve skin damage such as inflammation and skin aging.'], ['Advanced age, hypertension, uremic toxins, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation are among the leading causes of increased CVD in advanced stages of CKD.'], ['Chronic inflammation is frequently invoked as a mechanism of neurodegeneration and yet inflammatory cell infiltrates are seldom seen in brains of these disorders.'], ['Aging is associated with systemic inflammation, sleep disturbances, cancers, cognitive decline and increased risk of injury and death from falls and other accidents.'], ['BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein produced in response to inflammation after traumatic injury.'], ['Several studies suggest that inflammation affects immune-mediated pathways, multimorbidity, and frailty by inhibiting growth factors, increasing catabolism, and by disrupting homeostatic signaling.'], ['In particular, the interaction of age and effects of alcohol on inflammation, oxidative stress, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function, and the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission are highlighted.'], ['Unfortunately, persisting viral replication in the lungs sustains chronic inflammation, which may cause pulmonary vascular dysfunction and ultimate life-threatening Pulmonary Hypertension (PH).'], ['Neutrophils are the most abundant and shortest-lived leukocytes in humans and tight regulation of neutrophil turnover via constitutive apoptosis is essential for control of infection and resolution of inflammation.'], ['Once the signs of inflammation and fever have disappeared, the clozapine dose can be slowly increased to the prior dosage level.'], ['Microbial dysbiosis, however, has been implicated in a number of human disorders, including obesity and inflammation.'], ['Patients with cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases, cystic fibrosis, or diabetes can become allergic to their first line therapy after repeated exposures or through cross reactivity with environmental allergens.'], ['Systemic inflammation has been proposed as a physiological process linking socio-economic position (SEP) to health.', 'We examined how SEP inequalities in inflammation -assessed using C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen- varied across the adult age span.', 'We found that SEP inequalities in inflammation followed heterogeneous patterns by age, which differed by the inflammatory marker examined rather than by SEP measures.', 'Body mass index (BMI), smoking, physical activity and healthy diet explained part, but not all, of the SEP inequalities in inflammation; in general, BMI exerted the largest attenuation.'], ['Recent studies have shown that prophylactic IF may mitigate tissue damage and neurological deficit following ischemic stroke by a mechanism(s) involving suppression of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death pathways in animal stroke models.'], ['Notably, the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in the liver, ovaries and kidneys of Klotho-/- mice compared with in wild type mice (P<0.01), thus indicating that aberrant Klotho expression may contribute to systemic inflammation in Klotho-/- mice.'], ['Drawing on existing data, we argue that early-life adversity amplifies crosstalk between peripheral inflammation and neural circuitries subserving threat-related, reward-related, and executive control-related processes.', 'This crosstalk results in chronic low-grade inflammation, thereby contributing to adiposity, insulin resistance, and other predisease states.', 'Acting in concert with inflammation, these behaviors accelerate the pathogenesis of emotional and physical health problems.'], ['However, this has presented physicians with new challenges relating to the care of older patients with HIV, many of whom exhibit a "frailty syndrome" associated with increased comorbidity and chronic low-grade inflammation in a process which has recently been termed "inflammaging".'], ['Furthermore, as inappropriate inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis contributes to chronic inflammatory diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, CDK9 represents a novel therapeutic target in such diseases.'], ['RESULTS: The changes in gene expression of FLG practitioners in contrast to normal healthy controls were characterized by enhanced immunity, downregulation of cellular metabolism, and alteration of apoptotic genes in favor of a rapid resolution of inflammation.'], ['PURPOSE: Patients with cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders have used shark cartilage (SC) preparations for many years.'], ['Inflammation has been identified as a major risk modifier in the pathogenesis of SCD-associated cardiopulmonary complications in recent mechanistic and observational studies.', 'We emphasize the role of inflammation in the onset and progression of these complications to better understand the underlying pathobiological processes.', 'We also discuss future basic and translational research in addressing questions about the complex role of inflammation in the development of SCD cardiopulmonary complications, which may lead to promising therapies and reduce morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.'], ['RESULTS: Results: Pathogenesis of acute appendicitis - it is a consistent, staged process that is completely subject to the laws of exudative inflammation in response to microbial aggression.'], ['The amount of senescent cellsgrows over time in older organisms and may induce tissue inflammation and threaten overall tissue homeostasis, favoring aging.', 'Inflammation biomarkers may be helpful to assess prognosis or act as surrogate endpoints for studies of strategies focused on reversal of HIV-associated accelerated aging.'], ["Increased levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF in the AD's and PD's patients can be regarded evidence of systemic inflammation associated with each of these neurodegenerative disorders."], ['However, while leptin has been associated with hypertension, vascular diseases, and inflammation in the context of obesity, it remains unknown whether its daily administration could further impair cardiovascular function in patients with lipodystrophy.'], ['The presence of increased adhesion molecule levels and low-grade inflammation is suggestive of a decreased endothelial function.'], ['Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune systemic disorder of unknown etiology and is characterized by chronic inflammation and synovial infiltration of immune cells.', 'The research on RA is greatly simplified by animal models that help us to investigate the complex system involving inflammation, immunological tolerance and autoimmunity.'], ["We aimed to test the CD64 biomarkers (neutrophil CD64 surface expression and soluble CD64) as determinates for mucosal inflammation in a larger pediatric Crohn's cohort with the hypotheses that the CD64 biomarkers would reliably detect intestinal inflammation and correlate with endoscopic severity scores.", "Conclusions: In a large Crohn's disease cohort, we found that neutrophil CD64 index and soluble CD64 were significantly elevated during active gastrointestinal inflammation."], ["Notwithstanding the causal key role of lung impairment in the patient's symptoms, some authors have suggested that other factors, such as systemic inflammation and co-morbidities, have an important role, particularly as mortality risk factors."], ['In contrast, HIF-2alpha-deficient murine inflammatory neutrophils displayed increased sensitivity to nitrosative stress induced apoptosis ex vivo and increased neutrophil apoptosis in vivo, resulting in a reduction in neutrophilic inflammation and reduced tissue injury.', 'Expression of HIF-2alpha was temporally dissociated from HIF-1alpha in vivo and predominated in the resolution phase of inflammation.', 'These data support a critical and selective role for HIF-2alpha in persistence of neutrophilic inflammation and provide a platform to dissect the therapeutic utility of targeting HIF-2alpha in chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['Overall, our data suggested that acetaminophen has considerable potential to be included in anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies, by preventing biological damage induced by an excessive production of reactive species generated in activated neutrophils and by extending the lifespan of neutrophils, favoring the elimination of pathogens, thus contributing to tissue healing and resolution of inflammation.'], ['Control of inflammation, especially in enthesitis and axial forms of PsA, was made possible due to the introduction of anti-TNF biologics.'], ['At present, there is no definitive treatment, but a brief 4-day course of high-dose corticosteroids, started within the first 24 hours of a flare-up, may help reduce the intense inflammation and tissue edema seen in the early stages of the disease.'], ['Beyond the effect on parathyroid hormone suppression, the pleiotropic effect of vitamin D has been associated with improvement of cardiovascular risk factors, including increased renin activity, hypertension, inflammation, insulin resistance, diabetes, and albuminuria.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Cigarette smoking, aromatic amines contained in dyes, chronic inflammation due to infection such as schistosomiasis, anticancer drugs, drug abuse of analgesic, and radiation are considered as well known risk factors of bladder cancer.'], ['BACKGROUND: Low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated as potential pathophysiological processes in bipolar disorder, but the underlying mechanism is unknown.', 'Ferritin is a marker of iron stores and involved in redox processes and inflammation but its role in bipolar disorder is unclear.', 'CONCLUSION: Elevated ferritin levels in depressed patients with bipolar disorder may point to a role for iron metabolism in bipolar disorder pathophysiology, and potentially as a biomarker, linking low-grade inflammation with redox biology and the well-known increased risk of medical comorbidity and reduced life expectancy.'], ['However, pediatric obesity literature has yet to establish associations between peripheral inflammation and EF.', 'Thus, the present study examined associations and variability in inflammation, EF, and adiposity in children with or at risk for obesity.', 'Additionally, inflammation was examined as a mediator of the relationship between adiposity and EF.', 'Peripheral inflammation was assessed in fasted sera.', "Linear regression and Hayes' PROCESS Model 4 (Hayes, 2017) were used to evaluate associations between adiposity and inflammation, inflammation and EF, and whether adiposity effects EF through its effect on inflammation.", 'RESULTS: Positive associations were identified between adiposity and inflammation, and negative to null associations were identified between inflammation and EF.', 'Medium indirect effects of adiposity on EF through inflammation were detected.', 'CONCLUSION: Pilot evidence suggests greater adiposity is linked with greater inflammation, which in turn is associated with less EF in some domains.'], ['Importantly, sarcopenia and malnutrition also share critical molecular alterations, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and a chronic state of low grade and sterile inflammation, defined as inflammageing.'], ['As such, other important physiological variables, including autonomic, endocrine, and inflammation findings, need to be contextualized for a more complete mechanistic picture.', 'PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase databases were searched for studies from January 1, 1900, to September 1, 2020, that investigated autonomic, endocrine, and inflammation markers in patients with FND.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation research in FND remains in its early stages.', 'Moving forward, there is a need for the use of larger sample sizes to consider the complex interplay between functional neurological symptoms and behavioral, psychological, autonomic, endocrine, inflammation, neuroimaging, and epigenetic/genetic data.'], ['HIV is a disease marked by inflammation which has been associated with specific biological vascular processes increasing the risk of premature atherosclerosis.'], ['There is a relationship between inflammation and postoperative complications (POCs).', 'Also, it has been proposed that the inflammation and complications related with the surgery may promote the recurrence of cancer and therefore deterioration of survival.'], ['The mechanisms of fat alterations in PLWH are complex, multifactorial and not fully understood, although they are known to result in part from the direct effects of HIV proteins and antiretroviral agents on adipocyte health, genetic factors, increased microbial translocation, changes in the adaptive immune milieu after infection, increased tissue inflammation and accelerated fibrosis.'], ['Microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assessments suggest that LIF can facilitate tumor-promoting inflammation.'], ['Inflammation has previously been shown to increase levels of extracellular beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)).'], ['Then, following the interaction with receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs), a series of events leading to vascular and myocardial damage are elicited and sustained, which include oxidative stress, increased inflammation, and enhanced extracellular matrix accumulation resulting in diastolic and systolic dysfunction.'], ['Bronchiolar inflammation may be accompanied by variable lung interstitial and vascular involvement.', 'While cellular inflammation is prominent in early disease, more advanced stages are characterized by cystic lung destruction, cicatricial scarring of airways, and pulmonary vascular remodeling.'], ['Their apoptosis can be delayed at sites of inflammation to extend their functional lifespan, but inappropriate inhibition of apoptosis contributes to chronic inflammatory disease.', 'Levels of the physiological iron chelator lactoferrin are raised at sites of inflammation and we have shown previously that iron-unsaturated lactoferrin inhibited human neutrophil apoptosis, but the mechanisms involved were not determined.', 'We therefore conclude that raised lactoferrin levels are likely to contribute to chronic inflammation by delaying neutrophil apoptosis and that this is achieved by inhibiting proximal apoptotic signaling events.'], ['The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) occur in genetically susceptible individuals who mount inappropriate immune responses to their microbiota leading to chronic intestinal inflammation.', 'The transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) has been associated with human IBD, and deletion of Hnf4a in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in mice (Hnf4aDeltaIEC) leads to spontaneous colonic inflammation by 6-12 mo of age.', 'We conclude that HNF4A functions in IEC to shape composition of the gut microbiota and protect against episodic inflammation induced by microbiota throughout the lifespan.', 'IMPORTANCE The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestine, affect millions of people around the world.', 'Whereas these mice do not develop overt disease until late in adulthood, we find that they display episodic intestinal inflammation, loose stools, and microbiota changes beginning in very early life stages.', 'Using germ-free and antibiotic-treatment experiments, we reveal that intestinal inflammation in these mice was dependent on the presence of microbiota.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Chronic stress adversely affects cognition, in part due to stress-induced inflammation.', 'We examined sex differences in the relationship between perceived stress, cognitive functioning, and peripheral inflammation over time among cognitively normal older adults.'], ['They also include particulate matter (PM) and ozone, and biological contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which can penetrate the human airway and reach the bloodstream, triggering airway inflammation, dysfunction, and fibrosis.'], ['We found that CPB induced a systemic inflammation with an increase in circulating mature neutrophils after surgery.'], ['Inflammation, immune dysfunction, side effects of HIV medications, high prevalence of other risk factors are the likely pathogenic mechanisms for accelerated atherosclerosis.'], ['We measured plasma concentrations of selenium, zinc, and chromium as well as markers of systemic inflammation, monocyte activation, and gut integrity.', 'Higher plasma selenium concentrations were associated with lower systemic inflammation and higher gut integrity markers.', 'Although our findings do not support the use of micronutrient supplementation broadly for PHIV in Uganda, further studies are warranted to assess the role of selenium supplements in attenuating heightened inflammation.'], ['The mechanism by which CF lung disease develops is the result of an interplay of multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors including genotype, abnormalities in mucus composition and movement, chronic inflammation, and chronic airway infection.'], ['Near-normal life expectancy in contemporary HIV-infected populations has been associated with prolonged exposure to increased cardiometabolic burden and chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation.', 'The role of ongoing immune activation and systemic inflammation, despite highly active ART (HAART), appears to be central in this process.'], ['Age induces changes in immunity, patterns of inflammation, and susceptibility to both allergic rhinitis and otitis media with effusion.'], ['They are usually caused by problems of the immune system, inflammation, infections or gradual deterioration of joints, muscles and bones.'], ['IPV can significantly predispose women to a lifetime risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to the effects of stress and inflammation.'], ['An example of what has been said so far is the relationship between CVD and chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs).'], ['Consequently, therapies directed towards reducing inflammation and disease activity do not reliably reduce fatigue and new approaches are needed.'], ['The improved clinical status of the patients is mainly the result of a better understanding of the natural course of infection and inflammation in CF that has led to the implementation of strategies that increase the life expectancy and quality of life of the patients.'], ['Shortly after engraftment with UCB, these mice develop a severe, fatal macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) characterized by a progressive drop in rbc numbers, increased reticulocyte counts, decreased rbc half-life, progressive cytopenias, and evidence of chronic inflammation, including elevated human IL-6.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune disorders characterized by the chronic and progressive inflammation of various organs, most notably the synovia of joints leading to joint destruction, a shorter life expectancy, and reduced quality of life.', 'Recently research focused on IL-17 and IL-17 producing cells in various inflammatory diseases such as in RA and in different rodent models of RA.'], ['Risk factors for atherosclerosis accelerate the senescence of vascular endothelial cells and promote atherogenesis by inducing vascular inflammation.', 'We identified CDC42 signaling as a mediator of chronic inflammation associated with endothelial senescence.', 'Likewise, endothelial-specific deletion of Cdc42 significantly attenuated chronic inflammation and plaque formation in atherosclerotic mice.', 'While inhibition of NF-kappaB suppressed the pro-inflammatory responses in acute inflammation, the influence of Cdc42 deletion was less marked.', 'Knockdown of cdc-42 significantly down-regulated pro-inflammatory gene expression and restored the shortened lifespan to normal in mutant worms with enhanced inflammation.', 'These findings indicate that the CDC42 pathway is critically involved in senescence-associated inflammation and could be a therapeutic target for chronic inflammation in patients with age-related diseases without compromising host defenses.'], ['Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of MetS, and is characterized by triglyceride accumulation and a variable degree of hepatic injury, inflammation, and repair.', "In the presence of significant hepatocellular injury and inflammation, the picture is defined 'nonalcoholic steatohepatitis' (NASH), that has the potential to progress to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis."], ['These results unravel a previously unrecognized mechanism by which PDTC and related compounds could confer cellular protection against inflammation through HSF1-induced expression of heat shock response genes.'], ['Studies have identified community prevalence, clinical outcomes, association with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and hypoadiponectinemia, developed and explored animal models for mechanisms of inflammation and fibrosis, conceptualized etiopathogenesis, and demonstrated that NASH can be reversed by lowering body weight and increasing physical activity.'], ['On liver biopsy (n = 35) 80% had evidence of inflammation, 57% had fibrosis, and 9% had steatosis.'], ['Insulin resistance and inflammation, underlying factors in obesity-related diseases, promote colonocyte proliferation and suppress programmed cell death, or apoptosis, by activating the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and prostaglandin pathways.'], ['These results show that cytokine-induced cell-surface expression of CEACAM1 by keratinocytes in the context of a psoriatic environment might contribute to the persistence of neutrophils and thus to ongoing inflammation and the decreased propensity for skin infection, typical for patients with psoriasis.'], ['Key aspects of the relevant pathophysiology of inflammation, atherosclerosis, stroke, migraine, and thrombosis are reviewed concerning current knowledge of estrogenic effects.'], ['Patients with HIV display persistent signs of immune activation and inflammation despite cART.', 'METHODS: Lipidomics, mRNA and Western blotting analysis provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms surrounding arachidonic acid metabolism and the resulting inflammation caused by perturbations thereof.'], ['Objective: BYSL, which encodes the Bystin protein in humans, is upregulated in reactive astrocytes following brain damage and/or inflammation.'], ['A repeat computed tomography (CT) imaging showed a new inflammation of the appendix which was adhered to the calcified wall of the aneurysm and an endoleak from the internal iliac artery.'], ['Strategies aimed at developing new therapeutics for tauopathies based on anti-inflammation or immunomodulation are likely to be promising avenues of research.'], ['Systemic inflammation plays an important role in the interrelationship between psoriasis and atherosclerotic plaque formation, which is a common immunopathogenic pathway that explains the multiorgan involvement in psoriasis.'], ['We specifically investigated specific cardiovascular risk factors such as: malnutrition, smoking exposure, hypertension, integrity of the coronary and systemic arteries, thromboembolism, ventricular dysfunction, inflammation, and arrhythmias.', 'Finally, the complexity of heart lesions or abnormal hemodynamics lead to inflammation, heart failure, or arrhythmias.'], ['In this review, we discuss diagnostic strategies and current therapies in PVRL and provide an overview of other conditions that can mimic primary ocular inflammation, especially in the field of oncology and its new therapeutic armamentarium.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: This article summarizes what is known about the disease course in women with MS, how it differs from men, and the current state of knowledge regarding effects of reproductive exposures (menarche, childbearing, menopause) on MS-related inflammation and neurodegeneration.'], ['Areas covered: This review, based on a systematic analysis of the literature, intends to provide an update on factors that may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease in HIV-1-infected patients, including local immunosuppression, oral microbial factors, systemic inflammation, salivary markers, and the role of gingival tissue as a possible reservoir of HIV-1.', 'Despite all these positive aspects, chronic periodontitis assumes an important role in the HIV-1 infection status for activating systemic inflammation favoring viral replication and influencing HIV-1 status, and also acting as a possible reservoir of HIV-1.'], ['PURPOSE: The effects of inflammation on the prognosis, life expectancy and several parameters such as response to treatment of breast cancer have been previously studied.'], ["Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive impairments and chronic inflammation that affects over 30 million people all over the world."], ['Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two distinct diseases that share a condition of chronic inflammation of the airways and bronchial obstruction.'], ['Specifically, hESC-MSC treatment prevented disease-associated interstitial inflammation, protein cast deposition, and infiltration of CD3(+) lymphocytes in the kidneys.'], ['The tight regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis is crucial for initiation and resolution of inflammation.', 'As neutrophils treated with DAPKi also showed reduced recruitment to the site of inflammation in a mouse peritonitis model, DAPK2 may be a novel target for anti-inflammatory therapies.'], ['Already very early in life a persistent neutrophylic inflammation can be demonstrated in the airways.', 'The cause of this inflammation, the role of CFTR and different CF specific bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa are not well understood.', 'This short review summarises the current understanding and hypothesis of the origin of this complicated process of inflammation and infection.'], ['Response rates in patients with noninflammatory disease (n = 14; CR 10 patients, partial response [PR] 3 patients) were far better than in patients with inflammatory disease (n = 11; CR 1 patient, PR 6 patients).'], ['When chronic inflammation is brought on by fixed prosthetic constructions, both cellular and noncellular immunity are activated as adaptive immune mechanisms.', 'It has previously been stated that both clinically adequate and inadequate restorations might cause gingival inflammation.'], ['INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were to characterize particle size in a thirdhand smoke aerosol and measure the effects of controlled inhalational exposure to thirdhand smoke on biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure, inflammation and oxidative stress in human subjects Secondhand cigarette smoke changes physically and chemically after release into the environment.'], ['VEXAS defines a new disease category - the hematoinflammatory disorders triggered by somatic mutations restricted to blood but causing systemic inflammation with multi-organ involvement and associated with aberrant bone marrow status.'], ['BACKGROUND: Patients with asthma usually present airway inflammation classified as eosinophilic, neutrophilic, mixed granulocytic, and paucigranulocytic pattern according to sputum inflammatory cells.', 'METHODS: Induced sputum was used to assess airway inflammation; lung function was evaluated as well as blood leukocytes and disease control.', 'Subjects with neutrophilic inflammation (mixed granulocytic and neutrophilic patterns considered altogether) were more frequently obese.'], ['Polyphenols (PPLs) are plant-derived molecules with demonstrated biological activities in humans, which include: radical scavenging and anti-oxidant activities, capability to modulate inflammation, as well as human enzymes, and even to bind nuclear receptors.'], ['Mechanistically, we found that maternal dietary GE may exert its chemopreventive effects through affecting essential regulatory gene expression in control of metabolism, inflammation and tumor development via, at least in part, regulation of offspring gut microbiome, bacterial metabolites and epigenetic profiles.'], ['RESULTS: We observe that there are a large number of genes which show altered gene expression pattern than the normal for coronavirus infection while in terms of pathways it appears that there are few sets of functions which are affected due to altered gene expression and they infer to infection, inflammation, and the immune system.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prototypic autoimmune disease manifesting as chronic inflammation of the synovium and leading to acceleration of cardiovascular disease and shortening of life expectancy.', 'Specifically, studies have unveiled metabolic pathways that enforce T cell fate decisions promoting tissue inflammation; including T cell tissue invasiveness, T cell cytokine release, T cell-dependent macrophage activation and inflammatory T cell death.', 'Recognizing the role of metabolic signals in cell fate decisions opens the possibility for immunomodulation long before the end stage synovial inflammation encountered in clinical practice.'], ['The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) increases not only because of longer life expectancy but also because of the modern lifestyle, in particular physical inactivity and diets low in fiber and rich in sugar and saturated fats, which promote chronic low-grade inflammation and obesity.'], ['The effectiveness of modern antiretroviral therapies (ART) transformed HIV infection into a chronic disease characterized by a persistent condition of inflammation and immune activation.'], ['Exuberant gingival inflammation accompanied by periodontitis is a rare finding in a very young child and may indicate a defect in the host response.', 'A 5-year-old girl presented with persistent gingival inflammation and periodontal destruction.', 'CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article describes a rare case of gingival inflammation accompanied by periodontitis in a very young child secondary to an underlying host antibody deficiency and details the investigation, management and clinical outcomes.'], ["Inflammation seems to affect prognosis more than malnutrition in this setting and may therefore guide clinicians' attitude towards therapeutic choices."], ['The disease is characterized by repeated injury to the alveolar epithelium, resulting in inflammation and deregulated repair, leading to scarring of the lung tissue, resulting in progressive dyspnea and hypoxemia.'], ['Cancer cachexia (CC) is a syndrome characterized by wasting of lean body mass and fat, often driven by decreased food intake, hypermetabolism, and inflammation resulting in decreased lifespan and quality of life.'], ['Although the radiation response is a complex phenomenon that involves several molecular and cellular processes, we propose that inflammation may be closely related to the adverse effects of brain irradiation and therefore to the etiology of RSS.'], ['Several mechanisms, including the promotion of collateral blood flow, improvement in endothelial function, reduction in inflammation, and the production of peripheral training effects similar to exercise, are thought to be responsible for the clinical benefits of this therapy.'], ['Its metabolic pathway products, biliverdin/bilirubin and carbon monoxide, can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, and promote resistance to apoptosis.'], ['These data support the concept that the life-span of neutrophil in the air spaces is modulated during acute inflammation.'], ['We also wonder how regulatory mechanisms such as insulin/IGF1-AKT-mTOR pathway, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response, oxidative stress, inflammation (cytokines and downstream IL1ss/TNFalpha-NF-kappaB and IL6-JAK-STAT3 pathways), TGF-ss signalling pathways (myostatin/activin A-SMAD2/3 and BMP-SMAD1/5/8 pathways), as well as glucocorticoid signalling, modulate skeletal muscle proteostasis in cachectic cancer patients and animals.'], ['Future studies are required to determine clinical significance and mechanisms driving ss-glucuronidase associations with ethnicity, inflammation, and adiposity in women.'], ['The interaction analysis and the comparative investigation on published datasets and ours imply that astrocytes provide signals inducing the proliferation, quiescence and inflammation of adult NSCs at different stages and that the proinflammatory status of astrocytes probably contributes to the decrease and variability of AHN in adults and elderly individuals.'], ['We aimed to investigate the relationship between these phenomena and their potential as inflammation drivers.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Neutrophils with extended lifespan in ARDS usually enhance NET formation, which aggravates inflammation.', 'Enhancing neutrophil apoptosis in ARDS can reduce the formation of NETs, inhibit inflammation, and consequently alleviate ARDS.'], ['Understanding the relationships between cell-specific acquired mutations and inflammation is likely to yield key insights into causal factors that underlie many rheumatologic diseases.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the CC genotype in patients with depression and CHF can be considered an unfavorable prognostic factor related to the risk of shortening the life expectancy and deteriorating its quality, which is reflected in the severity of inflammation.'], ['As well as conventional CVD risk factors, PLWH have HIV-specific risk factors such as chronic inflammation, immune activation and endothelial damage, as well as risk factors related to antiretroviral therapy.'], ['While conventional therapies have largely focused on targeting vasodilation, other pathological features of PAH including aberrant inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics, cell proliferation, and migration have not been well explored.'], ['These mutations result in progressive muscle wasting and inflammation leading to delayed milestones, and reduced lifespan in affected patients.'], ['Emerging data indicate that air pollution exposure modulates the epigenetic mark, DNA methylation (DNAm), and that these changes might in turn influence inflammation, disease development, and exacerbation risk.'], ['The underlying pathophysiology is complex and partially still unclear, with the interaction of viral infection-and systemic inflammation-antiretroviral therapy and traditional risk factors.'], ['OA is a degenerative disease characterized by cartilage and synovium inflammation that can cause joint stiffness, swelling, pain, and loss of mobility.'], ['Over the past few years, there has been building evidence that chronic inflammation and immune activation independent of virologic suppression contribute significantly to excess ASCVD risk.'], ['It reduces burden of inflammation and malnutrition and this effect may cause beneficial effect on HR-QoL.'], ['CONCLUSION: We may say that the improvement of the above parameters could reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and vascular damages what would extend life expectancy and quality of life of this group of patients.'], ['Neutrophils play an essential role in the initial stages of inflammation by balancing pro- and antiinflammatory signals.', 'In addition to progressive neurodegeneration and high rates of cancer, AT patients have numerous symptoms that can be linked to chronic inflammation.', 'We propose that deficiencies in the DNA damage response, like deficiencies in the oxidative burst seen in chronic granulomatous disease, could lead to pathologic inflammation.'], ['Lutein and zeaxanthin in neural tissue may have biological effects that include antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and structural actions.'], ['BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a common chronic disease, mediated by type 1 and 17 helper T cell-driven inflammation.'], ['We investigated whether Klotho levels and signaling modulate inflammation in diabetic kidneys.'], ['Klotho-disrupted mice exhibit atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, which led us to investigate the effect of the Klotho protein on vascular inflammation, particularly adhesion molecule expression.', 'Klotho may have a role in the modulation of endothelial inflammation.'], ['Oxidatively modified biomolecules, their degradation products, and adducts with other biomolecules can reach the systemic circulation, and when found in higher concentrations than normal they are considered to be biomarkers of systemic oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'We classify them as metabolic stressors because they are not inert compounds; indeed, they amplify the inflammatory response by inducing inflammation in the lung and other organs.', 'Thus the lung is not only the target for environmental stressors, but it is also the source of a number of metabolic stressors that can induce and worsen pre-existing chronic inflammation.', 'In this review, we discuss recent published evidence that suggests that inflammation in the lung is an important connection between air pollution and chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmunity and neurodegeneration, and we highlight the critical role of metabolic stressors produced in the lung.', 'The understanding of this relationship between inhaled environmental pollutants and systemic inflammation will help us to: (1) understand the molecular mechanism of environment-associated diseases, and (2) find new biomarkers that will help us prevent the exposure of susceptible individuals and/or design novel therapies.'], ['The vast majority of morbidity and mortality in CF results from inflammation and infection of the airways.', 'Inflammation, whether secondary to infection or an independent feature of CF, leads to progressive bronchiectasis.'], ['Mechanistic modeling suggested a direct link between inflammation and ASD in neurons, and prioritized inflammation-associated genes for future study.', 'Our findings supported the fundamental hypothesis of altered neuronal communication in ASD, demonstrated that inflammation was elevated at least in part in ASD neurons, and may reveal windows of opportunity for biotherapeutics to target the trajectory of gene expression and clinical manifestation of ASD throughout the human lifespan.'], ['OBJECTIVES: In a dose-finding crossover study, we evaluated the effect of glycomacropeptide (GMP) on satiety, glucose homeostasis, amino acid concentrations, inflammation, and the fecal microbiome in 13 obese women.'], ['Taken together, the data indicate that malnutrition and inflammation may similarly suppress the production of TTR through distinct and unrelated pathophysiological mechanisms while operating in concert to downsize LBM stores.'], ['Physicians should be alerted to cognitive function in patients with varicose veins, especially those with presence of inflammation and ulcerations.'], ['Methods: Multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between abundance of specific blood lymphoid cell types, age, sex, requirement for hospitalization, duration of hospitalization, and elevation of blood markers of systemic inflammation, in adults hospitalized for severe COVID-19 (n=40), treated for COVID-19 as outpatients (n=51), and in uninfected controls (n=86), as well as in children with COVID-19 (n=19), recovering from COVID-19 (n=14), MIS-C (n=11), recovering from MIS-C (n=7), and pediatric controls (n=17).', 'Among SARS-CoV-2-infected adults, the abundance of ILCs, but not of T cells, correlated inversely with odds and duration of hospitalization, and with severity of inflammation.', 'In both pediatric COVID-19 and MIS-C, ILC abundance correlated inversely with inflammation.'], ['We discuss inflammation, epigenetic changes, co-morbidities, and early onset as examples of the biological consequences of social conditions that BIPOC populations experience throughout their lifespan that may contribute to disproportionate tumorigenesis and tumor progression.'], ['Factors that may contribute to development in CFRD include local islet and systemic inflammation, alterations in the incretion hormone axis, varying degrees of insulin resistance and genetic factors related to type 2 diabetes.'], ['Comparison of two PEG placement protocols did not reveal differences in survival time, stress load and inflammation level.'], ['Suppression of Ser14 phosphorylation by a small peptide Zfra leads to enhanced protein degradation, reduction in NF-kappaB-mediated inflammation, and restoration of memory loss in triple transgenic mice for AD.', 'We reported that the stronger the binding between WWOX and its partners, the better the suppression of cancer growth and reduction in inflammation.'], ['As active participants in several steps of the normal inflammatory response, neutrophils are also involved in chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, and arthritis.', 'Given their dual role in the modulation of inflammation, regulating the inflammatory response of neutrophils has been suggested as an important therapeutic approach by numerous researchers.', 'Of importance, our data suggest that PLB-985 cells could be suitable in vitro candidates to study mitochondrial-related dysfunctions in inflammatory diseases.'], ['Herein, we discuss the potential interplay between viral control in LNs and the resolution of inflammation, which is characteristic for natural hosts.'], ['Positive correlations were observed in changes between the placebo and the TA-65 periods in HDL-C and CRP (r = -0.511, p < 0.01), alanine aminotransferase (r = -0.61, p < 0.001) and TNF-alpha (r = -0.550, p < 0.001) suggesting that the favorable changes observed in HDL were associated with decreases in inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: TA-65 improved key markers of cardiovascular disease risk, which were also associated with reductions in inflammation.'], ['Stress is strongly associated with several mental and physical health problems that involve inflammation, including asthma, cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and depression.'], ['Eosinophilic inflammation plays an important role in driving a variety of inflammatory and allergic conditions.', 'Dysregulation of the processes of either apoptosis or phagocytosis can result in chronic inflammation and disease progression due to either increased eosinophil life-span or cell necrosis with loss of cell membrane integrity and release of toxic intracellular mediators.'], ['Pain, stiffness, contractures of joints in absence of clinical signs of inflammation, bone pain or abnormalities, osteopenia, osteonecrosis, secondary osteoarthritis or hip dysplasia are the alerting symptoms that should induce suspicion of a lysosomal storage disease.'], ['It has been suggested that interactions between high-grade systemic inflammation and the vasculature lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, which may account for the excess risk for CVD events in this population.'], ['Although CF patients experience multi-organ disease, the chronic bacterial lung infections and associated inflammation are the primary cause of shortened life expectancy.'], ['In addition to its well-known cardiovascular effects, Angiotensin II, through AT(1) receptor stimulation, is a pleiotropic brain modulatory factor involved in the control of the reaction to stress, in the regulation of cerebrovascular flow and the response to inflammation.', 'In animal models, inhibition of brain AT(1) receptor activity with systemically administered Angiotensin II receptor blockers is neuroprotective; it reduces exaggerated stress responses and anxiety, prevents stress-induced gastric ulcerations, decreases vulnerability to ischemia and stroke, reverses chronic cerebrovascular inflammation, and reduces acute inflammatory responses produced by bacterial endotoxin.'], ['Zebrafish are a unique model for pharmacological manipulation of physiological processes such as inflammation; they are small and permeable to many small molecular compounds, and being transparent, they permit the visualization and quantitation of the inflammatory response by observation of transgenically labeled inflammatory cell populations.', 'Using a transgenic line specifically labeling neutrophils in vivo (mpx:GFP), we studied the effects of a range of pharmacological agents on the resolution of inflammation in vivo.', 'Agents delaying neutrophil apoptosis (LPS, dbcAMP, and several caspase inhibitors) all lead to a delay in resolution of neutrophilic inflammation.', 'During inflammation, macrophages follow neutrophils into the inflamed site, and TUNEL/TSA dual-positive material can be demonstrated within macrophages, consistent with their uptake of apoptotic neutrophils.', 'This model has several advantages over mammalian models and lends itself to the study of pharmaceutical agents modulating inflammation.'], ['BACKGROUND: During inflammation, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) migrate into the affected tissue interacting with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins.', 'Acceleration of apoptosis may shorten the PMN lifespan and thereby locally regulate inflammation.'], ['Further characterization of NFkappaBMARL-1 reveals it can be traced to 29 Ma before humans and is induced by NFkappaB during aging, inflammation and senescence.'], ['An insufficient response to progesterone contributes to disease progression and systemic inflammation during the pathogenesis of endometriosis.'], ['Recently, the role of CFTR as modulator of immune tolerance has been proposed, which could explain the presence of a persistent portal inflammation leading to fibrosis, and the gut-liver axis would also have a role in disease presentation and progression.'], ['Chondroprotective effects of statins are thought to mediate by inhibiting the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, preventing synovial inflammation, and inhibiting catabolic-stress-induced aging of cartilage.'], ['METHODS: PLHIV on stable suppressive antiretroviral therapy were included in the study, with assessment of anthropometric measures, blood pressure, serum lipid levels, fasting serum glucose and insulin, non-classical serum cardiovascular risk markers related to inflammation (hsCRP, resistin, calprotectin), and anti-Adv36 antibodies during a routine check-up.'], ['In conclusion, in the zebrafish GD model, excess GlcSph has little impact on (neuro)inflammation or the presence of GlcCer-laden macrophages, but rather seems harmful to th1-positive dopaminergic neurons.'], ['We hypothesized a bimodal effect, with early cART treatment of HIV infection decreasing inflammation as measured by MRS metabolites and improving cognitive performance, and chronic exposure to cART contributing to persistence of cognitive impairment via its effect on mitochondrial function.'], ['Immune-system activity has been implicated in the etiology of both depression and CVD, but it is unclear how inflammation contributes to sex differences in this comorbidity.', 'This narrative review provides an updated synthesis of research examining the association of inflammation with depression and CVD, and their comorbidity in women.', "However, more research is needed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying inflammation in relation to their comorbidity, and how these findings can be translated to improve women's health."], ['INTRODUCTION: HIV drug treatment has greatly improved life expectancy, but increased risk of cardiovascular disease remains, potentially due to the additional burdens of infection, inflammation and antiretroviral treatment.'], ['The purpose of this research is to examine the association between five major dimensions of personality and systemic inflammation through (a) new data on C-reactive protein (CRP) from three large national samples of adults that together cover most of the adult lifespan and (b) a meta-analysis of published studies on CRP and interleukin-6 (IL-6).'], ['Sustained inflammation in the areas of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) is a strong predictor of allograft failure.', 'In the experimental models and clinical trials, first results with MSCs for the treatment of inflammation and IFTA suggest beneficial effects.', 'SUMMARY: Endogenously and exogenously administered MSCs might enhance the intrinsic reparative capabilities of the kidney in transplant recipients and maybe developed as a tool to control both inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) are used to treat patients with immune deficiencies and, at higher doses, in autoimmune, allergic and systemic inflammatory disorders.'], ['Neither radiographic nor clinical signs of inflammation were detected during the observation period (range, 7 to 32 months).'], ['CONCLUSION: As one of the pro-inflammatory factors, LPS aggravates inflammation through priming neutrophils to synthesize/release cytotoxic contents and prolonging functional lifespan of neutrophils by delaying the spontaneous apoptosis.'], ['METHODS: Myocardial samples were obtained from the postmortem hearts of 32 HIV-infected children and from 32 age-matched controls consisting of patients with structural congenital heart disease and no myocardial inflammation and no cardiac or systemic viral infection.'], ['Moreover, this work also provides a potential mechanism whereby cytokine-regulated gene expression regulates the functional lifespan of neutrophils and hence their ability to function for extended time periods during acute inflammation.'], ['DNA sequences flanking these DML showed significant enrichment of transcription factor binding sites involved in inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and brain development.'], ['Inflammation in the CF airways occurs from a young age and contributes significantly to disease progression and shortened life expectancy.', 'Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the key immune cells involved in airway inflammation in CF, the contribution of the intrinsic genetic defect to the CF inflammatory phenotype, and anti-inflammatory strategies designed to overcome what is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease.', 'As survival estimates for people with CF increase, long-term management has become an important focus, with an increased need for therapies targeted at specific elements of inflammation, to complement CFTR modulator therapies.'], ['Fever is often the first presenting symptom of infection or inflammation.', 'Thermoregulatory dysfunction in persons with SCI may preclude a typical febrile response to infection or inflammation and thus delay diagnostic workup.', 'Objective: To determine the core temperature of persons with SCI in the setting of infection or inflammation and the frequency with which it meets criteria for the CDC definition of fever (>100.4 F).', 'Methods: Retrospective review of hospitalized SCI patients over 5 years with a diagnosis of infection or inflammation (DI), defined by serum leukocytosis.', 'Tau >100.4 F is not a sensitive predictor of infection or inflammation in persons with SCI.', 'Clinicians should be vigilant for alternative symptoms of infection and inflammation in these patients, so diagnostic workup is not delayed.'], ['CEMTDD contains about 621 herbs, 4, 060 compounds, 2, 163 targets and 210 diseases, among which most of herbs can be applied into gerontology therapy including inflammation, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disease.'], ['More evidence is accumulated on the link between chronic kidney disease in obesity and abnormalities in adipokine secretion (hyperleptinemia, lack of adiponectin), activation of the renin-angiotensin system, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, impaired renal hemodynamics, and diminished nephron number related to body mass.'], ['Syk and other tyrosine kinases) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammation.'], ['Serum cystatin C has been proposed as a more sensitive marker of renal dysfunction in HIV infection, although it may also reflect systemic inflammation.'], ['Therefore, selective COX-2 inhibitors, which are widely used for the symptomatic treatment of pain and inflammation in RA, may have an impact on atherosclerotic processes.'], ['Increasing evidence has been accumulating over the past years, supporting a pivotal role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD.', 'Microglia, monocytes, astrocytes, and neurons have been shown to play a major role in AD-associated inflammation.'], ['Main Lines: Supported by metabolomic approaches, although not exclusively, noteworthy variations are reported mainly through serum samples of patients and controls in several scenes: 1) alterations in fatty acids, inflammatory response indicators, amino acids and biogenic amines, biometals, and gut microbiota metabolites (schizophrenia); 2) alterations in metabolites involved in carbohydrate and gut microbiota metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress (metabolic syndrome), some of them shared with schizophrenia; 3) alterations of cytokines secreted by adipose tissue, phosphatidylcholines, acylcarnitines, Sirtuin 1, orexin-A, and changes in microbiota composition (antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome).'], ['Classical cystic fibrosis is thus characterised by chronic pulmonary infection and inflammation, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, male infertility, and might include several comorbidities such as cystic fibrosis-related diabetes or cystic fibrosis liver disease.'], ['PURPOSE: To evaluate anti-aging protein klotho levels in the aqueous humor and its association with oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).', 'CONCLUSION: Klotho levels in the aqueous humor are decreased and associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with exudative AMD.'], ['These NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylases, deacylases and ADP-ribosyltransferases are evolutionarily conserved proteins, regulated by diverse metabolic/environmental factors and implicated in age-related degenerative and inflammatory disorders.'], ['Future research could focus on the role of different steps in the cascade of PU/I development, especially to the role of inflammation.'], ['We aimed to investigate whether MetS, inflammatory markers or oxidative stress act as risk factors for affective disorders, and whether MetS is associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'Further, MetS was associated with alterations in inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress was modestly correlated with inflammation.', 'CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome is associated with low-grade inflammation and may act as a risk factor and a trait marker for affective disorders.'], ['All of these processes are enhanced by the tumor microenvironment, with stromal cells contributing to boost tumor progression through oxidative stress, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis.'], ['Psoriasis patients experience chronic systemic skin inflammation and develop cardiovascular comorbidities that shorten their lifespan.', 'KC-Tie2 mice develop psoriasiform skin inflammation with increases in IL-23 and IL-17A and proinflammatory monocytosis and neutrophilia that precedes development of carotid artery thrombus formation.', 'Skin inflammation; thrombosis clotting times; and percentage of splenic monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4 T cells were examined.', 'Skin inflammation significantly improved in KC-Tie2 mice treated with each of the antibodies targeting IL-23, IL-17A, or IL-17RA, consistent with clinical efficacy observed in psoriasis patients.', 'This decrease in skin inflammation paralleled decreases in splenic neutrophils (CD11b+Ly6G+) but not monocytes (CD11b+Ly6Chigh) or T cells (CD4+).'], ['The mechanisms driving bone disease in HIV are complex and include: an increased prevalence of traditional risk factors; other comorbid conditions; and HIV-associated factors such as viral effects, systemic inflammation, and ART-related factors.'], ['SOD1(G93A) mice treated with ASC-CM for 7 days showed reduced levels of phosphorylated p38 (pp38) in the spinal cord, a mitogen-activated protein kinase that is involved in both inflammation and neuronal death.'], ['The capability of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to capture early tissue changes allows timely detection of pathophysiologic phenomena of HF in RA, such as myocardial inflammation and myocardial perfusion defects, due to either macrovascular (coronary artery disease) or microvascular (vasculitis) disease.'], ['An accelerated tryptophan breakdown rate is associated with inflammation and immune activation.'], ['Anemia is a common complication of infections and inflammatory diseases, but the few mouse models of this condition are not well characterized.', 'Similarly to severe human anemia of inflammation, the B abortus model shows multifactorial pathogenesis of inflammatory anemia including iron restriction from increased hepcidin, transient suppression of erythropoiesis, and shortened erythrocyte lifespan.'], ['Psoriasis, a systemic inflammatory disease, is associated with enhanced atherosclerosis and risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease, which may account for higher morbidity and mortality rates in psoriatic patients.'], ['Roflumilast and cilomilast are oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE(4)) inhibitors proposed to reduce the airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction seen in COPD.'], ['The activation of NFkappaB promotes the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and activates signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, Jun kinase, and p38 MAPK, thus promoting interstitial inflammation and fibrosis.'], ['Although activated platelets release a variety of mediators, the role of platelets in cutaneous allergic inflammation remains unclear.', 'These findings support that 5-HT activates monocytes and inhibits apoptosis, allowing them to remain in the tissue and contribute to chronic inflammation.'], ['Creatine supplementation of 3 to 5 g per day is recommended for the mechanistic support of creatine supplementation with regard to muscle protein kinetics, growth factors, satellite cells, myogenic transcription factors, glycogen and calcium regulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation.'], ['Systemic inflammation is mechanistically important in HF pathophysiology and progression.', 'However, directly targeting inflammation in HF has not been beneficial thus far.', 'These failed attempts at therapeutics might be related to our limited understanding of the factors that cause inflammation in HF, and, therefore, to our inability to investigate these triggers in interventional studies.', 'Observational studies have consistently demonstrated associations between alterations in the digestive (gut and oral) microbiome, inflammation and HF risk and progression.', 'Additionally, recent data indicate that these microbial perturbations persist following LVAD and HT, along with residual inflammation and oxidative stress.', 'Cumulatively, these findings might posit a mechanistic link between microbiome alterations, systemic inflammation, and adverse outcomes in HF patients before and after cardiac replacement therapies.', 'This review (1) provides an update on available data linking changes in digestive tract microbiota, inflammation, and oxidative stress, to HF pathogenesis and progression; (2) describes evolution of these relationships following LVAD and HT; and (3) outlines present and future intervention strategies that can manipulate the microbiome and possibly modify HF disease trajectory.'], ['The interaction of structural lung damage, prolonged inflammation, bacterial and fungal colonisation of the respiratory system, and mucociliary insufficiency causes recurrent infections.'], ['The reciprocal interactions between chronic inflammation, comorbidities and frailty demonstrate the complex pathophysiology of frailty and its consequences.'], ['Bariatric surgery has improvement effect on hepatosteatosis and degree of inflammation.', 'Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio is a parameter associated with inflammatory disease.'], ['The adjusted model suggested that, compared with diagnostic period 1963-1985, disease-related excess mortality declined during 2000-2010 [EMRR = 0.36 (0.07-1.96)]; and age >=60 at diagnosis [EMRR = 7.99 (1.64-39.00), reference: age 40-59], female sex [EMRR = 4.16 (0.62-27.85)], colonic localization [EMRR = 4.20 (0.81-21.88), reference: ileal localization], and stricturing/penetrating disease [EMRR = 2.56 (0.52-12.58), reference: inflammatory disease behaviour] were associated with poorer survival.'], ['As one of the most common neurological disorders, epilepsy can occur throughout the lifespan and from a multiplicity of causes, including genetic mutations, inflammation, neurotrauma, or brain malformations.'], ['While many aspects of Abeta-mediated neurotoxicity remain elusive, Abeta has been associated with numerous underlying pathologies, including oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation, metal ion imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and even tau pathology.'], ['An increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been observed in a range of chronic inflammatory diseases (CID), including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).', 'In addition, the possibility of inhibiting inflammation as a means to preventing CVD in these patients has gained considerable interest in recent years.'], ['To understand inflammation and immunity, we need to understand the biology of the neutrophil.', 'Murine knockout models have been highly informative, and new imaging techniques are allowing neutrophils to be seen during inflammation in vivo for the first time.', 'However, there is a place for a new model of neutrophil biology, which readily permits imaging of individual neutrophils during inflammation in vivo, combined with the ease of genetic and chemical manipulation.', 'The use of these models has underpinned a number of key advances in the field, including the identification of a tissue gradient of hydrogen peroxide for neutrophil recruitment following tissue injury and direct evidence for reverse migration as a regulatable mechanism of inflammation resolution.'], ['OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the effect on survival of eight common geriatric syndromes (multiple comorbidities, cognitive impairment, frailty, disability, sarcopenia, malnutrition, homeostenosis, and chronic inflammation), identified by an expert panel of academic geriatricians.', 'Seven geriatric syndromes (multiple comorbidities, cognitive impairment, frailty, disability, malnutrition, impaired homeostasis, and chronic inflammation) were associated with poor survival.'], ['In the present review, we describe the functions of sirtuins in cell survival, inflammation, energy metabolism, cancer and differentiation, and their impact on diseases.'], ['Risk factors that could contribute to further understanding of vascular pathology include markers of inflammation and growth factors.'], ['BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective gene encoding a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and is characterised by chronic lung infection resulting in inflammation and progressive lung damage that results in a reduced life expectancy.'], ['Decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (D and K in particular) because of pancreatic insufficiency, altered sex hormone production, chronic inflammation, a lack of physical activity, glucocorticoid treatment and an intrinsic hyper-resorptive bone physiology are some of the factors that contribute to the prominence of bone disease within the CF population.'], ['In addition to malignancies, survivin (a member of the apoptosis inhibitor family) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune and allergic diseases.'], ['These tools allow the temporal control of autophagy via the administration of tamoxifen and spatial control via tissue or cell-specific ERT2-Gal4 driver lines and will enable the investigation of how cell- or tissue-specific changes in autophagic flux affect processes such as aging, inflammation and neurodegeneration in vivo.Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; Atg: autophagy related; Bcl2l11/Bim: BCL2 like 11; d.p.f.'], ['We showed that the mice deficient in Zfp14 had a short lifespan and were prone to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), hyperplasia in multiple organs, systemic chronic inflammation, liver steatosis, and pancreatitis.'], ['An increasing body of research suggests lymphocytic airway inflammation plays a significant role in these important clinical syndromes.', 'This review will examine the roles of lymphocytic airway inflammation across the lifespan of the allograft, including: 1) The contribution of innate lymphocytes to PGD and the impact of PGD on the adaptive immune response.', '2) Acute cellular rejection pathologies and the limitations in identifying airway inflammation by transbronchial biopsy.', '3) Potentiators of airway inflammation and heterologous immunity, such as respiratory infections, aspiration, and the airway microbiome.'], ['Oxidative stress closely linked with mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, nitric oxide toxicity, and neuro-inflammation, is anticipated to trigger neuronal death.', 'Ample evidence has implicated that oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to the pathology of neurodegeneration in AD and PD.', 'Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery system exhibits immense potential to overcome these hurdles in drug delivery to the CNS, enabling nanoparticle-based therapies to directly target the inflammation and release bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory properties to the site of action.'], ['In this article, the authors discuss pertinent musculoskeletal manifestations of the CF population, including the increased risk of decreased bone mineral density and bone mineral content, muscle deconditioning, spinal kyphosis, fractures, and elevated systemic inflammation predisposing these individuals to CF-related arthralgia.'], ['The occurrence of this skin disease is also associated with the presence of free radicals in the body, which also causes the inflammation and redness of the skin.'], ['Introduction: Despite increasing life expectancy among people living with HIV (PLWHIV), anti-retroviral therapy (ART) side effects, HIV chronic inflammation and co-morbidities may limit functional abilities and reduced participation in exercises and physical activity (PA).'], ['With respect to enthesis dysfunction, the review further focuses on inflammation.', 'Although molecular, cellular and tissue mechanisms during inflammation are well understood, tissue regeneration in context of inflammation still presents an unmet clinical need and goes along with unresolved biological questions.', 'Furthermore, this review gives particular attention to the potential role of a signaling mediator protein, transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), which is at the node of regenerative and inflammatory signaling and is one example for a less regarded aspect and potential important link between tissue regeneration and inflammation.'], ["Complications are myriad and arise as a result of complex pathological pathways 'downstream' to a point mutation in DNA, and include red blood cell membrane damage, inflammation, chronic hemolytic anemia with episodic vaso-occlusion, ischemia and pain, and ultimately risk of cumulative organ damage with reduced lifespan of affected individuals.", 'Identified therapeutic strategies include fetal hemoglobin induction, inhibition of intracellular HbS polymerization, inhibition of oxidant stress and inflammation, and perturbation of the activation of the endothelium and other blood components (e.g.'], ['Enhanced oxidative stress in the setting of the uremic milieu promotes enzymatic modification of circulating lipids and lipoproteins, protein carbamylation, endothelial dysfunction via disruption of nitric oxide (NO) pathways, and activation of inflammation, thus accelerating atherosclerosis.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis is a common inflammatory disease that requires treatment with immunosuppressants to control symptoms and avoid joint destruction.'], ['Manifestations of SCD include chronic hemolytic anemia, inflammation, painful vaso-occlusive crises, multisystem organ damage, and reduced life expectancy.'], ['Continuous hepatic inflammation as a result of chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus may lead to the development of fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis.'], ['These data indicate that mesenchymal lineage stem cells are potent inhibitors of inflammation associated with KD progression and offer potential benefits as a component of a combination approach for in vivo treatment by reducing the levels of inflammation.'], ['Recent studies suggest that inflammation of visceral adipose tissue, ectopic fat deposition and adipose tissue dysfunction mediate insulin resistance in human obesity independently of total body fat mass.', 'This suggests that mechanisms beyond a positive caloric balance such as inflammation and adipokine release determine the pathological metabolic consequences in patients with obesity.'], ['Less serious adverse ocular reactions occurring in < 2% of patients included intraocular inflammation and increased intraocular pressure.'], ['hemorrhoids) and anal inflammation (e.g.'], ['The susceptibility of the elderly to develop and succumb to TB may be a direct impact of increased inflammation at every stage of infection.'], ['Cystic fibrosis (CF) pathophysiology is hallmarked by excessive inflammation and the inability to resolve lung infections, contributing to morbidity and eventually mortality.'], ['Background The signaling molecule stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was identified as a crucial regulator of the DNA-sensing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)- STING pathway, and this signaling pathway regulates inflammation and energy homeostasis under conditions of obesity, kidney fibrosis, and acute kidney injury.'], ['Therefore, it is of great scientific significance and application value to develop drug carriers that can target the inflammatory sites and slow-release drugs to treat inflammation.'], ['Importantly, activated immune cells affect the progression of osteoporosis, and chronic inflammation may exert an additional effect on the existing pathophysiology of osteoporosis.', 'Recently, studies regarding the effects of chronic inflammation on dysbiosis in bone diseases have been conducted.'], ['Our aim was to estimate the impact of unfavourable lifestyle factors on abnormalities in laboratory tests reflecting liver status, inflammation and lipid metabolism in a population-based cross-sectional study.', 'CONCLUSIONS: The data support the view that the presence of unfavourable life style risk factors is associated with distinct abnormalities in laboratory tests for liver function, inflammation and lipid status.'], ['The studied cancer patients, however, were often characterized by a normal or obese body weight, following the trend in the general population, and mild systemic inflammation.', 'It remains to be determined if this is also the case in weak cancer patients with a short life expectancy and high systemic inflammation.'], ['The results in this study contribute to understanding the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in macrophages, and shed lights on death receptor-targeted therapy for cancer, inflammation and autoimmune diseases.'], ['Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the mucosa of the colon and rectum.'], ['Early in life a persistent neutrophylic inflammation can be demonstrated in the airways.', 'The cause of this inflammation, the role of CFTR and the cause of lung morbidity by different CF-specific bacteria, mostly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are not well understood.'], ['Telomere loss in white blood cells (WBC) is accelerated by oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro.', 'It was postulated that the accelerated WBC telomere shortening in RA occurs as a result of exposure to chronic inflammation.'], ["METHODS: Levels of cCD44std, cv5, cv6, cv10, cICAM-1, and PECAM-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 119 patients with PMM and MMM, in 12 persons with dysplastic nevi (Clark's nevi), and in 28 patients with inflammatory cutaneous diseases.", 'RESULTS: Patients with PMM, MMM, and inflammatory cutaneous diseases showed an elevation in levels of cCD44std and cICAM-1 compared with normal blood donors, but these levels were not significantly increased.'], ["BACKGROUND: Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized primarily by an inability to perceive physical pain from birth, resulting in the accumulation of bruising, inflammation, and fractures that affect patient's life expectancy."], ['Such factors include a high-fat diet and increased dietary intake, altered lipid metabolism, a decrease in the level of fat-soluble antioxidants, heightened systemic inflammation, therapeutic interventions, and diabetes mellitus.'], ['DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The onset and progression of multimorbidity and its mortality impact are driven by systemic factors, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction (insulin resistance), malnutrition, and frailty.'], ['In addition, spontaneous and amyloid beta immunotherapy-associated CAA-related inflammation may cause cSS, which is included in the hemorrhagic subgroup of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA).', 'Because a definitive diagnosis requires a brain biopsy, knowledge of neuroimaging features and clinical findings in CAA-related inflammation is essential.'], ['This suggests a metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and inflammation and prompts to consider the level of physical activity and muscle loss when assessing caloric requirements in this population.'], ['Prolonged lifespan was dependent on contact through TLR2/6, and F. alocis-challenged neutrophils retained their functional capacity to induce inflammation for longer timepoints.'], ['Tfh differentiation is shaped by the cytokine milieu during inflammation, vaccination and with age, and disease-specific patterns are emerging.'], ['CONCLUSION: NAFLD is part of a complex system of mental and non-communicable somatic disorders with a common pathogenesis, based on shared lifestyle and environmental risks, mediated by dysregulation of inflammation, oxidative stress pathways, and mitochondrial function.'], ['Chronic pain in people with HIV is multifactorial and influenced by HIV-induced peripheral neuropathy, drug-induced peripheral neuropathy, and chronic inflammation.'], ['Thus far, researchers and clinicians have focused on modulating acute inflammation to preserve sensorimotor function.', 'However, this singular approach risks overlooking how chronic inflammation negatively impacts the broader health of persons with a spinal cord injury (SCI).', 'Secondary complications producing and exacerbating inflammation are also discussed, including pain, depression, obesity, and injury to the integumentary and skeletal systems.', 'Conclusions: Effectively managing chronic inflammation should be a high priority for clinicians and researchers who seek to improve the health and life quality of persons with SCI.', 'Chronic inflammation worsens secondary medical complications and amplifies the risk for cardiometabolic disorders after injury, directly impacting both the quality of life and mortality risk after SCI.', 'Inflammation can worsen pain and depression and even hinder neurological recovery.', 'It is, therefore, imperative that countermeasures to chronic inflammation are routinely considered from the point of initial injury and proceeding throughout the lifespan of the individual with SCI.'], ['Mechanisms linking environmental exposures and SLE include epigenetic modifications resulting from exposures, increased oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and inflammatory cytokine upregulation, and hormonal effects.'], ['Roflumilast and cilomilast are oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors proposed to reduce the airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction seen in COPD.'], ['SIRT6 regulates diverse cellular functions such as transcription, genome stability, telomere integrity, DNA repair, inflammation and metabolic related diseases such as diabetes, obesity and cancer.'], ['An other issue is represented by serum ferritin concentrations, that are strongly associated with fibrosis, portal and lobular inflammation in NAFLD patients, especially in the presence of obesity.'], ['This may perpetuate psoriatic inflammation, displaying similarities to the immunopathogenesis of atherosclerosis.', 'Finally, the disturbed adipokine profile and inflammation associated with psoriasis enhances insulin resistance, causing subsequent endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and eventual coronary events.'], ['Human tissue inflammation is terminated, at least in part, by the death of inflammatory neutrophils by apoptosis.', 'The regulation of this process is therefore key to understanding and manipulating inflammation resolution.'], ['Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts, resulting in end-stage liver disease and reduced life expectancy.'], ['These results demonstrate that AR overexpression in both the basal and suprabasal epidermis of transgenic mice induces a phenotype that mimics cutaneous psoriasis, while basal AR expression is also associated with synovial inflammation, a precursor to the psoriasis-associated arthropathy, psoriatic arthritis.'], ['For most pharmaceuticals, the assessment of carcinogenic risk to humans can be made from information available from a) genotoxicity studies in vivo, b) 3-6 month toxicology studies in two or more animal species and c) clinical investigations in Phase I and II studies aimed at assessing the existence of risk factors (genotoxicity, immune suppression, hormonal activity and chronic irritation/inflammation) associated with cancer in humans caused by pharmaceuticals.'], ['While the etiology of gout flares is clearly associated with the presence of monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposits, several major questions remain unanswered, such as the relationships between diet, hyperuricemia and gout flares or the mechanisms by which urate induces inflammation.'], ['Diet may influence TL by several mechanisms such as regulating oxidative stress and inflammation or modulating epigenetic reactions.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Elevated circulating levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers are associated with adverse health effects, but the extent to which enhanced low-grade inflammation influences remaining life expectancy (LE) is uncertain.'], ['Type I IFNs (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta), which are well known for their anti-viral activities, have the capacity to inhibit allergic inflammation.'], ['Such an epigenetic signature may increase risk for diseases exacerbated by inflammation, and may contribute to health disparity.'], ['Several months later, she presented with persistent inflammation of the aortic endoprosthesis.'], ['Psoriasis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease whose exact aetiology is not fully understood, but both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the onset and progression of the disease.'], ['The aim of this study was to obtain new mechanistic insights on the capacity of Mo subsets from healthy donors (HDs) to activate IL-17(+) T-cell responses in vitro, and assess whether this function was maintained or lost in states of chronic inflammation.'], ['Beyond its role in neovascularization as a mechanism of tumor adaptation to nutrient and O2 deprivation, hypoxia has been linked to prolonged cellular lifespan and immortalization, the generation of "oncometabolites", deregulation of stem cell proliferation, and inflammation, among other tumor hallmarks.'], ['Despite advances in human lifespan, it appears that an increasing number of diseases such as atherosclerosis are associated with inflammation.'], ['Cystic fibrosis is characterised by chronic polymicrobial infection and inflammation in the airways of patients.'], ['Local indicators of inflammation included changes in the leukocyte cell population in the effusion and changes in the pleural CRP levels.'], ['Moreover despite its relatively benign clinical appearance, the establishment of chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues in childhood may have the potential for local tissue destruction leading to periodontitis, and/or create an "at-risk" environment in the tissues that could adversely affect the health of these tissues across the lifespan.', 'The present manuscript presents some fundamental information regarding the characteristics of chronic inflammation in gingival tissues of children and adolescents and speculates about the lifetime impact of gingival and periodontal infections in childhood on future oral and systemic health in the adult.'], ['OBJECTIVE: Obesity-related immune mediated systemic inflammation was associated with the development of the metabolic syndrome by induction of the tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) pathway.', 'CONCLUSIONS: TRP metabolism and obesity-related immune mediated inflammation differs markedly between juveniles and adults.'], ['BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective gene encoding a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and is characterised by chronic lung infection resulting in inflammation and progressive lung damage that results in a reduced life expectancy.'], ['CAPS is the prototype of an IL-1beta driven auto inflammatory disorder.', "Features of recurrent systemic inflammation compromises patient's quality of life, and may reduce life expectancy by inducing definite organ damage."], ['Both traditional CV risk factors and disease-related mechanisms may contribute to the RA atherogenesis, however, clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that the systemic inflammation is the major determinant of the RA vascular comorbidity.', 'CV morbidity and mortality strongly correlate with disease activity, whereas the successful pharmacological control of the chronic inflammation decreases the risk of CV complications.', "The better understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to the RA accelerated atherogenesis, the development of effective screening methods, and the identification of successful strategies to control both systemic inflammation and concomitant CV risk factors will allow to minimize the rheumatoid vasculopathy impact on the patients' morbidity and mortality."], ['Some studies have shown an effect of inhaled corticosteroids on airway inflammation in COPD, but the clinical relevance of these results is unknown.'], ['Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare multisystem autoimmune disease of unknown origin characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation and progressive destruction of cartilaginous tissues.'], ['It has been suggested that inflammation exists both within the neurovasculature and the stroma and that beta-amyloid creates an inflammatory reaction.'], ['Visceral pain is the result of spasms of smooth muscles of hallow viscus; distortion of capsule of solid organs; inflammation; chemical irritation; traction or twisting of mesentery; and ischemia, or necrosis, and encroachment of pelvis and presacral tumors.'], ["Inflammation, the body's protective response to injury and infection, plays a critical role in physical and mental health outcomes.", 'Elevated chronic inflammation is implicated as a predictor of disease and all-cause mortality and is linked with several psychological disorders.', 'Given that social support is associated with lower rates of mortality and psychopathology, the links between inflammation and social support are well-studied.', 'There is a paucity of research on the association between social support and inflammation within different racial groups.', 'Additionally, more research is warranted to understand whether social support from different sources uniquely contributes to inflammation, above and beyond other sources of support.', 'Thus, the current study examined whether perceived emotional social support during adolescence predicted inflammation during adulthood within several racial groups.', 'Consistent with our hypotheses and previous research, greater perceived support during adolescence was associated with lower inflammation during adulthood, but only for White participants.', 'Contrastingly, greater perceived support during adolescence was associated with higher inflammation during adulthood for individuals who identified as Asian, Latinx, Black, or Multiracial.', 'Furthermore, patterns of social support and inflammation within each racial group varied by relationship type.'], ['Low-grade systemic inflammation is a factor leading to geriatric disorders, which is known as "inflammaging".', 'Intestinal dysbiosis has a direct relationship with low-grade systemic inflammation because when the natural gut barrier is altered by age or other factors, some microorganisms or their metabolites can cross this barrier and reach the systemic circulation.'], ['Chronic exposure to biomass fuel through oxidative stress and inflammation has been associated with a shortening of the telomeres, a "biological marker" of longevity.'], ['We propose that CNS-intrinsic inflammation and re-modelling of the sub-arachnoid space of the leptomeninges sets the stage for neurodegeneration from the earliest stages of MS.'], ['The post-operative outcome and complications in SLE are less clearly understood than other inflammatory diseases, due to limited availability of evidence within the literature.'], ['Obesity associates with reduced life expectancy, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and is characterized by chronic inflammation.', 'The anti-inflammatory properties of these antibodies may be related to inflammation in obesity and its complications.'], ['We outline the therapeutic role played by MSCs and its secretome in suppressing tissue inflammation, causing immunomodulation, aiding angiogenesis and assisting in scar-free wound healing.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarises previous literature and recent findings on omega-3 fatty acids in cognition and inflammation in humans, comparing the effects of dietary omega-3 with supplemental omega-3.', 'RECENT FINDINGS: Whilst some omega-3 studies, both dietary and supplementation, show positive benefits of omega-3s in cognition, particularly memory function, and supplementation studies show reduction in markers of inflammation, including IL-6 and TNF-alpha, some studies also show no clear benefits on cognition and inflammation, particularly in healthy populations.'], ['Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease affecting more than 170 million women worldwide and up to 10% of women of reproductive age.'], ['BACKGROUND: Anorexia, body wasting, inflammation, muscle, and adipose tissue loss are hallmarks of cancer cachexia, a syndrome that affects the majority of cancer patients, impairing their ability to endure chemotherapeutic therapies and reducing their lifespan.'], ['An increase in mucin secretion is also suggested by the formation of endobronchial mucus plaques and plugs, which become the main sites of air flow obstruction, infection, and inflammation conducing to early small airways disease followed by the development of bronchiectasis.'], ['Defects in neutrophil number and survival are common to both hematologic disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases.', 'At sites of inflammation, neutrophils respond to multiple signals that activate protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, which positively regulates neutrophil survival.', 'NR4A3 expression is also increased at sites of neutrophilic inflammation in a human model of intradermal inflammation.'], ['Moreover, despite the persistent viral suppression induced by cART usually reduces the cardiovascular risk, several studies show in HIV-positive subjects a condition of chronic inflammation and immune activation that could lead to both accelerated endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic disease.'], ['This leukodystrophy causes severe hypomyelination with progressive inflammation, leading to neurological dysfunctions and shortened life expectancy.', 'Using a model of Plp1 overexpression, resulting in demyelination with progressive inflammation, we compared side-by-side the therapeutic benefits of intracerebrally grafted hNPCs and hOPCs.', 'These findings should help to design novel therapeutic strategies combining immunomodulation and stem/progenitor cell-based therapy for disorders associating hypomyelination with inflammation as observed in PMD.'], ['The present review summarizes the current understanding of MPEs cells and tumor microenvironment, and particularly focuses on dissecting the cross-talk between MPEs and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation and cancer stem cells.'], ['In all, 90.7% of the patients presented with blurred vision, and 25.6% with pain or inflammation.'], ['Studies have shown that sirtuins have pathophysiological relevance to neurodegeneration, muscle differentiation, inflammation, obesity, and cancer.'], ['The dysregulation of core clock and clock output genes plays an important role in chronic inflammation and aberrant peripheral circadian rhythmicity, particularly in PLWH.', 'Furthermore, we discussed potential therapeutic approaches to reset the peripheral molecular clocks and mitigate airway inflammation.'], ['Compared to people with intellectual disabilities, risk of dementia (IRR 16 60, 14 23-19 37), hypothyroidism (IRR 7 22, 6 62-7 88), obstructive sleep apnoea (IRR 4 45, 3 72-5 31), and haematological malignancy (IRR 3 44, 2 58-4 59) were higher in people with Down syndrome, with reduced rates for a third of conditions, including new onset of dental inflammation (IRR 0 88, 0 78-0 99), asthma (IRR 0 82, 0 73-0 91), cancer (solid tumour IRR 0 78, 0 65-0 93), sleep disorder (IRR 0 74, 0 68-0 80), hypercholesterolaemia (IRR 0 69, 0 60-0 80), diabetes (IRR 0 59, 0 52-0 66), mood disorder (IRR 0 55, 0 50-0 60), glaucoma (IRR 0 47, 0 29-0 78), and anxiety disorder (IRR 0 43, 0 38-0 48).'], ['Potential biomarkers candidates of AD were individuated in peptides/proteins involved in antimicrobial defense, innate immune system, inflammation, and in oxidative stress.'], ['In addition to the usual cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, chronic hyperglycaemia plays an important role by promoting oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, monocyte adhesion, arterial wall thickening and endothelial dysfunction.', 'Hypoglycemia and glucose variability could enhance CV disease by promoting oxidative stress, vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.'], ['AREAS COVERED: Inflammatory responses in CF are abnormal and contribute to a sustained proinflammatory lung microenvironment, abundant in proinflammatory mediators and deficient in counter-regulatory mediators that terminate and resolve inflammation.'], ["A patient's hemoglobin response to these agents cannot be accurately described using population-level models due to many individual factors including chronic inflammation, red blood cell lifespan, and acute blood loss."], ['Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS; also designated as acne inversa) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, which affects the intertriginous skin and is associated with numerous systemic comorbidities.'], ['Chronic inflammation does not seem to be the only contributing factor.'], ['BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic inflammatory diseases (CID) are associated with a profound increase in cardiovascular (CV) risk resulting in reduced life expectancy.', 'CONCLUSION: In several different chronic inflammatory disease entities, LDL-cholesterol is shifted toward a pro-atherogenic phenotype due to an increased sdLDL content which might in part explain the LDL paradoxon.'], ['Stem cells have shown promise in promoting cutaneous wound healing by modulating inflammation, angiogenesis, and re-epithelialization.'], ['BACKGROUND: Scleroderma is a rare connective tissue disorder characterised by inflammation, vasculopathy and excessive fibrosis.'], ['BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, several medical comorbidities and a decreased life expectancy.', 'LIMITATIONS: The majority of identified studies had cross-sectional designs, small sample sizes and limited measurements of inflammation.'], ['The previously held theory that inflammation was the predominant underlying feature of IPF led to the use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy as the standard of care.'], ['UNLABELLED: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a loss of tolerance toward the hepatocellular epithelium.'], ['Overweight, obesity, and decline in physical activity are correlated to a significant propensity to lose skeletal muscle mass as a result of prolonged inflammation and oxidative stress whereas cohort surveys and clinical investigations have demonstrated health benefits of Citrus-based polyphenols to reverse such regression.'], ['Insulin resistance, inflammation and a prothrombotic state acutely emerge.', 'Six physiological processes that occur during stress and that are markedly increased in melancholia set into motion six different mechanisms to produce inflammation, as well as sustained insulin resistance and a prothrombotic state.'], ['Used as nutraceuticals, these compounds are thought to dampen the onset of allergic inflammation, by acting on several immune cells, but concerns still remain about their real employment by the organism who assumes polyphenols through diet, because of their bioavailability, gut transformation and pharmacokinetics.'], ['New-generation leads present a sophisticated design with improved geometry and steroid-eluting tips to reduce chronic inflammation, maintaining a low pacing threshold and high sensing capability.'], ['Under inflammatory conditions, neutrophil apoptosis is delayed due to survival-factor exposure, a mechanism that prevents the resolution of inflammation.'], ['This increased risk of CV disease is due to a complex cluster of risk factors including insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, diabetic dyslipidaemia, hypertension and systemic inflammation.'], ['There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease.', 'This article reviews some of the pathophysiological processes responsible for the underlying inflammation in obesity and sepsis and reviews the literature for the association of the two.'], ['In addition to the hypolipidaemic effect, other potentially important effects, such as improvement of endothelial function and reduction of LDL oxidation and vascular inflammation, have been associated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy.'], ['Inflammation produces reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) that cause vascular damage and activate T lymphocytes.'], ['Morphologic examination of liver biopsy specimens in patients with a benign clinical course usually showed portal inflammation, fibrosis, and minor signs of piecemeal necrosis, whereas widespread piecemeal necrosis was found in patients who deteriorated and died.'], ['Although IUD users may have more nonspecific vaginal inflammation than do other women, the clinical significance is probably limited.'], ['Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the appearance of painful inflamed nodules, abscesses, and pus-draining sinus tracts in the intertriginous skin of the groins, buttocks, and perianal and axillary regions.', 'MetS, in particular, obesity, can support sustained inflammation and thereby exacerbate skin manifestations and the chronification of HS.'], ['Background: Patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have a reduced life expectancy due to inflammation-related disease including cardiovascular disease and diabetes.', 'Functional pathway analysis revealed that CD16+ monocytes upregulated pathways in PWS were closely associated with TNF/IL-1beta- driven inflammation signaling.', 'Finally, we explored the PWS deletion region 15q11-q13 might be responsible for elevated levels of inflammation in the peripheral immune system.'], ['Features related to cachexia, inflammation, and quality of life had statistically different prestige scores in NA.'], ['CONCLUSION: Inflammation in automated peritoneal dialysis is mainly associated with low residual renal function, advanced age and longer time on therapy, and not to the type of dialysis performed.'], ['Less is known about the relation between social support and chronic inflammation during childhood and adolescence, or when the association emerges during the lifespan.', 'CONCLUSION: Greater social support was linked to lower chronic low-grade inflammation in a large sample of children and adolescents.', 'Importantly, these findings provide evidence that the relation between social support and inflammation emerges early in the lifespan.'], ['Adipocytokines, such as adiponectin and omentin, are anti-inflammatory and have been shown to prevent atherogenesis by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production by the endothelium, suppressing endothelium-derived inflammation and decreasing foam cell formation.', 'On the other hand, adipocytokines like leptin and resistin induce inflammation and endothelial dysfunction that leads to vasoconstriction.'], ['The composition of intestinal microbiota and inflammation indices in elderly Chinese, especially centenarians, is unclear.', 'OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the relationships between intestinal microbiota and inflammation in healthy housebound elders in Shanghai, China.'], ['Synovial hyperplasia and persistent inflammation serve as its typical pathological manifestations, which ultimately lead to joint destruction and function loss.', 'Increasingly evidences suggest that this abnormality is involved in the occurrence and development of RA-related inflammation.'], ['These results suggest that neutrophil maturation is sexually dimorphic in rheumatic inflammation, and that this may impact disease progression and treatment.'], ['Roflumilast and cilomilast are oral phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors proposed to reduce the airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction seen in COPD.'], ['Serum collected before and after therapy from both groups was analyzed for the levels of bradykinin, serotonin, heat shock protein 70, human CXC-chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), prostaglandin E2, and macrophage inflammation protein 1alpha.'], ['Some degree of immune dysfunction is suggested by the presence of markers of immune activation/inflammation despite effective suppression of HIV replication.'], ['Additionally, chronic inflammation is a common accomplice of the diseases of homeostasis, yet the basis for this connection is not fully understood.', 'This framework highlights the fundamental parallels between homeostatic and inflammatory control mechanisms and provides a new perspective on the physiological origin of inflammation.'], ['Additionally, lower levels of phosphorylated p38, a mitogen-activated protein kinase that is involved in both inflammation and neuronal death, were observed in the spinal cords of SOD1(G93A) mice treated with caffeic acid phenethyl ester for 7 days.'], ['CCR5 inhibitors are believed to possibly decrease inflammation from the immune system and thereby offer additional properties further to their antiretroviral efficacy.'], ['Links also were noted with calcium and vitamin D intake, hypogonadism, chronic inflammation, and age, but findings in these areas are not consistent from one report to the next.'], ['Exclusion criteria were smoking use of medications known to affect bone metabolism (corticosteroids, heparin, thyroxine, thiazides, and anticonvulsants), and presence of chronic inflammatory disease.'], ['However, their immune system remains in a state of sustained activation/inflammation, which favors viral replication and depletion of helper T-cells with varying profiles according to ART-response.', 'Following a virological response, inflammatory cytokines (IFNgamma and IL-12), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and inflammation-related cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1beta) were highly expressed with viral suppression (VS) vs. virological failure (VF), while the chemokine CCL3 was highly expressed with VF (p<0.01).'], ['Our results point to a series of molecular and cellular mechanisms that link cellular senescence, tissue damage, excessive inflammation and reduced immune responsiveness in human skin and demonstrate that tissue-specific immunity can be restored in older adults by short-term inhibition of inflammatory responses.'], ['CAR-neutrophils with the best anti-tumor activity are produced to specifically and noninvasively deliver and release tumor microenvironment-responsive nanodrugs to target GBM without the need to induce additional inflammation at the tumor sites.'], ['Cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses also have dual functions after stroke as they can enhance inflammation acutely, but also contribute to suppression of the inflammatory cascade and later repair.'], ['Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic synovial joint inflammation, progressive disability, premature immune aging, and telomere length (TL) shortening.'], ['Methylation at four (26.7%) CpG sites was associated with placental transcript levels of 15 genes (FDR < 0.05), including genes known to be associated with adult lipid traits, inflammation and oxidative stress.'], ['Collectively, our data shed light on the complex regulation of interactions between NK cells and neutrophils during an inflammatory response and provide further support for a role of NK cells in the resolution phase of inflammation.'], ['Clinical, metabolic parameters and an inflammation marker (HMGB1) were evaluated and a transthoracic echocardiogram was carried out.', 'Furthermore, the evaluation of concentrations of HMBG1 could explain how an initial inflammation can trigger the condition of meta-inflammation.'], ['We identified 32 leukocyte phenotypes that were altered in ALS patients compared to age and gender matched healthy volunteers (HV) that included phenotypes of both inflammation and immune suppression.'], ['Neuroimmune crosstalk is thought to perpetuate inflammation and neural alterations linked to early-life stress exposure, and also foster behaviors that can further compromise health, such as smoking, drug abuse and consumption of high-fat diets.'], ['1) The rate and extent of reduction of the androgen metabolites may cause a decrease of cellular and specific immunity which can lead to viral and bacterial infections; joint and stomach inflammation; general pain; and allergic reactions.'], ['In addition to estrogen dependence, endometriosis is characterized by chronic pelvic inflammation.', 'Endometriosis associated chronic inflammation and potential adverse health effects across the lifespan render it imperative for renewed research vigor into the identification of novel biomarkers of disease and therapeutic options.'], ['CHD results from a complex and multifactorial atherosclerotic process involving the over-representation of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, particularly smoking, uncontrolled viral replication, chronic inflammation, immune activation, and exposure to antiretroviral drugs.'], ['This review includes a description of the findings of those research studies published in the last 5 years on the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on all-cause mortality, CVD and inflammation, the immune system, insulin sensitivity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cancer.'], ['Increasing evidence supports an important role for inflammation in all phases of atherosclerosis, from initiation of the fatty streak to final culmination in acute coronary syndromes.', 'Toll-like receptors are pattern recognition receptors and members of the innate immune system that contribute to inflammation and appear to play key roles in atherosclerosis.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory disease characterized by progressive bone and cartilage destruction, resulting in severe functional limitations, shortened lifespan, and increased mortality rates.', 'Unlike conventional drugs, nanosystems are designed to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the site of inflammation, therefore avoiding potential systemic and off-target unwanted effects.'], ['RA is characterized by inflammation, which also is a key component in the development of atherosclerosis.', 'Inflammation leads to the activation of endothelial cells, which, through an increase in the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, promotes a pro-atherosclerotic environment.', 'Studies have shown that endothelial dysfunction in RA is closely associated with inflammation, and therapeutic reduction of inflammation leads to improvements in endothelial function.', 'Given the increase in cardiovascular mortality associated with RA, effective management must involve prevention of cardiovascular risk, in addition to control of disease activity and inflammation.'], ['KS lesions are comprised of both distinctive spindle cells of endothelial origin and a variable inflammatory infiltrate, which suggests that KS may result from reactive hyperproliferation induced by chronic inflammation, and therefore it is not a true neoplasm.'], ['OBJECTIVE: To report our 12-year experience with radiological treatment (ureteric embolization) for refractory urinary fistula, as malignancy, radiation therapy, and/or chronic inflammation increase the risk of lower urinary tract fistula after surgical urinary diversion, which can lead to significant morbidity, and for patients who are not surgical candidates permanent nephrostomy drainage and ureteric embolization offer an alternative form of urinary diversion.'], ['Hence, administration of UDCA must begin in the phase of progressive inflammation (stages I and II) and the outcome documented after many years of long-term therapy.'], ['Targets for intervention in SCI toward improved function have been identified using basic research approaches and can be simplified into a list: (1) reduction of edema and free-radical production, (2) rescue of neural tissue at risk of dying in secondary processes such as abnormally high extracellular glutamate concentrations, (3) control of inflammation, (4) rescue of neuronal/glial populations at risk of continued apoptosis, (5) repair of demyelination and conduction deficits, (6) promotion of neurite growth through improved extracellular environment, (7) cell replacement therapies, (8) efforts to bridge the gap with transplantation approaches, (9) efforts to retrain and relearn motor tasks, (10) restoration of lost function by electrical stimulation, and (11) relief of chronic pain syndromes.'], ['CONCLUSION: Prolongation of the functional life-span of neutrophils by gammaVT2 may accelerate inflammatory responses at sites of inflammation.'], ['Apoptosis and clearance of neutrophils is essential for successful resolution of inflammation.', 'This allows for rapid resolution of inflammation as levels of survival factors fall, and suggests new strategies for inducing resolution of inflammation.'], ['Drugs which potentially protect cartilage from damage, such as orgotein, glycosaminoglycan polysulphate (Arteparon), and Rumalon, may prove useful in rheumatoid arthritis; they have been studied in osteoarthritis, but there is evidence that they protect cartilage from breakdown by inflammation in some animal models.'], ['These conditions arise from multiple risk factors, including inflammation, insulin resistance, impaired blood lipid profile, endothelial dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk.'], ['AIMS: We reviewed the pathological progress of DCD related to the "gut microbiota-astrocyte" axis in terms of peripheral and central inflammation, intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, systemic and brain energy metabolism disorders to deepen the pathological research progress of DCD and explore the potential therapeutic targets.'], ['Latent class analyses were performed across each dataset utilising seven baseline cardiometabolic conditions: obesity, low high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), hyperglycemia, diabetes, and inflammation.'], ['It is found that stem cells can treat intestinal injury or inflammation through different ways.'], ['Cancer-related cachexia is a complex multifactorial phenomenon in which systemic inflammation plays a key role in the development and maintenance of the symptomatology.'], ['Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease characterized by the loss of tolerance to autoantigens, overproduction of autoantibodies, and inflammation in multiple organ systems.'], ['We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs.'], ['No inflammation or fibrosis were detected in bladder tissues after irradiation.'], ['Specifically, they include oxidative stress and inflammation, genomic alterations and mutations, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, endocrine disruption, altered intercellular communication, altered microbiome communities, and impaired nervous system function.'], ['Links between child maltreatment and low-grade inflammation in adulthood are well documented, but these studies often rely on adults to report retrospectively on experiences of childhood abuse.', 'Furthermore, these findings raise questions about whether exposure to childhood maltreatment needs time to "incubate," only giving rise to nonresolving inflammation in adulthood, or whether heightened inflammation may be observable in childhood, closer in time to the maltreatment exposure.', 'Blood samples from children assessed C-reactive protein and cytokines, which were used to form a composite of low-grade inflammation.', 'Analyses revealed a marginally significant Maltreatment Exposure x Sex interaction, which suggested that maltreatment exposure was associated with higher inflammation for girls but not boys.', 'Finally, examination of timing of first onset of maltreatment suggested that girls whose exposures occurred before the age of 5 had the highest low-grade inflammation.', 'These findings add new evidence linking maltreatment to inflammation in childhood, which could increase the risk for mental and physical health problems across the lifespan.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Although initial studies suspected the increased prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors and side effects of ART to be involved in the increased CVD risk in PLWH, recent studies have uncovered the important role of chronic persistent inflammation in this increased risk.', 'In addition, biomarkers of inflammation have been associated with both CVD events and subclinical CAD in this population.', 'Lastly, recent studies and ongoing clinical trials have been investigating medical interventions that aim to reduce inflammation and cardiovascular events.', 'Different mechanisms of inflammation have been examined in PLWH, including subclinical viremia, microbial translocation, and coinfection with other pathogens such as cytomegalovirus.', 'Recent and ongoing trials are exploring the benefits of anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, and antimicrobial translocation drugs on both inflammation and CVD risk among PLWH.'], ['The increasing evidence showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (Tweak)/fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) signalling controls a variety of cellular activities in biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and has diverse biological functions in pathological mechanisms like inflammation that are associated with the process of bone metabolism.'], ['Pathology specimens from skin flaps showed extensive acute and chronic inflammation, microabscesses, fibrosis, and acanthosis, with depletion and degeneration of the pilosebaceous units.'], ['Our data also indicate that, at least in this model, inflammation can predispose to retroviral infection and cancer.'], ['In long-standing disease, it has been widely demonstrated that both traditional cardiovascular risk factors than chronic inflammation and immune-mediated mechanisms play a relevant role in atherosclerosis.'], ["This paper reviews four well-established cardiovascular risk factors (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, and inflammation), for which there is longitudinal epidemiological evidence of increased risk of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline."], ['These risk factors include measures of skeletal muscle wasting, systemic inflammation, cardiovascular functioning and dialysis adequacy.'], ['The etiology and pathogenic mechanisms for AD have not been defined, although inflammation within the brain is thought to play a role.', 'This review offers a hypothetical link between periodontitis and AD and will present possible mechanistic links between periodontitis related inflammation and AD.'], ['Even mild inflammation may result in irreversible damage and permanent disability.'], ['In the present study, we determined that aging promoted macrophage-mediated liver injury and that inflammation was mainly responsible for lower M2 polarization in liver transplantation-exposed humans post I/R.', 'Moreover, TRIB1 overexpression in macrophages facilitates M2 polarization and anti-inflammation by activating MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling under IL-4 stimulation.'], ['Future inflammation studies may direct anticancer treatment strategies in geriatric EC.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Action in the first 5-years of life to prevent and/or treat respiratory exacerbations and counteract neutrophilic inflammation in the lower airways may reduce lung function decline in children with CF, and these should be targets of future research.'], ['IRBL acts through CD4 + T-cell/immune reconstitution-induced inflammation and is independent of antiviral regimen.'], ['RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: HIV-positive patients with high viral load, low CD4 count, chronic inflammation, and autonomic neuropathy can develop QT interval prolongation.'], ['The potential molecular mechanisms of PM-caused CVDs include direct toxicity to the cardiovascular system or indirect injury by inducing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in circulation.'], ['Two mechanisms may explain that iron deposition largely spares the heart in SCA: the high level of erythropoiesis recycles the iron and the chronic inflammation retains iron within the macrophages.', 'Iron accumulation varies widely in MDS syndromes due to the competing influences of abnormal erythropoiesis, excess iron supply, and inflammation.'], ['Many factors, such as insulin/leptin dysregulation and inflammation, mediate the effect of obesity and cognition and motor behaviors.'], ['BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective gene encoding a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and is characterised by chronic lung infection resulting in inflammation and progressive lung damage that results in a reduced life expectancy.'], ['CONCLUSION: Inflammation, represented by CD8 T-cell levels, and persistent C-reactive protein elevation are independent predictors of angiographic restenosis and should therefore be closely monitored in HIV patients undergoing PCI.'], ['BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence links inflammation and immune competence to cancer progression and outcome.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: We propose a role for Th17 and Th2 T cells in chronic inflammation in lungs of patients with CF.'], ['In addition to its role in redox biochemistry, NAD fuels the sirtuins (SIRTs) to regulate transcription factors involved in pathways linked to inflammation, diabetes and lifespan.'], ['Several pathophysiologic mechanisms are responsible for the syndrome, including mechanical compression, motility disorders, gastrointestinal secretion accumulation, decreased gastrointestinal absorption, and inflammation.'], ['Neutrophil cell death plays a crucial role in neutrophil homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation.'], ['These data provide new insights into the regulation and function of survivin and have important implications for the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.'], ['The ability of these peptides to act as chemoattractants for cells of the innate- and adaptive-immune system may also play an important role in perpetuating chronic inflammation in the GI tract.'], ['Apoptosis of neutrophils plays a critical role in the resolution of acute inflammation.'], ['The MAP kinase family, which plays an active role in wound healing, is a well-characterized large family of serine/threonine kinases and regulates processes such as proliferation, oncogenesis, differentiation, and inflammation in the cell.'], ['In recent years, our group and others have made a progress in understanding how these risk factors can promote endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle dysregulation, vascular inflammation, hypertension, lung, and heart diseases.'], ['Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), produced by the lack of glycemic control in diabetic patients, interact with their AGE receptors (AGER) resulting in increased arterial stiffness, inflammation and endothelial changes - which increases the risk of developing hypertension and other complications.'], ['Declines in NAD+ levels are associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders.', "Overall, TNB-738 represents a novel treatment with broad therapeutic potential for metabolic and inflammatory diseases associated with NAD+ deficiencies.Abbreviations: 7-AAD: 7-aminoactinomycin D; ADCC: antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ADCP: antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis; ADPR: adenosine diphosphate ribose; APC: allophycocyanin; cADPR: cyclic ADP-ribose; cDNA: complementary DNA; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CD38: cluster of differentiation 38; CDC: complement dependent cytotoxicity; CFA: Freund's complete adjuvant; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; CCP4: collaborative computational project, number 4; COOT: crystallographic object-oriented toolkit; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DSC: differential scanning calorimetry; 3D: three dimensional; epsilonNAD+: nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide; ECD: extracellular domain; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FACS: fluorescence activated cell sorting; FcgammaR: Fc gamma receptors; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; HEK: human embryonic kidney; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; IgG: immunoglobulin; IFA: incomplete Freund's adjuvant; IFNgamma: Interferon gamma; KB: kinetic buffer; kDa: kilodalton; KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; M: molar; mM: millimolar; MFI: mean fluorescent intensity; NA: nicotinic acid; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NAM: nicotinamide; NGS: next-generation sequencing; NHS/EDC: N-Hydroxysuccinimide/ ethyl (dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide; Ni-NTA: nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid; nL: nanoliter; NK: natural killer; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; OD: optical density; PARP: poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PDB: protein data bank; PE: phycoerythrin; PISA: protein interfaces, surfaces, and assemblies: PK: pharmacokinetics; mol: picomolar; RNA: ribonucleic acid; RLU: relative luminescence units; rpm: rotations per minute; RU: resonance unit; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; SEM: standard error of the mean; SIRT: sirtuins; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; microg: microgram; microM: micromolar; microL: microliter."], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder, mainly characterized by synovial inflammation and joint damage.', 'To identify candidate molecules with strong inhibitory activity against FLS inflammation, we tested the effect of 315 natural extracts against IL-17-mediated IL-6 production.', '8-Shogaol displayed significant inhibitory effects against TNF-alpha-, IL-1beta-, and IL-17-mediated inflammation and migration in RA patient-derived FLS (RA-FLS) and 3D synovial culture system.'], ['Psoriasis is thought to be associated with a reduced life expectancy through systemic inflammation.', 'A comparative, retrospective analysis of neutrophil-to-lympho-cyte ratio, a biomarker of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk, under 196 treatments with tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-12/23 antagonists was performed.', 'These results demonstrate a rapid and sustained reduction in biomarkers of systemic inflammation under biologic treatment.', 'Furthermore, these data suggest class-specific effects on systemic inflammation, which may be relevant for the prevention of psoriasis co-morbidity by systemic treatment.'], ['Inflammation is a central mechanism in metabolic disorders associated with morbidity and mortality and dietary factors can modulate inflammation.', 'EDIP score was derived by entering thirty-nine predefined commonly consumed food groups into the reduced rank regression models followed by stepwise linear regression, which was most predictive of two plasma inflammation biomarkers including C-reactive protein and leucocyte count among 25 500 US adults.'], ['Infection and inflammation remain the primary causes of morbidity requiring early intervention.'], ['Mixed perfusion patterns can be seen with epilepsy, migraine, trauma, infection/inflammation, and toxic-metabolic encephalopathy.'], ['SIRT6 (Sirtuin 6) is a nuclear deacetylase involved in DNA damage response signaling, inflammation, and metabolism; however, its role in regulating VSMC senescence and atherosclerosis is unclear.', 'SM22alpha-hSIRT6/ApoE-/- mice had reduced atherosclerosis, markers of senescence and inflammation compared with littermate controls, while plaques of SM22alpha-hSIRT6H133Y/ApoE-/- mice showed increased features of plaque instability.'], ['LWAS confirmed markers of prostate cancer biology (prostate-specific antigen: hazard ratio [HR], 1.07 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.06-1.08]; and alkaline phosphatase: HR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.20-1.24]) as well laboratory tests of general health (eg, serum albumin: HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.76-0.80]; and creatinine: HR, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.03-1.07]) and inflammation (leukocyte count: HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.98-1.26]; and erythrocyte sedimentation rate: HR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.09-1.61]).', 'CONCLUSIONS: The authors identified routinely collected laboratory data associated with survival for patients with prostate cancer using LWAS methodologies, including markers of prostate cancer biology, overall health, and inflammation.'], ['Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is commonly encountered in primary care and is associated with significant morbidity that extends beyond the skin manifestations.'], ['The causes of bone disease in PLHIV are not fully understood, but include HIV-specific risk factors such as use of antiretrovirals and the presence of chronic inflammation, as well as traditional risk factors for fracture.'], ['Chronic immune activation and inflammation persist in treated patients and have been described as predictors for clinical events and mortality in HIV-infected patients.', 'Limited information is available on the impact of the various cART regimens on inflammation/immunoactivation.', 'The aim of this work was to explore the impact of elvitegravir, dolutegravir, raltegravir (integrase strand transfer inhibitors, INSTIs) and atazanavir (protease inhibitor, PI) on several soluble markers of immune activation and inflammation during the first year of effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART).', 'We observed heterogeneous modifications in inflammation markers among arms.', 'Our data show that among INSTIs, EVG seems to have a worse impact on inflammation.'], ['However, knowledge about neuron-intrinsic responses to inflammation is limited.', 'By leveraging neuron-specific messenger RNA profiling, we found that neuroinflammation leads to induction and toxic accumulation of the synaptic protein bassoon (Bsn) in the neuronal somata of mice and patients with MS. Neuronal overexpression of Bsn in flies resulted in reduction of lifespan, while genetic disruption of Bsn protected mice from inflammation-induced neuroaxonal injury.'], ['Once inflammation and fibrosis have stabilized (generally at least 3 months after the trauma), the optimal management for the resulting urethral stenosis is delayed urethroplasty.'], ['BACKGROUND: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a measure of systemic inflammation that appears prognostic in localized and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).', 'Increased systemic inflammation portends a poorer prognosis in cancer patients.'], ['Functional failure of CFTR results in mucus retention and chronic infection and subsequently in local airway inflammation that is harmful to the lungs.'], ['Studies of the natural history of MS suggest it is a two-phase disease: in the first phase, inflammation is focal with flares; and in the second phase, disability progresses independently of focal inflammation.'], ['These protective effects were accompanied by an overall improvement in cardiomyocyte architecture and a massive reduction of myocardial fibrosis with a concomitant amelioration of inflammation.'], ['The regulation of neutrophil lifespan by induction of apoptosis is critical for maintaining an effective host response and preventing excessive inflammation.', 'We also observed reduced neutrophilic inflammation in an acute mouse model of colitis.', 'These data support what we believe to be a novel function for PHD3 in regulating neutrophil survival in hypoxia and may enable the development of new therapeutics for inflammatory disease.'], ['formation of reactive oxygen species [ROS], inflammation, photo-oxidation, DNA damage, immunosuppression, photoallergy and cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity) or long-term effects (elastosis, photoageing and photocarcinogenesis).'], ['Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) apoptosis is one of the mechanisms responsible for the resolution of inflammation.', 'We aimed to measure levels of spontaneous apoptosis of circulating PMNs in CHF patients and in controls, and to examine whether NYHA class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF), and laboratory parameters of inflammation, endothelial damage, and of liver and renal function, could predict the rate of PMN apoptosis in CHF patients.'], ['We investigated the effect of intensified daily physiotherapy -carried out during a four weeks stay on Gran Canaria, Spain- on lung-function parameters, oxygen saturation and saliva neopterin as marker for ongoing inflammation in the respiratory tract.', '(range 0.2 6.8 pmol/min) to 0.6 ( range 0.1 2.6 pmol/min) pointing to diminished inflammation in the respiratory tract.'], ['As per suggestions of preclinical studies, the therapeutic effects of PG treatment include; increased life expectancy of neurons, decreased oxidative stress, halted microglial activity, lower inflammation [reduced NF-kappaB, COX-2, and iNOS], reduced mitochondrial dysfunction, rise in motor function [motor agility] and non-motor function [lowered cognitive dysfunction].'], ['These approaches include identifying genetic variants that may help identify novel pathways (e.g., lipid metabolism, cellular trafficking, synaptic function, inflammation) for therapeutic treatments and biomarkers for use in a precision medicine-like regimen.'], ['Pre-clinical evidence shows that Lf protects the developing brain from neuronal injury, enhances brain connectivity and neurotrophin production, and decreases inflammation in models of perinatal inflammatory challenge, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI).'], ['Later, serum hemoglobin levels decreased with the newly occurring sustained inflammation and left pleural effusion of an unknown cause, and the darbepoetin alfa dose was increased again to 20 mug per week, which was not effective.', 'Darbepoetin alfa was switched to 4 mg of daprodustat daily, which was fairly effective under sustained inflammation, with serum hemoglobin levels maintained at 11-12 g/dL.'], ['Disorders of blood glucose metabolism and a series of adverse reactions triggered by hyperglycaemia-such as oxidative stress and inflammation-are conducive to the occurrence of diabetic macrovascular complications, which pose severe challenges to the quality of life and life expectancy of people with diabetes.', 'A series of studies have shown that epigenetic regulation accelerates the development of atherosclerosis by interfering with the physiological activities of macrophages, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, such as inflammation, lipid deposition and apoptosis.'], ['It has been observed that altered fetuin-A is associated with peripheral artery disease through vascular calcification and is associated with inflammation and metabolic syndrome occurrence in diabetic patients.'], ['To such purpose, we address exposures by their immune effect type: immunosuppression, autoimmunity, inflammation and tissue damage, hypersensitivity, and general immunomodulation.'], ['To understand the mechanisms of the beneficial effects of RJ, knowledge of the changes induced at the molecular level by RJ with respect to cell survival, inflammation, oxidative stress and other cancer-related factors is essential.'], ['Precise regulation of the lifespan of these myeloid cells is critical to maintain protective immune responses and minimize the deleterious consequences of prolonged inflammation.', 'As MORRBID is present in humans and dysregulated in individuals with hypereosinophilic syndrome, this long non-coding RNA may represent a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders characterized by aberrant short-lived myeloid cell lifespan.'], ['Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction have been shown to extend life expectancy and reduce inflammation and cancer promotion in animal models.'], ['The Tsimane of lowland Bolivia are an indigenous forager-farmer population living under conditions resembling pre-industrial European populations, with high infectious morbidity, high infection and inflammation, and shortened life expectancy.'], ['Recent data have revealed that untreated HIV infection itself amplifies additional pro-atherogenic mechanisms related to immune activation, inflammation, coagulation, and lipoprotein particle changes (e.g.'], ['BACKGROUND: Urogenital infections and inflammation are a significant etiologic factor in male infertility.', 'Chronic urethritis might be responsible for silent genital tract inflammation with negative impact on semen quality.', 'Moreover, effects of noninfectious systemic inflammation on the male reproductive tract have to be considered in patients with metabolic syndrome, a disorder of growing relevance worldwide.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Available data provide sufficient evidence that in men with alterations of the ejaculate, urogenital infections and inflammation have to be considered.'], ['Research has identified some of the cellular processes that occur after disease onset, including mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, generation of free radicals, excitotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis, but for most patients the underlying cause is unknown.'], ['Because inflammation is believed to contribute to axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation in mammals with increased Plp1 gene dosage may also contribute to axonal degeneration described in patients and rodents with PLP1 increased gene dosage.'], ['The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in patients with HIV is very complex, including direct endothelial damage from viremia, a heightened overall state of inflammation from immune activation, higher prevalence and contribution from traditional atherosclerotic risk factors, and direct effects from antiretroviral therapy itself.'], ['Other potentially important effects, such as improvement of endothelial function, reduction of LDL oxidation and vascular inflammation, have been associated with simvastatin therapy in FH.'], ['This article reviews recent information on the contributions of insulin resistance, infection and inflammation, and psychiatric and psychological conditions associated with cardiovascular risk.'], ['Immune system abnormalities encompass derangement of antibody production, skewing of T cell subsets, aberrant cytokine profiles, and other impairments consistent with chronic inflammation and autoimmunity.'], ['It regulates lysosomal biogenesis, inflammation, repair, stress response, and aging.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune and systemic illness involving joint changes, including inflammation, joint pain, tiredness, elevated risk of developing coronary and heart disease, and rapid loss of muscle mass.', 'More detailed data is needed to clarify the benefits of exercise in the context of RA and inflammation.'], ['Stressful life events have been linked to declining health, and inflammation has been proposed as a physiological mechanism that might explain this association.', 'Using 828 participants from the Dunedin Longitudinal Study, we tested whether people who experienced more stressful life events during adulthood would show elevated systemic inflammation when followed up in midlife, at age 45.', 'We studied three inflammatory biomarkers: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and a newer biomarker, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), which is thought to index systemic chronic inflammation.', 'The results suggest systemic chronic inflammation is one physiological mechanism that could link stressful life events and health, and support the use of suPAR as a useful biomarker for such research.'], ['Vitamin D deficiency has been reported in several chronic conditions associated with increased inflammation and dysregulation of the immune system.'], ['Epidemiological studies reported that fruits, vegetables, and wines containing a high percentage of phenolics and flavonoids showed a positive impact in treating inflammatory diseases, reducing cancer risk, and increasing life expectancy.'], ['Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation associated to metabolic dysfunction.', 'Dopaminergic pathways apart from having a major role in the regulation of appetite and feeding behaviors are important immunoregulators in inflammation; thus, dopaminergic regulation is suggested to impact obesity- associated inflammation.', 'While the role of dopaminergic pathways in immune-mediated diseases has been intensively investigated in neurodegenerative diseases, dopaminergic immunomodulation in obesity-associated inflammation is largely unknown.', 'This review will integrate the actual knowledge about dopaminergic pathways involved in obesity-associated inflammation with special focus on immune innate key cell players.', 'We present an explanatory hypothesis with a model that integrate central and peripheral dopaminergic circuits in the relationship between neuroimmune and metabolic systems in obesity-associated inflammation.', 'Graphical Abstract Graphical representation of central and peripheral dopaminergic pathways in obesity-associated inflammation.'], ['Though PMNs are extremely short living and die upon spontaneous apoptosis, extended lifespan has been observed among those cells arrive at the inflammation sites or tackle intracellular infections or face any microbial challenges.', 'Like many candidates, type-1 interferons (type-1 IFNs) is a group of cytokines predominant at the inflammation site.'], ['They are usually caused by problems of the immune system, inflammation, infections, or gradual deterioration of joints, muscles, and bones.'], ['Moreover, serpin H1, prelamin A/C, protein-SET and cystatin-B were associated to CF, demonstrating the importance of heat shock response, cross-talk between the cytoskeleton and signal transduction, chronic inflammation and alteration of CFTR gating in the pathophysiology of the disease.', 'Moreover, for the first time we consider serpin H1, lamin A/C, protein-SET and cystatin-B important player in CF, affecting acute exacerbation, cytoskeleton reorganization, CFTR gating and chronic inflammation in CF.', 'Our approach has permitted to pay attention to the molecular mechanisms which regulate pathways directly or indirectly involved with CFTR defects: heat shock response, cross-talk between cytoskeleton and signal transduction, chronic inflammation and alteration of CFTR gating.'], ['However, there have been no studies of the trends in endocan levels in cirrhotic patients with bacterial infection and their associations with markers of infection and inflammation.', 'We analyzed the association of endocan with clinical factors in cirrhosis by comparison with indicators of infection and inflammation.'], ['This paper will examine the role of HIV in chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, the dynamic interaction that exists between comorbidity and HIV, and the potential consequences of long-term antiretroviral therapy in an effort to provide the best management options for the virally suppressed HIV patient.'], ['While these drugs reduce systemic inflammation, an important factor in CV development, they may at the same time be proatherogenic by inducing dyslipidemia, body fat redistribution and insulin resistance.'], ['Here we ask whether a psychosocial intervention, focused improving parenting, strengthening family relationships, and building youth competencies, can reduce inflammation in low-SES, African Americans from the rural South.', 'When youth reached age 19, peripheral blood was collected to quantify six cytokines that orchestrate inflammation, the dysregulation of which contributes to many of the health problems known to pattern by SES.', "Youth who participated in the intervention had significantly less inflammation on all six indicators relative to controls (all P values < 0.001; effect sizes in Cohen's d units ranged from -0.69 to -0.91).", 'Inflammation was lowest among youth who received more nurturant-involved parenting, and less harsh-inconsistent parenting, as a consequence of the intervention.'], ['BACKGROUND & AIMS: Severe obesity is associated with a state of chronic inflammation.', 'Extensive weight loss increases sirtuin expression significantly both in adipose tissue and liver, probably as a consequence of reduced inflammation.'], ['In long-standing disease, it has been widely demonstrated that both traditional cardiovascular risk and disease-related factors, including chronic inflammation and immune-mediated mechanisms, play a key role in accelerating atherosclerotic damage of the arterial wall.'], ['Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts, resulting in cirrhosis and need for liver transplantation and reduced life expectancy.'], ['During inflammation, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are exposed to and influenced by various cytokines, including the chemoattractant interleukin-8 (IL-8).'], ['Observations: UC impairs quality of life secondary to inflammation of the colon causing chronic diarrhea and rectal bleeding.', 'People with UC require monitoring of symptoms and biomarkers of inflammation (eg, fecal calprotectin), and require colonoscopy at 8 years from diagnosis for surveillance of dysplasia.', 'An effective treatment for mild to moderate UC is 5-aminosalicylic acid, whereas moderate to severe UC can be treated with advanced therapies that target specific inflammation pathways, including monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor, alpha4beta7 integrins, and IL-12 and IL-23 cytokines, as well as oral small molecule therapies targeting janus kinase or sphingosine-1-phosphate.'], ['Exposure of pregnant dams to vinclozolin, a competitive anti-androgen, and results in prominent, focal regions of inflammation in all exposed animals.', 'The inflammation closely resembles human nonbacterial prostatitis that occurs in young men and evidence indicates that inflammation plays a central role in the development of PCa.'], ['Finally, pathways that control cellular metabolism, like nuclear receptors, have been shown to play a regulatory role both in pain and inflammation.'], ['RESULTS: Poverty status and neural responsivity interacted statistically to predict inflammation.', 'Among children living in poverty, amygdala threat responsivity was positively associated with inflammation, and the same was true for ventral striatum responsivity to reward.'], ['The assay coverage also includes markers of gut health and inflammation, including citrulline and neopterin.'], ['Upregulation of IP3R2 gene expression could be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine astrocytes, murine macrophages and human fibroblasts indicating that it may be a compensatory response to inflammation.', 'Besides systemic inflammation, IP3R2 knockout mice also had increased IFNgamma, IL-6 and IL1alpha expression.', 'Altogether, our data indicate that IP3R2 protects against the negative effects of inflammation, suggesting that the increase in IP3R2 expression in ALS patients is a protective response.'], ['Anti-Fn14 antibodies prevented tumor-induced inflammation and loss of fat and muscle mass.'], ['Given the increased life expectancy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and the ongoing inflammation observed in the brains of these patients, it is likely that premature neurodegeneration as measured by phospho-tau (p-tau) or increased total tau (t-tau) protein may become an increasing problem.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: In a matched comparison of patients undergoing intestinal transplantation with a history of extended O3FA lipid emulsion therapy that successfully reversed hyperbilirubinemia, significant hepatic fibrosis was present in the explanted livers despite a reduction in inflammation.'], ['More recently, the anti-inflammation effect of marrow stromal cells has generated a great deal of interest.', 'In vitro, microglial cells were treated with hMSC co-culture, hMSC transwell culture or hMSC conditioned medium to investigate the mode of hMSCs exerting an anti-inflammation effect.', 'Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanisms by which hMSCs inhibit inflammation for facilitating the therapeutic effect.'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex inflammatory disorder associated with synovitis and joint destruction that affects an estimated 1 3 million Americans and causes significant morbidity, a reduced life-span and lost work productivity.'], ['These results directly relate KSHV reactivation to oxidative stress and inflammation, which are physiological hallmarks of KS patients.', 'The discovery of this novel mechanism of KSHV reactivation indicates that antioxidants and anti-inflammation drugs could be promising preventive and therapeutic agents for effectively targeting KSHV replication and KSHV-related malignancies.'], ['These therapies are targeted at all points in the pathogenesis of lung disease, from gene transfer to drugs that treat mucus, infection and inflammation in the airways.'], ['This review looks at recent translational research in sickle cell disease, covering the red cell membrane, the vascular endothelium, local and systemic inflammation and the potentially pivotal role of nitric oxide as a key regulator of sickle cell complications.'], ['The relief of pain, inflammation and restoration of mobility may be due to the effect of the transplanted adrenal graft, with the medullary component contributing to endorphin-like substance liberation and the cortical component contributing to glucocorticoid synthesis.'], ['Possible etiologies include dyslipoproteinemia (DL) from the underlying chronic inflammatory disease or from corticosteroid therapy, hypercoagulation due to antiphospholipid antibodies or nephrotic syndrome, vasculitis, and hypertension.'], ['Endometriosis is a common estrogen-dependent disorder wherein uterine lining tissue (endometrium) is found mainly in the pelvis where it causes inflammation, chronic pelvic pain, pain with intercourse and menses, and infertility.'], ["The present review focuses on the underlying mechanism of electric instability and unexpected cardiac death in this subset of young patients, from the myocardial scarring of the LV infero-lateral wall due to mechanical stretch exerted by the prolapsing leaflets and mitral annular disjunction, to the inflammation's impact on fibrosis pathways along with a constitutional hyperadrenergic state."], ['When loss of soft-tissue coverage and/or bone occurs, the resultant inflammation surrounding the implant is known as peri-implantitis.'], ['To date, limited studies have shown that chronic life stress is more prevalent in low SES communities and can affect important molecular processes implicated in tumor biology such as DNA methylation, inflammation, and immune response.'], ['Another index called the Diet Inflammation Index was created based on the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory potential of different foods.'], ['The pathophysiology of frailty is not clearly understood, but a critical role of an enhanced inflammation in the body is hypothesized.'], ['The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and HRR were analyzed retrospectively to assess their prognostic value using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis in 198 patients with RCC.'], ['Systemic inflammation was tested in the present study as one pathway that may link physical abuse in childhood to the adult functioning of corticolimbic brain circuits broadly implicated in risk for poor mental and physical health.'], [': This series of review articles outlines the complex cause of HIV-related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) particularly the interactions of viral factors, complications of antiviral therapy such as metabolic derangement, and chronic systemic inflammation.'], ['Chronic inflammation, induced by multiple viruses or metabolic alterations, and epigenetic and genetic modifications, cooperate in cancer development via a combination of common and distinct aetiology-specific pathways.'], ['In recent years, studies in rodents have provided mechanistic insights into the beneficial effects of CR on vascular homeostasis, including reduced oxidative stress, enhanced nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity, and decreased inflammation.'], ['The latter capabilities primarily were used in treating chronic inflammatory disorders.'], ['GCA is characterized by a combination of focal inflammation responsible for arterial stenosis or occlusion and of systemic inflammation manifesting as polymyalgia rheumatica, a decline in general health, and inflammatory anemia.'], ['Inflammation is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events.', 'As a common catalyst of both diseases, inflammation is the likely cause of increased prevalence of CVD in the RA population.', 'Abating disease-related inflammation in RA may be an effective strategy in reducing CVD risk.'], ['Patients with some chronic inflammatory diseases appear to be more likely to develop osteopenia, and in some cases earlier in life, which is of particular concern as the incidence of inflammatory diseases in the Western world is increasing.'], ['Using normal human colonic epithelial cells, EIF4E S209A knockin and BID knockout mice, we found that local inflammation and antitumor efficacy of Everolimus requires Myc-dependent induction of ER stress and apoptosis.'], ['Different drugs exist to treat the inflammation and pain.', 'Several such biomarkers were identified, namely transmembrane TNFalpha (tmTNF), human serum albumin (HSA) and its half-life receptor, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) which is also involved in IgG lifespan; calprotectin, high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) whose overexpression lead to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha) which induces inflammation by binding to TNF receptor (TNFR); and T helper 17 (Th17) cells which induce inflammation by IL-17A secretion.'], ['Although the mechanisms of virus-induced pathological vascular remodeling are not fully understood, recent research indicates that inflammation and dysregulation of ligand-1 programmed death play a significant role.'], ['Oral treatment of ASM-KO mice with a FAAH inhibitor prevented SM buildup; alleviated inflammation, neurodegeneration, and behavioral alterations; and extended lifespan.'], ['Chronic pancreatitis is a multifactorial, fibroinflammatory syndrome in which repetitive episodes of pancreatic inflammation lead to extensive fibrotic tissue replacement, resulting in chronic pain, exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency, reduced quality of life, and a shorter life expectancy.'], ['We previously reported that gold clusters can prevent inflammation induced osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis in vivo.'], ['After various reactions there is a subsequent translation and generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are strongly linked to allergic inflammation and mastocytosis.', 'We investigated the effect of IL-37 on inflammation in mastocytosis and report that the hematopoietic expression of IL-37 can reduce the inflammatory state in this disease.', 'IL-37 limits excessive inflammation, which suggests that IL-37 may be beneficial to the metabolic and inflammatory process and is a candidate as a potential new therapeutic agent.'], ['IS directly induced macrophage inflammation and impaired cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in vitro.'], ['In this context, coinfection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) accelerates immune senescence and elevates risk for other age-related morbidities, possibly through increased inflammation.', 'We investigated potential relationships between CMV memory inflation, immune senescence, and inflammation by measuring markers of inflammation and telomere lengths of different lymphocyte subsets in HIV-infected individuals seropositive for anti-CMV antibodies.', 'Exhaustive proliferation of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells in HIV-infected individuals is a potential source of senescent lymphocytes affecting systemic immune function and inflammation.'], ['Patients with CF have thick mucus obstructing the airways leading to recurrent infections, bronchiectasis and neutrophilic airway inflammation culminating in deteriorating lung function.', 'Follistatin treatment of newborn beta-ENaC mice, noted for respiratory pathology mimicking human CF, decreased the airway activin A levels and key features of CF lung disease including mucus hypersecretion, airway neutrophilia and levels of mediators that regulate inflammation and chemotaxis.'], ['The inflammation has become a major agent of pathology in wealthy populations in whom the pathogens are a minor threat and life expectancy is long.'], ['This vasodilation is due to persistent and excessive pro-inflammation.', 'We have hypothesized that the loss of renal tubule cell mass acutely in acute tubule necrosis and chronically in ESRD results in an immunologically dysregulated state leading to excessive pro-inflammation.'], ['The mechanisms of iron-overloading-associated HCC development include the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation cytokines, dysregulated hepcidin, and ferroportin metabolism.'], ['Our findings suggest that podocytes could secrete TNF-alpha and contribute to macrophage migration, resulting in DKD-related renal inflammation.'], ['The underlying processes occurring in aging are complex, involving numerous biological changes that result in chronic cellular stress and sterile inflammation.'], ['In this study, we explored the effect of HDAC9 on the P38 mitogen activated protein kinase (P38 MAPK), a classic cellular inflammation-related pathway, by knocking down HDAC9 in vascular endothelial cells with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and found that HDAC9 may mediate oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced inflammatory injury in vascular endothelial cells by regulating the phosphorylation level of P38 MAPK to lead to AS.'], ['Furthermore, the differences among tumor-associated Naged, Non-Naged and inflammation-associated aged neutrophils were compared by transcriptome, the biological characteristics of Naged were comprehensively analyzed from the perspectives of morphology, the metabolic capacity and mitochondrial function were investigated by Seahorse, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).', 'Further transcriptome reveals that Naged are completely different from those of Non-Aged or inflammation-associated aged neutrophils and illustrates that the key transcription factor SIRT1 in Naged is the core to maintain their lifespan via mitophagy for their function.'], ['Higher ENIGMA risk categories were significantly associated (P < 0 001) with lower education, living alone, smoking, low physical activity, BMI < 18 5 kg/m2, poorer muscle strength and functional mobility, exhaustion, physical frailty, homocysteine, glomerular filtration rate, Hb, red and white blood cell counts, platelets, systemic inflammation indexes, metabolic syndrome, CVD, cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale >= 5).'], ['One proposed mechanism is through chronic inflammation.', 'The objective of this study was to examine the association between endometriosis and uterine fibroids and biomarkers of inflammation and cellular aging.'], ['Patients undergoing cardiac surgery (CS) are particularly exposed to AKI because of the related oxidative stress, inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion damage.'], ['It is well-known that individuals with excessive weight gain frequently develop obesity-related complications, which are mainly known as Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and many other risk factors proven to be associated with chronic inflammation, causing disability and reduced life expectancy.', 'This review aims to present and discuss complications related to inflammation in pediatric obesity, the critical role of nutrition and diet in obesity-comorbidity prevention and treatment, and the impact of lifestyle.'], ['Also, there was no sign of inflammation and recurrence of cancer post-therapy.'], ['In particular, there is more and more evidence that PM2.5 exerts adverse effects particularly on the cardiovascular system, contributing substantially (mainly through mechanisms of atherosclerosis, thrombosis and inflammation) to coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease, but also to heart failure, hypertension, diabetes and cardiac arrhythmias.'], ['Improved volume control, clearance of protein-bound and middle molecules, reduced inflammation and preserved erythropoietin and vitamin D production are among the proposed mechanisms.'], ['Translocator protein (TSPO) is present in contact points between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes and is involved in the control of steroidogenesis, inflammation and apoptosis.'], ['Systemic inflammation may be a risk factor for early circulatory mortality in schizophrenia, but antipsychotic treatment, in particular typical antipsychotic treatment, could be a protective factor.'], ['We address this latter issue in the present review by examining the growing body of research showing that components of the immune system involved in inflammation can alter neural, cognitive, and motivational processes that lead to impaired self-regulation and poor health.', 'Based on these findings, we propose an integrated, multilevel model that describes how inflammation may cause widespread biobehavioral alterations that promote self-regulatory failure.'], ['Numerous possible mechanisms underlying MHO have been suggested, including adipose tissue distribution and inflammation.'], ['PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Despite HIV therapy advances, average life expectancy in HIV-infected individuals on effective treatment is significantly decreased relative to uninfected persons, largely because of increased incidence of inflammation-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction.', 'The enteric microbial community could potentially cause this inflammation, as HIV-driven destruction of gastrointestinal CD4 T cells may disturb the microbiota-mucosal immune system balance, disrupting the stable gut microbiome and leading to further deleterious host outcomes.'], ['BACKGROUND: Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a class III histone deacetylase that may play a critical role in several biological functions, including lifespan, stress, and inflammation.', 'Our main objective was to evaluate SIRT1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with osteoporosis and to analyze the relationship between the SIRT 1 activity and markers of inflammation and bone remodelling.', 'The potential role of inflammation in bone resorption in patients with osteoporosis was also studied.'], ['In HIV-infected people, both the infection itself and its treatment using combination antiretroviral therapy may contribute to an increased risk of CVD by altering blood lipid levels, inducing inflammation, and impacting blood-clotting processes, all of which can enhance CVD risk.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: A risk prediction model including traditional risk factors and parameters of inflammation, renal function, and nutrition had excellent discriminatory ability in predicting all-cause mortality in patients with clinically advanced PAD undergoing bypass surgery.'], ['This rate was higher in patients with acute inflammation undergoing early operation (nine of 128, 7%) compared with patients operated later or electively (18 of 914, 1.9%).'], ['Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease which is characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints.', 'It is imperative to identify patients early so that control of inflammation can prevent joint destruction and disability.'], ['Inflammation, qualitative lipid disorders (e.g.'], ['METHODS: This study examined whether early-life SES predicts future activity of two genes involved in regulating inflammation.', "To the extent that this proclivity toward inflammation persists over one's lifespan it could explain the heightened incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular disease in low SES populations."], ['The presence of the TNF2 allele has also been linked to increased susceptibility to and severity in a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, including RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ankylosing spondylitis.'], ['Chronic inflammation and atherosclerotic disease are associated with malnutrition.'], ['The improvement in mouse arthritis was observed in the clinical evaluation and, histologically, in synovial inflammation, cartilage damage, bone erosion, and the abundance of multinucleated TRAP+ cells.', 'Overall, our findings suggest that ROCK inhibition could be part of a therapeutic strategy for RA by its dual action on inflammation and bone erosion.'], ['A dysregulated type 2 immune response to food and aeroallergen leads to barrier dysfunction, chronic esophageal inflammation, remodeling, and fibrosis.', 'There is an unmet need for long-term histologic, endoscopic, and symptomatic disease control; for targeted therapies that can normalize the immune response to triggers, reduce chronic inflammation, and limit or prevent remodeling and fibrosis; and for earlier diagnosis, defined treatment outcomes, and a greater understanding of patient perspectives on treatment.'], ['DISCUSSION: By calling attention to those factors that appear to be the most important drivers of the differences in quality and length of DFLE between different groups (i.e., the components of the social gradient, exposure to chronic stress, systemic inflammation, and the psychological and biological mechanisms associated with the gut-brain axis) and, by logical extension, HRQoL, we hope to promote research in this arena with the ultimate goal of improving DFLE, HLE, and overall HRQoL, especially in disparate populations around the globe.'], ['INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disabling disease characterized by a symmetrical articular involvement due to ongoing joint inflammation, if left insufficiently treated.'], ['Furthermore, mechanistic studies have now provided molecular explanations for these associations, typified by the role of short-chain fatty acids, products of fibre fermentation in the colon, in suppressing colonic mucosal inflammation and carcinogenesis.'], ['Significantly fewer ocular signs (2.8 +- 1.5 and 3.6 +- 1.5; P = 0.0034) and abnormal laboratory results (1.5 +- 1.2 and 2.0 +- 1.2; P = 0.023) were detected in the elder group than in the younger group; statistical differences were found between the groups regarding the frequencies of mutton-fat keratic precipitates (40% and 64%; P = 0.012), vitreous opacities (60% and 78%; P = 0.0059), bilateral inflammation (64% and 80%; P = 0.012), and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy between the groups (52% and 78%; P < 0.001).'], ['These include processes involved in both systemic and central vascular function, inflammation, metabolism, central activation, improved neural efficiency and angiogenesis.'], ['However, HIV-infected patients exhibit increased inflammation and 33-58% exhibit a characteristic fat re-distribution termed HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS).', 'However, since high-dose rhGH is associated with adverse events related to inflammation, we wanted to investigate the impact of low-dose rhGH therapy on inflammation in HIV-infected patients.', 'The primary outcome of this substudy was changes in inflammation measured by plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR).', 'The effect of rhGH on inflammation was not mediated through rhGH-induced changes in insulin-like growth factor 1, body composition, or immune parameters.'], ['This chapter discusses past and current medical uses of prototypical substances of abuse, including morphine, alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and nicotine, and the evidence that systemic infections, particularly HIV-1 infection, cause neurological dysfunction as a result of inflammation in the CNS, which can increase the risk of substance abuse.'], ['BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective gene encoding a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and is characterised by chronic lung infection resulting in inflammation and progressive lung damage that results in a reduced life expectancy.'], ['The vasculature plays a crucial role in inflammation and atherosclerosis associated with the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.'], ['One of a family of devastating lysosomal storage disorders, Krabbe disease is characterized by demyelination, psychosine accumulation, and inflammation.'], ['Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes fibrosis of the biliary tree.'], ['The marrow response to chronic inflammatory disease is clearly distinct from that seen in simple iron deficiency and this suggests different pathogenic mechanisms for these two anaemias.'], ['These disorders may also cause tissue inflammation, which in turn commonly results in underproduction of erythrocytes and development of thrombocytosis.'], ['We examine four major hallmarks of ageing (macromolecular damage, senescence, inflammation, and stem-cell dysfunction) as gerodrivers in the context of people with HIV.'], ['Elevated serum urate (hyperuricemia) promotes crystalline monosodium urate tissue deposits and gout, with associated inflammation and increased mortality.', 'In conclusion, mda/FAM214A acts in a conserved manner to regulate purine metabolism, promotes disease driven by hyperuricemia and associated tissue inflammation, and provides a potential novel target for uric acid-driven pathologies.'], ['In the FLEMENGHO cohort, independent of chronological age, UPP-age was significantly associated with various risk markers related to cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal disease, inflammation, and medication use.'], ['These viscous secretions lead to airway obstruction, chronic infection and inflammation resulting in progressive lung damage, bronchiectasis and eventual respiratory failure.'], ['AIMS OF THE STUDY: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary, auto-inflammatory disease, characterised by recurrent, self-limiting attacks of fever with inflammation of the serosal membranes, joints, and skin.', 'Chronic inflammation was previously associated with increased risk for ischaemic heart disease (IHD).'], ['Established evidence suggests that the polyamine spermidine prolongs lifespan and improves cardiovascular health in animal models and humans through both local mechanisms, involving improved cardiomyocyte function, and systemic mechanisms, including increased NO bioavailability and reduced systemic inflammation.'], ['Inflammation has been shown to play a key role, but relatively little is understood about how inflammation changes over time among young individuals.', 'Additionally, how psychosocial factors like stress may influence changes in inflammation earlier in the lifespan is not entirely clear.', 'Thus, the current three-wave longitudinal study examined the developmental trajectory of CRP, a marker of systemic inflammation, over a 4-year period from mid-adolescence into young adulthood.', 'CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the link between stress and systemic inflammation between mid-adolescence and young adulthood may be most affected by contemporaneous experiences of perceived stress.'], ['Inflammation is a key indicator of the health status and erythrocytes are extremely sensitive to oxidative stress or cytokine upregulation, which typically accompany systemic inflammation in most diseases.'], ['Inflammation is important for the development of cardiovascular disease, but little is known on its relationship with other co-morbidities.', 'We investigated the role of inflammation for the development of new comorbidities in early RA.', 'Measures of disease activity were associated with the occurrence of a new co-morbidity indicating that the inflammation is of importance in this context.'], ['Raising Nrf2 has been found to prevent and/or treat a large number of chronic inflammatory diseases in animal models and/or humans including various cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, lung diseases, diseases of toxic liver damage, cancer (prevention), diabetes/metabolic syndrome/obesity, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, HIV/AIDS and epilepsy.'], ['This chapter aims to review both IF and PN related factors of liver disease with special emphasize on inflammation as cause of liver injury and on the use of fish oil based lipid emulsions as a provision of both alpha-tocopherol (200 g/l of 20% emulsion), as anti-oxidant agent and long-chain PUFAs.'], ['Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is based on the interaction between inflammatory cell subsets and specific cells in the arterial wall.'], ['The human body has a remarkable ability to regulate inflammation, a biophysical response triggered by virus infection and tissue damage.', 'Sirt6 is critical for metabolism and lifespan; however, its role in inflammation is unknown.', 'Here we show that Sirt6-null (Sirt6(-/-)) mice developed chronic liver inflammation starting at ~2 months of age, and all animals were affected by 7-8 months of age.', 'Deletion of Sirt6 in T cells or myeloid-derived cells was sufficient to induce liver inflammation and fibrosis, albeit to a lesser degree than that in the global Sirt6(-/-) mice, suggesting that Sirt6 deficiency in the immune cells is the cause.'], ['Current CF treatments that target respiratory infections, inflammation, mucociliary clearance, and nutritional status are associated with improved pulmonary function and reduced exacerbations.'], ['BACKGROUND: Lifespan extension is achieved through long-term application of dietary restriction (DR), and benefits of short-term dietary restriction on acute stress and inflammation have been observed.'], ['At emergency department presentation, men had different biomarker patterns, as evidenced by higher inflammation (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-10) and fibrinolysis (d-dimer), and lower coagulation biomarkers (antithrombin-III and factor IX) (p < 0.05).'], ['Despite the multifactorial nature of atherosclerosis, substantial evidence has established inflammation as an often surreptitious, yet critical and unifying driving force which promotes disease progression.', 'Integration of these factors with an inflammation-based hypothesis of atherosclerosis has yet to be extrapolated to observations in the realms of basic and clinical sciences and is the focus of this review.'], ['Properties of the uremic environment like inflammation, increased oxidative stress and uremic toxins seem to be responsible for the premature changes in RBC membrane and cytoskeleton.'], ['Apoptosis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) is currently discussed as a key event in the control of inflammation.', 'Therapeutical modulation of these determinants of PMN lifespan may provide a new concept for the control of inflammation in ACS.'], ['The susceptibility of neutrophils to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis suggests a role for TRAIL in the regulation of inflammation and may provide a mechanism for clearance of neutrophils from sites of inflammation.'], ['This includes CV inflammation, rhythm disturbances, perfusion abnormalities (ischaemia/infarction), dysregulation of vasoreactivity, myocardial fibrosis, coagulation abnormalities, pulmonary hypertension, valvular disease, and side-effects of immunomodulatory therapy.'], ['In particular, skeletal muscle changes and inflammation are addressed as two potential constructs from which biomarkers for stroke rehabilitation can be derived.', 'Second, insights from transdisciplinary research domains such as gerontology have shown that inflammation has severe catabolic effects on muscles, which may impede rehabilitation outcomes such as gait recovery.', 'Therefore, an evidence-based rationale is presented for developing research on individual changes of muscle and inflammation after a stroke.'], ['These include reduction of chronic inflammation markers, improvement of walking mechanics and heart function.'], ['It diminishes muscle tissue inflammation by decreasing the expression of costimulatory molecules MHC, CD86 and CD40 and reducing Th1-related cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha release.'], ['We collected data on the inflammation-nutritional status, morbidity, and survival of these patients.', 'A multivariate analysis of the inflammation-based prognostic factors showed that only PF was independently associated with OS (OR 1.613; 95% CI 1.052-2.473; P = 0.028), RFS (OR 1.859; 95% CI 1.279-2.703; P = 0.001), and CSS (OR 1.859; 95% CI 1.279-2.703; P = 0.001).', 'CONCLUSIONS: Frailty based on an easily calculable preoperative measure is a useful marker to identify patients at increased risk for postoperative complications and is more predictive of survival than an inflammation-based prognostic score after gastrectomy.'], ['Near the sites binding to TATA-binding protein (TBP) in human gene promoters, we found 22 obesity-related candidate SNP markers, including rs10895068 (male breast cancer in obesity); rs35036378 (reduced risk of obesity after ovariectomy); rs201739205 (reduced risk of obesity-related cancers due to weight loss by diet/exercise in obese postmenopausal women); rs183433761 (obesity resistance during a high-fat diet); rs367732974 and rs549591993 (both: cardiovascular complications in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus); rs200487063 and rs34104384 (both: obesity-caused hypertension); rs35518301, rs72661131, and rs562962093 (all: obesity); and rs397509430, rs33980857, rs34598529, rs33931746, rs33981098, rs34500389, rs63750953, rs281864525, rs35518301, and rs34166473 (all: chronic inflammation in comorbidities of obesity).'], ['We investigated blood markers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and damage to both the native and transplanted vasculature in children after heart transplantation.', 'Serum samples were taken from pediatric heart transplant recipients for markers of inflammation and endothelial activation.', 'This suggests that subclinical inflammation is present and that natural anticoagulant/thrombomodulin activity is important after transplant.'], ['OA is closely associated with angiogenesis and the inhibition of angiogenesis presents a novel therapeutic approach to reduce inflammation and pain in OA.'], ['RBC population characteristics are used in the clinic to monitor and diagnose a wide range of conditions including malnutrition, inflammation, and cancer.'], ['Future studies should address issues such as intensity and onset of inflammation within the brain and additional treatments possibilities beyond IL-1-ra.'], ['Histology of EGPA shows tissue eosinophilia, necrotizing vasculitis, and eosinophil-rich granulomatous inflammation.'], ['These approaches may be necessary in addition to current therapies that hitherto have focused on limiting the local inflammation associated with menstruation.'], ['Persistently elevated oxidative stress and inflammation precede or occur during the development of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus and precipitate devastating complications.', 'These molecules are appetite-increasing and, thus, efficient enhancers of overnutrition (which promotes obesity) and oxidant overload (which promotes inflammation).', 'Studies of genetic and nongenetic animal models of diabetes mellitus suggest that suppression of host defenses, under sustained pressure from food-derived AGEs, may potentially shift homeostasis towards a higher basal level of oxidative stress, inflammation and injury of both insulin-producing and insulin-responsive cells.', 'Reducing basal oxidative stress by AGE restriction in mice, without energy or nutrient change, reinstates host defenses, alleviates inflammation, prevents diabetes mellitus, vascular and renal complications and extends normal lifespan.', 'Studies in healthy humans and in those with diabetes mellitus show that consumption of high amounts of food-related AGEs is a determinant of insulin resistance and inflammation and that AGE restriction improves both.'], ['However, an acute form of scurvy can occur in patients with an acute systemic inflammatory response, which is produced by sepsis, medications, cancer or acute inflammation.'], ['Correction of the metabolic defect using monoenoic FAs in Abcd1/Abcd2-silenced cultured astrocytes decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory cytokine expression, suggesting a link between VLCFA accumulation and inflammation.'], ['Two of the most important risk factors for morbidity and mortality are protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and inflammation.', 'The use of materials for dialysis, especially of the dialyzer membrane, is reported as one of the recognized causes for chronic inflammation in hemodialysis.'], ['Individuals with an accelerated Grim epigenetic age were characterized by an increased systemic inflammation and associated with a score of low-grade, chronic inflammation.', 'Mediation analysis using transcriptomics and proteomics data suggests a key role of systemic inflammation in this association, reinforcing the relevance of interventions on inflammation to prevent cardiovascular disease.'], ['The maternal syndrome of pre-eclampsia is driven by a dysfunctional placenta, which releases factors into maternal blood causing systemic inflammation and widespread maternal endothelial dysfunction.'], ['The most common genetic interferonopathy, Aicardi Goutieres Syndrome (AGS), is associated with early onset neurologic disability and systemic inflammation.', 'The chronic inflammation of AGS is the result of dysregulation of interferon (IFN) expression by one of nine genes within converging pathways.'], ['From a pathophysiological perspective, both organs share common risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking or dyslipidaemia, and are similarly affected by systemic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system.'], ['The subsequent accumulation of HS and DS causes lysosomal hypertrophy and an increase in the number of lysosomes in cells, and impacts cellular functions, like cell adhesion, endocytosis, intracellular trafficking of different molecules, intracellular ionic balance, and inflammation.'], ["The FGF21 G allele was associated with lower intakes of total sugars and alcohol, and higher intakes of protein and fat as well as favourable with lipid levels, blood pressure traits, waist-to-hip ratio, systemic inflammation, cardiovascular outcomes, Alzheimer's disease risk and lifespan."], ['The role of inflammation and other immune system dysfunction in the pathogenesis of major depression is also being intensively investigated.'], ['A panel of 74 serum analytes involved in inflammation, muscle growth and remodeling, neuromuscular junction damage, and amino acid metabolism was assayed.'], ['The beneficial and adverse gene sets may be differently implicated in the development of musculoskeletal-related disability with the beneficial set characterized, e.g., by regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and bone formation, and the adverse set by inflammation and bone loss.'], ['In addition, alteration in gut-microbiota and subsequent inflammation, dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes after AAPs treatment are also associated with weight gain and metabolic alterations.'], ['Diabetic patients are postulated to be in a perpetual state of oxidative stress and inflammation at sites where chronic complications occur.', 'Reducing the burden of AGEs has been linked to attenuation of inflammation, slower progression of diabetic complications (in particular vascular and renal complications) and has been shown to extend lifespan.'], ['OBJECTIVES: The present review aims to discuss the following: (i) biological arguments in favour of a chronic low-grade inflammation in SZ and BD and its potential origin in the interaction between the immunogenetic background and environmental infectious insults, and (ii) the consequences of this inflammatory dysfunction by focusing on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies and activation of the family of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs).'], ['OBJECTIVES: To investigate relationships between altered plasma choline and PC homeostasis and markers of lung function and inflammation in CF.', 'CONCLUSION: In CF patients, hepatic and plasma homeostasis of choline and PC correlate with lung function and inflammation.'], ['The association of higher sVCAM-1 levels with decreased survival suggests that targeted therapies to reduce endothelial damage and inflammation may also be beneficial.'], ['Roflumilast and cilomilast are oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors proposed to reduce the airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction seen in COPD.'], ['During active inflammation monocytes are recruited to the airways and can replace resident alveolar macrophages.'], ['An ideal therapeutic program would rapidly control inflammation, prevent joint damage and preserve function.', 'Gold salts, penicillamine, sulphasalazine, methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine are used when NSAIDs fail to control inflammation.', 'The traditional pyramid strategy which uses single DMARDs consecutively has been found to be inadequate and slow in suppressing joint inflammation.'], ['The spectrum of chronic inflammation and fibrosis are known to be important triggers in the alteration of graft function.'], ['Caspar overexpression in the glia extends lifespan and also slows the progression of motor dysfunction in the ALS8 disease model, a phenomenon that we ascribe to its ability to restrain age-dependant inflammation, which is modulated by Relish/NFkappaB signalling.', 'The VAPB:Caspar:TER94 complex appears to be a candidate for regulating both protein homeostasis and NFkappaB signalling, with our study highlighting a role for Caspar in glial inflammation.'], ['Factors that aggravate VC include vitamin D deficiency-related macrophage recruitment and further inflammation responses.', 'Supplementation with vitamin D to adequate levels is beneficial in improving PVAT macrophage infiltration and local inflammation, which further prevents VC.'], ['The quality of early caregiver-infant relationships has powerful implications for health trajectories across the lifespan, including associations with adult inflammation.', 'However, because relatively few studies have examined this association during infancy, it remains unclear when this impact occurs and whether it is associated with longitudinal changes in salivary concentrations of inflammation across infancy.', 'Interestingly, while there were no cross-sectional associations between infant-caregiver attachment and inflammation at 12 months of age, infant-caregiver attachment security predicted lower levels of sCRP 6 months later.'], ['The insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis and chronic low-grade inflammation have been identified as major pathways.'], ['CONCLUSION: Overall, these findings suggest that intrinsic defects in WASp-deficient platelets decrease their lifespan and dysregulate immune responses, corroborating the role of platelets as modulators of inflammation and immunity.'], ['Our aim is to assess the association between fruit and vegetable variety and low-grade inflammation in adolescents.', 'The role of fruit variety in low-grade inflammation should be further studied.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: The protective roles identified for nhr-49, dlg-1, and ajm-1 suggest mechanistic interactions between the gut microbiota, host fatty acid metabolism, innate immunity, and epithelial junction integrity that are remarkably similar to those implicated in human metabolic and inflammatory diseases.'], ['Complex interactions linking conventional cardiovascular risk factors, systemic inflammation, and vascular function may explain the increased cardiovascular risk among RA patients.'], ['SIRT1, a mammalian ortholog of the yeast silent information regulator 2, is a stress activated protein deacetylase that contributes to life-span extension by regulating different cell survival pathways, including replicative senescence, inflammation and resistance to hypoxic and heat stress.'], ['We hypothesize that the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases reflects a maladaptation of the triad of trauma response: adrenergia, inflammation, and coagulation.', 'The once-adaptive trauma response can maladaptively initiate dangerous, self-propelling cycles of adrenergia, inflammation, and coagulation.', 'The fluid conservation and inflammation that results from the trauma triad was clearly adaptive in our prehistoric past, but in congestive heart failure the response is maladaptive, engendering self-propelling exacerbations of pump failure and vascular disease.'], ['This gene encodes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a protein that is thought to have a role in ion transport, mucus rheology, inflammation and bacterial adherence.'], ['Additionally, we found that E11-deficient mice phenocopies Trp73-deficient mice with short lifespan, infertility, and chronic inflammation.'], ['Combination ART has been highly effective in reducing CSF viral counts, inflammation and markers of neural damage.'], ['BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies suggest that senolytic compounds such as quercetin (a natural product) and dasatinib (a synthetic product) decrease senescent cells, reduce inflammation, and alleviate frailty in humans.'], ['PURPOSE: Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic and progressive inflammation condition in the joints, has significantly reduced the patient quality of life and life expectancy.'], ['From the blood immunome of 1,001 individuals aged 8-96 years, we developed a deep-learning method based on patterns of systemic age-related inflammation.', 'In conclusion, we identify a key role of CXCL9 in age-related chronic inflammation and derive a metric for multimorbidity that can be utilized for the early detection of age-related clinical phenotypes.'], ['Sulforaphane exhibits activity against cancer, inflammation, depression, and severe cardiac diseases.'], ['Thus, kefir is a functional food that potentially prevents allergic airway inflammation exacerbations in ovariectomised mice.'], ['An extensive review of 29 clinical studies of VitD supplementation in HIV-infected patients showed that regardless of cART, when VitD levels were increased to normal ranges, there was a decrease in inflammation, markers associated with bone turnover, and the risk of secondary hyperparathyroidism while the anti-bacterial response was increased.'], ['This article reviews evidence from family history studies of autoimmunity, immunogenetics, maternal immune activation, neuroinflammation, and systemic inflammation, which suggests immune dysfunction in ASD.', 'We conclude by proposing the hypothesis of an immune-mediated subtype of ASD which is characterized by systemic, multi-organ inflammation or immune dysregulation with shared mechanisms that drive both the behavioral and physical illnesses associated with ASD.'], ['Clinically, CF lung disease claims the most morbidity and mortality, characterized by chronic bacterial infection, persistent neutrophilic inflammation, and purulent small airway obstruction.'], ['Synovial inflammation plays an important role in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis.'], ['DEVELOPMENT: According to clinical evidence, a number of neurochemical changes take place after stroke, including energy depletion, increased free radical synthesis, calcium accumulation, neurotransmitter imbalance, excitotoxicity, and, at a later stage, immune system activation leading to inflammation.'], ['Host responses may have multiple effects ranging from inhibiting inflammation to preventing repair and regeneration.'], ['Many propose that these complications result from translocated microbial products from the gut that stimulate systemic inflammation--a consequence of increased intestinal paracellular permeability that persists in this population.'], ['The relationship of these novel candidate biomarkers with cancer and inflammation suggests that they are truly associated with HL and therefore may be useful for the early detection of this cancer in susceptible populations.'], ['Diabetes is also associated with increased inflammation and altered adipokine and calcitrophic hormone levels, which further contribute to bone pathophysiology.'], ['Specifically, we classified Homo obesus as a species deficient of metabotrophic factors (metabotrophins), including endogenous proteins, which play essential role in the maintenance of glucose, lipid, energy and vascular homeostasis, and also improve metabolism-related processes such as inflammation and wound healing.'], ['The pathogenesis of depression remains to be fully understood, but recent specialty literature suggests that immune-mediated processes are involved and that there are similarities between the neural networks recruited in inflammation and those implicated in the pathophysiology of depression.'], ['Dysregulated neutrophilic inflammation can be highly destructive in chronic inflammatory diseases due to prolonged neutrophil lifespan and continual release of histotoxic mediators in inflamed tissues.', 'Previous research in our group identified ErbB inhibitors as able to induce neutrophil apoptosis and reduce neutrophilic inflammation both in vitro and in vivo.', 'Here, we extend that work using a clinical ErbB inhibitor, neratinib, which has the potential to be repurposed in inflammatory diseases.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Inflammation, disordered iron homeostasis and altered metabolic activity are common complications of CKD, and are associated with elevated levels of kidney-produced LCN2 and bone-secreted FGF23.'], ['One of these molecules, monocide chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) is a marker involved in renal inflammation.'], ['Third, we focused on high-grade systemic inflammation as a key trigger of ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart diseases in RA, and described the implication of conventional and biologic antirheumatic medications on the development and progression of heart disease.'], ["PURPOSE: Systemic inflammation and immune response are associated with tumors'prognosis.", 'In this study, we aimed to determine the prognostic significance of inflammation indexes such as neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) in GIST patients.'], ['Conventional and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have considerably improved long-term outcomes in ARDs not only by suppressing systemic inflammation but also by lowering CVD burden.', 'However, this approach, although rational and evidence-based, does not account for important issues such as myocardial inflammation and the long asymptomatic period that usually proceeds clinical manifestations of CVD disease in ARDs before or after the diagnosis of systemic disease.', 'Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can offer reliable, reproducible and operator independent information regarding myocardial inflammation, ischemia and fibrosis.', 'In this review, we discuss how CMR findings could influence anti-rheumatic treatment decisions targeting optimal control of both systemic and myocardial inflammation irrespective of clinical manifestations of cardiac disease.'], ['Hence, given the role of inflammation in the development of ALS, the high translational impact of the model, the known anti-inflammatory properties of these extracts, and the viability of their clinical use, these results suggest that the application of Wse and Mpe might represent a valuable pharmacological strategy to counteract the progression of ALS and related symptoms.'], ['It is ascribed to decreased erythropoietin production, shortened red blood cell (RBC) lifespan, and inflammation.'], ['Many factors contribute to this outcome, including specific etiologies, patterns of inflammation, underlying immune dysregulation related to chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection and delays in prompt diagnosis and treatment.'], ['These pulmonary symptoms include reduced mucociliary clearance, chronic inflammation, and recurrent and chronic pulmonary infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Burkholderia cepacia, and Haemophilus influenzae.', 'These studies have demonstrated that ceramide accumulates in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and mice, causing inflammation and high susceptibility to bacterial infections.'], ['Polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes have a central role in innate immunity and their programmed cell death and removal are critical for efficient resolution of acute inflammation.', 'In a mouse model of self-resolving inflammation, MPO also prolonged the duration of carrageenan-induced acute lung injury, as evidenced by enhanced alveolar permeability and accumulation of neutrophils parallel with suppression of neutrophil apoptosis.', 'Our results indicate that MPO functions as a survival signal for neutrophils and thereby contribute to prolongation of inflammation.'], ['In summary, these statements are as follows: (1) Patients with diabetes have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease that contributes to decreased life expectancy; (2) prognosis after a cardiovascular event is poorer in patients with diabetes; (3) pathogenetic mechanisms include insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation, procoagulability, and impaired fibrinolysis; (4) management of established cardiovascular risk factors, for example with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) and antihypertensive therapy, reduces cardiovascular event rates in diabetes; (5) correction of hyperglycemia can reduce macrovascular event rates, but the coupling to hyperglycemia is less tight for macrovascular events than it is for reduction of microvascular complications; (6) patients with diabetes should be screened for additional cardiovascular risk factors and appropriate interventions should be initiated; (7) results of observational and interventional studies have indicated that some insulin sensitizers appear to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events and improve survival; (8) thiazolidinediones have beneficial effects on metabolism that may improve cardiovascular risk, and a randomized clinical trial in patients with advanced atherosclerosis indicates that addition of pioglitazone to therapy for hyperglycemia may reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke.'], ['It is concluded that the thrombocytosis seen in GCA is reactive to the inflammation present in this disease, and it seems reasonable to assume that the reduction in the peripheral platelet count which occurs in response to corticosteroid therapy accurately reflects the clinical improvement of the patient.'], ['We also identified REST-targeted DEGs involved in nervous system development, cell differentiation, fatty acid metabolism and inflammation in the DS brain.'], ['Examination of the association between n-3 PUFAs and chronic low-grade inflammation in a population where many individuals have had an extremely high intake of marine mammals and fish throughout their lifespan may provide important clues regarding the impact of n-3 PUFAs on health.', 'OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore associations between concentrations of n-3 PUFAs resulting from habitual intake of natural food sources high in fish and marine mammals with immune biomarkers of metabolic inflammation and parameters of glucose regulation.', "CONCLUSIONS: Habitual intake of marine mammals and fish rich in n-3 PUFAs in this study population of Yup'ik Alaska Native adults is associated with reduced systemic inflammation, which may contribute to the low prevalence of diseases in which inflammation plays an important role."], ['CONCLUSIONS: In addition to BMI, other non-specific markers of inflammation are associated with early metabolic dysfunction in young people with emerging affective and major mood disorders.'], ['Analyses (laboratory and clinical) were performed at the time of admission and after 3 and 12 weeks and included morphology, lipid profile, glucose, inflammation markers, blood pressure (BP), and body mass index (BMI).', 'RESULTS: There was a significant increase in BMI, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and systolic blood pressure after 12 weeks from the start of the treatment, while cortisol level decreased.'], ['Furthermore, chronic wounds are often colonized with pathogenic microbiota, leading to excessive inflammation and altered wound healing.', 'To improve their quality of life and life expectancy, it is important to prevent cutaneous infections, dampen chronic inflammation and stimulate wound healing.'], ['In the hemodialysis group, no association could be detected between the erythrocyte lifespan and markers of hemolysis, level of inflammation, or urea.', 'An association could not be detected between the erythrocyte lifespan and biochemical markers of hemolysis or inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to ELS may increase sensitivity to peripheral inflammation in the central nervous system.', 'Future studies elaborating on the impact of ELS on the sensitivity of specific neural circuits and cells to inflammation are needed.'], ['Thinking about the innate immunity and inflammation context of the epididymis may provide new insights and directions as to how these systems contribute to male fertility, as well as also uncover urological and andrological outcomes that may aid clinicians in diagnosing and preventing epididymal pathologies.'], ['Obesity has many deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, mediated by changes in insulin sensitivity, dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and inflammation.'], ['Here, the published links between OSAS and systemic inflammation will be critically reviewed, with special focus on the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), since these constitute classical prototypes of the large spectrum of inflammatory molecules that have been explored in OSAS patients.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Emerging evidence suggests various shared pathophysiological mechanisms between psychological comorbidities and CVD (e.g., systemic inflammation and autonomic dysfunction).'], ['The mechanism of H2S preconditioning may involve microglia deactivation and inflammation inhibition in the spinal cord, in which the proliferator-activated receptor gamma/p38/Jun N-terminal kinase pathway is activated.', 'It may involve microglia deactivation and inflammation inhibition in the spinal cord, in which the proliferator-activated receptor gamma/p38/Jun N-terminal kinase pathway is activated.'], ['Morphological analysis by light and electron microscopy showed degenerative processes in liver and kidney characterized by increased vascular permeability, chronic progressive inflammation, hemosiderin deposition, and general vasodilatation.'], ['Immunohistochemistry and regular histology were used to describe features such as tumor cell infiltration, necrosis area, nuclear pleomorphism, cellularity, mitotic characteristics, leukocytic infiltration, proliferation, and inflammation.'], ['Biological (inflammation, loss of hormones), clinical (sarcopenia, osteoporosis etc.'], ['Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterised by chronic polymicrobial airway infection and inflammation, which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality.'], ['Interestingly, F. prausnitzii is a well-known microbiomarker of inflammatory diseases, which has been reported to be reduced in the gut microbiome of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis patients.'], ['Fibrosis commonly arises from salivary gland injuries induced by factors such as inflammation, ductal obstruction, radiation, aging, and autoimmunity, leading to glandular atrophy and functional impairment.'], ['Age-related disease may be mediated by low levels of chronic inflammation ("inflammaging").', 'Recent work suggests that gut microbes can contribute to inflammation via degradation of the intestinal barrier.', "While aging and age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) are linked to altered microbiome composition and higher levels of gut microbial components in systemic circulation, the role of intestinal inflammation remains unclear.", 'To investigate whether greater gut inflammation is associated with advanced age and AD pathology, we assessed fecal samples from older adults to measure calprotectin, an established marker of intestinal inflammation which is elevated in diseases of gut barrier integrity.', 'Taken together, these findings suggest that intestinal inflammation is linked with brain pathology even in the earliest disease stages.', 'Moreover, intestinal inflammation may exacerbate the progression toward AD.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: A characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis is the presence of an abnormal epithelium with excessive mucus producing cells, parasympathetic overactivity, and airway inflammation.', 'Metered cryospray and bronchial rheoplasty are designed to target this abnormal epithelium to reduce mucus production and inflammation.'], ['This mini-review navigates through the complex landscape of age-associated immune changes, chronic inflammation, age-related autoimmune tendencies, and their potential links with immunopathology of Long COVID.', 'Subsequent scrutiny of chronic inflammation, or "inflammaging," highlights its roles in age-related autoimmune susceptibilities and its potential as a mediator of the immune perturbations observed in Long COVID patients.', 'In this compact review, we consider the dynamic interactions between immunosenescence, inflammation, and autoimmunity.', 'With a focus on understanding the immunological changes in the context of aging, we seek to provide insights into how immunosenescence and inflammation contribute to the emergence and progression of autoimmune disorders in the elderly and may serve as potential mediator for Long COVID disturbances.'], ['Here, we investigated the link between the CFH Y402H genotype and low-grade inflammation.'], ['Lastly, inhibiting CCR1 reduced photic-induced retinal damage, photoreceptor cell apoptosis, and retinal inflammation.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: Long-term PD patients demonstrated young age, low prevalence of diabetes, better nutrition status, absence of inflammation, better residual kidney function, and higher proportion of RASi usage at baseline.', 'Absence of inflammation and use of RASi were independently associated with long-term PD maintenance.'], ['TL and mtDNA-CN could be useful markers for monitoring inflammation progression or treatment response in PD.'], ['Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies that can induce systemic inflammation.'], ['Several drugs have been tested to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels, inflammation, and calcification.'], ['Senescent cells secrete a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and stimulate chronic low-grade inflammation, ultimately inducing inflammaging.', 'Consistently, fibroblast-specific CRAT-knockout mice showed increased skin aging phenotypes in vivo, including decreased cell proliferation, increased SASP expression, increased inflammation, and decreased collagen density.'], ['The basis for this difference in healing rates is not well-understood, but heightened inflammation has been suggested to be a significant contributor.'], ['Despite the presence of inflammation and abnormal immune system function in both inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and senescence, the relationship between the two remains largely unexplored.', 'The review highlights the presence of senescence markers, particularly p16 and p21, in IBD patients, suggesting their potential association with disease progression and mucosal inflammation.', 'We emphasize the critical role of macrophages in eliminating senescent cells and how disturbance in effective clearance may contribute to persistent senescence and inflammation in IBD.', 'Targeting senescence and telomere dysfunctions holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to mitigate intestinal inflammation and alleviate symptoms in IBD patients.', 'By unraveling the precise role of senescence in IBD, we can pave the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions that effectively address the underlying mechanisms of intestinal inflammation, offering hope for improved management and treatment of IBD patients.'], ['Among the determinants of immunosenescence, we find a low-grade sterile chronic inflammation, known as "inflamm-aging".', 'This condition of chronic inflammation causes a progressive reduction in the ability to trigger antibody and cellular responses effective against infections and vaccinations.'], ['In this study, we show that senescence-associated inflammation and suppressed adipogenesis play a role in subcutaneous adipose tissue reduction and dysfunction in WS.'], ['Results: The bleomycin-induced IH-exposed (EBI) older group showed more severe inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress than the other groups.'], ['Persistent inflammation may lead to muscle wasting.'], ['These included mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative/nitrative stress, decreased NAD + content, impaired amino acid and protein synthesis, heightened inflammation, disrupted lipid metabolism, enhanced apoptosis, senescence, and fibrosis.'], ['According to recent research in the related field, the hypothesis of the role of immune-mediated processes and their role in brain networks and inflammation has been found to be engaged in the progression and pathophysiology of depression in patients with RA.'], ['CONCLUSIONS: BAL cells of pwMS display inflammation-related and smoking-dependent changes associated to epigenetic ageing captured by the AltumAge clock.'], ['Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) has been proposed to have a central role on aging, inflammation, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases; however, its specific function remains controversial.', 'Accordingly, peripheral SIRT2 inhibition with the blood brain barrier impermeable compound AGK-2, worsened the cognitive capacities and increased systemic inflammation.'], ['The present work examined links between inflammation and a specific subjective cognitive report: prospective memory (PM), or our memory for future intentions, such as attending an appointment or taking medication.', 'METHOD: We assessed self-reported PM lapses using a two-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) diary protocol via smartphone as well as levels of blood-based inflammation among 231 dementia-free older adults (70-90 years, 66% women) enrolled in the Einstein Aging Study.', 'Future studies should continue to examine PM and inflammation across genders to identify possible mechanisms through which these constructs may indicate neurodegeneration and dementia risk.'], ['In addition to traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and smoking, patients with chronic kidney disease have a uremic phenotype marked by premature aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, persistent low-grade inflammation, gut dysbiosis and oxidative stress.'], ['Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are potent antimicrobial weapons; however, their formation during sterile inflammation is detrimental, and the mechanism of induction is still unclear.', 'Thus, we propose that residual NETs circulating in the elderly pre-activate neutrophils, making them more prone to enhanced NETs formation when exposed to mitochondria during sterile inflammation.'], ['We aimed to investigate the association between longitudinal IC trajectories and plasma biomarkers of two hallmarks of aging-chronic inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction-in older adults.', 'Our findings found that plasma biomarkers reflecting inflammation and mitochondrial impairment distinguished older people with multi-impaired IC trajectories from those with high-stable IC.'], ['OBJECTIVE: It is well established that exposure of human skin to airborne pollution, particularly in the form of particulate matter sized 2.5 mum (PM2.5 ), is associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation, leading to premature signs of skin aging.', 'Endpoints related to inflammation, premature aging and carcinogenicity were monitored after 5 hours of exposure and included IL-6, CXCL10, MMP-1, and NRF2.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Specific signaling pathways known to be correlated with skin inflammation and aging were examined based on their suitability for use in efficacy testing for the prevention of skin damage due to ambient hydrocarbon pollution.'], ['While some lifestyle factors can exacerbate inflammatory processes and promote negative neurocognitive health, novel interventions including the use of cannabinoids may be neuroprotective for aging PLWH who are at risk for elevated levels of inflammation from comorbidities.'], ['In addition, while prophylactic platelet transfusions are administered with the goal of enhancing hemostasis, increasing evidence supports critical nonhemostatic roles for platelets related to innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and angiogenesis, which may impact patient responses and outcomes.'], ['In this review, we examine the paradigm of neurotheranostics and how PET biomarkers of amyloid, tau, inflammation, and neurodegeneration could characterize the pathologic stage of AD and therefore allow for personalized therapy.'], ["BACKGROUND: Subjective social status (SSS) refers to a person's perception of their social rank relative to others and is cross-sectionally linked to systemic inflammation independently of objective socioeconomic status.", 'PURPOSE: We test the extent to which SSS relates to multiyear changes in inflammation, or if associations differ by race or sex.', 'Multiple linear regression analyses examined change in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) predicted by each type of SSS, adjusting for time between visits, sex, race, age, body mass index, smoking, baseline inflammation, and objective socioeconomic status.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Lower SSS may be associated with greater circulating markers of inflammation over time as suggested by increases in IL-6.'], ['In the BALB/c mouse model, we confirmed that intestinal damage caused by 5-Fu is related to the increase in senescent cells and drug-induced inflammation, with the therapeutic effects of Ator.'], ['The impact of severe stress induced by CM has been proposed to be mediated by elevated inflammation reflected by dysregulated inflammatory processes.'], ['Damaged teeth may induce a long-lasting inflammation burden in old age.'], ['Moreover, there is evidence of miRNA-mediated modulation of inflammation.'], ['The aim of this secondary analysis was to investigate the associations between circulating inflammation-related markers and anorexia of aging in community-dwelling older adults.'], ['We also highlight five novel hallmarks of particular significance to skeletal muscle ageing: inflammation, neural dysfunction, extracellular matrix dysfunction, reduced vascular perfusion, and ionic dyshomeostasis, and discuss how the classic and novel hallmarks are interconnected.'], ['Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is a specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) derived from omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids that reduces inflammation and catabolic responses in OA chondrocytes.'], ['This study analyzed the association between dietary zinc and LTL and the potential role of inflammation and oxidative stress among them.', 'Simple regulatory models were also applied to analyze the role of inflammation and oxidative stress among them.'], ['The accumulation of senescent cells increases age-related background inflammation, "Inflammaging", causing lymphocyte exhaustion and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, autoimmune and cancer diseases.'], ['Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gas molecule which has been studied for its role as a signaling molecule in the vasculature and later, in a broader view, as a cellular messenger in many other biological processes such as immunity and inflammation, cell survival, apoptosis, and aging.', 'Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a convenient, easy-to-obtain, and non-invasive method for assessing active, mainly Th2-driven, airway inflammation, which is sensitive to treatment with standard anti-inflammatory therapy.', 'In this review, we aim to provide an extensive overview of the current state of knowledge about FeNO as a biomarker in type 2 inflammation, outlining past and recent data on the application of its measurement in patients affected by a broad variety of atopic/allergic disorders.'], ['Aim: This study aimed to determine the relationship between cigarette smoking, salphaKl (antiaging hormone), inflammation, and oxidative stress.'], ['Ergothioneine and selenoneine are structurally related dietary antioxidants and cytoprotectants that may help prevent several chronic diseases associated with inflammation and aging.'], ['Pulmonary inflammatory mediators spill over to the blood, leading to systemic inflammation, which is believed to play a significant role in the onset of a host of comorbidities associated with COPD.', 'The exact pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in COPD patients remains a mystery; however, hypoxia, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and cerebral manifestations of these conditions are believed to play crucial roles.'], ['This study also explored inflammation (as measured by C reactive protein) and metabolic dysfunction (as measured by adiponectin) as possible mediating factors between MetS and GrimAge AA.', 'Inflammation mediated approximately one third of the association between MetS and GrimAge AA, suggesting that chronic subclinical inflammation observed in MetS has a relationship with DNAm changes consistent with a faster pace of ageing.', 'These data suggest that chronic subclinical inflammation observed in MetS has a relationship with DNAm changes consistent with a greater pace of ageing.'], ['With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, prognosis has migrated from acute to chronic HIV infection and inflammation, with the possibility of increased immune aging.'], ['Recent studies indicate that inflammation is one of the causes of the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).', 'Inflammation may result from past infections, metabolic disorders, but also from the state of functioning of the intestinal microbiota.', 'We conclude that lipid disorders occurring in men with BPH increase inflammation in the prostate gland.'], ['A potential direct correlation between systemic inflammation and physiological aging has been suggested, along with whether there is a higher expression of inflammatory markers in otherwise healthy older adults.', 'This study highlights the existence of a correlation between serum biomarkers of inflammation and aging, not only in the whole population, but also in the smaller subset who reported no comorbidities, confirming the existence of a presence of low-grade inflammation in aging, even in healthy elders.', 'Future studies should address a possible threshold of systemic inflammation where mortality significantly increases, as well as explore the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatments on morbidity and mortality in healthy aging subjects.'], ['Metformin, a first-line drug for type-2 diabetes, displays pleiotropic effects on inflammation, aging, and cancer.', 'Obesity triggers a low-grade chronic inflammation leading to insulin resistance, characterized by increased pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by adipocytes and infiltrated immune cells, which contributes to metabolic syndrome.'], ['uEVs sustain fibrosis and inflammation processes, both involved in acute and chronic kidney diseases, ageing and stone formation.'], ['Cognitive dysfunction is involved in aging and the disruption of inflammation and innate immunity.'], ["BACKGROUND: Low-grade, chronic inflammation in the central nervous system characterized by glial reactivity is one of the major hallmarks for aging-related neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD)."], ['Inflammation and aging markers may be candidate biomarkers for PNS.'], ['While chronic inflammation in long COVID has received considerable attention, the role of neutrophils, which are the most abundant of all immune cells and primary responders to inflammation, has been unfortunately overlooked, perhaps due to their short lifespan.'], ['The objective of this research is to determine the linkage between soluble Klotho (S-Klotho) level and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII).'], ['Senescent cells may have a prominent role in driving inflammation and frailty.'], ['RATIONALE: Despite the importance of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the immune cell landscape in the lung tissue of patients with mild-moderate disease has not been well characterized at the single-cell and molecular level.', 'Human CD8+KLRG1+TEMRA cells are similar to CD8+ T cells driving inflammation in an aging-related, murine model of COPD.', 'CONCLUSIONS: CD8+ TEMRA cells are increased in mild-moderate COPD lung and may contribute to inflammation that precedes severe disease.'], ['Photoaging, the primary cause of exogenous skin aging and predominantly caused by ultraviolet radiation, is an essential type of skin aging characterized by chronic skin inflammation.', 'Recent studies have shown that oxidative stress, inflammation, skin barrier homeostasis, collagen denaturation and pigmentation are the main contributors to it.'], ['BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with chronic inflammation, a hallmark of ageing process.', 'Alterations in energy production, reduced physical function and inflammation could contribute to frailty development.'], ['In addition to aging, per se, concurrent metabolic syndrome and hypertension, which are common in the aging population, can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation, which collectively contribute to age-related kidney dysfunction and disease.', 'This study examined the role of the nuclear hormone receptors, the estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), in regulation of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation.', 'These studies identified ERRs as CR mimetics and as important modulators of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation.'], ['Aging is associated with non-resolving inflammation and tissue dysfunction.'], ['Changes in proteins associated with autophagy, apoptotic signaling, acute inflammation, and the heat shock response (HSR) were assessed via Western blot.'], ['These changes were related to inflammation and regulation of the immune response.', 'Changes in DNA damage repair, fatty acid metabolism, and inflammation are essential for age prediction.'], ['Yet, the contributions of sex differences, age-related chronic inflammation, and changes in neuroplasticity to the overall experience of pain are less clear, given that opposing processes in aging interact.', 'We provide evidence to suggest that neurodegenerative conditions engender a loss of neural plasticity involved in pain response, whereas low-grade inflammation in aging increases CNS sensitization but decreases PNS sensitivity.'], ['OBJECTIVE: This prospective cohort study examines whether purpose in life is associated with markers of immunity and inflammation and tests these markers as mediators between purpose and episodic memory.', 'METHODS: Participants from the Venous Blood Study of the Health and Retirement Study reported on their purpose in life, had their blood assayed for markers of immunity and inflammation, and were administered an episodic memory task (N = 8999).', 'RESULTS: Higher purpose in life was associated with lower neutrophil counts (beta = -0.08, p < .001), lower ratio of neutrophils/lymphocytes (beta = -0.05, p < .001), and lower systemic immune inflammation index (beta = -0.04, p < .001); purpose was unrelated to monocyte, platelet, and lymphocyte counts or the ratio of platelets/lymphocytes (all ns).', 'CONCLUSION: Purpose in life is associated with markers of immunity and inflammation, some of which are one mechanism in the pathway between purpose and healthier episodic memory.'], ['Gene ontology analysis disclosed that differential proteins in the induced secretome mainly involved inflammation-related terms.'], ['Patients may already have sarcopenia prior to cancer development, and those with cancer are prone to developing sarcopenia due to hypercatabolism, inflammation, reduced physical fitness, anorexia, adverse effects, and stress associated with anticancer therapy.'], ['FINDINGS: A unified analysis of aging-associated traits defined four aging modalities with distinct biological functions (chronic inflammation, lipid metabolism, hormone regulation, and tissue fitness), and depicted waves of changes in distinct biological pathways peak around the third and fifth decades of life.'], ['Aging is also accountable for chronic conditions associated with inflammaging, which eventually can lead to increased pro-inflammation and tissue fibrosis.'], ['RESULTS: The ACH37 extract was able to scavenge reactive oxygen species (DPPH, O2 - ), prevent inflammation (LPS- and UV-induced COX-2, IL-1beta, and IL-8 expression), modulate extracellular matrix remodeling (inhibiting elastase, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-12, as well as associated expression), increase telomere length, telomerase activity, and reverse the UV-induced suppression of genes involved in skin protection.'], ['PURPOSE: This randomized controlled trial aimed to study the effects of Yijinjing plus Elastic Band Resistance exercise on intrahepatic lipid (IHL), body fat distribution, glucolipid metabolism and biomarkers of inflammation in middle-aged and older people with pre-diabetes mellitus (PDM).'], ["Early human studies show that NAD+ levels can be raised safely in blood and some tissues by oral NAD+ precursors and suggest benefit in preventing nonmelanotic skin cancer, modestly reducing blood pressure and improving lipid profile in older adults with obesity or overweight; preventing kidney injury in at-risk patients; and suppressing inflammation in Parkinson's disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection."], ['Myocardial infarction (MI) accelerates immune ageing characterised by lymphopenia, expansion of terminally differentiated CD8+ T-lymphocytes (CD8+ TEMRA) and inflammation.', 'Pre-clinical data showed that TA-65, an oral telomerase activator, reduced immune ageing and inflammation after MI.'], ['However, pathogenicity can be halted by using postharvest originating natural fruits containing bioactive elements that may be responsible for the management of nutritional deficiency, inflammation, cancer, and so on.'], ['Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic, progressive inflammatory diseases that can be accompanied by other diseases.'], ['Introduction: People with HIV (PWH) are known to have underlying inflammation and immune activation despite virologic control.', 'A composite cytokine score was developed for 20 plasma cytokines that are linked to inflammation.', 'Results: HIV+OP+ participants exhibited highest inflammatory cytokines and cellular IA, followed by HIV-OP+ for inflammation and HIV+OP- for IA.', 'Inflammation was found to be driven more by opioid use than HIV positivity while IA was driven more by HIV than opioid use.', 'In people with OUD, expression of CD38 on CD28-CD57+ senescent-like T cells was elevated and correlated positively with inflammation.', 'Discussion: Given the association of inflammation with a multitude of adverse health outcomes, our findings merit further investigations to understand the mechanistic pathways involved.'], ['Although not lethal, the genetic knockout of the SLC22A4 gene in multiple organisms increases susceptibility to oxidative stress, damage and inflammation; in agreement with a large body of preclinical data suggesting the physiological function of ergothioneine is as a cellular antioxidant and cytoprotectant agent.'], ['Undernutrition was assessed at baseline and at follow-up, and defined as having at least one of the three GLIM phenotypic criteria (involuntary weight loss, a low body mass index, and a reduced muscle mass) and at least one of the two etiologic criteria (reduced food consumption or nutrient assimilation and inflammation/disease burden).'], ['The neurological complications of COVID-19, resulting from the direct viral entry into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and/or indirect systemic inflammation and dysregulated activation of immune response, encompass memory decline and anosmia which are typically associated with AD symptomatology.'], ['Modulation of vascular inflammation by RTP-026 was demonstrated by reduction in plasma levels of mediators like TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, KC, PGE2 and PGF2alpha For the 24-hour reperfusion protocol, RTP-026 (30microg/kg given i.v.'], ['These results indicate that CDP is an antioxidant that can alleviate age-related inflammation and may be a useful compound for skin anti-aging.'], ['RT-PCR was used to analyze gene expression changes associated with inflammation and senescence.'], ['Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a marker of cardiac injury and an enzyme in anaerobic glycolysis, is suggested as a risk factor for patient mortality in inflammatory diseases.'], ['As a part of the cellular neuroprotective defense machinery against oxidative stress and inflammation, changes in Apo D levels have been demonstrated in neuropsychiatric conditions like schizophrenia (SZ) or bipolar disorders (BPD), not only in some brain areas but in corporal fluids, i.e., blood or serum of patients.'], ['Inflammation is repressed by interleukin 10 (IL10), a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, and unchecked inflammation can have detrimental effects on cognition.'], ['However, since immunosenescence is associated with other concurrent age-related changes such as inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction, it is unclear whether the association between age-related immunosenescence and mortality is independent of other concurrent age-related changes.', 'To address these limitations, we evaluated the independent association between immune cell subsets and mortality after adjustment for age-related inflammation and biologic age.', 'Conclusions: These findings support the idea that an aging immune system is associated with short-term mortality independent of age-related inflammation or other age-related measures of physiological dysfunction.'], ['This was further validated by inhibitor studies, emphasizing the role of the ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling pathway in in promoting intestinal inflammation.'], ['The targeted genes of methylation alteration were involved in mechanism related to aging, inflammation disease, metabolic syndrome, neurodevelopmental disorders, and oncogenesis.'], ['Mechanistically, asbestos carcinogenesis has been linked to the asbestos-induced release of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where HMGB1 promotes autophagy and cell survival, and to the extracellular space where HMGB1 promotes chronic inflammation and mesothelioma growth.'], ['RECENT FINDINGS: Ageing in the kidneys is affected by many different factors, such as low grade chronic inflammation, called inflammageing, and various comorbidities.'], ['Immune senescence and the aging microbiota are key in susceptibility to CDI, with factors including inflammation and exposure to luminal microbial products playing a role in the gut-brain axis.'], ['We also measured 10 inflammation-related cytokines in vaginal swab samples using multiplex immunoassay.'], ['While the etiology of sarcopenic obesity is complex, we present data on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that are hypothesized to promote its development, including age-related changes in body composition, hormonal changes, chronic inflammation, and genetic predisposition.'], ['Patients with Kp infections often experience an uncontrolled immune response in the lungs, leading to excessive inflammation and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines.'], ['These results suggest that intake of GCL2505 and inulin improves cognitive function by improving the intestinal environment and alleviating inflammation.'], ["Overall, the multimodal prehabilitation protocol may improve functional capacity, reduce the surgical stress response and concomitant systemic inflammation, and potentially modulate the tumour microenvironment to improve short-term and long-term clinical outcomes and patients' quality of life."], ['CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understading the relationship between aging and changes in immune cells during periodontal inflammation may lead to therapeutic targets for the future management of periodontal diseases.'], ['We investigated whether one pathway through which adiposity affects GS was via chronic inflammation.', 'There was no evidence that inflammation mediated these effects.'], ['Inflammasomes are involved in a variety of human diseases, especially acute or chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['BACKGROUND: Sarcopenic obesity arises from increased muscle catabolism triggered by inflammation and inactivity.'], ['Inflammation may play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis in these patients.', 'This has the potential to: (1) help improve primary cardiovascular prevention strategies in these patients; (2) understand the effect of biological drugs on the cardiovascular system; and (3) serve as a model for understanding atherosclerosis in other chronic inflammatory diseases.'], ['Its leaves, stems, and fruits are traditional anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial herbal medicines used to treat internal and external inflammation-related ailments, including rheumatic diseases, influenza, the common cold, fever, and skin and periodontal problems.', 'AIM OF THE STUDY: Various environmental factors, especially solar ultraviolet radiation, accelerate skin ageing by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation.', 'The observed effects support the traditional use of aerial plant parts (leaves, stems, and fruits) in treating inflammation-related skin disorders cross-linked with oxidative stress and the topical application of Gaultheria extracts as anti-ageing agents intended for skin care.'], ['Aging people living with HIV (PWH) frequently manifest impaired antibody (Ab) responses to seasonal flu vaccination which has been attributed to ongoing inflammation and immune activation.'], ['The study was designed to validate an animal model of cladribine administration to rats through mitochondrial oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, tau phosphorylation, and amyloid-beta (1-42) accumulation.'], ['To understand these changes, we focused on inflammation and proteolysis, two hallmarks of aging, and their role in iron metabolism.', 'Via the IL-6-hepcidin axis, inflammation and iron status are strongly connected often resulting in anemia accompanied by infiltration of macrophages.', 'This tight connection between anemia and inflammation highlights the importance of the macrophage iron metabolism during inflammation.', 'Therefore, this review accentuates alterations in iron metabolism during aging with regards to inflammation and proteolysis to draw attention to their implications and associations.'], ['An overview of selected biomarkers will be discussed in this regard, in particular we will focus on biomarkers related to metabolic stress response, inflammation, and cell death (in particular in neurodegeneration), all phenomena connected to inflammaging (chronic, low-grade, age-associated inflammation).'], ['Experimental models of cardiovascular disease have shown that SGLT2i ameliorate the process of aging-related cardiovascular disease by inhibiting inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and reversing endothelial dysfunction.'], ['These findings highlight the importance of nutrients involved in (i) DNA metabolism and repair (folate, vitamin B12, and zinc), and (ii) prevention of oxidative stress and inflammation (vitamins A, C, E, lycopene, curcumin, proanthocyanidins, selenium and zinc).'], ['We found that aged, burn injured mice have an increase in colonic lymphoid aggregates, inflammation, and pro-inflammatory chemokine expression when compared to young groups and sham injured aged mice.'], ['Taken together, our study indicates that KPNA2 downregulation, regulated by FBXW7, may alleviate endothelial dysfunction and related inflammation in the progression of AS by suppressing the nuclear translocation of p65 and IRF3.'], ['Protectin DX (PDX) is a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived molecule that alleviates many chronic inflammatory disorders, but its potential effects on frailty remain unknown.'], ['Our post-GWAS bioinformatic analyses revealed significant genetic correlations between FFS and cardiovascular-, neurological-, and inflammation-related diseases/traits, and subsequent Mendelian Randomization analyses identified causal associations with chronic pain, obesity, diabetes, education-related traits, joint disorders, and depressive/neurological, metabolic, and respiratory diseases.'], ['Cellular senescence, apoptosis, and inflammation significantly reduced in saPRP group.', 'The decrease of senescence, apoptosis, and inflammation observed by western blot in 22 M + saPRP group.', 'The saPRP induced the proliferation of hSGECs, leading to a significant decrease in cellular senescence via decrease inflammation and apoptosis, in vitro.'], ['Both conditions are associated with the occurrence of the same pathological changes: age-related (especially with the presence of inflammation, oxidative stress, degenerative changes in organs and tissues), nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid) and hormonal disorders (especially thyroid gland disorders, sex hormone deficiencies).'], ['Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically lengthened lifespan among people with HIV (PWH), but this population experiences heightened rates of inflammation-related comorbidities.', 'HIV-associated inflammation is linked with an altered microbiome; whether such alterations precede inflammation-related comorbidities or occur as their consequence remains unknown.'], ['We further evaluated the effect of microplastics on HaCaT cells in a normal skin cell model and showed that microplastics caused damage to normal skin cells through NLRP3-mediated inflammation and scorch death.'], ['Current concepts suggest that ongoing focal and diffuse inflammation within the CNS in combination with an age-associated failure of compensatory and repair mechanisms contribute to disease progression.', 'In summary, our findings support the notion of the close relationship between focal and diffuse inflammation in MS and that age is an important modulator of MS pathology.'], ['CEBPB is a transcription factor associated with activation of proinflammatory response genes suggesting that inflammation may be present in DC cells.', 'Expression of inflammatory genes were found to be significantly elevated (p < 0.0001) in addition to a key subset of these inflammation-related genes (IL1B, IL6, IL8, IL12A, CXCL1 (GROa), CXCL2 (GROb), and CXCL5) which are regulated by CEBPB.'], ['SIRT7 decline disrupts metabolic homeostasis, accelerates aging and increases the risk of age-related pathologies including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, pulmonary and renal disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer etc.'], ['Cordycepin, an adenosine derivative composed of adenine and pentose, holds immense promise for treating inflammation and cancer.'], ['Participants aged >=40 years and dementia-free at Exam 7 who had a stored plasma sample were selected for profiling using the OLINK proteomics inflammation panel.'], ['AIMS: Age-related changes in adaptive immunity and subclinical inflammation are both important risk factors for diabetes in older adults.', 'We evaluated the independent association between T cell subsets, subclinical inflammation, and diabetes risk in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).', 'The associations between age-related changes in CD4+ effector memory T cells and risk of incident diabetes remained unchanged after adjustment for subclinical inflammation, though adjusting for CD4+ effector memory T cells nullified the association between IL-6 and incident diabetes.', 'CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the baseline percentage of CD4+ effector memory T cells was inversely associated with incident diabetes independent of subclinical inflammation, though CD4+ effector memory T cell subsets affected the relationship between IL-6 and incident diabetes.'], ["Many benefits appear to be related to sulfur's role in redox biochemistry, protecting against uncontrolled oxidative stress and inflammation; features consistent within cardiometabolic dysfunction and many chronic metabolic diseases of aging.", 'It also explores the overarching potential of sulfur for human health, particularly around the amelioration of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and subsequent chronic disease prevention.']], 'numbers of articles': 6369, 'JT': ['Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'Journal of ovarian research', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'ImmunoHorizons', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska', 'BMC pulmonary medicine', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Science advances', 'Communications biology', 'eLife', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Psychological science', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Current opinion in infectious diseases', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Cutaneous and ocular toxicology', 'Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ', 'Age and ageing', 'Aging cell', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Seminars in immunopathology', 'The Medical journal of Malaysia', 'Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'PloS one', 'Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy', 'PloS one', 'Scientific reports', 'Cell communication and signaling : CCS', 'BioMed research international', 'Aging cell', 'BioMed research international', 'BMC immunology', 'Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)', 'Translational psychiatry', 'The Pan African medical journal', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Cells', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'Biochemical pharmacology', 'Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences', 'Current opinion in pharmacology', 'Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery', 'BMC geriatrics', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Developmental cell', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'The American journal of sports medicine', 'Advances in mind-body medicine', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Aging', 'Current topics in medicinal chemistry', 'GeroScience', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Nature communications', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'BMJ open', 'Omics : a journal of integrative biology', 'GeroScience', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'BMC health services research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'Neurobiology of disease', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Aging cell', 'Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)', 'Science advances', 'Annals of palliative medicine', 'Aging', 'Bioorganic chemistry', 'Journal of viral hepatitis', 'Metabolic brain disease', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'Scientific reports', 'Translational psychiatry', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'American journal of physiology. Cell physiology', 'Yi chuan = Hereditas', 'Neurobiology of disease', 'Adipocyte', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology', 'Immunological reviews', 'Annals of neurology', 'International journal of biological sciences', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'BMC neuroscience', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Aging cell', 'Brazilian dental journal', 'Journal of psychiatric research', 'Aging', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Journal of medical virology', 'Sleep medicine', 'Periodontology 2000', 'Periodontology 2000', 'EMBO reports', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Neurochemistry international', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Viruses', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care', "Alzheimer's research & therapy", 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'Cells', 'Pharmacological research', 'Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology', 'Theranostics', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN', 'Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society', 'BMC ophthalmology', 'The journal of international advanced otology', 'Molecular cancer research : MCR', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'Biomolecular concepts', 'BMC research notes', 'Ecotoxicology and environmental safety', 'Journal of thermal biology', 'American journal of obstetrics and gynecology', 'BMC genomic data', 'Research in nursing & health', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'Journal of integrative neuroscience', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of neurovirology', 'International review of cell and molecular biology', 'Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Science (New York, N.Y.)', 'International journal of hematology', 'Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry', 'International immunopharmacology', 'The Journal of frailty & aging', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Bioengineered', 'Ecotoxicology and environmental safety', 'Neuropharmacology', 'Age and ageing', 'Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'International orthopaedics', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'World journal of gastroenterology', 'Gut microbes', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Aging cell', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Scientific reports', 'Bioengineered', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Acta histochemica', 'The Journal of physiology', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Eye (London, England)', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Biology of reproduction', 'International journal of medical sciences', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'GeroScience', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Aging', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Medicine', 'eLife', 'Nature immunology', 'The Journal of pathology', 'Diabetologia', 'Food & function', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of food biochemistry', "Journal of Huntington's disease", 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN', 'Journal of cardiology', 'Cardiology journal', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Trials', 'Human immunology', 'Mutation research. Reviews in mutation research', 'Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'Translational psychiatry', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of neuroscience research', 'Nature', 'European neurology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'PloS one', 'BioMed research international', 'Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology', 'Biogerontology', 'BMC neurology', 'Medical gas research', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Viruses', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Biomolecules', 'Molecular oncology', 'Archives of osteoporosis', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Molecular immunology', 'Neurology', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Current Alzheimer research', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Hepatology international', 'Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Nature reviews. Immunology', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Neurology', 'Clinical laboratory', 'Reumatologia clinica', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'PloS one', 'Journal of drug targeting', 'Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)', 'Scientific reports', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Maturitas', 'Journal of oleo science', 'European journal of nutrition', 'eLife', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Autoimmunity reviews', 'Environment international', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Molecular psychiatry', 'Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Global heart', 'Kidney international', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Biomolecules', 'Biomolecules', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.)', 'GeroScience', 'BMC pregnancy and childbirth', 'Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation', 'Redox biology', 'Missouri medicine', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of oral biosciences', 'Journal for healthcare quality : official publication of the National Association for Healthcare Quality', 'Georgian medical news', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Revista espanola de medicina nuclear e imagen molecular', 'Human brain mapping', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'BMC neurology', 'Cardiovascular research', 'Journal of dental research', 'Environment international', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Aging cell', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Medicine', 'Gerontology', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'BMC musculoskeletal disorders', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'Nutrients', 'Genes', 'Biomolecules', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'BMC genomics', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Nature immunology', 'Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology', 'Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]', 'Scientific reports', 'ACS chemical neuroscience', 'Bioengineered', 'European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology', 'Molecular and cellular biochemistry', 'Trials', 'Journal of nutritional science', 'Scientific reports', 'Biology of sex differences', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Experimental gerontology', 'HIV medicine', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'CNS neuroscience & therapeutics', 'Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Rheumatology (Oxford, England)', 'Nature reviews. Endocrinology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Immunological investigations', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Cardiovascular research', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Aging', 'Scientific reports', 'Scientific reports', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Bioscience trends', 'Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]', 'Nature communications', 'Periodontology 2000', 'Periodontology 2000', 'Handbook of experimental pharmacology', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Aging cell', 'EMBO molecular medicine', 'Endocrine', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Biomolecules', 'Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Pain research & management', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Glia', 'Best practice & research. Clinical haematology', 'The Journal of nutritional biochemistry', 'PloS one', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Frontiers in public health', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Pharmacological research', 'Reviews in the neurosciences', 'The Indian journal of medical research', 'Phytotherapy research : PTR', 'Scientific reports', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Cardiovascular diabetology', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases', 'Biomedical engineering online', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Toxins', 'International journal of behavioral medicine', 'Biomolecules', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Cancer science', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Age and ageing', 'Biogerontology', 'Japanese journal of ophthalmology', 'European geriatric medicine', 'Archives of toxicology', 'Neuropathology and applied neurobiology', 'Aging', 'Scientific reports', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'JCI insight', 'Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN', 'Cell reports', 'The Journal of dermatology', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Trends in neurosciences', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Heart failure reviews', 'Restorative neurology and neuroscience', 'Maturitas', 'Brain imaging and behavior', "Langenbeck's archives of surgery", 'Experimental gerontology', 'Drug research', 'Age and ageing', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of oral rehabilitation', 'Journal of immunology research', 'Skin pharmacology and physiology', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Aesthetic plastic surgery', 'Experimental physiology', 'Scientific reports', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Frontiers in immunology', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Age and ageing', 'The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience', 'Cells', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'Nutrients', 'Cells', 'Emerging topics in life sciences', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Biology open', 'Aging', 'Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry', 'Environmental research', 'IUBMB life', 'Molecular and cellular biochemistry', 'The Lancet. Infectious diseases', 'Stem cells translational medicine', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN', 'ESC heart failure', 'Stem cells and development', 'Environmental science and pollution research international', 'Journal of neurochemistry', 'Cardiovascular research', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Aging cell', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology', 'Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)', 'FEBS open bio', 'Topics in antiviral medicine', 'American journal of ophthalmology', 'Cell death and differentiation', 'BMC bioinformatics', 'Mutation research. Reviews in mutation research', 'European journal of pharmacology', 'ESC heart failure', 'Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Genes', 'Cells', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'ASN neuro', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Progress in molecular and subcellular biology', 'Pharmacological reports : PR', 'Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of medical case reports', 'Physiological reports', 'Acta pharmacologica Sinica', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'BMC geriatrics', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Trends in molecular medicine', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Seminars in cell & developmental biology', 'Angiology', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Scientific reports', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'MEDICC review', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism', 'Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Developmental neurobiology', 'International journal of obesity (2005)', 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of ethnopharmacology', 'American journal of physical anthropology', 'Cells', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'Cells', 'Biomolecules', 'Cells', 'Developmental cell', 'Cannabis and cannabinoid research', 'American journal of physiology. Cell physiology', 'Medicine', 'Inflammatory bowel diseases', 'Community dentistry and oral epidemiology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'The Journal of physiology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'PloS one', 'BMC neurology', 'Accounts of chemical research', 'Reproductive biology', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Molecular psychiatry', 'Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics', 'Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Medicine', 'Current pharmaceutical biotechnology', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'European journal of preventive cardiology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Ophthalmic epidemiology', 'Scientific reports', 'Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Clinical and experimental rheumatology', 'Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Cells', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'Nutrients', 'Genes', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Viruses', "BMC women's health", 'Aging cell', 'AIDS research and human retroviruses', 'Mathematical medicine and biology : a journal of the IMA', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Clinical and translational medicine', 'International journal of clinical oncology', 'Cardiovascular research', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Drug discovery today', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'European cells & materials', 'Metabolism: clinical and experimental', 'Clinical spine surgery', 'Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Acta neuropathologica communications', 'Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews', 'Trials', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'Clinical nutrition ESPEN', 'Scientific reports', 'Stem cell research', 'Clinical laboratory', 'Aging', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'European geriatric medicine', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'PLoS medicine', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Vitamins and hormones', 'Vitamins and hormones', 'Vitamins and hormones', 'Gerontology', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'Rheumatology (Oxford, England)', 'International urology and nephrology', 'Updates in surgery', 'Diabetes', 'Seminars in immunology', 'Cytokine & growth factor reviews', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'eLife', 'Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society', 'Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Behavioural brain research', 'Environment international', 'Aging', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Annals of global health', 'Scientific reports', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'PloS one', 'Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology', 'Neuroscience letters', 'Communications biology', 'Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis', 'JDR clinical and translational research', 'ANZ journal of surgery', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'Aging', 'The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience', 'Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society', 'Scientific reports', 'Analytical chemistry', 'Experimental gerontology', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'AIDS research and human retroviruses', 'European journal of medicinal chemistry', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Orthopaedic surgery', 'GeroScience', 'Biomolecules', 'Calcified tissue international', 'Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America', 'Nutrients', 'Developmental cell', 'Experimental gerontology', 'PloS one', 'BMC cardiovascular disorders', 'Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'JACC. Heart failure', 'Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology', 'Neuroscience letters', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Genes', 'The FEBS journal', 'GeroScience', 'Dermatologic therapy', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Aging cell', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research', 'Scientific reports', 'Nutrients', 'Molecular psychiatry', 'Aging & mental health', 'NeuroImage', "Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association", 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'AIDS research and human retroviruses', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)', 'Physiology & behavior', 'Transgenic research', 'Aging cell', 'Autoimmunity reviews', 'PloS one', 'GeroScience', 'RMD open', 'Cells', 'Aging', 'GeroScience', 'Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Acta myologica : myopathies and cardiomyopathies : official journal of the Mediterranean Society of Myology', 'Journal of thermal biology', 'Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)', 'The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC', 'Respiratory research', 'The EMBO journal', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Biochemical and biophysical research communications', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Nutrients', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'The Journal of experimental medicine', 'Environmental health : a global access science source', 'Theranostics', 'Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods', 'American journal of physiology. Cell physiology', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', "Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association", 'Toxins', 'Critical reviews in food science and nutrition', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Nutrients', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Genes', 'Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)', 'Aging cell', 'Human brain mapping', 'PloS one', 'Problemy radiatsiinoi medytsyny ta radiobiolohii', 'Journal of the neurological sciences', 'Journal of psychiatric research', 'Journal of psychiatric research', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)', 'Thrombosis and haemostasis', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'International journal of clinical practice', 'The Science of the total environment', 'Mutation research. Reviews in mutation research', 'Scientific reports', 'Complementary medicine research', 'Medicinal research reviews', 'Nature metabolism', 'International journal of sports medicine', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Stem cell research & therapy', 'PloS one', 'Aging', 'BMJ open', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons', 'Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research', 'Disease markers', 'Toxicology letters', 'Nutrients', 'Current oncology reports', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Accounts of chemical research', 'Nature neuroscience', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)', 'International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society', 'Neuroendocrinology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Developmental cell', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Aging', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Aging cell', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'GeroScience', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Critical care clinics', 'BMC pregnancy and childbirth', 'Neuro endocrinology letters', 'Reviews in the neurosciences', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Journal of medical Internet research', 'Molecular medicine reports', 'Scientific reports', 'Bone', 'Experimental cell research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Pharmacological research', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Expert review of anti-infective therapy', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Ageing research reviews', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Diabetes & metabolism', 'Environmental research', 'Nutrients', 'European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology', 'The Journal of craniofacial surgery', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'Journal of ethnopharmacology', 'Aging', 'European journal of immunology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Aging', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of nanomedicine', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Acta neuropathologica', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Epigenetics', 'Modern rheumatology case reports', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Aging cell', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Virus research', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Cells', 'Diabetologia', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Physiological genomics', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'Gerontology', 'HIV medicine', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Sleep', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Pharmacological research', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Experimental neurology', 'Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology', 'Nature reviews. Cardiology', 'Seminars in oncology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Methods (San Diego, Calif.)', 'Cells', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'BMC cancer', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'International urology and nephrology', 'BioMed research international', 'Pain', 'Autophagy', 'BMJ open', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'The journal of sexual medicine', 'Journal of dental research', 'PloS one', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Nanotoxicology', 'Scientific reports', 'Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology', 'Neurosurgical review', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Nature communications', 'Cell research', 'Fluids and barriers of the CNS', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'eLife', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Experimental gerontology', 'The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation', 'Current hypertension reports', 'Nature', 'Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets', 'Cells', 'Cancer metastasis reviews', 'The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience', 'Nutrients', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Clinical rheumatology', 'The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice', 'Medical microbiology and immunology', 'Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)', 'Brain research', 'Nutrients', 'Life sciences', 'Nature reviews. Neurology', 'Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'JCI insight', 'Pharmacological research', 'Acta neuropathologica communications', 'PloS one', 'International journal of nanomedicine', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Current osteoporosis reports', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Cell host & microbe', 'Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)', 'Seminars in immunopathology', 'Cells', 'Protein & cell', 'Immunological investigations', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Critical reviews in food science and nutrition', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Nutricion hospitalaria', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)', 'Medicine', 'Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)', 'Mayo Clinic proceedings', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Blood', 'Journal of anatomy', 'European geriatric medicine', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Current topics in behavioral neurosciences', 'Rejuvenation research', 'JAMA cardiology', 'The EMBO journal', 'Seminars in neurology', 'Metabolism: clinical and experimental', 'BMC nephrology', 'Nutrients', 'F1000Research', 'Stem cell research & therapy', 'Aging', 'Nature metabolism', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism', 'Aging cell', 'Journal of internal medicine', 'Neuroscience letters', 'Andrology', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Journal of neurochemistry', 'Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Medicine', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)', 'Scientific reports', 'Kidney international', 'Cell metabolism', 'Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology', 'Cardiovascular research', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy', 'Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Current hypertension reports', 'Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract', 'Aging', 'Discovery medicine', 'ESC heart failure', 'Clinical trials (London, England)', 'Journal of diabetes investigation', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN', 'Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Gerontology', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine', 'Annual review of cell and developmental biology', 'Journal of geriatric oncology', 'Marine drugs', 'GeroScience', 'Physiology & behavior', 'Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'Nutrients', 'Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'JCI insight', 'Current hypertension reviews', 'Vaccine', 'Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]', 'Current osteoporosis reports', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'International urology and nephrology', 'BMC oral health', 'Journal of the Royal Society, Interface', 'Urologia internationalis', 'GeroScience', 'Journal of immunology research', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'Ageing research reviews', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Acta cardiologica', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'JAMA psychiatry', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Kidney international', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Aging', 'GeroScience', 'Cells', 'Ageing research reviews', 'GeroScience', 'Scientific reports', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Polish archives of internal medicine', 'Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids', 'Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines', 'Circulation research', 'AIDS research and therapy', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Scientific reports', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'European journal of nutrition', 'Osteoarthritis and cartilage', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Life sciences', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)', 'Scientific reports', 'International immunopharmacology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'Archives of medical research', 'Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets', 'Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology', 'Translational psychiatry', 'Acta clinica Belgica', 'Nutrients', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Journal of sport and health science', 'The Canadian journal of cardiology', 'Cytokine & growth factor reviews', 'Journal of neuroimmunology', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Anesthesia and analgesia', 'Blood', 'JAMA network open', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'BMC cancer', 'Current opinion in organ transplantation', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Mucosal immunology', 'Pediatrics', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'PloS one', 'The Prostate', 'Journal of cardiac surgery', 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'International reviews of immunology', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Cell research', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Redox biology', 'Progress in neurobiology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Aging cell', 'AIDS research and human retroviruses', 'Scientific reports', 'World journal of surgery', 'Current stem cell research & therapy', 'Medicine', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology and geriatrics', 'Biochemical pharmacology', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'JCI insight', 'Biology of sex differences', 'Theranostics', "Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association", 'IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Antiviral research', 'Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease', 'Toxins', 'Toxins', "Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale", 'Cells', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Nature immunology', 'Biochemical pharmacology', 'Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets', 'Scientific reports', 'Cells', 'Blood', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Expert review of clinical immunology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)', 'Current cardiology reviews', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Frontiers in public health', 'BMJ open respiratory research', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Circulation', 'Science advances', 'Nutrients', 'Skin therapy letter', 'Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)', 'Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society', 'Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Pediatric research', 'Journal of the science of food and agriculture', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Aging cell', 'AIDS research and therapy', 'Experimental gerontology', "Journal of Crohn's & colitis", 'The Journal of frailty & aging', 'Medicine', 'Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology', 'Age and ageing', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease', 'Exercise immunology review', 'Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research', 'Exercise immunology review', 'Journal of dietary supplements', 'Biomolecules', 'Journal of the American College of Cardiology', 'Viruses', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Expert opinion on therapeutic targets', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Aging cell', 'Leukemia', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Genes', 'Nutrients', 'Experimental neurology', 'Cell death & disease', 'Medicine', 'Science translational medicine', 'Scientific reports', 'Advances in therapy', 'Biodemography and social biology', 'Neuro-degenerative diseases', 'Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Nutrients', 'PloS one', 'Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia', 'F1000Research', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Nutrients', 'Cytokine', 'eLife', 'Life science alliance', 'The American journal of case reports', 'Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews', 'Essays in biochemistry', 'Experimental & molecular medicine', 'The Science of the total environment', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology', 'Current topics in behavioral neurosciences', 'BMJ open', 'Progress in cardiovascular diseases', 'Aging', 'Behavioural brain research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'PloS one', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Advances in respiratory medicine', 'Toxins', 'Nutrients', 'Nature neuroscience', 'Nutrients', 'Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Journal of medical virology', 'Journal of periodontal research', 'BMC gastroenterology', 'Foodborne pathogens and disease', 'Ageing research reviews', 'The Permanente journal', 'Gut microbes', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Experimental gerontology', 'The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience', 'Journal of clinical periodontology', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', "Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie", 'BMC public health', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'Archives of biochemistry and biophysics', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Nutrients', 'BMC psychiatry', 'Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE', 'Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders', 'Clinical cardiology', 'Pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) ... [et al.]', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Cardiology in review', 'Biomolecules', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'Clinical laboratory', 'American journal of physical anthropology', 'Klinicka onkologie : casopis Ceske a Slovenske onkologicke spolecnosti', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'Molecules and cells', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Aging & mental health', 'International immunopharmacology', 'PloS one', 'JCI insight', 'Clinical epigenetics', 'European journal of nutrition', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Neurotoxicity research', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'The clinical respiratory journal', 'Nutrients', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Expert reviews in molecular medicine', 'Nutrients', 'Cells', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Internal and emergency medicine', 'Aging', 'Nordic journal of psychiatry', 'Neuro-Signals', 'EBioMedicine', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'BMJ open', 'CNS neuroscience & therapeutics', 'Age and ageing', 'Current opinion in ophthalmology', 'Acta clinica Croatica', 'Nutrients', 'Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995)', 'American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons', 'The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Journal of nutritional science', 'F1000Research', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Aging', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Hormones (Athens, Greece)', 'Advances in immunology', 'Pharmacology', 'Cells', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The Journal of physiology', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'BMC microbiology', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'GeroScience', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Experimental gerontology', 'International psychogeriatrics', 'Current Alzheimer research', 'The Journal of frailty & aging', 'BMC nephrology', 'Clinical and experimental rheumatology', 'Genes', 'Polish archives of internal medicine', 'PloS one', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', "Journal of Parkinson's disease", 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Aging', 'Aging cell', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'HIV medicine', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Chemico-biological interactions', 'European journal of medicinal chemistry', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'Scientific reports', 'Scientific reports', 'Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America', 'Annales pharmaceutiques francaises', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Aging cell', 'Gerontology', 'Communications biology', 'Biomolecules', 'Cell stem cell', 'EBioMedicine', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Molecular immunology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Scientific reports', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'BMJ open', 'Journal of the American Heart Association', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Pathogens and disease', 'The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology', 'Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Aging', 'Journal of cellular biochemistry', 'Nature metabolism', 'Current allergy and asthma reports', 'JCI insight', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Nature reviews. Nephrology', 'Transplantation proceedings', 'The Canadian journal of cardiology', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Current molecular medicine', 'Pediatric pulmonology', 'Current Alzheimer research', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Brain research', 'PloS one', 'Nutrition and cancer', 'American journal of physiology. Renal physiology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'International journal of rheumatic diseases', 'PloS one', 'Nutrients', 'Nature reviews. Cardiology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Aging cell', 'BMC public health', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of the American College of Cardiology', 'Techniques in coloproctology', 'Molecular immunology', 'Critical care medicine', 'Psychological medicine', 'Cells', 'Aging', 'Biomolecules', 'Current urology reports', 'Aging', 'The Journal of physiology', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Rejuvenation research', 'The EMBO journal', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Journal of the American College of Cardiology', 'Molecular vision', 'Orphanet journal of rare diseases', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'EBioMedicine', 'Cell metabolism', 'Experimental physiology', 'Nutrients', 'Shock (Augusta, Ga.)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Immunity, inflammation and disease', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology', 'BMC cardiovascular disorders', 'Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry', 'PloS one', 'EBioMedicine', 'Journal of neurovirology', 'Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica', 'Vox sanguinis', 'Cell metabolism', 'Scientific reports', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of psychiatric research', 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'European journal of endocrinology', 'BMC endocrine disorders', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of dental research', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Redox biology', 'Clinical and experimental immunology', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Aging', 'Aging', 'Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)', 'Clinical nutrition ESPEN', 'Scientific reports', 'Rheumatology international', 'Bioscience reports', 'Cardiology', 'Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi', 'Aging cell', 'Calcified tissue international', 'The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society', 'Acta neuropsychiatrica', 'Cell transplantation', 'Reviews in cardiovascular medicine', 'Biomolecules', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Drugs & aging', 'American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Aging cell', 'BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology', 'Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)', 'Molecular nutrition & food research', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Experimental eye research', 'Neuro-oncology', 'Circulation research', 'European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Cancer causes & control : CCC', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'BMC nephrology', 'PLoS biology', "Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie", 'Rejuvenation research', 'PloS one', 'Neurotoxicity research', 'Scientific reports', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Psychology and aging', 'European neurology', 'Depression and anxiety', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Aging cell', 'EBioMedicine', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery', 'Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery', 'Current topics in behavioral neurosciences', 'British medical bulletin', 'PloS one', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'Free radical research', 'Free radical research', 'Drugs & aging', 'Progress in molecular biology and translational science', 'Medicine', 'PloS one', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Molecular psychiatry', 'Cancer immunology research', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society', 'Nutrients', 'European heart journal', 'Nutrients', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Contributions to nephrology', 'F1000Research', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'International journal of obesity (2005)', 'Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports', 'Advances in rheumatology (London, England)', 'Nutrients', 'Life sciences', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'Autophagy', 'Aging', 'FEBS open bio', 'Drugs & aging', 'Current hypertension reports', 'The British journal of ophthalmology', "American journal of men's health", 'Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation', 'Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Psychiatry research', 'Journal of physiology and biochemistry', 'Journal of applied microbiology', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Cardiovascular research', 'Aging cell', 'Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of ovarian research', 'Journal of immunology research', 'Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine', 'Aging cell', 'Medical microbiology and immunology', 'NeuroImage. Clinical', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Molecular nutrition & food research', 'Sub-cellular biochemistry', 'Sub-cellular biochemistry', 'Sub-cellular biochemistry', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Immunological investigations', 'BMC molecular biology', 'Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Cell death & disease', 'Diabetes & metabolism', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Clinical therapeutics', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'The British journal of ophthalmology', 'PloS one', 'Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV', 'Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)', 'Pathology oncology research : POR', 'Kidney international', 'Current psychiatry reports', 'The Canadian journal of cardiology', 'Neuroscience letters', 'The Canadian journal of cardiology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Brain imaging and behavior', 'Current Alzheimer research', 'Journal of dental research', 'Viruses', 'Acta biochimica Polonica', 'Acta ophthalmologica', 'Journal of nutrition in gerontology and geriatrics', 'Osteoarthritis and cartilage', 'The Journal of craniofacial surgery', 'Nature microbiology', 'Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology', 'Rhinology', 'Journal of neurovirology', 'PloS one', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'Nature communications', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Sub-cellular biochemistry', 'Sub-cellular biochemistry', 'Sub-cellular biochemistry', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Molecular cell', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Il Giornale di chirurgia', 'Immunity', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Current aging science', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Platelets', 'Exercise immunology review', 'Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology', 'Journal of epidemiology', 'The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology', 'Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)', 'International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Health and quality of life outcomes', 'Cell death & disease', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'European journal of heart failure', 'JMIR mHealth and uHealth', 'Aging cell', 'Molecules and cells', 'Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society', 'Rejuvenation research', 'American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'EBioMedicine', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'Aging', 'PLoS computational biology', 'Journal of neurovirology', 'Age and ageing', 'Pharmaceutical nanotechnology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Cells', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'British journal of haematology', 'Current rheumatology reports', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Cell', 'Journal of neuroscience research', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Nature communications', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Cell death and differentiation', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Cell death & disease', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Glycoconjugate journal', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'The oncologist', 'PloS one', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Brain research', 'European journal of epidemiology', 'PloS one', 'The protein journal', 'Psychiatry research', 'Nutrients', 'BMC geriatrics', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'ACS applied materials & interfaces', 'International journal of cardiology', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Angiogenesis', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Aging cell', 'Blood advances', 'ILAR journal', 'Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms', 'Cytokine', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Cytokine', 'Placenta', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Human immunology', 'Aging', 'International journal of medical sciences', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'HIV clinical trials', 'Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology', 'Aging', 'DNA repair', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'PloS one', 'Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.)', 'Human genetics', 'BMC gastroenterology', 'Food chemistry', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'The Journal of veterinary medical science', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Journal of cellular physiology', 'Brain and behavior', 'Circulation research', 'Circulation research', 'Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry', 'BMC medicine', 'Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany : 1985)', 'Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition', 'Clinical nuclear medicine', 'Glycobiology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'The Journal of rheumatology', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Stem cell research', 'Glia', 'JAMA network open', 'Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension', 'Acta ophthalmologica', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease', 'The journal of medical investigation : JMI', 'The American journal of the medical sciences', 'Expert review of proteomics', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research', 'Stem cell research & therapy', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Trials', 'Maturitas', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993)', 'Seminars in immunology', 'Journal of agricultural and food chemistry', 'Schizophrenia research', 'Vnitrni lekarstvi', 'Psychological medicine', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Biomarkers in medicine', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'The Journal of physiology', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'Nature communications', 'Current diabetes reports', 'The British journal of dermatology', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Medicine', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Calcified tissue international', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia', 'Pharmacological research', 'Journal of cellular biochemistry', 'Medicine', 'Swiss medical weekly', 'Cell communication and signaling : CCS', 'Modern rheumatology', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Mutation research. Reviews in mutation research', 'Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.)', "Alzheimer's research & therapy", 'Aging', 'Redox biology', 'Current Alzheimer research', 'Joint bone spine', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'Expert review of hematology', 'Immunological investigations', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Mayo Clinic proceedings', 'Journal of cellular physiology', 'Progress in neurobiology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Biomaterials', 'Current medical science', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Experimental gerontology', 'PloS one', 'British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)', 'PloS one', 'Nature reviews. Cardiology', 'Tissue & cell', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Polish archives of internal medicine', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology', 'Viruses', 'Molecular neurodegeneration', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Clinical oral investigations', 'Essays in biochemistry', 'Gerontology', 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'Investigative ophthalmology & visual science', 'Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association', 'The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology', 'The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Hormones (Athens, Greece)', 'Experimental gerontology', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Autoimmunity reviews', 'Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme', 'Experimental gerontology', 'World neurosurgery', 'Journal of neurovirology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'African health sciences', 'Kardiologia polska', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'European journal of medicinal chemistry', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Biomolecules', 'Aging cell', 'Experimental gerontology', 'International orthopaedics', 'Aging', 'Inflammopharmacology', 'Meat science', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Kidney international', 'Molecular metabolism', 'Aging', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Scientific reports', 'Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine', 'Nature communications', 'Gerontology', 'The Lancet. Public health', 'Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology', 'Reproduction (Cambridge, England)', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Nephrologie & therapeutique', 'Handbook of clinical neurology', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Physiological reviews', 'GeroScience', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'Hormones (Athens, Greece)', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry', 'Asian journal of anesthesiology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'GeroScience', 'International journal of obesity (2005)', 'Melanoma research', 'Critical reviews in biotechnology', 'Blood pressure', 'Nutritional neuroscience', 'Applied neuropsychology. Adult', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Electrophoresis', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Nutricion hospitalaria', 'Nutrients', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews', 'Acta neuropathologica', 'European heart journal', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Andrologia', 'The Journal of frailty & aging', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids', 'Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids', 'Nutrients', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Molecular cell', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Connecticut medicine', 'Scientific reports', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Drugs & aging', 'The Journal of clinical psychiatry', 'PloS one', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'The Permanente journal', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'Scientific reports', 'Translational stroke research', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Journal of epidemiology and community health', 'Molecular and cellular endocrinology', 'Transplantation', 'Current neuropharmacology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)', 'Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)', 'Brain imaging and behavior', 'Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)', 'The Journal of nutritional biochemistry', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics', 'Menopause (New York, N.Y.)', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Danish medical journal', 'JCI insight', 'Biogerontology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Immunology and cell biology', 'Molecular nutrition & food research', 'International journal of colorectal disease', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'PloS one', 'Nutrients', 'Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Pharmacology & therapeutics', 'International journal of older people nursing', 'Aging cell', 'Neurochemical research', 'Scientific reports', 'Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)', 'Skin pharmacology and physiology', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Maturitas', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'NeuroImage', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Journal of physiology and biochemistry', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Environment international', 'Journal of oleo science', 'Journal of neurosurgical sciences', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Biogerontology', 'Scientific reports', 'Psychiatry research', 'Molecular psychiatry', 'Trends in pharmacological sciences', 'BMC ophthalmology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)', 'Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme', 'Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery', 'Journal of cosmetic science', 'Schizophrenia bulletin', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Circulation research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'The Journal of nutritional biochemistry', 'Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)', 'JCI insight', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Chemico-biological interactions', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'BMC medicine', 'Aging cell', 'Critical care medicine', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'NeuroImage', 'PloS one', 'Advanced drug delivery reviews', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'PloS one', 'Food & function', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Biochemical Society transactions', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition', 'Inflammation', 'Aging cell', 'Acta clinica Belgica', 'European journal of internal medicine', 'BMC musculoskeletal disorders', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Trials', 'Lipids in health and disease', 'Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America', 'PloS one', 'Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The journal of physiological sciences : JPS', 'Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of bone and mineral metabolism', 'Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN', 'Bone', 'Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis', 'Brachytherapy', 'Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents', 'Seminars in vascular surgery', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease', 'Experimental gerontology', 'BMJ (Clinical research ed.)', 'Archives of medical research', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'Molecular and cellular biochemistry', 'The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'PloS one', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Anesthesia and analgesia', 'Biodemography and social biology', 'International journal of impotence research', 'Current opinion in cardiology', 'Nutrients', 'Current protein & peptide science', 'Current cardiology reviews', 'Food & function', 'Seminars in cancer biology', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Scientific reports', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'European journal of internal medicine', 'Blood', 'Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'European heart journal', 'Aging', 'Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Survey of ophthalmology', 'Molecular immunology', 'Journal of immunological methods', 'The FEBS journal', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'eLife', 'The Practitioner', 'Journal of biomedical informatics', 'Archives of cardiovascular diseases', 'Cell transplantation', 'PloS one', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology', 'Calcified tissue international', 'Stroke', 'Experimental gerontology', 'CNS drugs', 'Neurology', 'Mutation research', 'Immunological investigations', 'European journal of ophthalmology', 'Scientific reports', 'Folia morphologica', 'Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology', 'Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI)', 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'JAMA pediatrics', 'GeroScience', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Aesthetic surgery journal', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Aesthetic surgery journal', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Aging cell', 'International dental journal', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'European heart journal', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Harvard review of psychiatry', 'Journal of neurochemistry', 'Advances in biological regulation', 'Alternative therapies in health and medicine', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'Pharmacological reviews', 'Danish medical journal', 'PloS one', 'European journal of heart failure', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Nutrients', 'Progress in cardiovascular diseases', 'Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology', 'Nutrients', "Women's health (London, England)", 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience', 'Chest', 'PloS one', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Comprehensive Physiology', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Medicine', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Biochemical and biophysical research communications', 'Chinese journal of cancer', 'Gerontology', 'Scientific reports', 'BMC infectious diseases', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'Scientific reports', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'Neurology', 'Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE', 'Pharmacology & therapeutics', 'Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Journal of dental education', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Minerva medica', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Journal of chromatography. A', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Neuroscience letters', 'Heart failure reviews', 'Cellular immunology', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society', 'Environmental toxicology', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Oral health & preventive dentistry', 'Biological trace element research', 'Expert opinion on investigational drugs', 'Translational psychiatry', 'Seminars in perinatology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Scientific reports', 'American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology', 'Schizophrenia research', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Drug discovery today', 'Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology', 'Maturitas', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Journal of physical activity & health', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'BMC musculoskeletal disorders', 'Periodontology 2000', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Scientific reports', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.)', 'International review of cell and molecular biology', 'Allergy', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research', 'The American journal of emergency medicine', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Endocrine', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer', 'Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology', 'Amyloid : the international journal of experimental and clinical investigation : the official journal of the International Society of Amyloidosis', 'Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents', 'Shock (Augusta, Ga.)', 'The international journal of lower extremity wounds', 'PloS one', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Current neurology and neuroscience reports', 'Experimental gerontology', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'The Journal of arthroplasty', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Biomaterials science', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'Comprehensive Physiology', 'Scientific reports', 'International psychogeriatrics', 'American journal of physiology. Cell physiology', 'BMC complementary and alternative medicine', 'Heart, lung & circulation', 'Critical reviews in therapeutic drug carrier systems', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)', 'Brain imaging and behavior', 'Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'International journal of food sciences and nutrition', 'Journal of gerontological nursing', 'Kidney international', 'Gastroenterology', 'Seminars in diagnostic pathology', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation', 'Aging cell', 'PloS one', 'PloS one', 'The American surgeon', 'Food & function', 'Maturitas', 'Stroke', 'Human fertility (Cambridge, England)', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Biodemography and social biology', 'PloS one', 'Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)', 'Nutrition research reviews', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'BioMed research international', 'Nature reviews. Nephrology', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Nature communications', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'Angiology', 'Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism', 'Current hypertension reviews', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Journal of cellular physiology', 'Oncotarget', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Aging', 'PloS one', 'The Journal of endocrinology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Periodontology 2000', 'Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN', 'Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias', 'Journal of the American Heart Association', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology', 'Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition', 'Experimental gerontology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'GeroScience', 'Nutrients', 'Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Social science & medicine (1982)', 'PLoS medicine', 'Antiviral therapy', 'Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Journal of internal medicine', 'American journal of hypertension', 'Circulation', 'American journal of physiology. Renal physiology', 'Cell systems', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Journal of cardiology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Clinical biochemistry', 'Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation', 'Journal of diabetes science and technology', 'Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology', 'Biogerontology', 'BioMed research international', 'Archives of oral biology', 'Heart (British Cardiac Society)', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.)', 'Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism', 'Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)', 'Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES', 'The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry', "Alzheimer's research & therapy", 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Progress in molecular biology and translational science', 'Progress in molecular biology and translational science', 'Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme', 'Drugs & aging', 'Cardiovascular engineering and technology', 'Oral health & preventive dentistry', 'Annual review of immunology', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'BMC infectious diseases', 'Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)', 'Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica', 'Acta diabetologica', 'Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery', 'Stem cells translational medicine', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Amino acids', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Human molecular genetics', 'Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver', 'Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews', 'Aging', 'Nutrients', 'Environment international', 'Medicine', 'Scientific reports', 'Revista brasileira de reumatologia', 'Biomolecules', 'Cell stem cell', 'Medicine and science in sports and exercise', 'Journal of cellular physiology', 'Journal of diabetes investigation', 'BMJ open', 'Journal of bioinformatics and computational biology', 'Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine', 'Expert opinion on drug safety', 'Scientific reports', 'Seminars in hematology', 'Life sciences', 'Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung', 'Experimental and molecular pathology', 'Aging', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP', 'Clinical chemistry', 'Aging cell', 'Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology', 'Current topics in medicinal chemistry', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Behavioural neurology', 'Maturitas', 'Critical reviews in oncogenesis', 'PloS one', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'Annals of the American Thoracic Society', 'Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'EMBO molecular medicine', 'Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology', 'Journal of endocrinological investigation', 'European journal of immunology', 'Chemical research in toxicology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Expert review of proteomics', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Cytokine', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP', 'BMC neurology', 'Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The lancet. HIV', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Natural product communications', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Circulation', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging', 'Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology', 'Journal of ethnopharmacology', 'Cardiology clinics', 'Scientific reports', 'Expert opinion on investigational drugs', 'Current protein & peptide science', 'Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology and geriatrics', 'Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology and geriatrics', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'The Korean journal of internal medicine', 'The European journal of neuroscience', 'Nature medicine', 'The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics', 'PloS one', 'Injury', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999)', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Rheumatology (Oxford, England)', 'Journal of visceral surgery', 'PloS one', 'Biomedical research (Tokyo, Japan)', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Molecular medicine reports', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Neurochemistry international', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases', 'The Journal of infection', 'Immunity', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Clinical and experimental immunology', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'Development and psychopathology', 'Circulation research', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Journal of hypertension', 'Kidney & blood pressure research', 'Histochemistry and cell biology', 'The Journal of pathology', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Clinical and experimental immunology', 'Neuroendocrinology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Aging', 'Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Scientific reports', 'Social science & medicine (1982)', 'Ocular immunology and inflammation', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Aging', 'Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'JCI insight', 'Danish medical journal', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'European journal of sport science', 'Rheumatology (Oxford, England)', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)', 'Advances in neurobiology', 'Schizophrenia research', 'Critical care medicine', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Medicine', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'European journal of internal medicine', 'Ageing research reviews', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'BioFactors (Oxford, England)', 'Respiratory medicine', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'Aging', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Postgraduate medicine', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) ... [et al.]', 'Behavioural brain research', 'BMC infectious diseases', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Journal of virology', 'Scientific reports', 'Trials', 'The Journal of physiology', 'Journal of electrocardiology', 'Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie', 'Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy', 'Scientific reports', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Journal of pineal research', 'Age and ageing', 'Life sciences', 'Physiological reviews', 'Current allergy and asthma reports', 'Gerontology', 'The FEBS journal', 'Oncotarget', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Pediatric clinics of North America', 'Human molecular genetics', 'Journal of biomolecular screening', 'Placenta', 'Trials', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Biochemical and biophysical research communications', 'Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro', 'American journal of physiology. Renal physiology', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'PloS one', 'Journal of dermatological science', 'Polski przeglad chirurgiczny', 'Journal of hepatology', 'American journal of physiology. Cell physiology', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Aging', 'Virulence', 'Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Diabetes care', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Clinical and experimental immunology', 'Human reproduction update', 'Drug metabolism reviews', 'International journal of oral science', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'European journal of applied physiology', 'Neurotoxicology', 'Microbes and infection', 'Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities', 'PloS one', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'Environmental health perspectives', 'Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'International journal of surgery (London, England)', 'BMC structural biology', 'Aging', 'Environmental research', 'PloS one', 'Current opinion in rheumatology', 'Aging', 'Journal of medicinal food', 'Neuromolecular medicine', 'Medicinal research reviews', 'Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi', 'Maturitas', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'British journal of pharmacology', 'The Keio journal of medicine', 'International journal of impotence research', 'Neuroendocrinology', 'Human brain mapping', 'Current aging science', 'Coronary artery disease', 'Current aging science', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease', 'Nature reviews. Disease primers', 'Angiogenesis', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Current hypertension reports', 'European journal of immunology', 'Oncotarget', 'AIDS research and therapy', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)', 'Scientific reports', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Andrology', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Medicine', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'European journal of immunology', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Cardiovascular diabetology', 'Chronic respiratory disease', 'BMC complementary and alternative medicine', 'Academic pediatrics', 'Nature', 'The Canadian journal of cardiology', 'Biochemical and biophysical research communications', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'BMJ case reports', 'Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Molecular vision', 'International journal of hygiene and environmental health', 'Aging cell', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'Environmental health perspectives', 'Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology', 'PloS one', 'Journal of virology', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Particle and fibre toxicology', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'International journal of medical sciences', 'Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne', 'Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine', 'The British journal of ophthalmology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'The European respiratory journal', 'The International journal of artificial organs', 'Clinical nutrition ESPEN', 'Kidney & blood pressure research', 'In vivo (Athens, Greece)', 'Scientific reports', 'Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society', 'Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'Human reproduction update', 'Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Research in developmental disabilities', 'Current opinion in infectious diseases', 'Veterinary pathology', 'International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology', 'PloS one', 'American journal of therapeutics', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Journal of periodontal research', 'Clinical medicine & research', 'Oncotarget', 'Veterinary pathology', 'Age and ageing', 'Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Journal of the neurological sciences', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'American journal of epidemiology', "Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie", 'The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience', 'Expert opinion on therapeutic targets', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Cell reports', 'PLoS pathogens', 'Social science & medicine (1982)', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Andrologia', 'Discovery medicine', 'Molecular neurodegeneration', 'Pain physician', 'American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation', 'Immunobiology', 'BMJ open', 'Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Gut microbes', 'European journal of neurology', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Current opinion in urology', 'Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)', 'Journal of neuroimmunology', 'Aging cell', 'Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition', 'Molecular human reproduction', 'Immunity', 'Age and ageing', 'PLoS genetics', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Journal of neurochemistry', 'BMC medicine', 'The FEBS journal', 'Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'PloS one', 'EBioMedicine', 'Advances in physiology education', 'BMC immunology', 'Contemporary clinical trials', 'Marine drugs', 'Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology', 'Pharmacological reviews', 'Organogenesis', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Trials', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Stem cells translational medicine', 'Spine', 'Aging', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Age and ageing', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'PloS one', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Nuclear medicine communications', 'Drugs & aging', 'Aging', 'Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series', 'Osteoarthritis and cartilage', 'Respiratory investigation', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'European heart journal', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Biogerontology', 'Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Aging cell', 'Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series', 'Progress in molecular biology and translational science', 'AIDS research and human retroviruses', 'Experimental gerontology', 'QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians', 'Redox biology', 'The Journal of physiology', 'Experimental eye research', 'PloS one', 'Experimental gerontology', 'The lancet. HIV', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Journal of neuroscience methods', 'Cell biochemistry and function', 'AIDS research and human retroviruses', 'PloS one', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Age and ageing', 'BMC nephrology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The Journal of experimental medicine', 'The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Scientific reports', 'Current opinion in ophthalmology', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Journal of hepatology', 'Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society', 'Journal of pain and symptom management', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Molecular vision', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Social science & medicine (1982)', 'PloS one', 'Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)', 'Journal of neuroscience research', 'BioMed research international', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Journal of ethnopharmacology', 'Molecular neurodegeneration', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'BMC musculoskeletal disorders', 'BMC geriatrics', 'International journal of medical sciences', 'Neuroimmunomodulation', 'Nutrients', 'Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology', 'AIDS patient care and STDs', 'Oncotarget', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Trials', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Neuropsychology review', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'PloS one', 'Investigative ophthalmology & visual science', 'Seminars in cell & developmental biology', 'American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology', 'Clinical obesity', 'Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Nature reviews. Endocrinology', 'Current aging science', 'ANZ journal of surgery', 'BMC immunology', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Bone', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society', 'Neurology', 'PloS one', 'Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine', 'PloS one', 'BMC medicine', 'Osteoarthritis and cartilage', 'Neurology', 'Nature cell biology', 'Aging', 'The Journal of physiology', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'BMC psychiatry', 'Journal of the International AIDS Society', 'Heart and vessels', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation', 'Drugs & aging', 'Diabetologia', 'Contemporary clinical trials', 'European heart journal', 'Foot & ankle international', 'Current neurology and neuroscience reports', 'Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association', 'BMC pharmacology & toxicology', 'Georgian medical news', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports', 'Age and ageing', 'Journal of immunology research', 'PloS one', 'Chest', 'Kidney international', 'Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)', 'BMC complementary and alternative medicine', 'PloS one', 'Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Neonatology', 'PloS one', 'Critical care nursing quarterly', 'Bone', 'PloS one', 'Journal of neurosurgery', 'Journal of psychosomatic research', 'Handbook of clinical neurology', 'BioMed research international', 'The Journal of endocrinology', 'PloS one', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International urology and nephrology', 'International ophthalmology', "Langenbeck's archives of surgery", 'Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society', 'Gene', 'Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Chest', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'The Biochemical journal', 'Sleep medicine', 'PloS one', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', "Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia", 'Gerontology', 'Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet', 'Plastic and reconstructive surgery', 'Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology', 'Journal of hypertension', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Journal of the American Heart Association', 'Circulation', 'Age and ageing', 'Current rheumatology reports', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Psychopharmacology', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Nucleus (Austin, Tex.)', 'Trials', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Nutrients', 'European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery', 'Iranian journal of kidney diseases', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Gerontology', 'Archives italiennes de biologie', 'Developmental biology', 'Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD', 'PloS one', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Thrombosis and haemostasis', 'Beneficial microbes', 'PloS one', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Drug discoveries & therapeutics', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Environmental health perspectives', 'European journal of immunology', 'PloS one', 'PloS one', 'PloS one', 'Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia', 'The British journal of dermatology', 'Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition', 'JACC. Heart failure', 'Clinical endocrinology', 'The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy', 'International psychogeriatrics', 'Scientific reports', 'Journal of the National Cancer Institute', 'PLoS neglected tropical diseases', 'BMJ open', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'The American journal of pathology', 'Journal of molecular biology', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Atherosclerosis', 'Biological research for nursing', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Molecular nutrition & food research', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Oncotarget', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology', 'Current topics in medicinal chemistry', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'The European respiratory journal', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'Current aging science', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Translational psychiatry', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Heart rhythm', 'Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation', 'The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience', 'Clinical biochemistry', 'Acta neuropathologica', 'Folia neuropathologica', 'International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology', 'Nature reviews. Disease primers', 'The Journal of physiology', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Computers in biology and medicine', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'Circulation research', 'Iranian journal of immunology : IJI', 'European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Cell stress & chaperones', 'Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH', 'Nature reviews. Immunology', 'Orphanet journal of rare diseases', 'Cell death and differentiation', 'Clinical physiology and functional imaging', 'Drugs & aging', 'Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)', 'Biochemistry. Biokhimiia', 'mBio', 'PloS one', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Free radical research', 'Current aging science', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)', 'Diabetes', 'Science translational medicine', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'European journal of epidemiology', 'Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'American journal of nephrology', 'International journal of clinical and experimental pathology', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Science signaling', 'BMC musculoskeletal disorders', 'AIDS research and human retroviruses', 'Molecular medicine reports', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Herz', 'Sleep', 'Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology', 'Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology', 'Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'The Journal of endocrinology', 'Sleep', 'Marine drugs', 'Clinical drug investigation', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Archives of pharmacal research', 'American journal of hypertension', 'Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI', 'Journal of dental research', 'Nutrients', 'Immunologic research', 'Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine', 'Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)', 'Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft', 'European journal of clinical nutrition', 'Diabetes research and clinical practice', 'Environmental research', 'Health and quality of life outcomes', 'Cell biochemistry and biophysics', 'PloS one', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Immunology letters', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology', 'The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Nutrition reviews', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology', 'Current Alzheimer research', 'Food & function', 'AIDS research and human retroviruses', 'Molecular biology reports', 'Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)', 'The Journal of pathology', 'Critical care (London, England)', 'Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America', 'Reviews in the neurosciences', 'Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery', 'Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis', 'Metabolism: clinical and experimental', 'Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University', 'European journal of clinical pharmacology', 'BioMed research international', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Physiological research', 'Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology', 'Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine', 'Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis', 'Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology', 'BioMed research international', 'PloS one', 'BioMed research international', 'Acta medica Iranica', 'Journal of psychosomatic research', 'Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Diabetologia', 'Biochemistry. Biokhimiia', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Journal of diabetes research', 'Science China. Life sciences', 'PloS one', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme', 'Sleep', 'mBio', 'BioMed research international', 'Heart and vessels', 'Human reproduction update', 'Biogerontology', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Journal of immunology research', 'Drugs', 'Biochemical and biophysical research communications', 'Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine', 'Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Immunology letters', 'Transplant immunology', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Reviews in cardiovascular medicine', 'Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)', 'Current heart failure reports', 'The European journal of general practice', 'Cellular immunology', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'The oncologist', 'Critical care (London, England)', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Le infezioni in medicina', 'Orphanet journal of rare diseases', 'Danish medical journal', 'NeuroImage. Clinical', 'American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons', 'Aging cell', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Kidney international', 'Obesity surgery', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition', 'The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience', 'Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'PloS one', 'Molecular medicine reports', 'BMC complementary and alternative medicine', 'Current opinion in pharmacology', 'Archives of oral biology', 'PloS one', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Seminars in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia', 'Medical hypotheses', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Human immunology', 'Calcified tissue international', 'Current stem cell research & therapy', 'PloS one', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Neuroscience', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics', 'BioMed research international', 'Neuroscience letters', 'JAMA internal medicine', 'Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)', 'Journal of the American College of Nutrition', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience', 'Experimental gerontology', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Drug development research', 'Maturitas', 'PloS one', 'Current opinion in immunology', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Current opinion in immunology', 'PloS one', 'Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.)', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Metabolic brain disease', 'Current drug targets', 'Journal of psychosomatic research', 'The Journal of nutritional biochemistry', 'Neurobiology of disease', 'Experimental gerontology', 'American journal of ophthalmology', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Clinical rheumatology', 'Archives of oral biology', 'BMC public health', 'International journal of audiology', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Current osteoporosis reports', 'Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity', 'Aging', 'Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)', 'PloS one', 'Nutrition journal', 'Annals of neurology', 'Psychosomatics', 'Aging cell', 'The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Endocrine journal', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Public health nutrition', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'PloS one', 'Environmental health perspectives', 'PloS one', 'Journal of cardiology', 'Journal of psychiatric research', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Current opinion in anaesthesiology', 'Inflammopharmacology', 'The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery', 'PloS one', 'Neuroimmunomodulation', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Discovery medicine', "Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association", 'Cancer letters', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'European journal of pharmacology', 'International psychogeriatrics', 'PloS one', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Blood purification', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Folia biologica', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'European journal of immunology', 'Journal of endocrinological investigation', 'International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition', 'PloS one', 'PloS one', 'Food & function', 'Gerodontology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Cell metabolism', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'European journal of pharmacology', 'The Indian journal of medical research', 'Metallomics : integrated biometal science', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Cell death and differentiation', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'PloS one', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Stroke', 'Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Epigenetics', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'BMC public health', 'PloS one', 'Current vascular pharmacology', 'PloS one', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'Scandinavian journal of surgery : SJS : official organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society', 'Archiv der Pharmazie', 'Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi', 'PloS one', 'Cardiology journal', 'Gerontology', 'Progress in lipid research', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Seminars in oncology', 'Immunology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Translational stroke research', 'International urology and nephrology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Age and ageing', 'Current opinion in anaesthesiology', 'Gerontology', 'Pediatric dentistry', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'Journal of vascular research', 'Trials', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Journal of the neurological sciences', 'Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine', 'Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology', 'Acta neuropathologica communications', 'Acta neuropathologica communications', 'Scientific reports', 'PloS one', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Biochemistry. Biokhimiia', "Journal of women's health (2002)", 'Human & experimental toxicology', 'Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology', 'Advances in colloid and interface science', 'European journal of medical research', 'Immunologic research', 'Current pain and headache reports', 'European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'Blood', 'Journal of psychosomatic research', 'Journal of psychosomatic research', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Human reproduction (Oxford, England)', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'ASN neuro', 'Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology', 'Nature reviews. Immunology', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology', 'PloS one', 'Physiological reviews', 'QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians', 'European journal of internal medicine', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Redox report : communications in free radical research', 'International journal of obesity (2005)', 'Current heart failure reports', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'Medical hypotheses', 'International urology and nephrology', 'Journal of geriatric oncology', 'BMB reports', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'Biochimie', 'PloS one', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases', 'Acta medica Indonesiana', "CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne", 'PloS one', 'Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'Bipolar disorders', 'Stem cells translational medicine', 'Gerontology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Diabetes, obesity & metabolism', 'Diabetes, obesity & metabolism', 'Allergy and asthma proceedings', 'Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America', 'PloS one', 'Journal of anesthesia', 'Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques', 'Bone', 'Drug discovery today', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Phytotherapy research : PTR', 'Gerontology', 'The journal of trauma and acute care surgery', 'Rejuvenation research', 'BioMed research international', 'Annals of neurology', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Journal of medicinal chemistry', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Aging', 'Inflammation & allergy drug targets', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Acta neuropathologica', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Trends in immunology', 'Cancer science', 'Maturitas', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Diabetes', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia', 'Nature reviews. Urology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Cardiovascular diabetology', 'PloS one', 'Circulation research', 'Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM', 'Aging cell', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience', 'American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Drugs & aging', 'Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Current opinion in cardiology', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)', 'The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness', 'Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology', 'Current vascular pharmacology', 'Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology', 'American journal of rhinology & allergy', 'Yonsei medical journal', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Bone', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi', 'Translational psychiatry', 'Free radical research', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'BMC infectious diseases', 'Respiratory research', 'Journal of the science of food and agriculture', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology', 'Arthritis and rheumatism', 'The FEBS journal', 'PloS one', 'Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology', 'JAMA dermatology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'The Medical journal of Malaysia', 'Annals of surgical oncology', 'Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology', 'Osteoarthritis and cartilage', 'Cytokine', 'Vitamins and hormones', 'Aging cell', 'Physiological reviews', 'Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation', 'Clinical cardiology', 'Biopolymers', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'PloS one', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Dermatologic therapy', 'Current drug targets', 'COPD', 'Journal of clinical pathology', 'Menopause (New York, N.Y.)', 'Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.)', 'Clinical chemistry', 'Metabolism: clinical and experimental', 'Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie', 'Journal of endocrinological investigation', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)', 'Nature reviews. Nephrology', 'Molecular imaging and biology', 'Annals of vascular surgery', 'Aging cell', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology', 'Acta pharmacologica Sinica', 'PloS one', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'BMC complementary and alternative medicine', 'Current drug targets', 'Food chemistry', 'Aging cell', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Seminars in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Journal of internal medicine', 'PloS one', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)', 'The European respiratory journal', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Current aging science', 'Scientific reports', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America', 'Archives of dermatological research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology', 'American heart journal', 'Critical reviews in biomedical engineering', 'Critical reviews in oncogenesis', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Drugs & aging', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Brain structure & function', 'Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry', 'Digestive diseases and sciences', 'International journal of immunogenetics', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'PloS one', 'Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Nutrition and health', 'PloS one', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research', 'Current drug targets', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Current cardiology reports', 'Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program', 'Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Cardiovascular toxicology', 'Metabolism: clinical and experimental', 'The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Annales de biologie clinique', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Social science & medicine (1982)', 'Archives of oral biology', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Future medicinal chemistry', 'PloS one', 'Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'PloS one', 'Immunity', 'Maturitas', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Cutaneous and ocular toxicology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society', 'Analytical biochemistry', 'Neuroepidemiology', 'Mitochondrion', 'Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)', 'Pharmacological research', 'Cell death & disease', 'Neurosurgical review', 'Haematologica', 'Aging', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Neuromolecular medicine', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'HIV medicine', 'Current neurovascular research', 'PloS one', 'Renal failure', 'BMC research notes', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Metabolism: clinical and experimental', 'The Lancet. Neurology', 'Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin', 'Journal of dermatological science', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'PloS one', 'American journal of ophthalmology', 'Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993)', 'Helicobacter', 'Rheumatology international', 'International urology and nephrology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Topics in antiviral medicine', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of cardiology', 'Singapore medical journal', 'Histology and histopathology', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Aging cell', 'Current heart failure reports', 'Cytokine', 'American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism', 'Gerontology', 'Maturitas', 'Circulation', 'Aging cell', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'Thrombosis and haemostasis', 'European journal of internal medicine', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'Journal of medicinal food', 'American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology', 'AIDS reviews', 'World journal of gastroenterology', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Swiss medical weekly', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Epigenetics', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'European journal of applied physiology', 'Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology', 'Nature', 'Journal of hypertension', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme', 'Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)', 'Ultrasound in medicine & biology', 'Folia histochemica et cytobiologica', 'Current opinion in oncology', 'Research in developmental disabilities', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'Cell death and differentiation', 'Discovery medicine', 'Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)', 'BioFactors (Oxford, England)', 'British journal of cancer', 'Aging cell', 'Aging cell', 'Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV', 'PloS one', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Advances in therapy', 'Molecular medicine reports', 'Free radical research', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Nutritional neuroscience', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'The Journal of physiology', 'Roumanian archives of microbiology and immunology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Archives of dermatological research', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Seminars in immunology', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'In vivo (Athens, Greece)', 'Progress in retinal and eye research', 'The Journal of organic chemistry', 'Molecular vision', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Asian journal of andrology', 'Circulation research', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'BioFactors (Oxford, England)', 'Swedish dental journal. Supplement', 'EMBO molecular medicine', 'Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology', 'Current opinion in pharmacology', 'Histopathology', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)', 'Bioscience trends', 'Biology of reproduction', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Neurochemistry international', 'Human reproduction (Oxford, England)', 'PloS one', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Clinical and experimental dermatology', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Nutrition journal', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Leukemia research', 'Journal of neurogenetics', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Cornea', 'Journal of cell science', 'Neurology', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Journal of hypertension', 'Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons', 'Environmental health perspectives', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)', 'Cytokine', 'Cardiovascular research', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Seminars in cell & developmental biology', 'Mutation research', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'Cytokine', 'Journal of agricultural and food chemistry', 'Renal failure', 'Renal failure', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'Current pharmaceutical biotechnology', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)', 'Tuberkuloz ve toraks', 'Orthopedics', 'PloS one', 'Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Journal of neurovirology', 'Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition)', 'Journal of cell science', 'Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology', 'The Biochemical journal', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Food and nutrition bulletin', 'Maturitas', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society', 'Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)', 'Neuro-degenerative diseases', 'The American journal of pathology', 'Journal of autoimmunity', 'Research in developmental disabilities', 'Pharmacological reviews', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Current topics in microbiology and immunology', 'Age and ageing', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Molecular nutrition & food research', 'Current clinical pharmacology', 'International journal of impotence research', 'Archives of toxicology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Biological psychiatry', 'Molecular diagnosis & therapy', 'BMC geriatrics', "Journal of women's health (2002)", 'The journal of sexual medicine', 'Internal medicine journal', 'Diabetes & metabolism', 'Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology', 'Bone', 'Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation', 'Diabetes research and clinical practice', 'Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Nutrition journal', 'Psychopharmacology', 'Arthritis and rheumatism', 'Journal of geriatric physical therapy (2001)', 'Journal of vascular research', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD', 'Cutaneous and ocular toxicology', 'The journal of pain', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Orthopedic nursing', 'Journal of neuroscience research', 'Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology', 'PloS one', 'European journal of clinical nutrition', 'Neuroscience letters', 'Journal of neuroscience research', 'Atherosclerosis', 'American journal of surgery', 'Nutrition journal', 'Inflammation', 'Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Peptides', 'Physiology & behavior', 'American journal of clinical dermatology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society', 'Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research', 'Stroke', 'The Netherlands journal of medicine', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Differentiation; research in biological diversity', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'AIDS research and human retroviruses', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'Human biology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology', 'Journal of human hypertension', 'Inflammatory bowel diseases', 'Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association', 'Swedish dental journal', 'Skin pharmacology and physiology', 'Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology', 'Drugs & aging', 'NeuroImage', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Drug design, development and therapy', 'Biochemical Society transactions', 'Psychological bulletin', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research', 'Oral diseases', 'Aesthetic plastic surgery', 'Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society', 'The New Zealand medical journal', 'Molecular and cellular endocrinology', 'American journal of clinical dermatology', 'Cardiovascular journal of Africa', 'CNS drugs', 'PloS one', 'PloS one', 'Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Current allergy and asthma reports', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Hamostaseologie', 'Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)', 'International archives of allergy and immunology', 'Maturitas', 'The British journal of dermatology', 'Journal of dermatological science', 'Aging cell', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Differentiation; research in biological diversity', 'Age and ageing', 'Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology', 'Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)', 'Aging', 'Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology', 'American journal of hypertension', 'PloS one', 'Pharmacological research', 'Metal ions in life sciences', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group', 'PloS one', 'BMC immunology', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia', 'The Journal of nutritional biochemistry', 'Biochemical Society transactions', 'Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)', 'Mutation research', 'Experimental dermatology', 'British journal of clinical pharmacology', 'Eye (London, England)', 'Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983)', 'PloS one', 'Archives of oral biology', 'Biogerontology', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Inflammation', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society', 'European cells & materials', 'Omics : a journal of integrative biology', 'Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology', 'Neurology', 'International journal of cardiology', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews', 'International journal of cardiology', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Methods in enzymology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Psychological medicine', 'PloS one', 'Biological psychiatry', 'Aging cell', 'Free radical research', 'The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology', 'Journal of clinical laboratory analysis', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)', 'Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program', 'American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology', 'Current aging science', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998)', 'Brain research', 'Chest', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation', 'Nephron. Physiology', 'Biogerontology', 'Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation', 'Biochemical pharmacology', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Indian heart journal', 'Virulence', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Cytokine', 'Clinical and experimental immunology', 'Current opinion in molecular therapeutics', 'Biotechnology advances', 'Progress in retinal and eye research', 'Clinical orthopaedics and related research', 'Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'Journal of nephrology', 'Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology', 'Annual review of medicine', 'Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Age and ageing', 'Gerodontology', 'Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease', 'Current opinion in hematology', 'Cellular immunology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Transfusion clinique et biologique : journal de la Societe francaise de transfusion sanguine', 'Pediatric and developmental pathology : the official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society', 'Public health', 'Journal of cell science', 'Annals of surgical oncology', 'Oncology reports', 'Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology', 'Stroke', 'Pharmacology & therapeutics', 'Journal of human hypertension', 'The Journal of physiology', 'Prague medical report', 'Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Nature', 'Pain', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Discovery medicine', 'Current pharmaceutical biotechnology', 'The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)', 'Journal of the American College of Nutrition', 'Inflammatory bowel diseases', 'European journal of dermatology : EJD', 'Osteoarthritis and cartilage', 'Stroke', 'Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)', 'Swiss medical weekly', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders', 'Respiratory research', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS', 'The review of diabetic studies : RDS', 'Fundamental & clinical pharmacology', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Cell stress & chaperones', 'American heart journal', 'Journal of ethnopharmacology', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Cell biochemistry and function', 'In vivo (Athens, Greece)', 'Recent patents on food, nutrition & agriculture', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis', 'Nutrients', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Immunological reviews', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Journal of advanced nursing', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Allergy and asthma proceedings', 'Geriatrics & gerontology international', 'Lipids in health and disease', 'The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Biogerontology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Biogerontology', 'Cell biochemistry and function', 'Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme', 'Cancer research', 'European journal of clinical nutrition', 'Particle and fibre toxicology', 'The American journal of pathology', 'PloS one', 'International journal of immunogenetics', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Annals of neurology', 'Journal of the California Dental Association', 'Environmental health perspectives', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Gastroenterology', 'Journal of the American College of Cardiology', 'The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume', 'Neurourology and urodynamics', 'Medicine and science in sports and exercise', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Progress in neurobiology', 'Aging cell', 'Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)', 'Trends in molecular medicine', 'Experimental gerontology', 'American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'The American journal of Chinese medicine', 'Yonsei medical journal', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Acta neuropathologica', 'Maturitas', 'Annals of transplantation', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'Current aging science', 'American journal of therapeutics', 'Anaerobe', 'Heart failure reviews', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'Heart failure reviews', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'The Practitioner', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society', 'Lupus', 'Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)', 'Clinical and experimental nephrology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Experimental eye research', 'Pharmacology & therapeutics', 'Autoimmunity reviews', 'Journal of the American College of Nutrition', 'World journal of gastroenterology', 'Bioscience trends', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension', "Women's health (London, England)", 'Journal of gastroenterology', 'Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews', 'Blood', 'Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal', 'Current opinion in cell biology', 'Neuropeptides', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Surgical oncology', 'Current aging science', 'Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)', 'Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)', 'Seminars in nephrology', 'Expert opinion on drug safety', 'Current aging science', 'Journal of sports sciences', 'Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Current stem cell research & therapy', 'Kidney international. Supplement', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', "Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology", 'Biological research for nursing', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Diabetes research and clinical practice', 'Nature reviews. Neurology', 'Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)', 'Physiological genomics', 'Cytokine & growth factor reviews', 'Topics in HIV medicine : a publication of the International AIDS Society, USA', 'Endocrine reviews', 'Occupational and environmental medicine', 'Archives of general psychiatry', 'Mutation research', 'Advances in cancer research', 'The Prostate', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Annals of neurology', 'American journal of physiology. Cell physiology', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Nutrition and health', 'Expert opinion on drug safety', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'The American journal of managed care', 'Cardiovascular research', 'Circulation. Heart failure', 'Circulation. Heart failure', 'Investigative ophthalmology & visual science', 'Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Panminerva medica', 'The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine', 'British medical bulletin', 'British journal of pharmacology', 'Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology', 'Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Studies in health technology and informatics', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Journal of forensic and legal medicine', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'American family physician', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Medicinski pregled', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'Gerontology', 'Journal of sleep research', 'Drugs & aging', 'JACC. Cardiovascular imaging', 'BMC public health', 'PloS one', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Biochemical Society transactions', 'Current opinion in ophthalmology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Respiratory medicine', 'International journal of cardiology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Progress in retinal and eye research', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'Critical reviews in toxicology', 'American journal of primatology', 'International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology', 'Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids', 'Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver', 'Infection and immunity', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'World journal of gastroenterology', 'Archives of dermatological research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'PloS one', 'Journal of cellular and molecular medicine', 'International journal of oncology', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta', 'Facial plastic surgery : FPS', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Journal of hypertension', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Current opinion in rheumatology', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Future cardiology', 'Gerontology', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'The British journal of ophthalmology', 'Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)', 'Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)', 'Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998)', 'Hormones (Athens, Greece)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Aging cell', 'Diabetes & metabolism', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics', 'Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Journal of clinical pharmacology', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta', 'Current opinion in drug discovery & development', 'Recent patents on inflammation & allergy drug discovery', 'Current drug targets', 'PLoS genetics', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America', 'Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII', 'Chest', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)', 'Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology', 'Journal of dental education', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', "Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association", 'Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Biological psychiatry', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Parasite immunology', 'Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)', 'British medical bulletin', 'Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology', 'Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Neuroimmunomodulation', 'Andrologia', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)', 'Nursing research', 'Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology', 'Advances in clinical chemistry', 'Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Medicinal research reviews', 'Mutation research', 'Acta neuropathologica', 'Nefrologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola Nefrologia', 'International journal of epidemiology', 'Biochemical pharmacology', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Atherosclerosis', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD', 'Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology', 'Annals of neurology', 'Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000)', 'Surgery today', 'Drugs & aging', 'Menopause (New York, N.Y.)', 'Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)', 'Cardiovascular therapeutics', 'Spine', 'Psychiatry research', 'Pharmacotherapy', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Neuroscience', 'BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology', 'Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH', 'Blood cells, molecules & diseases', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Respiratory medicine', 'International journal of cardiology', 'Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation', 'Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society', 'Vascular medicine (London, England)', 'Topics in HIV medicine : a publication of the International AIDS Society, USA', 'Yonsei medical journal', 'The American journal of cardiology', 'Bioscience trends', 'Ostomy/wound management', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Osteoarthritis and cartilage', 'Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands)', 'Regulatory peptides', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The American journal of Chinese medicine', 'Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc', 'Gastroenterology', 'Cardiovascular journal of Africa', 'American heart journal', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library', 'Molecular vision', 'European journal of clinical pharmacology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'The New England journal of medicine', 'PloS one', 'Journal of hypertension', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'In vivo (Athens, Greece)', 'International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Ophthalmic research', 'Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension', 'The American journal of pathology', 'Molecular immunology', 'Heart and vessels', 'Molecular nutrition & food research', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Rejuvenation research', 'BioFactors (Oxford, England)', 'Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia', 'Aging cell', 'Cellular immunology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'BMC cardiovascular disorders', 'Brain : a journal of neurology', 'Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology', 'Current pharmaceutical biotechnology', 'Rejuvenation research', 'BMC neuroscience', 'Drugs & aging', "Langenbeck's archives of surgery", 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Nutrition reviews', 'Archives of internal medicine', 'Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology', "Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita", 'Biological chemistry', 'NeuroImage', 'Clinical nephrology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology', 'PloS one', 'The Journal of pathology', 'PloS one', 'Surgery', 'Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]', 'CNS drugs', 'Clinical and experimental immunology', 'Journal of internal medicine', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Clinical drug investigation', 'Clinical interventions in aging', 'American heart journal', 'Allergy and asthma proceedings', 'British journal of community nursing', 'Drugs & aging', 'Clinical cardiology', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library', 'Journal of cellular biochemistry', 'European journal of immunology', 'Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions', 'Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology', 'Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association', 'Annals of neurology', 'Basic research in cardiology', 'Current opinion in rheumatology', 'PloS one', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'BMC family practice', 'Aging cell', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Journal of cellular physiology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Autoimmunity', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A', 'Chest', 'Experimental gerontology', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Mayo Clinic proceedings', 'Drugs & aging', 'Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'BJU international', 'International journal of dental hygiene', 'Sub-cellular biochemistry', 'The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy', 'Clinical oral implants research', 'Joint bone spine', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Folia microbiologica', 'Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library', 'Diabetes care', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Gerontology', 'Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology', 'Basic research in cardiology', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of the American College of Cardiology', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta', 'Annual review of cell and developmental biology', 'Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'The Lancet. Oncology', 'Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS', 'Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology', 'European heart journal', 'Journal of internal medicine', 'Neurological research', 'International ophthalmology', 'American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology', 'Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery', 'Current Alzheimer research', 'Current Alzheimer research', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research', 'Pediatric research', 'Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH', 'Journal of neuroscience research', 'Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry', 'Kidney & blood pressure research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'British journal of pharmacology', 'Nature reviews. Immunology', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Current molecular medicine', 'The Journal of nutritional biochemistry', 'Geriatrics', 'The FEBS journal', 'Journal of hypertension', 'Journal of the neurological sciences', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)', 'Drugs & aging', 'Biogerontology', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'European journal of ophthalmology', 'Kidney international', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]', 'Clinical and laboratory haematology', 'Expert opinion on therapeutic targets', 'Endocrine regulations', 'Journal of the American Medical Directors Association', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Cellular & molecular immunology', 'Blood purification', 'British journal of pharmacology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association', 'Plastic and reconstructive surgery', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'American journal of epidemiology', 'Surgical technology international', 'Biogerontology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'Novartis Foundation symposium', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)', 'Plastic and reconstructive surgery', 'Biogerontology', 'American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology', 'International dental journal', 'Nature medicine', 'Biogerontology', 'Saudi medical journal', 'Sleep', 'Diabetes care', 'International journal of geriatric psychiatry', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Current drug metabolism', 'Diabetes care', 'Drugs & aging', 'Neurotoxicology', 'Drugs', 'Rejuvenation research', 'Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Drugs & aging', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Anesthesia and analgesia', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Paediatric drugs', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Journal of endocrinological investigation', 'Journal of endocrinological investigation', 'Occupational and environmental medicine', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Cardiovascular research', 'British journal of community nursing', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation', 'Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical', 'Lung', 'Photochemistry and photobiology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Journal of endocrinological investigation', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Technology in cancer research & treatment', 'Treatments in endocrinology', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'Biogerontology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Archives of medical research', 'BJU international', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of bone and mineral metabolism', 'Clinical endocrinology', 'Blood reviews', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Experimental and molecular pathology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'European journal of epidemiology', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi', 'World journal of gastroenterology', 'Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'Neurology', 'Brain : a journal of neurology', 'Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology', 'The Journal of nutritional biochemistry', 'Journal of the American College of Cardiology', 'Veterinary pathology', 'British journal of pharmacology', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Acta pharmacologica Sinica', 'Drugs & aging', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Journal of hypertension', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Drugs & aging', 'Alternative therapies in health and medicine', 'Endocrinology', 'Methods in enzymology', 'Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)', 'Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)', 'World journal of gastroenterology', 'Drugs in R&D', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983)', 'Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology', 'Current drug metabolism', 'Archives of internal medicine', 'Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials', 'Seminars in oncology', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Arthritis and rheumatism', 'Neurochemical research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of clinical immunology', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The journal of contemporary dental practice', 'Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A', 'FEMS microbiology reviews', 'Renal failure', 'Brain research', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Current rheumatology reports', 'Journal of endocrinological investigation', 'Histochemistry and cell biology', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'Trends in pharmacological sciences', 'Gerontology', 'Neurobiology of disease', 'Cancer letters', 'International journal of psychiatry in medicine', 'Drugs & aging', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Alzheimer disease and associated disorders', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)', 'Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology', 'Journal of cellular physiology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)', 'Circulation', 'Brain research. Brain research reviews', 'Clinical implant dentistry and related research', 'Human molecular genetics', 'Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery', 'Biological psychiatry', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Physiological genomics', 'International journal of immunogenetics', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Acta paediatrica Taiwanica = Taiwan er ke yi xue hui za zhi', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Science of aging knowledge environment : SAGE KE', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Cancer science', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'NeuroImage', 'Thrombosis and haemostasis', 'Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Cancer research', 'Seminars in nephrology', 'Neuroscience letters', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'Yi chuan xue bao = Acta genetica Sinica', 'European journal of pharmacology', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic', 'Trends in neurosciences', 'Gerodontology', 'The Korean journal of internal medicine', 'Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics', 'The Journal of nutritional biochemistry', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'Current vascular pharmacology', 'Current vascular pharmacology', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology', 'Amino acids', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Immunology and cell biology', 'Biotechnology and applied biochemistry', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Journal of neurology', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Current gastroenterology reports', 'Autoimmunity reviews', 'The American journal of pathology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Respiratory medicine', 'Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998)', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Shock (Augusta, Ga.)', 'Biogerontology', 'Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology', 'The Quarterly review of biology', 'American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Endocrine', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Toxicology and applied pharmacology', 'Drugs & aging', 'The American journal of geriatric cardiology', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy', 'The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Ophthalmology clinics of North America', 'Clinical oral implants research', 'American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions', 'Rheumatology (Oxford, England)', 'American journal of respiratory medicine : drugs, devices, and other interventions', 'Intensive care medicine', 'Bulletin of the World Health Organization', 'Accident and emergency nursing', 'Biochemical Society transactions', 'Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry', 'Science of aging knowledge environment : SAGE KE', 'Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS', 'Circulation', 'Circulation', 'American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'The British journal of dermatology', 'The American journal of pathology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'European journal of epidemiology', 'Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Biological psychiatry', 'The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Experimental & molecular medicine', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Neurology', 'Science of aging knowledge environment : SAGE KE', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E', 'Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Platelets', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)', 'Surgical infections', 'Kidney international. Supplement', 'The Journal of invasive cardiology', 'Clinical and experimental immunology', 'Biochemical Society transactions', 'Immunology and allergy clinics of North America', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Age and ageing', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'The Canadian journal of cardiology', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Current opinion in urology', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Journal of the American College of Nutrition', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Archives of facial plastic surgery', 'The Lancet. Infectious diseases', 'Redox report : communications in free radical research', 'Neurobiology of aging', 'Drugs & aging', 'The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology', 'Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)', 'Annals of neurology', 'Circulation', 'American journal of ophthalmology', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Saudi medical journal', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Toxicology', 'Drugs & aging', 'Progress in cardiovascular diseases', 'Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Panminerva medica', 'Journal of neuroimmunology', 'JAMA', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Surgical endoscopy', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Current drug targets', 'Endocrinology', 'Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'The American journal of geriatric cardiology', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Circulation', 'Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet', 'Journal of oral rehabilitation', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Helicobacter', 'Injury', 'Current rheumatology reports', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Nephron', 'Current rheumatology reports', 'Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses', 'Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)', 'Diabetes', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Diabetes & metabolism', 'Diabetes & metabolism', 'Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994)', 'Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Annals of hematology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Archives of disease in childhood', 'Annals of vascular surgery', "Langenbeck's archives of surgery", 'Biochemical and biophysical research communications', 'Forensic science international', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Diabetes', 'Cancer research', 'Current opinion in hematology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society', 'Pharmacogenomics', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Antioxidants & redox signaling', 'The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences', 'Endocrine journal', 'Drugs & aging', 'Circulation', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Gastroenterology clinics of North America', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'International journal of molecular medicine', 'Life sciences', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'Journal of periodontology', 'Clinical rheumatology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Medicine', 'Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology', 'Medical hypotheses', 'International journal of circumpolar health', 'Neuropeptides', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Biochemical and biophysical research communications', 'Microscopy research and technique', 'Orthopedics', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'Japanese journal of pharmacology', 'Joint bone spine', 'Archives of neurology', 'Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences', 'Journal of the American College of Cardiology', 'Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation', 'Singapore medical journal', 'Experimental cell research', 'Toxicology', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Maturitas', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Cardiologia (Rome, Italy)', 'Italian journal of neurological sciences', 'Journal of molecular biology', 'Experimental eye research', 'QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians', 'Journal of periodontal research', 'Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)', 'PharmacoEconomics', 'Pharmacological research', 'Liver', 'Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Hepato-gastroenterology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'International journal of immunopharmacology', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Journal of esthetic dentistry', 'The Journal of rheumatology. Supplement', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Advances in dental research', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Drug safety', 'The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Canadian respiratory journal', 'Journal of neuroscience research', 'Annals of periodontology', 'Southern medical journal', 'Thrombosis and haemostasis', 'Giornale italiano di cardiologia', 'Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'Neurology', 'Acta neuropathologica', 'Digestive diseases and sciences', 'The Biochemical journal', 'Oncogene', 'Ophthalmology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology', 'Environmental health perspectives', 'Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Postgraduate medicine', 'Spine', 'Australian dental journal', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Zhonghua yi xue za zhi = Chinese medical journal; Free China ed', 'Journal of oral rehabilitation', 'Age and ageing', 'Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas : organo oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva', 'Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Critical care medicine', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Drugs & aging', 'Scandinavian journal of immunology', 'Chest', 'Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library', 'Aging (Milan, Italy)', 'Annals of neurology', 'Drugs', 'Drugs & aging', 'Hepato-gastroenterology', 'Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology', 'Journal of the American Dietetic Association', 'The American journal of medicine', 'The International journal of the addictions', 'Seminars in nephrology', 'Toxicology letters', 'Clinical and experimental rheumatology', 'Drugs & aging', 'QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians', 'Experimental cell research', 'The Annals of thoracic surgery', 'Journal of anatomy', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Contemporary orthopaedics', 'European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology', 'Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists', 'Neuroimaging clinics of North America', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Gerontology', 'Biochemistry and molecular biology international', 'Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi', 'Journal of cutaneous pathology', 'The Gastroenterologist', 'Immunobiology', 'Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)', 'Drugs & aging', 'Circulation', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Pharmacology & therapeutics', 'Journal of periodontology', 'American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation', 'Environmental health perspectives', 'The American review of respiratory disease', 'The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology', 'Lymphokine and cytokine research', 'Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America', 'Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh', 'Health bulletin', 'Postgraduate medicine', 'Chest', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Haematologia', 'Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Annals of internal medicine', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP)', 'The Laryngoscope', "Bailliere's clinical rheumatology", 'Chest', 'The Clinical investigator', 'Disease-a-month : DM', 'Disease-a-month : DM', 'The American journal of gastroenterology', "Bailliere's clinical rheumatology", 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'Annales de medecine interne', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry', 'International journal of clinical & laboratory research', 'American journal of clinical pathology', 'The American journal of gastroenterology', 'British journal of rheumatology', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'The American review of respiratory disease', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Clinical chemistry', 'JAPCA', 'Geriatrics', 'Journal of clinical & laboratory immunology', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Aging (Milan, Italy)', 'International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology', 'Environmental and molecular mutagenesis', 'Geriatrics', 'The International journal of artificial organs', 'Scandinavian journal of rheumatology. Supplement', 'Eye (London, England)', 'Journal of clinical pathology', 'Drugs', 'Southern medical journal', 'Hospital practice (Office ed.)', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'Clinics in gastroenterology', 'Diseases of the colon and rectum', 'Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology', 'Ophthalmology', 'Annals of internal medicine', 'Scandinavian journal of rheumatology. Supplement', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition', 'Journal of clinical periodontology', 'International dental journal', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Journal of clinical periodontology', 'Clinical orthopaedics and related research', 'American journal of ophthalmology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'The Journal of experimental medicine', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'The Journal of prosthetic dentistry', 'Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of cutaneous pathology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Endoscopy', 'Journal of clinical periodontology', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Geriatrics', 'Transactions. Section on Ophthalmology. American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology', 'Clinical orthopaedics and related research', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis', 'ImmunoHorizons', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'International journal of biological sciences', 'Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology', 'BMC cardiovascular disorders', 'Biology of sex differences', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'Nature communications', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'Aging', 'Nutrients', 'Cells', 'Topics in antiviral medicine', 'Acta ophthalmologica', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Stem cell research & therapy', 'Journal of nephrology', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Nature communications', 'Viruses', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Biomolecules', 'Aging', 'Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Topics in companion animal medicine', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'Chronobiology international', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'Cell reports', 'NPJ biofilms and microbiomes', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'Experimental & molecular medicine', 'Progress in neurobiology', 'Molecular brain', 'Translational psychiatry', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP', 'PloS one', 'JAMA network open', 'Acta ophthalmologica', 'Medicine', 'Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology', 'Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)', 'Journal of psychiatric research', 'RMD open', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of Korean medical science', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'BMC infectious diseases', 'Respiratory research', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'NPJ systems biology and applications', 'Current osteoporosis reports', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'Environmental research', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Experimental eye research', 'Polish archives of internal medicine', 'PloS one', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'European journal of endocrinology', 'Allergy', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of pharmacological sciences', 'Immunity', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Current osteoporosis reports', 'Journal of diabetes', 'Immunity, inflammation and disease', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)', 'Nature reviews. Nephrology', 'Phytochemistry', 'Experimental hematology', 'Journal of ethnopharmacology', 'Medicine', 'Diabetes care', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Aging cell', 'The European journal of neuroscience', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Immunity', 'Molecular neurobiology', 'Medicine', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Current eye research', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of foot and ankle research', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Critical care (London, England)', 'Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Cell death & disease', 'European heart journal', 'Diabetes, obesity & metabolism', 'Scientific reports', 'Periodontology 2000', 'European cells & materials', 'Maturitas', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry', 'BMC genomics', 'Computational and mathematical methods in medicine', 'Public health nutrition', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Nutrients', 'Cells', 'Journal of food biochemistry', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Cells', 'Experimental brain research', 'BMC medical research methodology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Clinics in geriatric medicine', 'Chinese medical journal', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Cell stem cell', 'Archiv der Pharmazie', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'Current biology : CB', 'Amino acids', 'Aging cell', 'Hormones and behavior', 'European journal of nutrition', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Computational and mathematical methods in medicine', 'Nature reviews. Urology', 'Autophagy', 'Cytokine', 'Aging cell', 'Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology', 'Aging', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)', 'Biomaterials science', 'Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology', 'Journal of cardiology', 'Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association', 'Neurobiology of disease', 'Journal of natural medicines', 'Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Molecular psychiatry', 'Current hypertension reports', 'Biogerontology', 'Journal of dental research', 'Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)', 'The American journal of sports medicine', 'Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology', 'Biochemical pharmacology', 'Molecular and cellular biochemistry', 'Rheumatology international', 'Current aging science', 'Osteoarthritis and cartilage', 'Biological trace element research', 'Molecular psychiatry', 'Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico', 'Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)', 'Nature reviews. Cardiology', 'American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology', 'Brain : a journal of neurology', 'Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases', 'Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'Nature reviews. Immunology', 'Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Cancer gene therapy', 'The Canadian journal of cardiology', 'The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences', 'Journal of sleep research', 'Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'BioMed research international', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Mayo Clinic proceedings', 'BioMed research international', 'PloS one', 'Disease markers', 'Frontiers in endocrinology', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Biomolecules', "Women's health (London, England)", 'Journal of translational medicine', 'American journal of clinical dermatology', 'Endocrinology', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Scientific reports', 'Drug design, development and therapy', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Aging', 'Aging', 'European journal of medical research', 'ACS chemical neuroscience', 'Scientific reports', 'Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH', 'Viruses', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'PloS one', 'Aging cell', 'Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD', 'Journal of physical activity & health', 'Pulmonary medicine', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Sub-cellular biochemistry', 'Sub-cellular biochemistry', 'Neuroscience letters', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Yonsei medical journal', 'Nature', 'Advanced drug delivery reviews', 'BMC psychiatry', 'GeroScience', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Food & function', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)', 'Aging', 'Critical care (London, England)', 'Clinical nutrition ESPEN', 'Experimental gerontology', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Cells', 'Molecular biology reports', 'BMC neurology', 'Osteoarthritis and cartilage', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Cell reports', 'Journal of feline medicine and surgery', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'Journal of virology', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Psychological science', 'GeroScience', 'Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology', 'Annual review of medicine', 'Molecular biology reports', 'Blood', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'The Lancet. Neurology', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'JCI insight', 'Journal of neurology', 'Reproduction & fertility', 'BioFactors (Oxford, England)', 'Brain research bulletin', 'Human reproduction (Oxford, England)', 'American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)', 'International journal of cosmetic science', 'Metabolic brain disease', 'European heart journal', 'Journal of internal medicine', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Nature chemical biology', 'Journal of food biochemistry', 'Journal of medical virology', 'Cell and tissue research', 'Aging cell', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Journal of food biochemistry', 'Cancer medicine', 'European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology', 'Psychophysiology', 'Biology of the cell', 'Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology', 'Molecular metabolism', 'Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia', 'The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society', 'ESC heart failure', 'Multiple sclerosis and related disorders', 'Neurochemical research', 'Heart failure reviews', 'Nutrition reviews', 'Cardiovascular research', 'Cancer investigation', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Current topics in behavioral neurosciences', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'GeroScience', 'Current topics in behavioral neurosciences', 'GeroScience', 'Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'British journal of health psychology', 'Critical reviews in food science and nutrition', 'GeroScience', 'Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation', 'Journal of advanced research', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Pharmacology & therapeutics', 'The FEBS journal', 'Panminerva medica', 'Explore (New York, N.Y.)', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'Recent advances in food, nutrition & agriculture', 'Nutrients', 'Circulation research', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Biochemical Society transactions', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Psychological medicine', 'Experimental cell research', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'The lancet. Healthy longevity', 'Plastic and aesthetic nursing', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Viruses', 'BMC geriatrics', 'Nutrients', 'Aging', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Genes', 'Biomolecules', 'Biomolecules', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Environmental research', 'Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'Journal of diabetes', 'Signal transduction and targeted therapy', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Aging', 'EMBO reports', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Metabolism: clinical and experimental', 'Aging cell', 'Free radical biology & medicine', 'Aging cell', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'eLife', 'Archives of toxicology', 'Journal of ethnopharmacology', 'Cell death and differentiation', 'Survey of ophthalmology', 'Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.)', 'Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH', 'Pharmacological reviews', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Diabetes & metabolism journal', 'Clinical orthopaedics and related research', 'Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics', 'The Journal of dermatology', 'Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association', 'Applied biochemistry and biotechnology', 'Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders', 'Cancer medicine', 'Journal of the science of food and agriculture', 'International urology and nephrology', 'Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)', 'Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)', 'Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries', 'Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology', 'Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology', 'Psychotherapy and psychosomatics', 'Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Scientific reports', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Molecular medicine reports', 'Biological psychiatry', 'AIDS reviews', 'PloS one', 'Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)', 'Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology', 'Biomolecules', 'Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)', 'AIDS reviews', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'F1000Research', 'Hamostaseologie', 'Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology', 'Inflammatory bowel diseases', 'COPD', 'Blood', 'Toxicology letters', 'Revista brasileira de reumatologia', 'Orphanet journal of rare diseases', 'Kidney international', 'Current opinion in urology', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'Journal of pediatric psychology', 'Nutrients', 'The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences', 'Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology', 'Journal of clinical monitoring and computing', 'Nature reviews. Disease primers', 'Oncology research', 'Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death', 'Heart failure reviews', 'Orphanet journal of rare diseases', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta', 'mBio', 'The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Le infezioni in medicina', 'Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition', 'Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine', 'The Canadian journal of cardiology', 'Current allergy and asthma reports', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'Journal of the National Medical Association', 'Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology', 'Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology', 'Paediatric respiratory reviews', 'JCI insight', 'Mediators of inflammation', 'PloS one', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology', 'Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology', 'The Pediatric infectious disease journal', 'Current cancer drug targets', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'Pharmacological reviews', 'Cells', 'Cancer biology & medicine', 'The Medical journal of Malaysia', "Alzheimer's research & therapy", 'Dermatologic therapy', 'The Canadian journal of cardiology', 'Progress in retinal and eye research', 'Current neurology and neuroscience reports', 'Expert review of clinical immunology', 'Journal of B.U.ON. : official journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Drugs & aging', 'Scientific reports', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society', 'International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco', 'Expert review of clinical immunology', 'Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases', 'Archives of toxicology', 'The Journal of nutritional biochemistry', 'Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening', 'Current opinion in rheumatology', 'Ageing research reviews', 'AIDS reviews', 'Dental update', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'PloS one', 'Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Critical care medicine', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Menopause (New York, N.Y.)', 'Cell research', 'Respiratory research', 'Rheumatology (Oxford, England)', 'European review for medical and pharmacological sciences', 'HIV medicine', 'Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire', 'Skeletal muscle', 'Clinical epigenetics', 'Trends in cardiovascular medicine', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Current HIV/AIDS reports', 'Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia', 'Diabetes & metabolic syndrome', 'Blood', 'Nutrition reviews', 'Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV', 'Diabetes', 'Endocrine', 'Mutation research', 'Drugs', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Frontiers of medicine', "The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease", 'eLife', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism', 'Metabolic brain disease', 'Cells', 'Molecular immunology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)', 'Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)', 'Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Human molecular genetics', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Kidney international', 'Nature aging', 'Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)', 'Archivos argentinos de pediatria', 'Current rheumatology reviews', 'Viruses', 'Journal of lipid research', 'NeuroImage. Clinical', 'Therapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease', 'BMJ open', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Current opinion in organ transplantation', 'PloS one', 'The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants', 'Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]', 'Journal of the American College of Cardiology', 'Blood', 'Scientific reports', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation', 'Oncotarget', 'Seminars in nephrology', 'Immunology letters', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Biochemical pharmacology', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Ocular immunology and inflammation', 'Life sciences', 'Wound management & prevention', 'Psychological medicine', 'World journal of gastroenterology', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'Maturitas', 'Scientific reports', 'Reviews in cardiovascular medicine', 'European journal of clinical investigation', 'Blood', 'International journal of dermatology', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Regulatory peptides', 'The Journal of investigative dermatology', 'Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition', 'The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation', 'The Indian journal of tuberculosis', 'International journal of STD & AIDS', 'Obesity facts', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Neuropharmacology', 'FEBS letters', 'American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Drugs', 'Human immunology', 'Autophagy', 'Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', 'Orthopedics', 'Recent patents on anti-infective drug discovery', 'Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Haematologica', 'Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity', 'Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.)', 'Experimental hematology', 'Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology', 'Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)', 'Current opinion in lipidology', 'Clinical therapeutics', 'Danish medical bulletin', 'The Indian journal of tuberculosis', 'Clinics in chest medicine', 'Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN', 'Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'PloS one', 'Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care', 'Molecular oncology', 'World journal of gastroenterology', 'Laboratory animals', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology', 'BMC medical genomics', 'Nutrients', 'Gerontology', 'Clinical neuroradiology', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Molecular microbiology', 'Current opinion in immunology', 'BMC medicine', 'Molecular pain', 'Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation', 'Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Carcinogenesis', 'Nutricion hospitalaria', 'Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV', 'PloS one', 'Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)', 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Annals of vascular surgery', 'Danish medical journal', 'European journal of immunology', 'Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico', 'Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia', 'The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry', 'Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Autoimmunity reviews', 'Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis', 'Expert opinion on drug safety', 'Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology', "International journal of fertility and women's medicine", 'Journal of surgical oncology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology', 'Seminars in immunology', 'Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery', 'Scientific reports', 'Drug delivery and translational research', 'Current nutrition reports', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle', 'Respiratory care', 'Blood', 'Current HIV research', 'Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)', 'Journal of cellular physiology', "Journal francais d'ophtalmologie", 'Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The Lancet. Public health', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Diabetes & metabolism', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'Annals of biomedical engineering', 'Nature reviews. Disease primers', 'Acta clinica Belgica', 'Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD', 'Advanced healthcare materials', 'Internal medicine journal', 'Journal of affective disorders', 'The American journal of managed care', 'Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)', 'International journal of food sciences and nutrition', 'Molecular psychiatry', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'The American journal of cardiology', 'Cell death and differentiation', 'International journal of clinical practice', 'Journal of intensive care medicine', 'Drug safety', 'Lupus', 'Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology', 'Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology', 'Nutrients', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Cancer medicine', 'Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia', 'PloS one', 'The Journal of physiology', 'Gerontology', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Alternative therapies in health and medicine', 'HIV medicine', 'Cell', 'Neuroscience', 'Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology', 'Pharmacotherapy', 'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Nature aging', 'Nature communications', 'Seminars in immunopathology', 'Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion', 'Clinical epigenetics', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents', 'PloS one', 'Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53', 'Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation', 'BioMed research international', 'Archives of cardiovascular diseases', 'The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society', 'Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology', 'Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology', 'Nature reviews. Rheumatology', 'Current HIV research', 'BJU international', 'Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie', 'Advances in physiology education', 'Chinese medical journal', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', "Bailliere's clinical rheumatology", 'Nutrients', 'CNS neuroscience & therapeutics', 'The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences', 'Current stem cell research & therapy', 'International journal of environmental research and public health', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Viruses', 'Scientific reports', 'Cell', 'Developmental psychobiology', 'Current atherosclerosis reports', 'Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie', 'Annals of plastic surgery', 'PLoS pathogens', 'Autoimmunity reviews', 'Dialogues in clinical neuroscience', 'Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine', 'Bioengineered', 'Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers', 'Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society', 'The Journal of infectious diseases', 'Indian heart journal', 'Current allergy and asthma reports', 'PloS one', 'Neural plasticity', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'AIDS (London, England)', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Current medicinal chemistry', 'Current oncology reports', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'The Journal of experimental medicine', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'BMC molecular and cell biology', 'Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology', 'Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia', 'mAbs', 'Pharmacological research', 'Acta dermato-venereologica', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'AJR. American journal of roentgenology', 'Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI', 'Circulation research', 'Cancer', 'The Medical journal of Australia', 'Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA', 'Cytokine', 'Nature neuroscience', 'International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association', 'The oncologist', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Revue neurologique', 'Disease models & mechanisms', 'The Journal of clinical investigation', 'Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology', 'European journal of heart failure', 'European journal of medical research', 'CNS & neurological disorders drug targets', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Nutrients', 'CEN case reports', 'Heart, lung & circulation', 'The international journal of lower extremity wounds', 'Birth defects research', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Nature', 'Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)', 'Biodemography and social biology', 'European heart journal', 'World journal of urology', 'CNS drugs', 'ASN neuro', 'Current atherosclerosis reports', 'Expert opinion on drug safety', 'The AIDS reader', 'Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic', 'Trends in pharmacological sciences', 'Clinical and experimental rheumatology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Revista espanola de geriatria y gerontologia', 'Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates))', 'Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology', 'Cytokine', 'Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)', 'Journal of proteomics', 'Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society', 'BioMed research international', 'Progress in cardiovascular diseases', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America', 'Journal of hepatology', 'Expert review of cardiovascular therapy', 'World journal of gastroenterology', 'Kidney international', 'JAMA', 'Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)', 'Endocrinology', 'The American journal of psychiatry', 'Analytical chemistry', 'Human molecular genetics', 'Cell', 'Molecular neurodegeneration', 'The Journal of pediatrics', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'Clinical and experimental immunology', 'PLoS pathogens', 'Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease', 'British journal of haematology', 'Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology', 'The Journal of rheumatology. Supplement', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', 'Current problems in cardiology', 'Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995)', 'Cancer causes & control : CCC', 'Journal of biosocial science', 'Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets', 'Future oncology (London, England)', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Current opinion in HIV and AIDS', 'Endocrine-related cancer', 'Science China. Life sciences', 'Archives of dermatological research', 'Joint bone spine', 'Cardiovascular therapeutics', 'The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society', 'Oncogene', 'Inflammopharmacology', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'EMBO molecular medicine', 'Lancet (London, England)', 'Theranostics', 'European journal of pharmacology', 'Clinical and experimental nephrology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Immunology and cell biology', 'The American journal of clinical nutrition', 'Blood purification', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology', "The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease", 'Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research', 'Journal for immunotherapy of cancer', 'The British journal of nutrition', "Journal of women's health (2002)", 'PloS one', 'Biomolecules', 'Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)', 'Haematologica', 'American journal of nephrology', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Psychiatry research', 'Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science', 'The Korean journal of internal medicine', 'Current opinion in infectious diseases', 'Medical science monitor basic research', 'Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism', 'Journal of vascular surgery', 'Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract', 'Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology', 'Current vascular pharmacology', 'Psychosomatic medicine', 'Immunobiology', 'Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'The American journal of gastroenterology', 'Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation', 'Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy', 'The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology', 'PloS one', 'The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society', 'Infectious diseases (London, England)', 'International review of neurobiology', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'Clinical rheumatology', 'Behavioural brain research', 'Postgraduate medical journal', 'British journal of haematology', 'Human pathology', 'The lancet. Healthy longevity', 'GeroScience', 'The lancet. Healthy longevity', 'Italian journal of pediatrics', 'International journal of clinical practice', 'Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology', 'Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association', 'Blood reviews', 'Arthritis research & therapy', 'Sheng li xue bao : [Acta physiologica Sinica]', 'World review of nutrition and dietetics', 'Current vascular pharmacology', 'The Journal of biological chemistry', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'The Journal of surgical research', 'Critical care medicine', 'The American journal of pathology', 'Contributions to nephrology', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)', 'European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging', 'Topics in stroke rehabilitation', 'Annali italiani di chirurgia', 'European journal of human genetics : EJHG', 'Annals of surgical oncology', 'BMC genomics', 'American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons', 'BioMed research international', 'PLoS computational biology', 'Aging cell', 'Allergy', 'Seminars in reproductive medicine', 'Nature reviews. Endocrinology', 'Clinical and experimental dermatology', 'Journal of lipid research', 'Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation', 'European heart journal', 'Nature reviews. Disease primers', 'Molecular genetics and metabolism', 'European heart journal', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Nutrients', 'The American journal of psychiatry', 'GeroScience', 'GeroScience', 'European journal of pharmacology', 'Glycoconjugate journal', 'Psychopharmacology', 'Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology', 'American journal of hematology', 'The Cochrane database of systematic reviews', 'PloS one', 'Singapore medical journal', 'Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology', 'Human molecular genetics', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Developmental psychobiology', 'Metabolism: clinical and experimental', 'The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology', 'European journal of nutrition', 'BMC microbiology', 'Joint bone spine', 'Protein and peptide letters', 'Medical hypotheses', 'Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace', 'eLife', 'BMJ open', 'Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates))', 'Drug delivery', 'Nature aging', 'Physiology & behavior', 'Beneficial microbes', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Psychopharmacology', 'Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society', 'Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine', 'Neurologia', 'Expert opinion on drug discovery', 'PLoS pathogens', 'PloS one', 'Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression', 'Current pharmaceutical design', 'Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension', 'Bratislavske lekarske listy', 'RMD open', 'Journal of B.U.ON. : official journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology', 'Rheumatology international', 'Scientific reports', 'Proteomics. Clinical applications', 'The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases', 'Handbook of experimental pharmacology', 'Circulation research', 'The American journal of medicine', 'Annals of the rheumatic diseases', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The Journal of nutrition', 'Early intervention in psychiatry', 'Psychiatria polska', 'Experimental dermatology', 'Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis', 'Developmental psychobiology', 'Andrology', 'Vascular pharmacology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Current heart failure reports', 'Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)', 'American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology', 'Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Expert review of respiratory medicine', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Scientific reports', 'Current opinion in pulmonary medicine', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Scientific reports', 'eLife', 'Renal failure', 'Genes', 'Journal of immunology research', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Aging cell', 'GeroScience', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)', 'Aging', 'The Korean journal of internal medicine', 'Clinical rheumatology', 'GeroScience', 'Current topics in medicinal chemistry', 'Multiple sclerosis and related disorders', 'Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology', 'Journal of psychosomatic research', 'Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation', 'Journal of leukocyte biology', 'GeroScience', 'International journal of cosmetic science', "Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD", 'Transfusion medicine reviews', 'Journal of nuclear medicine technology', 'Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Brain, behavior, and immunity', 'Gerodontology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'Clinical science (London, England : 1979)', 'Cellular signalling', 'The journal of nutrition, health & aging', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Cells', 'Nigerian journal of clinical practice', 'Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry', 'Nutrients', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Immunology', 'Aging', 'PloS one', 'International immunopharmacology', 'American journal of physiology. Cell physiology', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Journal of neuroinflammation', 'Journal of psychosomatic research', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'BMC geriatrics', 'GeroScience', 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine', 'Regenerative medicine', 'Aging clinical and experimental research', 'The American journal of pathology', 'The American journal of pathology', 'Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)', 'Aging cell', 'Molecular pain', 'Journal of psychosomatic research', 'Regenerative medicine', 'Ageing research reviews', 'Med (New York, N.Y.)', 'Human reproduction update', 'Journal of cosmetic dermatology', 'Experimental gerontology', 'Endocrine reviews', 'GeroScience', 'Critical reviews in food science and nutrition', 'PeerJ', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'The British journal of nutrition', 'Nutrients', 'Cells', 'Pharmacological research', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Experimental eye research', 'Archives of gerontology and geriatrics', 'International journal of molecular sciences', 'Behavioural brain research', 'Frontiers in immunology', 'Environment international', 'Journal of hazardous materials', 'Journal of translational medicine', 'Current opinion in critical care', 'European journal of medical research', 'Scientific reports', 'Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism', 'Microbiological research', 'Nutrients', 'BMJ open', 'Clinical oral investigations', 'Scientific reports', 'Molecular human reproduction', 'BMC cancer', 'BMJ open', 'Journal of ethnopharmacology', 'Aging cell', 'Journal of chemical neuroanatomy', 'Mechanisms of ageing and development', 'Ageing research reviews', 'American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions', 'Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)', 'Shock (Augusta, Ga.)', 'Inflammation', 'GeroScience', 'GeroScience', 'Scientific reports', 'Psychiatria polska', 'Cell reports', 'Ecotoxicology and environmental safety', 'Acta neuropathologica', 'G3 (Bethesda, Md.)', 'Physiological reviews', 'International immunopharmacology', 'Aging cell', 'Canadian journal of diabetes', 'Critical reviews in food science and nutrition'], 'TA': ['Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)', 'J Ovarian Res', 'Front Immunol', 'Acta Biomed', 'Clin Interv Aging', 'Immunohorizons', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Neurol Neurochir Pol', 'BMC Pulm Med', 'BMC Geriatr', 'Sci Adv', 'Commun Biol', 'Elife', 'Sci Total Environ', 'Molecules', 'Psychol Sci', 'Clin Nutr', 'Curr Opin Infect Dis', 'Front Immunol', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Cutan Ocul Toxicol', 'Scand Cardiovasc J', 'Age Ageing', 'Aging Cell', 'BMC Geriatr', 'Semin Immunopathol', 'Med J Malaysia', 'Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)', 'Nutrients', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'PLoS One', 'J Infect Chemother', 'PLoS One', 'Sci Rep', 'Cell Commun Signal', 'Biomed Res Int', 'Aging Cell', 'Biomed Res Int', 'BMC Immunol', 'Nutrition', 'Transl Psychiatry', 'Pan Afr Med J', 'Int J Environ Res Public Health', 'Cells', 'J Affect Disord', 'Biochem Pharmacol', 'Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban', 'Curr Opin Pharmacol', 'Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg', 'BMC Geriatr', 'Int J Cosmet Sci', 'Dev Cell', 'Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'Am J Sports Med', 'Adv Mind Body Med', 'J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr', 'Aging (Albany NY)', 'Curr Top Med Chem', 'Geroscience', 'J Mol Cell Cardiol', 'Nat Commun', 'Molecules', 'J Nutr Health Aging', 'BMJ Open', 'OMICS', 'Geroscience', 'Brain Behav Immun', 'J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle', 'J Alzheimers Dis', 'BMC Health Serv Res', 'Exp Gerontol', 'J Bone Miner Res', 'Clin Geriatr Med', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Cells', 'Neurobiol Dis', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'Aging Cell', 'J Mol Med (Berl)', 'Sci Adv', 'Ann Palliat Med', 'Aging (Albany NY)', 'Bioorg Chem', 'J Viral Hepat', 'Metab Brain Dis', 'Ageing Res Rev', 'Medicina (Kaunas)', 'Sci Rep', 'Transl Psychiatry', 'Int J Environ Res Public Health', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Neurobiol Aging', 'Am J Physiol Cell Physiol', 'Yi Chuan', 'Neurobiol Dis', 'Adipocyte', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci', 'Radiother Oncol', 'Immunol Rev', 'Ann Neurol', 'Int J Biol Sci', 'J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle', 'BMC Neurosci', 'Nutrients', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Aging Cell', 'Braz Dent J', 'J Psychiatr Res', 'Aging (Albany NY)', 'Atherosclerosis', 'J Med Virol', 'Sleep Med', 'Periodontol 2000', 'Periodontol 2000', 'EMBO Rep', 'Front Immunol', 'J Am Med Dir Assoc', 'Neurochem Int', 'J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Viruses', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care', 'Alzheimers Res Ther', 'Medicina (Kaunas)', 'Cells', 'Pharmacol Res', 'Front Cell Infect Microbiol', 'Theranostics', 'Front Immunol', 'J Am Soc Nephrol', 'J Neuroophthalmol', 'BMC Ophthalmol', 'J Int Adv Otol', 'Mol Cancer Res', 'J Transl Med', 'Biomol Concepts', 'BMC Res Notes', 'Ecotoxicol Environ Saf', 'J Therm Biol', 'Am J Obstet Gynecol', 'BMC Genom Data', 'Res Nurs Health', 'J Immunol', 'Nat Rev Rheumatol', 'J Integr Neurosci', 'Molecules', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'J Neurovirol', 'Int Rev Cell Mol Biol', 'Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Science', 'Int J Hematol', 'J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry', 'Int Immunopharmacol', 'J Frailty Aging', 'Free Radic Biol Med', 'J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle', 'Bioengineered', 'Ecotoxicol Environ Saf', 'Neuropharmacology', 'Age Ageing', 'J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'Int Orthop', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Cells', 'FASEB J', 'Cell Mol Life Sci', 'World J Gastroenterol', 'Gut Microbes', 'J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci', 'Aging Cell', 'J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr', 'J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr', 'J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr', 'Sci Rep', 'Bioengineered', 'Molecules', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Acta Histochem', 'J Physiol', 'J Clin Invest', 'Eye (Lond)', 'Geriatr Gerontol Int', 'Clin Sci (Lond)', 'Biol Reprod', 'Int J Med Sci', 'Sci Total Environ', 'Brain Behav Immun', 'Geroscience', 'Nutrients', 'Int J Cosmet Sci', 'Aging (Albany NY)', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Medicine (Baltimore)', 'Elife', 'Nat Immunol', 'J Pathol', 'Diabetologia', 'Food Funct', 'Front Immunol', 'J Food Biochem', 'J Huntingtons Dis', 'Free Radic Biol Med', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci', 'Clin J Am Soc Nephrol', 'J Cardiol', 'Cardiol J', 'Arch Gerontol Geriatr', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Trials', 'Hum Immunol', 'Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res', 'Pac Symp Biocomput', 'Eur J Clin Invest', 'Transl Psychiatry', 'Int J Environ Res Public Health', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'J Neurosci Res', 'Nature', 'Eur Neurol', 'J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci', 'PLoS One', 'Biomed Res Int', 'J Cardiovasc Pharmacol', 'Biogerontology', 'BMC Neurol', 'Med Gas Res', 'Biomed Pharmacother', 'Arch Gerontol Geriatr', 'Viruses', 'Nutrients', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Biomolecules', 'Mol Oncol', 'Arch Osteoporos', 'Scand J Gastroenterol', 'Mol Immunol', 'Neurology', 'Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci', 'Curr Alzheimer Res', 'Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A', 'Tuberculosis (Edinb)', 'Hepatol Int', 'Physiology (Bethesda)', 'Adv Exp Med Biol', 'Molecules', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Nat Rev Immunol', 'Sci Total Environ', 'Neurology', 'Clin Lab', 'Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed)', 'Clin Sci (Lond)', 'PLoS One', 'J Drug Target', 'J Mol Med (Berl)', 'Sci Rep', 'Ageing Res Rev', 'Maturitas', 'J Oleo Sci', 'Eur J Nutr', 'Elife', 'Front Immunol', 'Autoimmun Rev', 'Environ Int', 'Aging Clin Exp Res', 'Mol Psychiatry', 'Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes', 'J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle', 'Front Immunol', 'Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol', 'Cell Mol Life Sci', 'Transl Res', 'Rejuvenation Res', 'Glob Heart', 'Kidney Int', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Cells', 'Nutrients', 'Nutrients', 'Biomolecules', 'Biomolecules', 'Biomed Pharmacother', 'Cancer Prev Res (Phila)', 'Geroscience', 'BMC Pregnancy Childbirth', 'Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm', 'Redox Biol', 'Mo Med', 'Aging Clin Exp Res', 'Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'J Oral Biosci', 'J Healthc Qual', 'Georgian Med News', 'J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci', 'Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol (Engl Ed)', 'Hum Brain Mapp', 'J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle', 'BMC Neurol', 'Cardiovasc Res', 'J Dent Res', 'Environ Int', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Aging Cell', 'J Clin Endocrinol Metab', 'Medicine (Baltimore)', 'Gerontology', 'J Nutr', 'J Cosmet Dermatol', 'BMC Musculoskelet Disord', 'CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets', 'Nutrients', 'Genes (Basel)', 'Biomolecules', 'Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)', 'BMC Genomics', 'Psychoneuroendocrinology', 'J Clin Endocrinol Metab', 'Am J Clin Nutr', 'Nat Immunol', 'Neurol Sci', 'Inflamm Res', 'Sci Rep', 'ACS Chem Neurosci', 'Bioengineered', 'Eur Eat Disord Rev', 'Curr Med Chem', 'Biomed Pharmacother', 'J Photochem Photobiol B', 'Mol Cell Biochem', 'Trials', 'J Nutr Sci', 'Sci Rep', 'Biol Sex Differ', 'J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle', 'J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle', 'Exp Gerontol', 'HIV Med', 'J Alzheimers Dis', 'CNS Neurosci Ther', 'Hepatology', 'J Allergy Clin Immunol', 'Rheumatology (Oxford)', 'Nat Rev Endocrinol', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'Immunol Invest', 'Molecules', 'Cardiovasc Res', 'Adv Exp Med Biol', 'Aging (Albany NY)', 'Sci Rep', 'Sci Rep', 'Front Immunol', 'Biosci Trends', 'Inflamm Res', 'Nat Commun', 'Periodontol 2000', 'Periodontol 2000', 'Handb Exp Pharmacol', 'J Alzheimers Dis', 'Aging Cell', 'EMBO Mol Med', 'Endocrine', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Biomolecules', 'Health Psychol', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Pain Res Manag', 'J Cosmet Dermatol', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'Glia', 'Best Pract Res Clin Haematol', 'J Nutr Biochem', 'PLoS One', 'J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci', 'Front Public Health', 'Ageing Res Rev', 'Free Radic Biol Med', 'Pharmacol Res', 'Rev Neurosci', 'Indian J Med Res', 'Phytother Res', 'Sci Rep', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'Cardiovasc Diabetol', 'Molecules', 'Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis', 'Biomed Eng Online', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Environ Res Public Health', 'Toxins (Basel)', 'Int J Behav Med', 'Biomolecules', 'Front Immunol', 'Vasa', 'Adv Exp Med Biol', 'Cancer Sci', 'Front Immunol', 'Sci Total Environ', 'Age Ageing', 'Biogerontology', 'Jpn J Ophthalmol', 'Eur Geriatr Med', 'Arch Toxicol', 'Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol', 'Aging (Albany NY)', 'Sci Rep', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'JCI Insight', 'J Psychiatry Neurosci', 'Cell Rep', 'J Dermatol', 'J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr', 'Trends Neurosci', 'Ageing Res Rev', 'Heart Fail Rev', 'Restor Neurol Neurosci', 'Maturitas', 'Brain Imaging Behav', 'Langenbecks Arch Surg', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Drug Res (Stuttg)', 'Age Ageing', 'Front Immunol', 'Front Immunol', 'J Oral Rehabil', 'J Immunol Res', 'Skin Pharmacol Physiol', 'Int Immunopharmacol', 'Aesthetic Plast Surg', 'Exp Physiol', 'Sci Rep', 'Exp Gerontol', 'J Neural Transm (Vienna)', 'J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci', 'Front Immunol', 'J Alzheimers Dis', 'Age Ageing', 'J Neurosci', 'Cells', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Cells', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Cells', 'Nutrients', 'Cells', 'Emerg Top Life Sci', 'Neurobiol Aging', 'Biol Open', 'Aging (Albany NY)', 'Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry', 'Environ Res', 'IUBMB Life', 'Mol Cell Biochem', 'Lancet Infect Dis', 'Stem Cells Transl Med', 'Int Immunopharmacol', 'J Mol Neurosci', 'ESC Heart Fail', 'Stem Cells Dev', 'Environ Sci Pollut Res Int', 'J Neurochem', 'Cardiovasc Res', 'Clin Interv Aging', 'Mech Ageing Dev', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Front Immunol', 'Aging Cell', 'J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci', 'Curr Pharm Des', 'Front Cell Infect Microbiol', 'J Neural Transm (Vienna)', 'FEBS Open Bio', 'Top Antivir Med', 'Am J Ophthalmol', 'Cell Death Differ', 'BMC Bioinformatics', 'Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res', 'Eur J Pharmacol', 'ESC Heart Fail', 'Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids', 'J Drugs Dermatol', 'Nutrients', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Genes (Basel)', 'Cells', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Cells', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'ASN Neuro', 'Front Immunol', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Prog Mol Subcell Biol', 'Pharmacol Rep', 'Nephrology (Carlton)', 'Exp Gerontol', 'J Med Case Rep', 'Physiol Rep', 'Acta Pharmacol Sin', 'J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci', 'BMC Geriatr', 'Am J Respir Crit Care Med', 'Trends Mol Med', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Free Radic Biol Med', 'Semin Cell Dev Biol', 'Angiology', 'Antioxid Redox Signal', 'Sci Rep', 'J Nutr', 'MEDICC Rev', 'Exp Gerontol', 'Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab', 'Environ Pollut', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'Front Immunol', 'J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle', 'Dev Neurobiol', 'Int J Obes (Lond)', 'Clin Chim Acta', 'J Vis Exp', 'Oxid Med Cell Longev', 'Front Immunol', 'J Ethnopharmacol', 'Am J Phys Anthropol', 'Cells', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Int J Mol Sci', 'Medicina (Kaunas)', 'Cells', 'Biomolecules', 'Cells', 'Dev Cell', 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20231201, 20230801, 20230801, 20231201, 20230630, 20231128, 20231115, 20231201, 20231101, 20240101, 20231101, 20231001, 20231001, 20230101], 'alias names': '', 'description': 'A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions.', 'url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68007249', 'mutation position': '', 'mutation alleles': '', 'MeSH ID': 'D007249', 'relation': True, 'external links': [], 'aging biomarker': False, 'longevity biomarker': False}]
The edge also has a
relationship, which specifies how the two nodes are related (in this case they are associated.
source and target attributes, which are alternative names for the entities and which we will not use.
source type and target type which refer to the type atribute of the source and target nodes.
A range of attributes related to the publications in which the relationship modelled by the edge is described (PMID, DP, TI,TA, IF, IF5).
A list of methods, which we will not use.